1
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Barreto ARJ, Candiotto G, Avila HJC, Carvalho RS, Dos Santos AM, Prosa M, Benvenuti E, Moschetto S, Toffanin S, Capaz RB, Muccini M, Cremona M. Improved Performance of Organic Light-Emitting Transistors Enabled by Polyurethane Gate Dielectric. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37403922 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) are multifunctional optoelectronic devices that combine in a single structure the advantages of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, low charge mobility and high threshold voltage are critical hurdles to practical OLET implementation. This work reports on the improvements obtained by using polyurethane films as a dielectric layer material in place of the standard poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in OLET devices. It was found that polyurethane drastically reduces the number of traps in the device, thereby improving electrical and optoelectronic device parameters. In addition, a model was developed to rationalize an anomalous behavior at the pinch-off voltage. Our findings represent a step forward to overcome the limiting factors of OLETs that prevent their use in commercial electronics by providing a simple route for low-bias device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R J Barreto
- Organic and Molecular Optoelectronics Laboratory (LOEM), Department of Physics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Graziâni Candiotto
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Harold J C Avila
- Department of Physics, University of Atlantic, Puerto Colombia 081008, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Rafael S Carvalho
- Organic and Molecular Optoelectronics Laboratory (LOEM), Department of Physics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Magalhães Dos Santos
- Organic and Molecular Optoelectronics Laboratory (LOEM), Department of Physics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mario Prosa
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emilia Benvenuti
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Moschetto
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodrigo B Capaz
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele Muccini
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Cremona
- Organic and Molecular Optoelectronics Laboratory (LOEM), Department of Physics, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Bolognesi M, Prosa M, Toerker M, Lopez Sanchez L, Wieczorek M, Giacomelli C, Benvenuti E, Pellacani P, Elferink A, Morschhauser A, Sola L, Damin F, Chiari M, Whatton M, Haenni E, Kallweit D, Marabelli F, Peters J, Toffanin S. A Fully Integrated Miniaturized Optical Biosensor for Fast and Multiplexing Plasmonic Detection of High- and Low-Molecular-Weight Analytes. Adv Mater 2023:e2208719. [PMID: 36932736 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical biosensors based on plasmonic sensing schemes combine high sensitivity and selectivity with label-free detection. However, the use of bulky optical components is still hampering the possibility of obtaining miniaturized systems required for analysis in real settings. Here, a fully miniaturized optical biosensor prototype based on plasmonic detection is demonstrated, which enables fast and multiplex sensing of analytes with high- and low molecular weight (80 000 and 582 Da) as quality and safety parameters for milk: a protein (lactoferrin) and an antibiotic (streptomycin). The optical sensor is based on the smart integration of: i) miniaturized organic optoelectronic devices used as light-emitting and light-sensing elements and ii) a functionalized nanostructured plasmonic grating for highly sensitive and specific localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detection. The sensor provides quantitative and linear response reaching a limit of detection of 10-4 refractive index units once it is calibrated by standard solutions. Analyte-specific and rapid (15 min long) immunoassay-based detection is demonstrated for both targets. By using a custom algorithm based on principal-component analysis, a linear dose-response curve is constructed which correlates with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 3.7 µg mL-1 for lactoferrin, thus assessing that the miniaturized optical biosensor is well-aligned with the chosen reference benchtop SPR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bolognesi
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN) - National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Mario Prosa
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN) - National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Michael Toerker
- Fraunhofer FEP, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Emilia Benvenuti
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN) - National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Paola Pellacani
- Plasmore s.r.l, Viale Vittorio Emanuele II 4, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Alexander Elferink
- Wageningen Food Safety Research - Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Sola
- SCITEC Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" - National Research Council (CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Francesco Damin
- SCITEC Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" - National Research Council (CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- SCITEC Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" - National Research Council (CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Mark Whatton
- QuadraChem Laboratories Ltd (QCL), Riverside - Forest Row Business Park, East Sussex, RH18 5DW, UK
| | - Etienne Haenni
- CSEM Center Muttenz, Tramstrasse 99, Muttenz, CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - David Kallweit
- CSEM Center Muttenz, Tramstrasse 99, Muttenz, CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - Franco Marabelli
- Physics Department - University of Pavia, Via A. Bassi 6, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Jeroen Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research - Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN) - National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
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3
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Moschetto S, Ienco A, Manca G, Serrano-Ruiz M, Peruzzini M, Mezzi A, Brucale M, Bolognesi M, Toffanin S. Easy and fast in situ functionalization of exfoliated 2D black phosphorus with gold nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11610-11618. [PMID: 34355729 PMCID: PMC8383289 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02123k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterostructures of single- and few-layer black phosphorus (2D bP) functionalized with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been recently reported in the literature, exploiting their intriguing properties and biocompatibility for catalytic, therapeutical and diagnostic applications. However, a deeper insight on the structural and electronic properties at the interface of the 2D bP/Au NP heterostructure is still lacking. In this work, 2D bP is functionalized with Au nanoparticles (NPs) through in situ deposition-precipitation heterogeneous reaction. The smallest realized Au NPs have a diameter around 10 nm as revealed by atomic-force and scanning electron microscopy, and are partially positively charged as revealed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). XPS, UV-vis and Raman spectroscopy, supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, confirmed that while the structural and electronic properties of 2D bP are overall preserved, a soft-pairing between P atoms at the surface of 2D bP and Au atoms at the surface of Au NPs occurs, leading to a partial charge transfer at the 2D bP/Au interface, with a positive charge being localized on the Au atoms directly bonded to 2D bP. DFT calculations also predicted a band gap lowering, by 0.8 eV, for phosphorene functionalized with a tetranuclear Au cluster. Larger effects are expected as the Au cluster nuclearity (and coverage) increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Moschetto
- National Research Council – Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (CNR-ISMN)Via P. Gobetti10140129 BolognaItaly
| | - Andrea Ienco
- National Research Council – Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM)Via Madonna del Piano 1050019 Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Gabriele Manca
- National Research Council – Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM)Via Madonna del Piano 1050019 Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ruiz
- National Research Council – Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM)Via Madonna del Piano 1050019 Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Maurizio Peruzzini
- National Research Council – Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM)Via Madonna del Piano 1050019 Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Alessio Mezzi
- National Research Council - Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (CNR-ISMN)Via salaria km 29.300015 Monterotondo Stazione (Rome)Italy
| | - Marco Brucale
- National Research Council – Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (CNR-ISMN)Via P. Gobetti10140129 BolognaItaly
| | - Margherita Bolognesi
- National Research Council – Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (CNR-ISMN)Via P. Gobetti10140129 BolognaItaly
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- National Research Council – Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (CNR-ISMN)Via P. Gobetti10140129 BolognaItaly
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4
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Levy MY, Grudeva‐Popova Z, Trneny M, Jurczak W, Pylypenko H, Jagadeesh D, Andre M, Nasta S, Rechavi‐Robinson D, Toffanin S, Micallef S, Attinger A, Rouits E, Dymkowska M, Nauwelaerts H, Woei‐A‐Jin FJSH. SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF CD37‐TARGETING NARATUXIMAB EMTANSINE PLUS RITUXIMAB IN DIFFUSE LARGE B‐CELL LYMPHOMA AND OTHER NON‐HODGKIN’S B‐CELL LYMPHOMAS – A PHASE 2 STUDY. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.156_2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Y. Levy
- Texas Oncology‐Baylor Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center Department of Hematology Medical Oncology Dallas USA
| | - Z. Grudeva‐Popova
- Medical University of Plovdiv Department of Clinical Oncology Plovdiv Bulgaria
| | - M. Trneny
- General Hospital Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - W. Jurczak
- Maria Sklodowska‐Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Department of Clinical Oncology Krakow Poland
| | - H. Pylypenko
- Cherkassy Regional Oncological Center Department of Hematology Cherkassy Ukraine
| | - D. Jagadeesh
- Cleveland Clinic Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders Cleveland USA
| | - M. Andre
- UCL Namur Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dinant Godinne Yvoir Belgium
| | - S. Nasta
- Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Division of Hematology/Oncology Philadelphia USA
| | | | - S. Toffanin
- Debiopharm International S.A Clinical Development Lausanne Switzerland
| | - S. Micallef
- Debiopharm International S.A Clinical Development Lausanne Switzerland
| | - A. Attinger
- Debiopharm International S.A Clinical Development Lausanne Switzerland
| | - E. Rouits
- Debiopharm International S.A Clinical Development Lausanne Switzerland
| | - M. Dymkowska
- Debiopharm International S.A Clinical Development Lausanne Switzerland
| | - H. Nauwelaerts
- Debiopharm International S.A Clinical Development Lausanne Switzerland
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5
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Moschetto S, Bolognesi M, Prescimone F, Brucale M, Mezzi A, Ortolani L, Caporali M, Pingue P, Serrano-Ruiz M, Pisignano D, Peruzzini M, Persano L, Toffanin S. Large-Area Oxidized Phosphorene Nanoflakes Obtained by Electrospray for Energy-Harvesting Applications. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2021; 4:3476-3485. [PMID: 35874274 PMCID: PMC9301623 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bidimensional (2D) materials are nowadays being developed as outstanding candidates for electronic and optoelectronic components and devices. Targeted applications include sensing, energy conversion, and storage. Phosphorene is one of the most promising systems in this context, but its high reactivity under atmospheric conditions and its small-area/lab-scale deposition techniques have hampered the introduction of this material in real-world applications so far. However, phosphorene oxides in the form of low-dimensional structures (2D PO x ) should behave as an electroresponsive material according to recent theoretical studies. In the present work, we introduce electrospraying for the deposition of stoichiometric and large-area 2D PO x nanoflakes starting from a suspension of liquid-phase-exfoliated phosphorene. We obtained 2D PO x nanostructures with a mean surface area two orders of magnitude larger than phosphorene structures obtained with standard mechanical and liquid exfoliation techniques. X-ray spectroscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy confirmed the P2O5-like crystallographic structure of the electrosprayed flakes. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated for the first time the electromechanical responsivity of the 2D P2O5 nanoflakes, through piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). This work sheds light on the possible implementation of phosphorus oxide-based 2D nanomaterials in the value chain of fabrication and engineering of devices, which might be easily scaled up for energy-harvesting/conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Moschetto
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Bolognesi
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Prescimone
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Brucale
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Mezzi
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), P.O.
Box 10, Monterotondo Scalo, I-00016 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Ortolani
- Istituto
per la microelettronica e microsistemi (IMM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Caporali
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Pasqualantonio Pingue
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto
Nanoscienze—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ruiz
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto
Nanoscienze—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Peruzzini
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Luana Persano
- Laboratorio
NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto
Nanoscienze—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Telesio F, le Gal G, Serrano-Ruiz M, Prescimone F, Toffanin S, Peruzzini M, Heun S. Ohmic contact engineering in few-layer black phosphorus: approaching the quantum limit. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:334002. [PMID: 32330924 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8cf4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Achieving good quality Ohmic contacts to van der Waals materials is a challenge, since at the interface between metal and van der Waals material different conditions can occur, ranging from the presence of a large energy barrier between the two materials to the metallization of the layered material below the contacts. In black phosphorus (bP), a further challenge is its high reactivity to oxygen and moisture, since the presence of uncontrolled oxidation can substantially change the behavior of the contacts. Here we study three of the most commonly used metals as contacts to bP, chromium, titanium, and nickel, and investigate their influence on contact resistance against the variability between different flakes and different samples. We investigate the gate dependence of the current-voltage characteristics of field-effect transistors fabricated with these metals on bP, observing good linearity in the accumulation regime for all metals investigated. Using the transfer length method, from an analysis of ten devices, both at room temperature and at low temperature, Ni results to provide the lowest contact resistance to bP and minimum scattering between different devices. Moreover, we observe that our best devices approach the quantum limit for contact resistance both for Ni and for Ti contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Telesio
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Natali M, Prosa M, Longo A, Brucale M, Mercuri F, Buonomo M, Lago N, Benvenuti E, Prescimone F, Bettini C, Cester A, Melucci M, Muccini M, Toffanin S. On the Nature of Charge-Injecting Contacts in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:30616-30626. [PMID: 32519550 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are key enabling devices for plastic electronics technology, which has a potentially disruptive impact on a variety of application fields, such as health, safety, and communication. Despite the tremendous advancements in understanding the OFET working mechanisms and device performance, further insights into the complex correlation between the nature of the charge-injecting contacts and the electrical characteristics of devices are still necessary. Here, an in-depth study of the metal-organic interfaces that provides a direct correlation to the performance of OFET devices is reported. The combination of synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, and theoretical simulations on two selected electron transport organic semiconductors with tailored chemical structures allows us to gain insights into the nature of the injecting contacts. This multiple analysis repeated at the different stages of contact formation provides a clear picture on the synergy between organic/metal interactions, interfacial morphology, and structural organization of the electrode. The simultaneous synchrotron X-ray experiments and electrical measurements of OFETs in operando uncovers how the nature of the charge-injecting contacts has a direct impact on the injection potential of OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Natali
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Prosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Longo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marco Brucale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Mercuri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Buonomo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicolò Lago
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Emilia Benvenuti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Prescimone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristian Bettini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cester
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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8
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Prosa M, Bolognesi M, Fornasari L, Grasso G, Lopez-Sanchez L, Marabelli F, Toffanin S. Nanostructured Organic/Hybrid Materials and Components in Miniaturized Optical and Chemical Sensors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E480. [PMID: 32155993 PMCID: PMC7153587 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, biochemical sensors have brought a disruptive breakthrough in analytical chemistry and microbiology due the advent of technologically advanced systems conceived to respond to specific applications. From the design of a multitude of different detection modalities, several classes of sensor have been developed over the years. However, to date they have been hardly used in point-of-care or in-field applications, where cost and portability are of primary concern. In the present review we report on the use of nanostructured organic and hybrid compounds in optoelectronic, electrochemical and plasmonic components as constituting elements of miniaturized and easy-to-integrate biochemical sensors. We show how the targeted design, synthesis and nanostructuring of organic and hybrid materials have enabled enormous progress not only in terms of modulation and optimization of the sensor capabilities and performance when used as active materials, but also in the architecture of the detection schemes when used as structural/packing components. With a particular focus on optoelectronic, chemical and plasmonic components for sensing, we highlight that the new concept of having highly-integrated architectures through a system-engineering approach may enable the full expression of the potential of the sensing systems in real-setting applications in terms of fast-response, high sensitivity and multiplexity at low-cost and ease of portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prosa
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Margherita Bolognesi
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Lucia Fornasari
- Plasmore s.r.l., viale Vittorio Emanuele II 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (L.L.-S.)
| | - Gerardo Grasso
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR) c/o Department of Chemistry, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Lopez-Sanchez
- Plasmore s.r.l., viale Vittorio Emanuele II 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (L.L.-S.)
| | - Franco Marabelli
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, via A. Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
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9
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Bolognesi M, Brucale M, Lorenzoni A, Prescimone F, Moschetto S, Korolkov VV, Baldoni M, Serrano-Ruiz M, Caporali M, Mercuri F, Besley E, Muccini M, Peruzzini M, Beton PH, Toffanin S. Epitaxial multilayers of alkanes on two-dimensional black phosphorus as passivating and electrically insulating nanostructures. Nanoscale 2019; 11:17252-17261. [PMID: 31317153 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01155b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (bP) is epitaxially terminated by monolayers and multilayers of tetracosane, a linear alkane, to form a weakly interacting van der Waals heterostructure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and computational modelling show that epitaxial domains of alkane chains are ordered in parallel lamellae along the principal crystalline axis of bP, and this order is extended over a few layers above the interface. Epitaxial alkane multilayers delay the oxidation of 2D bP in air by 18 hours, in comparison to 1 hour for bare 2D bP, and act as an electrical insulator, as demonstrated using electrostatic force microscopy. The presented heterostructure is a technologically relevant insulator-semiconductor model system that can open the way to the use of 2D bP in micro- and nanoelectronic, optoelectronic and photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bolognesi
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Brucale
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Lorenzoni
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federico Prescimone
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Moschetto
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Vladimir V Korolkov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matteo Baldoni
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ruiz
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Caporali
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Mercuri
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michele Muccini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Peruzzini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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10
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Bolognesi M, Moschetto S, Trapani M, Prescimone F, Ferroni C, Manca G, Ienco A, Borsacchi S, Caporali M, Muccini M, Peruzzini M, Serrano-Ruiz M, Calucci L, Castriciano MA, Toffanin S. Noncovalent Functionalization of 2D Black Phosphorus with Fluorescent Boronic Derivatives of Pyrene for Probing and Modulating the Interaction with Molecular Oxygen. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:22637-22647. [PMID: 31141339 PMCID: PMC6602408 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the chemical-physical nature of interactions involved in the formation of adducts of two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP) with organoboron derivatives of a conjugated fluorescent molecule (pyrene). Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy showed a stabilization effect of 2D BP on all derivatives, in particular for the adducts endowed with the boronic functionalities. Also, a stronger modulation of the fluorescence decay with oxygen was registered for one of the adducts compared to the corresponding organoboron derivative alone. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments in suspension and density functional theory simulations confirmed that only noncovalent interactions were involved in the formation of the adducts. The energetic gain in their formation arises from the interaction of P atoms with both C atoms of the pyrene core and the B atom of the boronic functionalities, with a stronger contribution from the ester with respect to the acid one. The interaction results in the lowering of the band gap of 2D BP by around 0.10 eV. Furthermore, we demonstrated through Raman spectroscopy an increased stability toward oxidation in air of 2D BP in the adducts in the solid state (more than 6 months). The modification of the electronic structure at the interface between 2D BP and a conjugated organic molecule through noncovalent stabilizing interactions mediated by the B atom is particularly appealing in view of creating heterojunctions for optoelectronic, photonic, and chemical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bolognesi
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Moschetto
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Trapani
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche,
Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres
31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Prescimone
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferroni
- Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Manca
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Ienco
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Borsacchi
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Caporali
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Peruzzini
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuel Serrano-Ruiz
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Calucci
- Istituto
di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (ICCOM)—Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Castriciano
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche,
Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d’Alcontres
31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- E-mail: (M.A.C.)
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Istituto
per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)—Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- E-mail: (S.T.)
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11
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Natali M, Campana A, Posati T, Benvenuti E, Prescimone F, Ramirez DOS, Varesano A, Vineis C, Zamboni R, Muccini M, Aluigi A, Toffanin S. Engineering of keratin functionality for the realization of bendable all-biopolymeric micro-electrode array as humidity sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111480. [PMID: 31272056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The technological quest for flexible devices to be interfaced with the biological world has driven the recent reinvention of bioderived polymers as multifunctional active and passive constituent elements for electronic and photonic devices to use in the biomedical field. Keratin is one of the most important structural proteins in nature to be used as biomaterial platform in view of the recently reported advances in the extraction and processing from hair and wool fibers. In this article we report for the first time the simultaneous use of naturally extracted keratin as both active ionic electrolyte for water ions sensing and as bendable and insoluble substrate into the same multielectrode array-based device. We implemented the multifunctional system exclusively made by keratin as a bendable sensor for monitoring the humidity flow. The enhancement of the functional and structural properties of keratin such as bendability and insolubility were obtained by unprecedented selective chemical doping. The mechanisms at the basis of the sensing of humidity in the device were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and rationalized by reversible binding and extraction of water ions from the volume of the keratin active layer, while the figures of merit of the biopolymer such as the ionic conductivity and relaxation time were determined by means of electrical impedance and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. A reliable linear correlation between the controlled-humidity level and the amperometric output signal together with the assessment on measure variance are demonstrated. Collectively, the fine-tuned ionic-electrical characterization and the validation in controlled conditions of the free-standing insoluble all-keratin made microelectrode array ionic sensor pave the way for the effective use of keratin biopolymer in wearable or edible electronics where conformability, reliability and biocompatibility are key-enabling features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Natali
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
| | - A Campana
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - T Posati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Benvenuti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Prescimone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - D O Sanchez Ramirez
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Sistemi e Tecnologie Industriali Intelligenti per il Manifatturiero Avanzato (STIIMA), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - A Varesano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Sistemi e Tecnologie Industriali Intelligenti per il Manifatturiero Avanzato (STIIMA), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - C Vineis
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Sistemi e Tecnologie Industriali Intelligenti per il Manifatturiero Avanzato (STIIMA), Corso Giuseppe Pella 16, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - R Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Aluigi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
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12
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Peruzzini M, Bini R, Bolognesi M, Caporali M, Ceppatelli M, Cicogna F, Coiai S, Heun S, Ienco A, Benito II, Kumar A, Manca G, Passaglia E, Scelta D, Serrano‐Ruiz M, Telesio F, Toffanin S, Vanni M. A Perspective on Recent Advances in Phosphorene Functionalization and Its Applications in Devices. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019; 2019:1476-1494. [PMID: 31007576 PMCID: PMC6472490 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorene, the 2D material derived from black phosphorus, has recently attracted a lot of interest for its properties, suitable for applications in materials science. The physical features and the prominent chemical reactivity on its surface render this nanolayered substrate particularly promising for electrical and optoelectronic applications. In addition, being a new potential ligand for metals, it opens the way for a new role of the inorganic chemistry in the 2D world, with special reference to the field of catalysis. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of the art in this subject and to present our most recent results in the preparation, functionalization, and use of phosphorene and its decorated derivatives. We discuss several key points, which are currently under investigation: the synthesis, the characterization by theoretical calculations, the high pressure behavior of black phosphorus, as well as its decoration with nanoparticles and encapsulation in polymers. Finally, device fabrication and electrical transport measurements are overviewed on the basis of recent literature and the new results collected in our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Peruzzini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Roberto Bini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
- LENS ‐ European Laboratory for Non‐Linear SpectroscopyVia N. Carrara 1, I‐50019Sesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo SchiffUniversità degli Studi di FirenzeVia della Lastruccia 3, I‐50019Sesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Margherita Bolognesi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiVia Piero Gobetti, 10140129Bologna BOItaly
| | - Maria Caporali
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Matteo Ceppatelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
- LENS ‐ European Laboratory for Non‐Linear SpectroscopyVia N. Carrara 1, I‐50019Sesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Francesca Cicogna
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciSS PisaVia Moruzzi 156124PisaItaly
| | - Serena Coiai
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciSS PisaVia Moruzzi 156124PisaItaly
| | - Stefan Heun
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza San Silvestro 1256127PisaItaly
| | - Andrea Ienco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Iñigo Iglesias Benito
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e FarmaciaUniversità di Siena53100SienaItaly
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza San Silvestro 1256127PisaItaly
| | - Gabriele Manca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciSS PisaVia Moruzzi 156124PisaItaly
| | - Demetrio Scelta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
- LENS ‐ European Laboratory for Non‐Linear SpectroscopyVia N. Carrara 1, I‐50019Sesto Fiorentino (FI)Italy
| | - Manuel Serrano‐Ruiz
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Francesca Telesio
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale SuperiorePiazza San Silvestro 1256127PisaItaly
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali NanostrutturatiVia Piero Gobetti, 10140129Bologna BOItaly
| | - Matteo Vanni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ‐ Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganometalliciVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e FarmaciaUniversità di Siena53100SienaItaly
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13
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Borrachero‐Conejo AI, Saracino E, Natali M, Prescimone F, Karges S, Bonetti S, Nicchia GP, Formaggio F, Caprini M, Zamboni R, Mercuri F, Toffanin S, Muccini M, Benfenati V. Electrical Stimulation by an Organic Transistor Architecture Induces Calcium Signaling in Nonexcitable Brain Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801139. [PMID: 30565894 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Organic bioelectronics have a huge potential to generate interfaces and devices for the study of brain functions and for the therapy of brain pathologies. In this context, increasing efforts are needed to develop technologies for monitoring and stimulation of nonexcitable brain cells, called astrocytes. Astroglial calcium signaling plays, indeed, a pivotal role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain. Here, the use of transparent organic cell stimulating and sensing transistor (O-CST) architecture, fabricated with N,N'-ditridecylperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (P13), to elicit and monitor intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) in primary rat neocortical astrocytes is demonstrated. The transparency of O-CST allows performing calcium imaging experiments, showing that extracellular electrical stimulation of astrocytes induces a drastic increase in [Ca2+ ]i . Pharmacological studies indicate that transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily are critical mediators of the [Ca2+ ]i increase. Experimental and computational analyses show that [Ca2+ ]i response is enabled by the O-CST device architecture. Noteworthy, the extracellular field application induces a slight but significant increase in the cell volume. Collectively, it is shown that the O-CST is capable of selectively evoking astrocytes [Ca2+ ]i , paving the way to the development of organic bioelectronic devices as glial interfaces to excite and control physiology of non-neuronal brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Borrachero‐Conejo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Natali
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Federico Prescimone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Saskia Karges
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Simone Bonetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Prof. G. P. Nicchia Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica University of Bari Aldo Moro Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBit) University of Bologna Via San Donato 15 Bologna 40129 Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBit) University of Bologna Via San Donato 15 Bologna 40129 Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Francesco Mercuri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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14
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Koopman WWA, Natali M, Bettini C, Melucci M, Muccini M, Toffanin S. Contact Resistance in Ambipolar Organic Field-Effect Transistors Measured by Confocal Photoluminescence Electro-Modulation Microscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:35411-35419. [PMID: 30230308 PMCID: PMC6474645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although it is theoretically expected that all organic semiconductors support ambipolar charge transport, most organic transistors either transport holes or electrons effectively. Single-layer ambipolar organic field-effect transistors enable the investigation of different mechanisms in hole and electron transport in a single device since the device architecture provides a controllable planar pn-junction within the transistor channel. However, a direct comparison of the injection barriers and of the channel conductivities between electrons and holes within the same device cannot be measured by standard electrical characterization. This article introduces a novel approach for determining threshold gate voltages for the onset of the ambipolar regime from the position of the pn-junction observed by photoluminescence electro-modulation (PLEM) microscopy. Indeed, the threshold gate voltage in the ambipolar bias regime considers a vanishing channel length, thus correlating the contact resistance. PLEM microscopy is a valuable tool to directly compare the contact and channel resistances for both carrier types in the same device. The reported results demonstrate that designing the metal/organic-semiconductor interfaces by aligning the bulk metal Fermi levels to the highest occupied molecular orbital or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels of the organic semiconductors is a too simplistic approach for optimizing the charge-injection process in organic field-effect devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W. A. Koopman
- CNR-ISMN, Bologna Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Institute of Physics & Astronomy, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marco Natali
- CNR-ISMN, Bologna Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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15
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Prosa M, Benvenuti E, Pasini M, Giovanella U, Bolognesi M, Meazza L, Galeotti F, Muccini M, Toffanin S. Organic Light-Emitting Transistors with Simultaneous Enhancement of Optical Power and External Quantum Efficiency via Conjugated Polar Polymer Interlayers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:25580-25588. [PMID: 29984985 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) show the fascinating combination of electrical switching characteristics and light generation capability. However, to ensure an effective device operation, an efficient injection of charges into the emissive layer is required. The introduction of solution-processed conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) films at the emissive layer/electrode interface represents a promising strategy to improve the electron injection process by dipole formation. However, their use in optoelectronic devices also involves some limitations because of the ionic nature of CPEs. In this context, neutral conjugated polar polymers (CPPs) represent a valid alternative to CPEs because the conjugated backbones of CPPs are functionalized with polar nonionic side groups, thus avoiding ion-dependent drawbacks. By introducing a layer of polyfluorene-containing phosphonate groups underneath the metal electrodes, we here demonstrate a substantial improvement of the electron injection properties into the OLET-emissive layer and, accordingly, a more than 2-fold increased light power and a 5 times higher external quantum efficiency of p-type OLETs in comparison with reference devices without any interlayer. The great benefit of using a transparent glass substrate allowed to selectively investigate the morphological and photoluminescent characteristics of both CPE- and CPP-buried interlayers within complete OLETs by means of an optical scanning probe technique. This, together with a thorough optoelectronic characterization of the figures of merit of working light-emitting devices, allowed to disclose the origin of the improved optical performance of CPP-based devices as well as the operation mechanisms of the investigated interlayer in the corresponding OLETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Emilia Benvenuti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Mariacecilia Pasini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac) , Via Bassini, 15 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac) , Via Bassini, 15 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Margherita Bolognesi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Meazza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac) , Via Bassini, 15 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Francesco Galeotti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMac) , Via Bassini, 15 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) , Via P. Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
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16
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Koopman W, Muccini M, Toffanin S. High-resolution photoluminescence electro-modulation microscopy by scanning lock-in. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:043705. [PMID: 29716334 DOI: 10.1063/1.5010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Morphological inhomogeneities and structural defects in organic semiconductors crucially determine the charge accumulation and lateral transport in organic thin-film transistors. Photoluminescence Electro-Modulation (PLEM) microscopy is a laser-scanning microscopy technique that relies on the modulation of the thin-film fluorescence in the presence of charge-carriers to image the spatial distribution of charges within the active organic semiconductor. Here, we present a lock-in scheme based on a scanning beam approach for increasing the PLEM microscopy resolution and contrast. The charge density in the device is modulated by a sinusoidal electrical signal, phase-locked to the scanning beam of the excitation laser. The lock-in detection scheme is achieved by acquiring a series of images with different phases between the beam scan and the electrical modulation. Application of high resolution PLEM to an organic transistor in accumulation mode demonstrates its potential to image local variations in the charge accumulation. A diffraction-limited precision of sub-300 nm and a signal to noise ratio of 21.4 dB could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Koopman
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - M Muccini
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna (BO), Italy
| | - S Toffanin
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna (BO), Italy
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17
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Lusa L, Cappelletti V, Gariboldi M, Ferrario C, De Cecco L, Reid JF, Toffanin S, Gallus G, McShane LM, Daidone MG, Pierotti MA. Questioning the Utility of Pooling Samples in Microarray Experiments with Cell Lines. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 21:67-73. [PMID: 16847808 DOI: 10.1177/172460080602100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microarray experiment using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line in two different experimental conditions for which the same number of independent pools as the number of individual samples was hybridized on Affymetrix GeneChips. Unexpectedly, when using individual samples, the number of probe sets found to be differentially expressed between treated and untreated cells was about three times greater than that found using pools. These findings indicate that pooling samples in microarray experiments where the biological variability is expected to be small might not be helpful and could even decrease one's ability to identify differentially expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lusa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Dragone R, Grasso G, Muccini M, Toffanin S. Portable Bio/Chemosensoristic Devices: Innovative Systems for Environmental Health and Food Safety Diagnostics. Front Public Health 2017; 5:80. [PMID: 28529937 PMCID: PMC5418341 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review covers the newly developed biosensoristic and chemosensoristic devices described in recent literature for detection of contaminants in both environmental and food real matrices. Current needs in environmental and food surveillance of contaminants require new simplified, sensitive systems, which are portable and allow for rapid and on-site monitoring and diagnostics. Here, we focus on optical and electrochemical bio/chemosensoristic devices as promising tools with interesting analytical features that can be potentially exploited for innovative on-site and real-time applications for diagnostics and monitoring of environmental and food matrices (e.g., agricultural waters and milk). In near future, suitably developed and implemented bio/chemosensoristic devices will be a new and modern technological solution for the identification of new quality and safety marker indexes as well as for a more proper and complete characterization of abovementioned environmental and food matrices. Integrated bio/chemosensoristic devices can also allow an “holistic approach” that may prove to be more suitable for diagnostics of environmental and food real matrices, where the copresence of more bioactive substances is frequent. Therefore, this approach can be focused on the determination of net effect (mixture effect) of bioactive substances present in real matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Dragone
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Gerardo Grasso
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bologna, Italy
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19
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Pistone A, Sagnella A, Chieco C, Bertazza G, Varchi G, Formaggio F, Posati T, Saracino E, Caprini M, Bonetti S, Toffanin S, Di Virgilio N, Muccini M, Rossi F, Ruani G, Zamboni R, Benfenati V. Silk fibroin film from golden-yellow Bombyx mori is a biocomposite that contains lutein and promotes axonal growth of primary neurons. Biopolymers 2016; 105:287-99. [PMID: 26756916 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of doped silk fibroin (SF) films and substrates from Bombyx mori cocoons for green nanotechnology and biomedical applications has been recently highlighted. Cocoons from coloured strains of B. mori, such as Golden-Yellow, contain high levels of pigments that could have a huge potential for the fabrication of SF based biomaterials targeted to photonics, optoelectronics and neuroregenerative medicine. However, the features of extracted and regenerated SF from cocoons of B. mori Golden-Yellow strain have never been reported. Here we provide a chemophysical characterization of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) fibers, solution, and films obtained from cocoons of a Golden-Yellow strain of B. mori, by SEM, (1) H-NMR, HPLC, FT-IR, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopy. We found that the extracted solution and films from B. mori Golden-Yellow fibroin displayed typical Raman spectroscopic and optical features of carotenoids. HPLC-analyses revealed that lutein was the carotenoid contained in the fiber and RSF biopolymer from yellow cocoons. Notably, primary neurons cultured on yellow SF displayed a threefold higher neurite length than those grown of white SF films. The results we report pave the way to expand the potential use of yellow SF in the field of neuroregenerative medicine and provide green chemistry approaches in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Pistone
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy.,Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Anna Sagnella
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy.,Laboratory MIST E-R, via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Camilla Chieco
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Bertazza
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Tamara Posati
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via S. Donato 19/2, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Simone Bonetti
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Virgilio
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Federica Rossi
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBIMET), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ruani
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute of the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISOF), via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
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Kriegel I, Toffanin S, Scotognella F. Black phosphorus-based one-dimensional photonic crystals and microcavities. Appl Opt 2016; 55:9288-9292. [PMID: 27857323 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.009288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The latest achievements in the fabrication of thin layers of black phosphorus (BP), toward the technological breakthrough of a phosphorene atomically thin layer, are paving the way for their use in electronics, optics, and optoelectronics. In this work, we have simulated the optical properties of one-dimensional photonic structures, i.e., photonic crystals and microcavities, in which few-layer BP is one of the components. The insertion of the 5-nm black phosphorous layers leads to a photonic band gap in the photonic crystals and a cavity mode in the microcavity that is interesting for light manipulation and emission enhancement.
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21
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Bansal AK, Sajjad MT, Antolini F, Stroea L, Gečys P, Raciukaitis G, André P, Hirzer A, Schmidt V, Ortolani L, Toffanin S, Allard S, Scherf U, Samuel IDW. In situ formation and photo patterning of emissive quantum dots in small organic molecules. Nanoscale 2015; 7:11163-11172. [PMID: 26062105 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured composites of inorganic and organic materials are attracting extensive interest for electronic and optoelectronic device applications. Here we report a novel method for the fabrication and patterning of metal selenide nanoparticles in organic semiconductor films that is compatible with solution processable large area device manufacturing. Our approach is based upon the controlled in situ decomposition of a cadmium selenide precursor complex in a film of the electron transporting material 1,3,5-tris(N-phenyl-benzimidazol-2-yl)-benzene (TPBI) by thermal and optical methods. In particular, we show that the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the thermally converted CdSe quantum dots (QDs) in the TPBI film is up to 15%. We also show that laser illumination can form the QDs from the precursor. This is an important result as it enables direct laser patterning (DLP) of the QDs. DLP was performed on these nanocomposites using a picosecond laser. Confocal microscopy shows the formation of emissive QDs after laser irradiation. The optical and structural properties of the QDs were also analysed by means of UV-Vis, PL spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the QDs are well distributed across the film and their emission can be tuned over a wide range by varying the temperature or irradiated laser power on the blend films. Our findings provide a route to the low cost patterning of hybrid electroluminescent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu K Bansal
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK.
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22
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Bonetti S, Pistone A, Brucale M, Karges S, Favaretto L, Zambianchi M, Posati T, Sagnella A, Caprini M, Toffanin S, Zamboni R, Camaioni N, Muccini M, Melucci M, Benfenati V. A lysinated thiophene-based semiconductor as a multifunctional neural bioorganic interface. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1190-202. [PMID: 25721438 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lysinated molecular organic semiconductors are introduced as valuable multifunctional platforms for neural cells growth and interfacing. Cast films of quaterthiophene (T4) semiconductor covalently modified with lysine-end moieties (T4Lys) are fabricated and their stability, morphology, optical/electrical, and biocompatibility properties are characterized. T4Lys films exhibit fluorescence and electronic transport as generally observed for unsubstituted oligothiophenes combined to humidity-activated ionic conduction promoted by the charged lysine-end moieties. The Lys insertion in T4 enables adhesion of primary culture of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which is not achievable by plating cells on T4. Notably, on T4Lys, the number on adhering neurons/area is higher and displays a twofold longer neurite length than neurons plated on glass coated with poly-l-lysine. Finally, by whole-cell patch-clamp, it is shown that the biofunctionality of neurons cultured on T4Lys is preserved. The present study introduces an innovative concept for organic material neural interface that combines optical and iono-electronic functionalities with improved biocompatibility and neuron affinity promoted by Lys linkage and the softness of organic semiconductors. Lysinated organic semiconductors could set the scene for the fabrication of simplified bioorganic devices geometry for cells bidirectional communication or optoelectronic control of neural cells biofunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bonetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Assunta Pistone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Brucale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); Area della Ricerca Roma1; Via Salaria km 29.3 00015 Monterotondo, Roma Italy
| | - Saskia Karges
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Laura Favaretto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Massimo Zambianchi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Tamara Posati
- Laboratory MIST E-R; Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Anna Sagnella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Laboratory MIST E-R; Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology; University of Bologna; Via S. Donato 19/2 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Nadia Camaioni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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23
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Bonetti S, Pistone A, Brucale M, Karges S, Favaretto L, Zambianchi M, Posati T, Sagnella A, Caprini M, Toffanin S, Zamboni R, Camaioni N, Muccini M, Melucci M, Benfenati V. Organic Bioelectronics: A Lysinated Thiophene-Based Semiconductor as a Multifunctional Neural Bioorganic Interface (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 8/2015). Adv Healthc Mater 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201570045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bonetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Assunta Pistone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Brucale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); Area della Ricerca Roma1; Via Salaria km 29.3 00015 Monterotondo, Roma Italy
| | - Saskia Karges
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Laura Favaretto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Massimo Zambianchi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Tamara Posati
- Laboratory MIST E-R; Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Anna Sagnella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Laboratory MIST E-R; Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology; University of Bologna; Via S. Donato 19/2 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Nadia Camaioni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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Maini L, Gallino F, Zambianchi M, Durso M, Gazzano M, Rubini K, Gentili D, Manet I, Muccini M, Toffanin S, Cavallini M, Melucci M. Chemical design enables the control of conformational polymorphism in functional 2,3-thieno(bis)imide-ended materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2033-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a chemical design strategy to control conformational polymorphism in 2,3-thienoimide based molecular materials.
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25
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Durso M, Zambianchi M, Zanelli A, LoBello MG, De Angelis F, Toffanin S, Cavallini S, Gentili D, Tinti F, Cavallini M, Camaioni N, Melucci M. Synthesis by MW-assisted direct arylation, side-arms driven self-assembly and functional properties of 9,10-dithienylanthracene orthogonal materials. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Benfenati V, Martino N, Antognazza MR, Pistone A, Toffanin S, Ferroni S, Lanzani G, Muccini M. Organic Polymers: Photostimulation of Whole-Cell Conductance in Primary Rat Neocortical Astrocytes Mediated by Organic Semiconducting Thin Films (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 3/2014). Adv Healthc Mater 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201470013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Nicola Martino
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. di Fisica; Piazza L. Da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Assunta Pistone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Ferroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via S. Donato, 19/2 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. di Fisica; Piazza L. Da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- E. T. C. s.r.l.; via P. Gobetti 101 I-40129 Bologna Italy
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Benfenati V, Martino N, Antognazza MR, Pistone A, Toffanin S, Ferroni S, Lanzani G, Muccini M. Photostimulation of whole-cell conductance in primary rat neocortical astrocytes mediated by organic semiconducting thin films. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:392-9. [PMID: 23966220 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial ion channels are fundamental molecular targets in the study of brain physiology and pathophysiology. Novel tools and devices intended for stimulation and control of astrocytes ion channel activity are therefore highly desirable. The study of the interactions between astrocytes and biomaterials is also essential to control and minimize reactive astrogliosis, in view of the development of implantable functional devices. Here, the growth of rat primary neocortical astrocytes on the top of a light sensitive, organic polymer film is reported; by means of patch-clamp analyses, the effect of the visible light stimulation on membrane conductance is then determined. Photoexcitation of the active material causes a significant depolarization of the astroglial resting membrane potential: the effect is associated to an increase in whole-cell conductance at negative potentials. The magnitude of the evoked inward current density is proportional to the illumination intensity. Biophysical and pharmacological characterization suggests that the ion channel mediating the photo-transduction mechanism is a chloride channel, the ClC-2 channel. These results open interesting perspectives for the selective manipulation of astrocyte bioelectrical activity by non-invasive, label-free, organic-based, photostimulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Nicola Martino
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. di Fisica; Piazza L. Da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Assunta Pistone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Ferroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via S. Donato, 19/2 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. di Fisica; Piazza L. Da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- E. T. C. s.r.l.; via P. Gobetti 101 I-40129 Bologna Italy
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Posati T, Melucci M, Benfenati V, Durso M, Nocchetti M, Cavallini S, Toffanin S, Sagnella A, Pistone A, Muccini M, Ruani G, Zamboni R. Selective MW-assisted surface chemical tailoring of hydrotalcites for fluorescent and biocompatible nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46669h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Prosa M, Sagnella A, Posati T, Tessarolo M, Bolognesi M, Cavallini S, Toffanin S, Benfenati V, Seri M, Ruani G, Muccini M, Zamboni R. Integration of a silk fibroin based film as a luminescent down-shifting layer in ITO-free organic solar cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08390c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-derived silk-fibroin film doped with a luminescent dye and its application as luminescent down-shifting layer in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Sagnella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marta Tessarolo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Cavallini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Seri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ruani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Bologna, Italy
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30
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Koopman WWA, Toffanin S, Natali M, Troisi S, Capelli R, Biondo V, Stefani A, Muccini M. Mapping of charge distribution in organic field-effect transistors by confocal photoluminescence electromodulation microscopy. Nano Lett 2014; 14:1695-700. [PMID: 24611682 DOI: 10.1021/nl402603c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for mapping the charge density spatial distribution in organic field-effect transistors based on the electromodulation of the photoluminescence is demonstrated. In field-effect transistors exciton quenching is dominated by exciton-charge carrier interaction so that it can be used to map the charge distribution in different operating conditions. From a quantitative analysis of the photoluminescence quenching, the thickness of the charge carrier accumulation layer is derived. The injection of minority charge carriers in unipolar conditions is unexpectedly evidenced, which is not displayed by the electrical characteristics.
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31
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Sagnella A, Chieco C, Di Virgilio N, Toffanin S, Posati T, Pistone A, Bonetti S, Muccini M, Ruani G, Benfenati V, Rossi F, Zamboni R. Bio-doping of regenerated silk fibroin solution and films: a green route for biomanufacturing. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04622f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically active silk fibroin films could be successfully obtained by biodoping, i.e. from cocoons of Bombyx mori fed with a rhodamine B-added diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sagnella
- Laboratorio di Micro e Submicro Tecnologie abilitanti dell'Emilia-Romagna (MIST ER)
- I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Chieco
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Biometeorologia (CNR-IBIMET)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - N. Di Virgilio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Biometeorologia (CNR-IBIMET)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Posati
- Laboratorio di Micro e Submicro Tecnologie abilitanti dell'Emilia-Romagna (MIST ER)
- I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Pistone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Bonetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Ruani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - V. Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Rossi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Biometeorologia (CNR-IBIMET)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF)
- 40129 Bologna, Italy
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32
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Benfenati V, Toffanin S, Bonetti S, Turatti G, Pistone A, Chiappalone M, Sagnella A, Stefani A, Generali G, Ruani G, Saguatti D, Zamboni R, Muccini M. A transparent organic transistor structure for bidirectional stimulation and recording of primary neurons. Nat Mater 2013; 12:672-80. [PMID: 23644524 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Real-time stimulation and recording of neural cell bioelectrical activity could provide an unprecedented insight in understanding the functions of the nervous system, and it is crucial for developing advanced in vitro drug screening approaches. Among organic materials, suitable candidates for cell interfacing can be found that combine long-term biocompatibility and mechanical flexibility. Here, we report on transparent organic cell stimulating and sensing transistors (O-CSTs), which provide bidirectional stimulation and recording of primary neurons. We demonstrate that the device enables depolarization and hyperpolarization of the primary neuron membrane potential. The transparency of the device also allows the optical imaging of the modulation of the neuron bioelectrical activity. The maximal amplitude-to-noise ratio of the extracellular recording achieved by the O-CST device exceeds that of a microelectrode array system on the same neuronal preparation by a factor of 16. Our organic cell stimulating and sensing device paves the way to a new generation of devices for stimulation, manipulation and recording of cell bioelectrical activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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33
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Toffanin S, Benfenati V, Pistone A, Bonetti S, Koopman W, Posati T, Sagnella A, Natali M, Zamboni R, Ruani G, Muccini M. N-type perylene-based organic semiconductors for functional neural interfacing. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3850-3859. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20555j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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34
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Benfenati V, Pistone A, Sagnella A, Stahl K, Camassa L, Gomis-Perez C, Toffanin S, Torp R, Kaplan DL, Ruani G, Omenetto FG, Zamboni R, Muccini M. WITHDRAWN: Silk fibroin films are a bio-active interface for neuroregenerative medicine. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2012; 10:315-323. [PMID: 23258563 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.2012.10448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ahead of print article withdrawn by publisher
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benfenati
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Bologna - Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toffanin
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Department of Pathology, New York, New York and Hepato-Oncology Group, Department of Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - H Cornella
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Department of Pathology, New York, New York and HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Harrington
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Department of Pathology, New York, New York
| | - J M Llovet
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Department of Pathology, New York, New York and HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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36
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Capelli R, Amsden JJ, Generali G, Toffanin S, Benfenati V, Muccini M, Kaplan DL, Omenetto FG, Zamboni R. Integration of silk protein in organic and light-emitting transistors. Org Electron 2011; 12:1146-1151. [PMID: 22899899 PMCID: PMC3418596 DOI: 10.1016/j.orgel.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present the integration of a natural protein into electronic and optoelectronic devices by using silk fibroin as a thin film dielectric in an organic thin film field-effect transistor (OFET) ad an organic light emitting transistor device (OLET) structures. Both n- (perylene) and p-type (thiophene) silk-based OFETs are demonstrated. The measured electrical characteristics are in agreement with high-efficiency standard organic transistors, namely charge mobility of the order of 10(-2) cm(2)/Vs and on/off ratio of 10(4). The silk-based optolectronic element is an advanced unipolar n-type OLET that yields a light emission of 100nW.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Capelli
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129-Bologna, Italy
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37
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Melucci M, Zambianchi M, Favaretto L, Gazzano M, Zanelli A, Monari M, Capelli R, Troisi S, Toffanin S, Muccini M. Thienopyrrolyl dione end-capped oligothiophene ambipolar semiconductors for thin film- and light emitting transistors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11840-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Benfenati V, Toffanin S, Capelli R, Camassa LMA, Ferroni S, Kaplan DL, Omenetto FG, Muccini M, Zamboni R. A silk platform that enables electrophysiology and targeted drug delivery in brain astroglial cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7883-91. [PMID: 20688390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Astroglial cell survival and ion channel activity are relevant molecular targets for the mechanistic study of neural cell interactions with biomaterials and/or electronic interfaces. Astrogliosis is the most typical reaction to in vivo brain implants and needs to be avoided by developing biomaterials that preserve astroglial cell physiological function. This cellular phenomenon is characterized by a proliferative state and altered expression of astroglial potassium (K(+)) channels. Silk is a natural polymer with potential for new biomedical applications due to its ability to support in vitro growth and differentiation of many cell types. We report on silk interactions with cultured neocortical astroglial cells. Astrocytes survival is similar when plated on silk-coated glass and on poly-D-lysine (PDL), a well known polyionic substrate used to promote astroglial cell adhesion to glass surfaces. Comparative analyses of whole-cell patch-clamp experiments reveal that silk- and PDL-coated cells display depolarized resting membrane potentials (-40 mV), very high input resistance, and low specific conductance, with values similar to those of undifferentiated glial cells. Analysis of K(+) channel conductance reveals that silk-astrocytes express large outwardly delayed rectifying K(+) current (K(DR)). The magnitude of K(DR) in PDL- and silk-coated astrocytes is similar, indicating that silk does not alter the resting K(+) current. We also demonstrate that guanosine- (GUO) embedded silk enables the direct modulation of astroglial K(+) conductance in vitro. Astrocytes plated on GUO-embedded silk are more hyperpolarized and express inward rectifying K(+) conductance (K(ir)). The K(+) inward current increases and this is paralleled by upregulation and membrane polarization of K(ir)4.1 protein signal. Collectively these results indicate that silk is a suitable biomaterial platform for the in vitro studies of astroglial ion channel responses and related physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Bologna, Italy.
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39
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Benincori T, Bonometti V, De Angelis F, Falciola L, Muccini M, Mussini P, Pilati T, Rampinini G, Rizzo S, Toffanin S, Sannicolò F. Towards Molecular Design Rationalization in Branched Multi-Thiophene Semiconductors: The 2-Thienyl-Persubstituted α-Oligothiophenes. Chemistry 2010; 16:9086-98. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Capelli R, Toffanin S, Generali G, Usta H, Facchetti A, Muccini M. Organic light-emitting transistors with an efficiency that outperforms the equivalent light-emitting diodes. Nat Mater 2010; 9:496-503. [PMID: 20436466 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential of organic semiconductor-based devices for light generation is demonstrated by the commercialization of display technologies based on organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Nonetheless, exciton quenching and photon loss processes still limit OLED efficiency and brightness. Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) are alternative light sources combining, in the same architecture, the switching mechanism of a thin-film transistor and an electroluminescent device. Thus, OLETs could open a new era in organic optoelectronics and serve as testbeds to address general fundamental optoelectronic and photonic issues. Here, we introduce the concept of using a p-channel/emitter/n-channel trilayer semiconducting heterostructure in OLETs, providing a new approach to markedly improve OLET performance and address these open questions. In this architecture, exciton-charge annihilation and electrode photon losses are prevented. Our devices are >100 times more efficient than the equivalent OLED, >2x more efficient than the optimized OLED with the same emitting layer and >10 times more efficient than any other reported OLETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Capelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
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41
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Toffanin S, Capelli R, Hwu TY, Wong KT, Plötzing T, Först M, Muccini M. Molecular Host−Guest Energy-Transfer System with an Ultralow Amplified Spontaneous Emission Threshold Employing an Ambipolar Semiconducting Host Matrix. J Phys Chem B 2009; 114:120-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909003n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Halbleitertechnik, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Raffaella Capelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Halbleitertechnik, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tsyr-Yuan Hwu
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Halbleitertechnik, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Halbleitertechnik, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Plötzing
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Halbleitertechnik, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Först
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Halbleitertechnik, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Halbleitertechnik, Sommerfeldstrasse 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Diring S, Camerel F, Donnio B, Dintzer T, Toffanin S, Capelli R, Muccini M, Ziessel R. Luminescent Ethynyl−Pyrene Liquid Crystals and Gels for Optoelectronic Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:18177-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ja908061q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Diring
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surface et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, and
| | - Franck Camerel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surface et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, and
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surface et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, and
| | - Thierry Dintzer
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surface et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, and
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surface et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, and
| | - Raffaella Capelli
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surface et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, and
| | - Michele Muccini
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surface et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, and
| | - Raymond Ziessel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Spectroscopies Avancées (LCOSA), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surface et Procédés pour la Catalyse (LMSPC), UMR 7515, CNRS-ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France, and
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Cabanillas-Gonzalez J, Sciascia C, Lanzani G, Toffanin S, Capelli R, Ramon MC, Muccini M, Gierschner J, Hwu TY, Wong KT. Molecular packing effects on the optical spectra and triplet dynamics in oligofluorene films. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:11605-9. [PMID: 18712907 DOI: 10.1021/jp8044143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on the triplet spectra and dynamics in two types of oligomeric films deposited by two different techniques: thermal evaporation and spin coating. The different molecular arrangement in both films is manifested in a red shift of the absorption, PL, and T1-Tn absorption spectra of the sublimated film relative to the spin-coated one. Triplet recombination dynamics studied with steady-state photoinduced absorption (PA) spectroscopy follow a dispersive bimolecular recombination model away from the trap filling regime. We obtained values for the triplet bimolecular recombination ratio (beta) of 3.4 x 10 (-14) and 1.1 x 10 (-15) cm3 s (-1) for evaporated and spin-coated film, respectively, the difference being attributed to diverse molecular arrangement in both films.
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Benincori T, Capaccio M, De Angelis F, Falciola L, Muccini M, Mussini P, Ponti A, Toffanin S, Traldi P, Sannicolò F. Cover Picture: Spider-Like Oligothiophenes (Chem. Eur. J. 2/2008). Chemistry 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200790147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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