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Mustafayev F, Youn J, Hanif A, Kim DS. A Perforated Plate-Based Cell Showering Device for Uniform Cell Distribution over Various Culture Substrates. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:620-627. [PMID: 38048415 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell distribution is one of the primary factors that can affect cell morphology and behaviors, as it determines cell-cell interactions. Despite the importance of cell distribution, the seeding process of in vitro cell culture still highly relies on the traditional method using manual pipetting. Because manual pipetting cannot ensure a uniform cell distribution and has the possibility of compromising experimental reproducibility, an accurate and systemic seeding method that enables uniform cell seeding over versatile culture substrates is required. Here, we developed a perforated plate-based cell seeding device called the CellShower, which enabled uniform cell seeding over a large area of cell culture substrates. The working principles of the CellShower are based on the laminar filling flow and capillary force in microfluidics, and the design of the CellShower was optimized with numerical simulations. The versatility of the CellShower in view of uniform cell seeding was demonstrated by applying it to various types of culture substrates from a conventional culture dish to culture substrates having nanotopography, porous structures, and 3D concave structures. The CellShower and its operating principles are expected to contribute to enhancing the accuracy and reproducibility of biological experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Mustafayev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37763, Republic of Korea
| | - Adeela Hanif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Han X, Zhang Q, He H, Zhao Q, Li G. Reflow-molded deep concave microwell arrays for robust and large-scale production of embryoid bodies. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4378-4389. [PMID: 37695312 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived aggregates, called embryoid bodies (EBs), are powerful in vitro models used to study human development and disease. However, the cost-effective and large-scale production of homogeneous EBs still remains a challenge. Here, we report a rapid, straightforward method for fabricating closely arrayed deep concave microwells, enabling the mass production of uniform EBs from single cell suspensions. By simply combining micromilling, caramel replica molding, and thermal reflow, we generate convex micromolds with high aspect ratios and excellent surface smoothness. Benefitting from the nature of reflow, this method can produce rounded bottom polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microwells, which are not easily achieved with standard soft lithography techniques but critical to producing spherical EBs. To achieve optimal concave microwells, we investigated the effect of thermal reflow temperature and time on the surface smoothness and roundness of the finished microwells. In addition, to further improve the utility of this method, we also investigated the effect of microwell aspect ratio (AR) on the loss of EBs during medium manipulation. The capability of this deep concave microwell system was validated by rapidly generating a large number of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived EBs and then efficiently differentiating them into a cardiac lineage. The proposed fabrication method and deep concave microwell platform are highly practical, and thus will benefit the mass production of EBs for potential tissue regeneration and cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Hui He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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3
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Mansouri M, Imes WD, Roberts OS, Leipzig ND. Fabrication of oxygen-carrying microparticles functionalized with liver ECM-proteins to improve phenotypic three-dimensional in vitro liver assembly, function, and responses. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3025-3038. [PMID: 37269469 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen and extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biopolymers play vital roles in regulating many cellular functions in both the healthy and diseased liver. This study highlights the significance of synergistically tuning the internal microenvironment of three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates composed of hepatocyte-like cells from the HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) from the LX-2 cell line to enhance oxygen availability and phenotypic ECM ligand presentation for promoting the native metabolic functions of the human liver. First, fluorinated (PFC) chitosan microparticles (MPs) were generated with a microfluidic chip, then their oxygen transport properties were studied using a custom ruthenium-based oxygen sensing approach. Next, to allow for integrin engagements the surfaces of these MPs were functionalized using liver ECM proteins including fibronectin, laminin-111, laminin-511, and laminin-521, then they were used to assemble composite spheriods along with HepG2 cells and HSCs. After in vitro culture, liver-specific functions and cell adhesion patterns were compared between groups and cells showed enhanced liver phenotypic responses to laminin-511 and 521 as evidenced via enhanced E-cadherin and vinculin expression, as well as albumin and urea secretion. Furthermore, hepatocytes and HSCs exhibited more pronounced phenotypic arrangements when cocultured with laminin-511 and 521 modified MPs providing clear evidence that specific ECM proteins have distinctive roles in the phenotypic regulation of liver cells in engineering 3D spheroids. This study advances efforts to create more physiologically relevant organ models allowing for well-defined conditions and phenotypic cell signaling which together improve the relevance of 3D spheroid and organoid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mansouri
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - William D Imes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Owen S Roberts
- College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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4
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Martinez-Lopez S, Angel-Gomis E, Sanchez-Ardid E, Pastor-Campos A, Picó J, Gomez-Hurtado I. The 3Rs in Experimental Liver Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2357. [PMID: 37508134 PMCID: PMC10376896 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis present multiple physiological and immunological alterations that play a very important role in the development of clinically relevant secondary complications to the disease. Experimentation in animal models is essential to understand the pathogenesis of human diseases and, considering the high prevalence of liver disease worldwide, to understand the pathophysiology of disease progression and the molecular pathways involved, due to the complexity of the liver as an organ and its relationship with the rest of the organism. However, today there is a growing awareness about the sensitivity and suffering of animals, causing opposition to animal research among a minority in society and some scientists, but also about the attention to the welfare of laboratory animals since this has been built into regulations in most nations that conduct animal research. In 1959, Russell and Burch published the book "The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique", proposing that in those experiments where animals were necessary, everything possible should be done to try to replace them with non-sentient alternatives, to reduce to a minimum their number, and to refine experiments that are essential so that they caused the least amount of pain and distress. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the most widely used techniques to replace, reduce, and refine in experimental liver research is offered, to assess the advantages and weaknesses of available experimental liver disease models for researchers who are planning to perform animal studies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Martinez-Lopez
- Instituto ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan, Spain
| | - Enrique Angel-Gomis
- Instituto ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan, Spain
| | - Elisabet Sanchez-Ardid
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Patología Digestiva, Institut de Recerca IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Pastor-Campos
- Oficina de Investigación Responsable, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Joanna Picó
- Instituto ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Gomez-Hurtado
- Instituto ISABIAL, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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Štampar M, Ravnjak T, Domijan AM, Žegura B. Combined Toxic Effects of BPA and Its Two Analogues BPAP and BPC in a 3D HepG2 Cell Model. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073085. [PMID: 37049848 PMCID: PMC10095618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most commonly used substances in the manufacture of various everyday products. Growing concerns about its hazardous properties, including endocrine disruption and genotoxicity, have led to its gradual replacement by presumably safer analogues in manufacturing plastics. The widespread use of BPA and, more recently, its analogues has increased their residues in the environment. However, our knowledge of their toxicological profiles is limited and their combined effects are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects caused by single bisphenols and by the combined exposure of BPA and its two analogues, BPAP and BPC, after short (24-h) and prolonged (96-h) exposure in HepG2 spheroids. The results showed that BPA did not reduce cell viability in HepG2 spheroids after 24-h exposure. In contrast, BPAP and BPC affected cell viability in HepG2 spheroids. Both binary mixtures (BPA/BPAP and BPA/BPC) decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, but the significant difference was only observed for the combination of BPA/BPC (both at 40 µM). After 96-h exposure, none of the BPs studied affected cell viability in HepG2 spheroids. Only the combination of BPA/BPAP decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner that was significant for the combination of 4 µM BPA and 4 µM BPAP. None of the BPs and their binary mixtures studied affected the surface area and growth of spheroids as measured by planimetry. In addition, all BPs and their binary mixtures studied triggered oxidative stress, as measured by the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, at both exposure times. Overall, the results suggest that it is important to study the effects of BPs as single compounds. It is even more important to study the effects of combined exposures, as the combined effects may differ from those induced by single compounds.
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Primary Hepatocyte Isolation and Cultures: Technical Aspects, Challenges and Advancements. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020131. [PMID: 36829625 PMCID: PMC9952008 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are differentiated cells that account for 80% of the hepatic volume and perform all major functions of the liver. In vivo, after an acute insult, adult hepatocytes retain their ability to proliferate and participate in liver regeneration. However, in vitro, prolonged culture and proliferation of viable and functional primary hepatocytes have remained the major and the most challenging goal of hepatocyte-based cell therapies and liver tissue engineering. The first functional cultures of rat primary hepatocytes between two layers of collagen gel, also termed as the "sandwich cultures", were reported in 1989. Since this study, several technical developments including choice of hydrogels, type of microenvironment, growth factors and culture conditions, mono or co-cultures of hepatocytes along with other supporting cell types have evolved for both rat and human primary hepatocytes in recent years. All these improvements have led to a substantial improvement in the number, life-span and hepatic functions of these cells in vitro for several downstream applications. In the current review, we highlight the details, limitations and prospects of different technical strategies being used in primary hepatocyte cultures. We discuss the use of newer biomaterials as scaffolds for efficient culture of primary hepatocytes. We also describe the derivation of mature hepatocytes from other cellular sources such as induced pluripotent stem cells, bone marrow stem cells and 3D liver organoids. Finally, we also explain the use of perfusion-based bioreactor systems and bioengineering strategies to support the long-term function of hepatocytes in 3D conditions.
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Tutty MA, Prina-Mello A. Three-Dimensional Spheroids for Cancer Research. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:65-103. [PMID: 37202612 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell culture is one of the most widely used tools used today for increasing our understanding of various things such as protein production, mechanisms of drug action, tissue engineering, and overall cellular biology. For the past decades, however, cancer researchers have relied heavily on conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture techniques to test a variety of aspects of cancer research ranging from the cytotoxic effects of antitumor drugs to the toxicity of diagnostic dyes and contact tracers. However, many promising cancer therapies have either weak or no efficacy in real-life conditions, therefore delaying or stopping altogether their translating to the clinic. This is, in part, due to the reductionist 2D cultures used to test these materials, which lack appropriate cell-cell contacts, have altered signaling, do not represent the natural tumor microenvironment, and have different drug responses, due to their reduced malignant phenotype when compared to real in vivo tumors. With the most recent advances, cancer research has moved into 3D biological investigation. Three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells not only recapitulate the in vivo environment better than their 2D counterparts, but they have, in recent years, emerged as a relatively low-cost and scientifically accurate methodology for studying cancer. In this chapter, we highlight the importance of 3D culture, specifically 3D spheroid culture, reviewing some key methodologies for forming 3D spheroids, discussing the experimental tools that can be used in conjunction with 3D spheroids and finally their applications in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Tutty
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Sendra M, Štampar M, Fras K, Novoa B, Figueras A, Žegura B. Adverse (geno)toxic effects of bisphenol A and its analogues in hepatic 3D cell model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107721. [PMID: 36580735 PMCID: PMC9875311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used and versatile chemical compounds in polymer additives and epoxy resins for manufacturing a range of products for human applications. It is known as endocrine disruptor, however, there is growing evidence that it is genotoxic. Because of its adverse effects, the European Union has restricted its use to protect human health and the environment. As a result, the industry has begun developing BPA analogues, but there are not yet sufficient toxicity data to claim that they are safe. We investigated the adverse toxic effects of BPA and its analogues (BPS, BPAP, BPAF, BPFL, and BPC) with emphasis on their cytotoxic and genotoxic activities after short (24-h) and prolonged (96-h) exposure in in vitro hepatic three-dimensional cell model developed from HepG2 cells. The results showed that BPFL and BPC (formed by an additional ring system) were the most cytotoxic analogues that affected cell viability, spheroid surface area and morphology, cell proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. BPA, BPAP, and BPAF induced DNA double-strand break formation (γH2AX assay), whereas BPAF and BPC increased the percentage of p-H3-positive cells, indicating their aneugenic activity. All BPs induced DNA single-strand break formation (comet assay), with BPAP (≥0.1 μM) being the most effective and BPA and BPC the least effective (≥1 μM) under conditions applied. The results indicate that not all of the analogues studied are safer alternatives to BPA and thus more in-depth research is urgently needed to adequately evaluate the risks of BPA analogues and assess their safety for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sendra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001 Burgos, Spain; International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Martina Štampar
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katarina Fras
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Immunology and Genomics Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Chen Q, Cui L, Zhou X, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Anthracene dimer cross-linked, washing- and sterilization-free hydrogel films for multicellular spheroid generation. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9914-9922. [PMID: 36448470 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01878k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids are better in vitro cell models than two-dimensional cell monolayers; however, their applications are limited by their difficult production. PHEMA hydrogel films with honeycomb-like wrinkled patterns have been developed for high-throughput generation of multicellular spheroids with a uniform shape and size; however, the films are prepared by polymerization of the HEMA monomer, and should be washed extensively before use. Here to synthesize washing-free PHEMA hydrogel films, linear anthracene-functionalized PHEMA polymers were first synthesized by the free-radical copolymerization of HEMA and an anthracene-containing vinyl monomer. Smooth films were then prepared from the linear polymers in the wells of cell culture plates by solution casting. They were cross-linked via photo-dimerization of anthracene groups by exposing to 365 nm UV light, and patterned spontaneously by adding water to swell them. The swelling degree of the films and hence the shape of the wrinkled patterns could be facilely adjusted by adjusting the anthracene content in the linear polymers. If necessary, the cross-link density of the film and thus the shape of the wrinkled patterns could be callbacked by irradiating with 254 nm UV light, thanks to the reversibility of the photo-dimerization of anthracene. The as-prepared films exhibit a high biocompatibility and support cell growth well even without washing and sterilization. The high biocompatibility is attributed to the facts that no low molecular weight monomer, crosslinker and initiator were involved in the film preparation, and the photo-dimerization of anthracene groups produces no by-products. The films are sterilized simultaneously when cross-linked with UV irradiation, thus avoiding an additional sterilization step. PHEMA films with long-range ordered hexagonal wrinkled patterns were selected to generate multicellular spheroids of tumor cell lines. The resulting spheroids exhibit a narrow size distribution and high cell viability. Preliminary tests demonstrated their potential in the screening of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Guo W, Chen Z, Feng Z, Li H, Zhang M, Zhang H, Cui X. Fabrication of Concave Microwells and Their Applications in Micro-Tissue Engineering: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13091555. [PMID: 36144178 PMCID: PMC9505614 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
At present, there is an increasing need to mimic the in vivo micro-environment in the culture of cells and tissues in micro-tissue engineering. Concave microwells are becoming increasingly popular since they can provide a micro-environment that is closer to the in vivo environment compared to traditional microwells, which can facilitate the culture of cells and tissues. Here, we will summarize the fabrication methods of concave microwells, as well as their applications in micro-tissue engineering. The fabrication methods of concave microwells include traditional methods, such as lithography and etching, thermal reflow of photoresist, laser ablation, precision-computerized numerical control (CNC) milling, and emerging technologies, such as surface tension methods, the deformation of soft membranes, 3D printing, the molding of microbeads, air bubbles, and frozen droplets. The fabrication of concave microwells is transferring from professional microfabrication labs to common biochemical labs to facilitate their applications and provide convenience for users. Concave microwells have mostly been used in organ-on-a-chip models, including the formation and culture of 3D cell aggregates (spheroids, organoids, and embryoids). Researchers have also used microwells to study the influence of substrate topology on cellular behaviors. We will briefly review their applications in different aspects of micro-tissue engineering and discuss the further applications of concave microwells. We believe that building multiorgan-on-a-chip by 3D cell aggregates of different cell lines will be a popular application of concave microwells, while integrating physiologically relevant molecular analyses with the 3D culture platform will be another popular application in the near future. Furthermore, 3D cell aggregates from these biosystems will find more applications in drug screening and xenogeneic implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijin Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zejingqiu Chen
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zitao Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Muyang Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Guangdong Foshan Lianchuang Graduate School of Engineering, Foshan 528311, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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11
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Zhang P, Li X, Chen JY, Abate A. Controlled fabrication of functional liver spheroids with microfluidic flow cytometric printing. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35917810 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac8622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular liver spheroids are 3D culture models useful in the development of therapies for liver fibrosis. While these models can recapitulate fibrotic disease, current methods for generating them via random aggregation are uncontrolled, yielding spheroids of variable size, function, and utility. Here, we report fabrication of precision liver spheroids with microfluidic flow cytometric printing. Our approach fabricates spheroids cell-by-cell, yielding structures with exact numbers of different cell types. Because spheroid function depends on composition, our precision spheroids have superior functional uniformity, allowing more accurate and statistically significant screens compared to randomly generated spheroids. The approach produces thousands of spheroids per hour, and thus affords a scalable platform by which to manufacture single-cell precision spheroids for disease modeling and high throughput drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, California, 94143, UNITED STATES
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, 94143, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Blvd South, San Francisco, 94143, UNITED STATES
| | - Adam Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, UNITED STATES
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Three-dimensional (3D) liver cell models - a tool for bridging the gap between animal studies and clinical trials when screening liver accumulation and toxicity of nanobiomaterials. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2048-2074. [PMID: 35507131 PMCID: PMC9066991 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the exciting properties and wide-reaching applications of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) in human health and medicine, their translation from bench to bedside is slow, with a predominant issue being liver accumulation and toxicity following systemic administration. In vitro 2D cell-based assays and in vivo testing are the most popular and widely used methods for assessing liver toxicity at pre-clinical stages; however, these fall short in predicting toxicity for NBMs. Focusing on in vitro and in vivo assessment, the accurate prediction of human-specific hepatotoxicity is still a significant challenge to researchers. This review describes the relationship between NBMs and the liver, and the methods for assessing toxicity, focusing on the limitations they bring in the assessment of NBM hepatotoxicity as one of the reasons defining the poor translation for NBMs. We will then present some of the most recent advances towards the development of more biologically relevant in vitro liver methods based on tissue-mimetic 3D cell models and how these could facilitate the translation of NBMs going forward. Finally, we also discuss the low public acceptance and limited uptake of tissue-mimetic 3D models in pre-clinical assessment, despite the demonstrated technical and ethical advantages associated with them.
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13
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Mansouri M, Beemer S, Kothapalli CR, Rhoades T, Fodor PS, Das D, Leipzig ND. Generation of Oxygenating Fluorinated Methacrylamide Chitosan Microparticles to Increase Cell Survival and Function in Large Liver Spheroids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4899-4913. [PMID: 35060707 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the development of complex culture technologies, the utility, survival, and function of large 3D cell aggregates, or spheroids, are impeded by mass transport limitations. The incorporation of engineered microparticles into these cell aggregates offers a promising approach to increase spheroid integrity through the creation of extracellular spaces to improve mass transport. In this study, we describe the formation of uniform oxygenating fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan (MACF) microparticles via a T-shaped microfluidic device, which when incorporated into spheroids increased extracellular spacing and enhanced oxygen transport via perfluorocarbon substitutions. The addition of MACF microparticles into large liver cell spheroids supported the formation of stable and large spheroids (>500 μm in diameter) made of a heterogeneous population of immortalized human hepatoma (HepG2) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) (4 HepG2/1 HSC), especially at a 150:1 ratio of cells to microparticles. Further, as confirmed by the albumin, urea, and CYP3A4 secretion amounts into the culture media, biological functionality was maintained over 10 days due to the incorporation of MACF microparticles as compared to controls without microparticles. Importantly, we demonstrated the utility of fluorinated microparticles in reducing the number of hypoxic cells within the core regions of spheroids, while also promoting the diffusion of other small molecules in and out of these 3D in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mansouri
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, 200 E Buchtel Avenue, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Samantha Beemer
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, 235 Carroll Street, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Tyler Rhoades
- Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, Unied States
| | - Petru S Fodor
- Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, Unied States
| | - Dola Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9620 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, University of Akron, 200 E Buchtel Avenue, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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14
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Abbas A, Zhang C, Asad M, Waqas A, Khatoon A, Hussain S, Mir SH. Recent Developments in Artificial Super-Wettable Surfaces Based on Bioinspired Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:238. [PMID: 35054645 PMCID: PMC8781395 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by nature, significant research efforts have been made to discover the diverse range of biomaterials for various biomedical applications such as drug development, disease diagnosis, biomedical testing, therapy, etc. Polymers as bioinspired materials with extreme wettable properties, such as superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic surfaces, have received considerable interest in the past due to their multiple applications in anti-fogging, anti-icing, self-cleaning, oil-water separation, biosensing, and effective transportation of water. Apart from the numerous technological applications for extreme wetting and self-cleaning products, recently, super-wettable surfaces based on polymeric materials have also emerged as excellent candidates in studying biological processes. In this review, we systematically illustrate the designing and processing of artificial, super-wettable surfaces by using different polymeric materials for a variety of biomedical applications including tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, molecular recognition, and diagnosis. Special attention has been paid to applications concerning the identification, control, and analysis of exceedingly small molecular amounts and applications permitting high cell and biomaterial cell screening. Current outlook and future prospects are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Abbas
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (A.A.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (A.A.); (C.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Asad
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Ahsan Waqas
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China;
| | - Asma Khatoon
- College of Business Administration, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sameer Hussain
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (A.A.); (C.Z.)
| | - Sajjad Husain Mir
- School of Chemistry and Advanced Materials & BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Center, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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15
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de Hoyos-Vega JM, Hong HJ, Stybayeva G, Revzin A. Hepatocyte cultures: From collagen gel sandwiches to microfluidic devices with integrated biosensors. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041504. [PMID: 34703968 PMCID: PMC8519630 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are parenchymal cells of the liver responsible for drug detoxification, urea and bile production, serum protein synthesis, and glucose homeostasis. Hepatocytes are widely used for drug toxicity studies in bioartificial liver devices and for cell-based liver therapies. Because hepatocytes are highly differentiated cells residing in a complex microenvironment in vivo, they tend to lose hepatic phenotype and function in vitro. This paper first reviews traditional culture approaches used to rescue hepatic function in vitro and then discusses the benefits of emerging microfluidic-based culture approaches. We conclude by reviewing integration of hepatocyte cultures with bioanalytical or sensing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. de Hoyos-Vega
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
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16
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Sun B, Zhao Y, Wu W, Zhao Q, Li G. A superhydrophobic chip integrated with an array of medium reservoirs for long-term hanging drop spheroid culture. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:234-242. [PMID: 34389482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hanging drop (HD) is one of the most popular methods used for forming three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids. However, conventional hanging drop systems are only applicable for short-term spheroid culture due to their inconvenience in exchanging cell culture media. Here we present a medium-reservoir-integrated superhydrophobic (MRI-SH) chip for long-term HD spheroid cultures. The device consists of two main components: i) a patterned superhydrophobic (SH) surface containing an array of wettable spots which anchor arrays of droplets of cell suspension, and ii) an array of chambers that serve as medium reservoirs, both interconnected via an array of thru-holes. This configuration provides two distinct advantages over conventional HD configurations: i) the high wettability contrast of the SH pattern on the chip leads to the formation and adhesion of nearly spherical hanging droplets on its surface, which minimizes interactions between the liquid and the substrate; ii) the integrated chambers provide large volumes of medium to maintain longer culture durations. Using this device, spheroids of MHCC97H cells were successfully formed, and the cultured spheroids could maintain high viability for up to 30 days and exhibited enhanced spheroid morphology compared to those cultured in the conventional HD systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This paper presents a medium-reservoir-integrated superhydrophobic hanging drop (HD) platform for the long-term culture of spheroids with enhanced morphology. By monolithically integrating medium reservoirs and a patterned SH surface into a single device, this HD platform can not only produce high-quality spheroids, but also permit them to sustain high viability for up to 30 days without the need for tedious medium replenishment. We believe that such a platform will be valuable in a wide range of biological or biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Weimin Wu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defence Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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17
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Lee SY, Kim D, Lee SH, Sung JH. Microtechnology-based in vitro models: Mimicking liver function and pathophysiology. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041505. [PMID: 34703969 PMCID: PMC8520487 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays important roles in drug metabolism and homeostasis. The metabolism and biotransformation can not only affect the efficacy of drugs but also result in hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury. Understanding the complex physiology of the liver and the pathogenetic mechanisms of liver diseases is essential for drug development. Conventional in vitro models have limitations in the ability to predict drug effects, due to the lack of physiological relevance. Recently, the liver-on-a-chip platform has been developed to reproduce the microarchitecture and in vivo environment of the liver. These efforts have improved the physiological relevance of the liver tissue used in the platform and have demonstrated its applicability to drug screening and disease models. In this review, we summarize the recent development of liver-on-a-chip models that closely mimic the in vivo liver environments and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
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18
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Goudar VS, Koduri MP, Ta YNN, Chen Y, Chu LA, Lu LS, Tseng FG. Impact of a Desmoplastic Tumor Microenvironment for Colon Cancer Drug Sensitivity: A Study with 3D Chimeric Tumor Spheroids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48478-48491. [PMID: 34633791 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture provides opportunities to model tumor growth closer to its natural context. The collagen network in the extracellular matrix supports autonomic tumor cell proliferation, but its presence and role in tumor spheroids remain unclear. In this research, we developed an in vitro 3D co-culture model in a microwell 3D (μ-well 3D) cell-culture array platform to mimic the tumor microenvironment (TME). The modular setup is used to characterize the paracrine signaling molecules and the role of the intraspheroidal collagen network in cancer drug resistance. The μ-well 3D platform is made up of poly(dimethylsiloxane) that contains 630 round wells for individual spheroid growth. Inside each well, the growth surface measured 500 μm in diameter and was functionalized with the amphiphilic copolymer. HCT-8 colon cancer cells and/or NIH3T3 fibroblasts were seeded in each well and incubated for up to 9 days for TME studies. It was observed that NIH3T3 cells promoted the kinetics of tumor organoid formation. The two types of cells self-organized into core-shell chimeric tumor spheroids (CTSs) with fibroblasts confined to the shell and cancer cells localized to the core. Confocal microscopy analysis indicated that a type-I collagen network developed inside the CTS along with increased TGF-β1 and α-SMA proteins. The results were correlated with a significantly increased stiffness in 3D co-cultured CTS up to 52 kPa as compared to two-dimensional (2D) co-culture. CTS was more resistant to 5-FU (IC50 = 14.0 ± 3.9 μM) and Regorafenib (IC50 = 49.8 ± 9.9 μM) compared to cells grown under the 2D condition 5-FU (IC50 = 12.2 ± 3.7 μM) and Regorafenib (IC50 = 5.9 ± 1.9 μM). Targeted collagen homeostasis with Sclerotiorin led to damaged collagen structure and disrupted the type-I collagen network within CTS. Such a treatment significantly sensitized collagen-supported CTS to 5-FU (IC50 = 4.4 ± 1.3 μM) and to Regorafenib (IC50 = 0.5 ± 0.2 μM). In summary, the efficient formation of colon cancer CTSs in a μ-well 3D culture platform allows exploration of the desmoplastic TME. The novel role of intratumor collagen quality as a drug sensitization target warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkanagouda S Goudar
- Department of Engineering and System Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Manohar Prasad Koduri
- International Intercollegiate Ph.D. Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Harrison Hughes Building, Liverpool L693GH, U.K
| | - Yen-Nhi Ngoc Ta
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yunching Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-An Chu
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Long-Sheng Lu
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
- International Intercollegiate Ph.D. Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
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19
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Grubb ML, Caliari SR. Fabrication approaches for high-throughput and biomimetic disease modeling. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:52-82. [PMID: 33716174 PMCID: PMC8433272 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is often a tradeoff between in vitro disease modeling platforms that capture pathophysiologic complexity and those that are amenable to high-throughput fabrication and analysis. However, this divide is closing through the application of a handful of fabrication approaches-parallel fabrication, automation, and flow-driven assembly-to design sophisticated cellular and biomaterial systems. The purpose of this review is to highlight methods for the fabrication of high-throughput biomaterial-based platforms and showcase examples that demonstrate their utility over a range of throughput and complexity. We conclude with a discussion of future considerations for the continued development of higher-throughput in vitro platforms that capture the appropriate level of biological complexity for the desired application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is a pressing need for new biomedical tools to study and understand disease. These platforms should mimic the complex properties of the body while also permitting investigation of many combinations of cells, extracellular cues, and/or therapeutics in high-throughput. This review summarizes emerging strategies to fabricate biomimetic disease models that bridge the gap between complex tissue-mimicking microenvironments and high-throughput screens for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Grubb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Unites States
| | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Unites States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Unites States.
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20
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Chen Q, Cui L, Guan Y, Zhang Y. Diels-Alder Cross-Linked, Washing-Free Hydrogel Films with Ordered Wrinkling Patterns for Multicellular Spheroid Generation. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3474-3485. [PMID: 34291920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids are a new generation in vitro cell model, however, their applications are severely limited by difficulties in their generation. Here patterned poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogel films were synthesized for their generation. Instead of polymerization of HEMA monomers in the presence of a cross-linker, here the PHEMA films were synthesized by cross-linking furan-functionalized linear PHEMA, PHEMA-furan, and maleimide-functionalized linear PHEMA, PHEMA-mal, via Diels-Alder (DA) reaction between furan and maleimide groups. A thermal treatment temperature of 75 °C was chosen for the cross-linking reaction. The occurrence of DA reaction was confirmed by IR spectra. Using this method, cross-linked PHEMA films with smooth surface were successfully synthesized in situ in the well of cell culture plates. The films were then patterned by simply adding water to swell them. Highly ordered, honeycomb-like wrinkling patterns were successfully obtained by adjusting the furan and maleimide contents in the precursor linear polymers. The patterned hydrogel films were used to generate multicellular spheroids. Guided by the patterns, 3D spheroids with narrow size distribution, tunable size, and high cell viability were successfully obtained. The patterned PHEMA films reported here exhibited a lot of advantages. The patterning method was quite simple and required no template or special equipment. They were synthesized in situ in commercial cell culture plates. Particularly, thanks to the clean nature of the DA reaction, no low molecular weight monomer, cross-linker, initiator, or catalyst, which were potentially cytotoxic, was involved in the film synthesis, and no byproduct was produced and left in the film. The resulting films presented a high biocompatibility, allowing the avoidance of the tedious washing step. The films synthesized here were expected to have high potential for massive production of well-defined multicellular spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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21
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Kim D, Lee SJ, Youn J, Hong H, Eom S, Kim DS. A deep and permeable nanofibrous oval-shaped microwell array for the stable formation of viable and functional spheroids. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34030141 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the potential of a nanofibrous (NF) microwell array as a permeable microwell array to improve the viability and functions of spheroids, thanks to the superior permeability to both gases and solutes, there have still been difficulties regarding the stable formation of spheroids in the NF microwell array due to the low aspect ratio (AR) and the large interspacing between microwells. This study proposes a nanofibrous oval-shaped microwell array, named the NOVA microwell array, with both a high AR and a high well density, enabling us to not only collect cells in the microwell with a high cell seeding efficiency, but also to generate multiple viable and functional spheroids in a uniform and stable manner. To realize a deep NOVA microwell array with a high aspect ratio (AR = 0.9) and a high well density (494 wells cm-2), we developed a matched-mold thermoforming process for the fabrication of both size- and AR-controllable NOVA microwell arrays with various interspacing between microwells while maintaining the porous nature of the NF membrane. The human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell spheroids cultured on the deep NOVA microwell array not only had uniform size and shape, with a spheroid circularity of 0.80 ± 0.03 at a cell seeding efficiency of 94.29 ± 9.55%, but also exhibited enhanced viability with a small fraction of dead cells and promoted functionality with increased albumin secretion, compared with the conventional impermeable microwell array. The superior characteristics of the deep NOVA microwell array, i.e. a high AR, a high well density, and a high permeability, pave the way to the production of various viable and functional spheroids and even organoids in a scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohui Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Youn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjun Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsu Eom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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22
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Chen C, Rengarajan V, Kjar A, Huang Y. A matrigel-free method to generate matured human cerebral organoids using 3D-Printed microwell arrays. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1130-1139. [PMID: 33134606 PMCID: PMC7577195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current methods of generating human cerebral organoids rely excessively on the use of Matrigel or other external extracellular matrices (ECM) for cell micro-environmental modulation. Matrigel embedding is problematic for long-term culture and clinical applications due to high inconsistency and other limitations. In this study, we developed a novel microwell culture platform based on 3D printing. This platform, without using Matrigel or external signaling molecules (i.e., SMAD and Wnt inhibitors), successfully generated matured human cerebral organoids with robust formation of high-level features (i.e., wrinkling/folding, lumens, neuronal layers). The formation and timing were comparable or superior to the current Matrigel methods, yet with improved consistency. The effect of microwell geometries (curvature and resolution) and coating materials (i.e., mPEG, Lipidure, BSA) was studied, showing that mPEG outperformed all other coating materials, while curved-bottom microwells outperformed flat-bottom ones. In addition, high-resolution printing outperformed low-resolution printing by creating faithful, isotropically-shaped microwells. The trend of these effects was consistent across all developmental characteristics, including EB formation efficiency and sphericity, organoid size, wrinkling index, lumen size and thickness, and neuronal layer thickness. Overall, the microwell device that was mPEG-coated, high-resolution printed, and bottom curved demonstrated the highest efficacy in promoting organoid development. This platform provided a promising strategy for generating uniform and mature human cerebral organoids as an alternative to Matrigel/ECM-embedding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Kjar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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23
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Štampar M, Sedighi Frandsen H, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Wrzesinski K, Filipič M, Žegura B. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) cell-based 3D model for genotoxicity testing of chemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:143255. [PMID: 33187710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The major weakness of the current in vitro genotoxicity test systems is the inability of the indicator cells to express metabolic enzymes needed for the activation and detoxification of genotoxic compounds, which consequently can lead to misleading results. Thus, there is a significant emphasis on developing hepatic cell models, including advanced in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell-based systems, which better imitate in vivo cell behaviour and offer more accurate and predictive data for human exposures. In this study, we developed an approach for genotoxicity testing with 21-day old spheroids formed from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2/C3A) using the dynamic clinostat bioreactor system (CelVivo BAM/bioreactor) under controlled conditions. The spheroids were exposed to indirect-acting genotoxic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [PAH; benzo(a) pyrene B(a)P], and heterocyclic aromatic amine [PhIP]) at non-cytotoxic concentrations for 24 and 96 h. The results showed that both environmental pollutants B(a)P and PhIP significantly increased the level of DNA strand breaks assessed by the comet assay. Further, the mRNA level of selected genes encoding metabolic enzymes from phase I and II, and DNA damage responsive genes was determined (qPCR). The 21-day old spheroids showed higher basal expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes compared to monolayer culture. In spheroids, B(a)P or PhIP induced compound-specific up-regulation of genes implicated in their metabolism, and deregulation of genes implicated in DNA damage and immediate-early response. The study demonstrated that this model utilizing HepG2/C3A spheroids grown under dynamic clinostat conditions represents a very sensitive and promising in vitro model for genotoxicity and environmental studies and can thus significantly contribute to a more reliable assessment of genotoxic activities of pure chemicals, and complex environmental samples even at very low for environmental exposure relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Štampar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Helle Sedighi Frandsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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24
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Comparison of 2- and 3-Dimensional Cultured Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells; a Pilot Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) cultured using 3-dimensional (3D) versus conventional 2-dimensional (2D) methods. PDLSCs were cultured in either a 3D culture with a non-adhesive culture plate (Stemfit 3D®) or a conventional 2D culture using a 6-well plate. Morphology, viability, proliferation ability, and osteogenic differentiation were analyzed to characterize the differences induced in identical PDLSCs by 3D and 2D culture environments. In addition, gene expression was analyzed using RNA sequencing to further characterize the functional differences. The diameter and the viability of the 3D-cultured PDLSCs decreased over time, but the shape of the spheroid was maintained for 20 days. Although osteogenic differentiation occurred in both the 2D- and 3D-cultured PDLSCs, compared to the control group it was 20.8 and 1.6 higher in the 3D- and 2D-cultured cells, respectively. RNA sequencing revealed that PDLSCs cultured using 2D and 3D methods have different gene expression profiles. The viability of the 3D-cultured cells was decreased, but they showed superior osteogenic differentiation compared to 2D-cultured cells. Within the limitations of this study, the results demonstrate that the structure and function of PDLSCs are influenced by the cell culture method.
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25
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Behroodi E, Latifi H, Bagheri Z, Ermis E, Roshani S, Salehi Moghaddam M. A combined 3D printing/CNC micro-milling method to fabricate a large-scale microfluidic device with the small size 3D architectures: an application for tumor spheroid production. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22171. [PMID: 33335148 PMCID: PMC7747638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of a large-scale microfluidic mold with 3D microstructures for manufacturing of the conical microwell chip using a combined projection micro-stereolithography (PµSL) 3D printing/CNC micro-milling method for tumor spheroid formation is presented. The PµSL technique is known as the most promising method of manufacturing microfluidic chips due to the possibility of creating complex three-dimensional microstructures with high resolution in the range of several micrometers. The purpose of applying the proposed method is to investigate the influence of microwell depths on the formation of tumor spheroids. In the conventional methods, the construction of three-dimensional microstructures and multi-height chips is difficult, time-consuming, and is performed using a multi-step lithography process. Microwell depth is an essential parameter for microwell design since it directly affects the shear stress of the fluid flow and the diffusion of nutrients, respiratory gases, and growth factors. In this study, a chip was made with microwells of different depth varying from 100 to 500 µm. The mold of the microwell section is printed by the lab-made PµSL printer with 6 and 1 µm lateral and vertical resolutions. Other parts of the mold, such as the main chamber and micro-channels, were manufactured using the CNC micro-milling method. Finally, different parts of the master mold were assembled and used for PDMS casting. The proposed technique drastically simplifies the fabrication and rapid prototyping of large-scale microfluidic devices with high-resolution microstructures by combining 3D printing with the CNC micro-milling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Behroodi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Latifi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Bagheri
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esra Ermis
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Roshani
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Lee G, Kim H, Park JY, Kim G, Han J, Chung S, Yang JH, Jeon JS, Woo DH, Han C, Kim SK, Park HJ, Kim JH. Generation of uniform liver spheroids from human pluripotent stem cells for imaging-based drug toxicity analysis. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120529. [PMID: 33257114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in pluripotent stem cell technology provide an alternative source of human hepatocytes to overcome the limitations of current toxicity tests. However, this approach requires optimization and standardization before it can be used as a fast and reliable toxicity screening system. Here, we designed and tested microwell culture platforms with various diameters. We found that large quantities of uniformly-sized hepatocyte-like cell (HLC) spheroids (3D-uniHLC-Ss) could be efficiently and reproducibly generated in a short period time from a small number of differentiating human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The hPSC-3D-uniHLC-Ss that were produced in 500-μm diameter microwells consistently exhibited high expressions of hepatic marker genes and had no significant signs of cell death. Importantly, a hepatic master gene hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) was maintained at high levels, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition was significantly attenuated in hPSC-3D-uniHLC-Ss. Additionally, when compared with 3D-HLC-Ss that were produced in other 3D platforms, hPSC-3D-uniHLC-Ss showed significantly higher hepatic gene expressions and drug-metabolizing activity of the enzyme, CYP3A4. Imaging-based drug toxicity studies demonstrated that hPSC-3D-uniHLC-Ss exhibited enhanced sensitivity to various hepatotoxicants, compared to HLCs, which were differentiated under 2D conditions. Precise prediction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a crucial step in the early phases of drug discovery. Thus, the hPSC-3D-uniHLC-Ss produced using our microwell platform could be used as an imaging-based toxicity screening system to predict drug hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyunggyu Lee
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Gyeongmin Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jiyou Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hyupsung University, Hwasung-si, 18330, South Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 20841, South Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Ji Hun Yang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jang Su Jeon
- Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Woo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, NEXEL Co., Ltd., Seoul, 02580, South Korea
| | - Choongseong Han
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, NEXEL Co., Ltd., Seoul, 02580, South Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
| | - Han-Jin Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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27
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Liu D, Chen S, Win Naing M. A review of manufacturing capabilities of cell spheroid generation technologies and future development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:542-554. [PMID: 33146407 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spheroid culture provides cells with a three-dimensional environment that can better mimic physiological conditions compared to monolayer culture. Technologies involved in the generation of cell spheroids are continuously being innovated to produce spheroids with enhanced properties. In this paper, we review the manufacturing capabilities of current cell spheroid generation technologies. We propose that spheroid generation technologies should enable tight and robust process controls to produce spheroids of consistent and repeatable quality. Future technology development for the generation of cell spheroids should look into improvement in process control, standardization, scalability and monitoring, in addition to advanced methods of spheroid transfer and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sixun Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - May Win Naing
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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28
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He J, Pang Y, Yang H, Montagne K, Shinohara M, Mao Y, Sun W, Sakai Y. Modular assembly-based approach of loosely packing co-cultured hepatic tissue elements with endothelialization for liver tissue engineering. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1400. [PMID: 33313145 PMCID: PMC7723527 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background In liver tissue engineering, co-culturing hepatocytes with typical non-parenchymal hepatic cells to form cell aggregates is available to mimic the in vivo microenvironment and promote cell biological functions. With a modular assembly approach, endothelialized hepatic cell aggregates can be packed for perfusion culture, which enables the construction of large-scale liver tissues. Since tightly packed aggregates tend to fuse with each other and block perfusion flows, a loosely packed mode was introduced in our study. Methods Using an oxygen-permeable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microwell device, highly dense endothelialized hepatic cell aggregates were generated as hepatic tissue elements by co-culturing hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, Swiss 3T3 cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The co-cultured aggregates were then harvested and applied in a PDMS-fabricated bioreactor for 10 days of perfusion culture. To maintain appropriate interstitial spaces for stable perfusion, biodegradable poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold fibers were used and mixed with the aggregates, forming a loosely packed mode. Results In a microwell co-culture, Swiss 3T3 cells significantly contributed to the formation of hepatic cell aggregates. HUVECs developed a peripheral distribution in aggregates for endothelialization. In the perfusion culture, compared with pure HepG2 aggregates, HepG2/Swiss 3T3/HUVECs co-cultured aggregates exhibited a higher level of cell proliferation and liver-specific function expression (i.e., glucose consumption and albumin secretion). Under the loosely packed mode, co-cultured aggregates showed a characteristic histological morphology with cell migration and adhesion to fibers. The assembled hepatic tissue elements were obtained with 32% of in vivo cell density. Conclusions In a co-culture of HepG2, Swiss 3T3, and HUVECs, Swiss 3T3 cells were observed to be beneficial for the formation of endothelialized hepatic cell aggregates. Loosely packed aggregates enabled long-term perfusion culture with high viability and biological function. This study will guide us in constructing large-scale liver tissue models by way of aggregate-based modular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu He
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Pang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Montagne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marie Shinohara
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Lee S, Kim S, Ahn J, Park J, Ryu BY, Park JY. Membrane-bottomed microwell array added to Transwell insert to facilitate non-contact co-culture of spermatogonial stem cell and STO feeder cell. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045031. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abb529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang M, Wang H, Chen W, Qin J. One-step synthesis of composite hydrogel capsules to support liver organoid generation from hiPSCs. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5476-5488. [PMID: 32914807 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in biomaterials, especially in hydrogels, have offered great opportunities for stem cell organoid engineering with higher controllability and fidelity. Here, we propose a novel strategy for one-step synthesis of composite hydrogel capsules (CHCs) that enable engineering liver organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in an oil-free droplet microfluidic system. The CHCs composed of a fibrin hydrogel core and an alginate-chitosan composite shell are synthesized by an enzymatic crosslinking reaction and electrostatic complexation within stable aqueous emulsions. The proposed CHCs exhibit high uniformity with biocompatibility, stability and high-throughput properties, as well as defined compositions. Moreover, the established system enables 3D culture, differentiation and self-organized formation of liver organoids in a continuous process by encapsulating hepatocyte-like cells derived from hiPSCs. The encapsulated liver organoids consisting of hepatocyte- and cholangiocyte-like cells show favorable cell viability and growth with consistent size. Furthermore, they maintain proper liver-specific functions including urea synthesis and albumin secretion, replicating the key features of the human liver. By combining stem cell biology, defined hydrogels and the droplet microfluidic technique, the proposed system is easy-to-operate, scalable and stable to engineer stem cell organoids, which may offer a robust platform to advance organoid research and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.
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31
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Yadav A, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Brain Organoids: Tiny Mirrors of Human Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disorders. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:388-426. [PMID: 32723210 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the complexity of the human brain is a challenging task. Nowadays, modern neurobiologists have developed 3D model systems called "brain organoids" to overcome the technical challenges in understanding human brain development and the limitations of animal models to study neurological diseases. Certainly like most model systems in neuroscience, brain organoids too have limitations, as these minuscule brains lack the complex neuronal circuitry required to begin the operational tasks of human brain. However, researchers are hopeful that future endeavors with these 3D brain tissues could provide mechanistic insights into the generation of circuit complexity as well as reproducible creation of different regions of the human brain. Herein, we have presented the contemporary state of brain organoids with special emphasis on their mode of generation and their utility in modelling neurological disorders, drug discovery, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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32
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Kang SM, Lee JH, Huh YS, Takayama S. Alginate Microencapsulation for Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cell Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:2864-2879. [PMID: 34275299 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in microscale 3D cell culture systems have helped to elucidate cellular physiology, understand mechanisms of stem cell differentiation, produce pathophysiological models, and reveal important cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. An important consideration for such studies is the choice of material for encapsulating cells and associated extracellular matrix (ECM). This Review focuses on the use of alginate hydrogels, which are versatile owing to their simple gelation process following an ionic cross-linking mechanism in situ, with no need for procedures that can be potentially toxic to cells, such as heating, the use of solvents, and UV exposure. This Review aims to give some perspectives, particularly to researchers who typically work more with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), on the use of alginate as an alternative material to construct microphysiological cell culture systems. More specifically, this Review describes how physicochemical characteristics of alginate hydrogels can be tuned with regards to their biocompatibility, porosity, mechanical strength, ligand presentation, and biodegradability. A number of cell culture applications are also described, and these are subcategorized according to whether the alginate material is used to homogeneously embed cells, to micropattern multiple cellular microenvironments, or to provide an outer shell that creates a space in the core for cells and other ECM components. The Review ends with perspectives on future challenges and opportunities for 3D cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America.,The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America.,NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America.,The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America.,The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, United States of America
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33
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Liu H, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhao M, Tao T, Zhang X, Qin J. A Droplet Microfluidic System to Fabricate Hybrid Capsules Enabling Stem Cell Organoid Engineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903739. [PMID: 32537414 PMCID: PMC7284190 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organoids derived from self-organizing stem cells represent a major technological breakthrough with the potential to revolutionize biomedical research. However, building high-fidelity organoids in a reproducible and high-throughput manner remains challenging. Here, a droplet microfluidic system is developed for controllable fabrication of hybrid hydrogel capsules, which allows for massive 3D culture and formation of functional and uniform islet organoids derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). In this all-in-water microfluidic system, an array of droplets is utilized as templates for one-step fabrication of binary capsules relying on interfacial complexation of oppositely charged Na-alginate (NaA) and chitosan (CS). The produced hybrid capsules exhibit high uniformity, and are biocompatible, stable, and permeable. The established system enables capsule production, 3D culture, and self-organizing formation of human islet organoids in a continuous process by encapsulating pancreatic endocrine cells from hiPSCs. The generated islet organoids contain islet-specific α- and β-like cells with high expression of pancreatic hormone specific genes and proteins. Moreover, they exhibit sensitive glucose-stimulated insulin secretion function, demonstrating the capability of these binary capsules to engineer human organoids from hiPSCs. The proposed system is scalable, easy-to-operate, and stable, which can offer a robust platform for advancing human organoids research and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinDivision of BiotechnologyCAS Key Laboratory of SSACDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023China
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinDivision of BiotechnologyCAS Key Laboratory of SSACDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023China
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Hui Wang
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinDivision of BiotechnologyCAS Key Laboratory of SSACDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023China
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Mengqian Zhao
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinDivision of BiotechnologyCAS Key Laboratory of SSACDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023China
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Tingting Tao
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinDivision of BiotechnologyCAS Key Laboratory of SSACDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023China
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Dr. X. ZhangDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Jianhua Qin
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinDivision of BiotechnologyCAS Key Laboratory of SSACDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023China
- H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao, Prof. J. QinUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Prof. J. QinInstitute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
- Prof. J. QinCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
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34
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Labour MN, Le Guilcher C, Aid-Launais R, El Samad N, Lanouar S, Simon-Yarza T, Letourneur D. Development of 3D Hepatic Constructs Within Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds with Tunable Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103644. [PMID: 32455711 PMCID: PMC7279349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids production is a key tool for in vitro studies of physiopathological conditions, drug-induced toxicity assays, and for a potential use in regenerative medicine. Hence, it prompted studies on hepatic organoids and liver regeneration. Numerous attempts to produce hepatic constructs had often limited success due to a lack of viability or functionality. Moreover, most products could not be translated for clinical studies. The aim of this study was to develop functional and viable hepatic constructs using a 3D porous scaffold with an adjustable structure, devoid of any animal component, that could also be used as an in vivo implantable system. We used a combination of pharmaceutical grade pullulan and dextran with different porogen formulations to form crosslinked scaffolds with macroporosity ranging from 30 µm to several hundreds of microns. Polysaccharide scaffolds were easy to prepare and to handle, and allowed confocal observations thanks to their transparency. A simple seeding method allowed a rapid impregnation of the scaffolds with HepG2 cells and a homogeneous cell distribution within the scaffolds. Cells were viable over seven days and form spheroids of various geometries and sizes. Cells in 3D express hepatic markers albumin, HNF4α and CYP3A4, start to polarize and were sensitive to acetaminophen in a concentration-dependant manner. Therefore, this study depicts a proof of concept for organoid production in 3D scaffolds that could be prepared under GMP conditions for reliable drug-induced toxicity studies and for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Labour
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 4-14 rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Camile Le Guilcher
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM UMS-34, FRIM Université de Paris, X Bichat School of Medicine, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Nour El Samad
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Soraya Lanouar
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
- Correspondence:
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Sharma VR, Shrivastava A, Gallet B, Karepina E, Charbonnier P, Chevallet M, Jouneau PH, Deniaud A. Canalicular domain structure and function in matrix-free hepatic spheroids. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:485-496. [PMID: 31755497 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver is pivotal in organism metabolism. This organ is receiving nutriments from the portal vein and then storing, metabolizing, distributing in the circulation or excreting excess and xenobiotics in bile. Liver architecture and hepatocyte polarization are crucial to achieve these functions. To study these mechanisms in details, relevant cell culture systems are required, which is not the case with standard 2D cell culture. Besides, primary hepatocytes rapidly de-differenciate making them inefficient in forming physiological system. Herein, we used an hepatoma-derived cell line to produce matrix-free hepatic spheroids and developed an integrated structural cell biology methodology by combining light sheet fluorescence microscopy and 3D electron microscopy to study their function and structure. Within these spheroids, hepatocytes polarize and organize to form bile canaliculi active for both organics and inorganics excretion. Besides, live imaging revealed the high dynamic of actin networks in basal membranes compared to their high stability in the apical pole that constitutes bile canaliculi. Finally, the first structure of active bile canaliculi was solved at nm resolution and showed the very high density of microvilli coming from all cells constituting the canaliculus. Therefore, this study is the first comprehensive and in-depth functional and structural study of bile canaliculi in a physiological-relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Raj Sharma
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Maher SP, Conway AJ, Roth A, Adapa SR, Cualing P, Andolina C, Hsiao J, Turgeon J, Chaumeau V, Johnson M, Palmiotti C, Singh N, Barnes SJ, Patel R, Van Grod V, Carter R, Sun HCS, Sattabongkot J, Campo B, Nosten F, Saadi WM, Adams JH, Jiang RHY, Kyle DE. An adaptable soft-mold embossing process for fabricating optically-accessible, microfeature-based culture systems and application toward liver stage antimalarial compound testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1124-1139. [PMID: 32055808 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00921c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cell culture methods for modeling organ-level structure have been demonstrated to replicate in vivo conditions more accurately than traditional in vitro cell culture. Given that the liver is particularly important to human health, several advanced culture methods have been developed to experiment with liver disease states, including infection with Plasmodium parasites, the causative agent of malaria. These models have demonstrated that intrahepatic parasites require functionally stable hepatocytes to thrive and robust characterization of the parasite populations' response to investigational therapies is dependent on high-content and high-resolution imaging (HC/RI). We previously reported abiotic confinement extends the functional longevity of primary hepatocytes in a microfluidic platform and set out to instill confinement in a microtiter plate platform while maintaining optical accessibility for HC/RI; with an end-goal of producing an improved P. vivax liver stage culture model. We developed a novel fabrication process in which a PDMS soft mold embosses hepatocyte-confining microfeatures into polystyrene, resulting in microfeature-based hepatocyte confinement (μHEP) slides and plates. Our process was optimized to form both microfeatures and culture wells in a single embossing step, resulting in a 100 μm-thick bottom ideal for HC/RI, and was found inexpensively amendable to microfeature design changes. Microfeatures improved intrahepatic parasite infection rates and μHEP systems were used to reconfirm the activity of reference antimalarials in phenotypic dose-response assays. RNAseq of hepatocytes in μHEP systems demonstrated microfeatures sustain hepatic differentiation and function, suggesting broader utility for preclinical hepatic assays; while our tailorable embossing process could be repurposed for developing additional organ models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Maher
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA. and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amy J Conway
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Alison Roth
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Swamy R Adapa
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Phillip Cualing
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Chiara Andolina
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand & Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Hsiao
- Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Turgeon
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Victor Chaumeau
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand & Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Myles Johnson
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | | | - Naresh Singh
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Samantha J Barnes
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Raahil Patel
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | | | - Robert Carter
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | | | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand & Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Rays H Y Jiang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA. and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Chao C, Ngo Le P, Engelward BP. SpheroidChip: Patterned Agarose Microwell Compartments Harboring HepG2 Spheroids are Compatible with Genotoxicity Testing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2427-2439. [PMID: 33145399 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional tissue culture models are emerging as effective alternatives to animal testing. They are especially beneficial for liver toxicity studies, enabling hepatocytes to display improved levels of liver-specific functions. One common model is hepatocyte spheroids, which are spontaneously formed cell aggregates. Techniques for spheroid formation include the use of ultralow attachment plates and the hanging drop method, both of which are technically challenging and relatively low throughput. Here, we describe a simple-to-use platform that improves spheroid production and is compatible with genotoxicity testing by the comet assay. To achieve this, we created a chip containing a microwell array where dozens of spheroids are contained within a single well of a 96-well plate. The microwells are made from agarose, a nontoxic material suitable for cell growth and spheroid formation. HepG2 cells loaded into customizable microwells formed spheroids through agarose-assisted aggregation within one to two days. In addition, the agarose matrix allows the same platform to be used in DNA damage analysis. Specifically, the comet assay enables quantification of DNA breaks based on the increased migration of damaged DNA through agarose during electrophoresis. Here, we developed a modified comet assay and show that intact HepG2 spheroids cultured in microwells can be electrophoresed to reveal the extent of DNA damage following exposure to inflammatory chemicals (H2O2 and SIN-1). With this SpheroidChip analysis method, we detected a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage and observed rapid repair of H2O2-induced DNA damage. In summary, we utilized an agarose microarray to condense what had required an entire 96-well plate into a single well, enabling analysis techniques that were cumbersome or impossible under conditions of a single spheroid per well of a 96-well plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - P Ngo Le
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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38
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Zhao Q, Cui H, Wang Y, Du X. Microfluidic Platforms toward Rational Material Fabrication for Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1903798. [PMID: 31650698 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of micro/nanomaterials in recent decades has brought promising alternative approaches in various biomedicine-related fields such as pharmaceutics, diagnostics, and therapeutics. These micro/nanomaterials for specific biomedical applications shall possess tailored properties and functionalities that are closely correlated to their geometries, structures, and compositions, therefore placing extremely high demands for manufacturing techniques. Owing to the superior capabilities in manipulating fluids and droplets at microscale, microfluidics has offered robust and versatile platform technologies enabling rational design and fabrication of micro/nanomaterials with precisely controlled geometries, structures and compositions in high throughput manners, making them excellent candidates for a variety of biomedical applications. This review briefly summarizes the progress of microfluidics in the fabrication of various micro/nanomaterials ranging from 0D (particles), 1D (fibers) to 2D/3D (film and bulk materials) materials with controllable geometries, structures, and compositions. The applications of these microfluidic-based materials in the fields of diagnostics, drug delivery, organs-on-chips, tissue engineering, and stimuli-responsive biodevices are introduced. Finally, an outlook is discussed on the future direction of microfluidic platforms for generating materials with superior properties and on-demand functionalities. The integration of new materials and techniques with microfluidics will pave new avenues for preparing advanced micro/nanomaterials with enhanced performance for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Huanqing Cui
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Xuemin Du
- Institute of Biomedical & Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518035, China
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Yu SJ, Choi G, Cho Y, Lee M, Cho Y, Shin JH, Lee E, Im SG. Three-Dimensional Spheroid Culture on Polymer-Coated Surface Potentiate Stem Cell Functions via Enhanced Cell–Extracellular Matrix Interactions. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2240-2250. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jung Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Goro Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbin Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghak Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer H. Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KI for Nano Century, Korea Advanced of Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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40
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Flow-Based Three-Dimensional Co-Culture Model for Long-Term Hepatotoxicity Prediction. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:mi11010036. [PMID: 31892214 PMCID: PMC7019533 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed concave microwell arrays to establish a size-controllable 3-D co-culture liver model for in vitro drug toxicity testing, to predict hepatotoxicity. The interaction of hepatocytes with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was investigated by co-culturing primary 3-D hepatocyte spheroids and HSCs (heterosphere), using 3-D liver-on-a-chip. The effect of HSCs was investigated during spheroid formation; they were involved in controlling the organization of spheroidal aggregates and the formation of tight cell–cell contacts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that co-cultured spheroids with smoother surfaces in the flow chip aggregated more tightly and rapidly, compared to mono-cultured spheroids, until 13 days. Metabolic function analysis revealed that heterospheres secreted 40% more albumin and urea than hepatospheres on day 13. Additionally, an acetaminophen (AAP) and isoniazid (INH) concentration-dependent increase in CYP3A4 expression was detected in the 3-D cultures, and an increase in Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release after AAP and INH treatment was observed. CYP1A2, Mrp1 and UGT1A5 mRNA expression levels in the heterospheres and hepatospheres were evaluated from days 3 to 13. To examine the potential for toxicity testing in the flow-conditioned culture of the heterospheres, we evaluated cytotoxicity using the endpoint LDH release in the heterospheres and hepatospheres. IC50 values for AAP and INH after 24 h of exposure were calculated from the dose–response curves of the compounds. Flow-conditioned heterosphere culture results suggest that it may be suitable for long-term culture and cytotoxicity testing. Thus, our co-culture system closely resembles the in vivo environment and allows long-term in vitro hepatotoxicity prediction.
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41
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Kryou C, Leva V, Chatzipetrou M, Zergioti I. Bioprinting for Liver Transplantation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E95. [PMID: 31658719 PMCID: PMC6956058 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting techniques can be used for the in vitro fabrication of functional complex bio-structures. Thus, extensive research is being carried on the use of various techniques for the development of 3D cellular structures. This article focuses on direct writing techniques commonly used for the fabrication of cell structures. Three different types of bioprinting techniques are depicted: Laser-based bioprinting, ink-jet bioprinting and extrusion bioprinting. Further on, a special reference is made to the use of the bioprinting techniques for the fabrication of 2D and 3D liver model structures and liver on chip platforms. The field of liver tissue engineering has been rapidly developed, and a wide range of materials can be used for building novel functional liver structures. The focus on liver is due to its importance as one of the most critical organs on which to test new pharmaceuticals, as it is involved in many metabolic and detoxification processes, and the toxicity of the liver is often the cause of drug rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kryou
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | - Valentina Leva
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
| | | | - Ioanna Zergioti
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Zografou, Greece.
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42
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Development of in vitro 3D cell model from hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line and its application for genotoxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3321-3333. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Agarwal T, Subramanian B, Maiti TK. Liver Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4167-4182. [PMID: 33417776 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering aims at the possibility of reproducing a fully functional organ for the treatment of acute and chronic liver disorders. Approaches in this field endeavor to replace organ transplantation (gold standard treatment for liver diseases in a clinical setting) with in vitro developed liver tissue constructs. However, the complexity of the liver microarchitecture and functionality along with the limited supply of cellular components of the liver pose numerous challenges. This review provides a comprehensive outlook onto how the physicochemical, mechanobiological, and spatiotemporal aspects of the substrates could be tuned to address current challenges in the field. We also highlight the strategic advancements made in the field so far for the development of artificial liver tissue. We further showcase the currently available prototypes in research and clinical trials, which shows the hope for the future of liver tissue engineering.
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44
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Lee JW, Sung JS, Park YS, Chung S, Kim YH. Isolation of spheroid-forming single cells from gastric cancer cell lines: enrichment of cancer stem-like cells. Biotechniques 2019; 65:197-203. [PMID: 30284938 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of spheroid-forming cells is important to investigate cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics. However, conventional tumor spheroid culture methods have not proven suitable because the aggregated spheroids generally maintain their original heterogeneity and harbor multiple cells with various characteristics. Here we cultured spheroids using a polydimethylsiloxane microwell-based method and a limiting dilution protocol. We then isolated and enriched for CSCs that formed single cell-derived spheroids from gastric cancer cell lines. Cells from the microwell demonstrated higher self-renewal, increased expression of stem cell markers and resistance to apoptosis compared with spheroid cells made by the traditional method. This novel approach allows efficient cancer stem cell isolation and represents a step forward in cancer stem cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sook Sung
- Cancer Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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45
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Portone A, Sciancalepore AG, Melle G, Netti GS, Greco G, Persano L, Gesualdo L, Pisignano D. Quasi-3D morphology and modulation of focal adhesions of human adult stem cells through combinatorial concave elastomeric surfaces with varied stiffness. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5154-5162. [PMID: 31192342 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00481e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In vivo cell niches are complex architectures that provide a wide range of biochemical and mechanical stimuli to control cell behavior and fate. With the aim to provide in vitro microenvironments mimicking physiological niches, microstructured substrates have been exploited to support cell adhesion and to control cell shape as well as three dimensional morphology. At variance with previous methods, we propose a simple and rapid protein subtractive soft lithographic method to obtain microstructured polydimethylsiloxane substrates for studying stem cell adhesion and growth. The shape of adult renal stem cells and nuclei is found to depend predominantly on micropatterning of elastomeric surfaces and only weakly on the substrate mechanical properties. Differently, focal adhesions in their shape and density but not in their alignment mainly depend on the elastomer stiffness almost regardless of microscale topography. Local surface topography with concave microgeometry enhancing adhesion drives stem cells in a quasi-three dimensional configuration where stiffness might significantly steer mechanosensing as highlighted by focal adhesion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Portone
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
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46
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Unzu C, Planet E, Brandenberg N, Fusil F, Cassano M, Perez‐Vargas J, Friedli M, Cosset F, Lutolf MP, Wildhaber BE, Trono D. Pharmacological Induction of a Progenitor State for the Efficient Expansion of Primary Human Hepatocytes. Hepatology 2019; 69:2214-2231. [PMID: 30549291 PMCID: PMC6519263 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an organ with strong regenerative capacity, yet primary hepatocytes have a low amplification potential in vitro, a major limitation for the cell-based therapy of liver disorders and for ex vivo biological screens. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may help to circumvent this obstacle but often harbor genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, limiting their potential. Here, we describe the pharmacological induction of proliferative human hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) through a cocktail of growth factors and small molecules mimicking the signaling events involved in liver regeneration. Human HPCs from healthy donors and pediatric patients proliferated vigorously while maintaining their genomic stability and could be redifferentiated in vitro into metabolically competent cells that supported the replication of hepatitis B and delta viruses. Redifferentiation efficiency was boosted by three-dimensional culture. Finally, transcriptome analysis showed that HPCs were more closely related to mature hepatocytes than iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells were. Conclusion: HPC induction holds promise for a variety of applications such as ex vivo disease modeling, personalized drug testing or metabolic studies, and development of a bioartificial liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Unzu
- School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland,Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Grousbeck Gene Therapy CenterSchepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear InfirmaryBostonMAUSA,Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Evarist Planet
- School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Nathalie Brandenberg
- School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Floriane Fusil
- CIRI–International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Marco Cassano
- School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jimena Perez‐Vargas
- CIRI–International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Marc Friedli
- School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - François‐Loïc Cosset
- CIRI–International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Inserm, U1111Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Matthias P. Lutolf
- School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Barbara E. Wildhaber
- Pediatric Surgery Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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47
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Ajoudanian M, Enomoto K, Tokunaga Y, Minami H, Chung S, Tanishita K, Kamm RD, Sudo R. Self-organization of hepatocyte morphogenesis depending on the size of collagen microbeads relative to hepatocytes. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035007. [PMID: 31025629 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab145d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfabrication technologies have enabled us to construct collagen gel microbeads, which can be cultured with hepatocytes. However, little is known about the hepatocyte-collagen gel microbead interactions. Here, we aimed to clarify the effects of the balance between cell-cell and cell-collagen gel microbead interactions on hepatocyte morphogenesis and functions. The magnitude of cell-microbead interactions was controlled by changing the size of the microbeads, which were smaller than, comparable to, and larger than hepatocytes. These small, medium, and large microbeads were cultured separately with primary hepatocytes. Phase-contrast and time-lapse imaging revealed that the medium microbeads significantly induced the construction of 3D structures composed of the microbeads and hepatocytes in a self-organizing manner, whereas hepatocytes formed 2D monolayers with the small or large microbeads. These results suggest that only the medium microbeads induced the 3D tissue formation of hepatocytes. Furthermore, liver-specific functions, such as albumin secretion and ammonia clearance, were significantly upregulated in the 3D structures. These findings are critical to understand how to control the construction of 3D hepatocyte tissues with hydrogel microbeads in the context of biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ajoudanian
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, Japan,Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America,These authors contributed equally to this work.,Current affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keita Enomoto
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, Japan,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Hiroshi Minami
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, Japan
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuo Tanishita
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, Japan,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Japan
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States of America
| | - Ryo Sudo
- Department of System Design Engineering, Keio University, Japan
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Polat A, Hassan S, Yildirim I, Oliver LE, Mostafaei M, Kumar S, Maharjan S, Bourguet L, Cao X, Ying G, Eyvazi Hesar M, Zhang YS. A miniaturized optical tomography platform for volumetric imaging of engineered living systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:550-561. [PMID: 30657153 PMCID: PMC6391727 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Volumetric optical microscopy approaches that enable acquisition of three-dimensional (3D) information from a biological sample are attractive for numerous non-invasive imaging applications. The unprecedented structural details that these techniques provide have helped in our understanding of different aspects of architecture of cells, tissues, and organ systems as they occur in their natural states. Nonetheless, the instrumentation for most of these techniques is sophisticated, bulky, and costly, and is less affordable to most laboratory settings. Several miniature imagers based on webcams or low-cost sensors featuring easy assembly have been reported, for in situ imaging of biological structures at low costs. However, they have not been able to achieve the ability of 3D imaging throughout the entire volumes for spatiotemporal analyses of the structural changes in these specimens. Here we present a miniaturized optical tomography (mini-Opto) platform for low-cost, volumetric characterization of engineered living systems through hardware optimizations as well as applications of an optimized algebraic algorithm for image reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Polat
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Raasch M, Fritsche E, Kurtz A, Bauer M, Mosig AS. Microphysiological systems meet hiPSC technology - New tools for disease modeling of liver infections in basic research and drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:51-67. [PMID: 29908880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex cell culture models such as microphysiological models (MPS) mimicking human liver functionality in vitro are in the spotlight as alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models. Promising techniques like microfluidic cell culture or micropatterning by 3D bioprinting are gaining increasing importance for the development of MPS to address the needs for more predictivity and cost efficiency. In this context, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer new perspectives for the development of advanced liver-on-chip systems by recreating an in vivo like microenvironment that supports the reliable differentiation of hiPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). In this review we will summarize current protocols of HLC generation and highlight recently established MPS suitable to resemble physiological hepatocyte function in vitro. In addition, we are discussing potential applications of liver MPS for disease modeling related to systemic or direct liver infections and the use of MPS in testing of new drug candidates.
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