Synthesis, biological properties, and acid dissociation constant of novel naphthoquinone–triazole hybrids

Discovery of novel 1,2,3-Triazole hybrids derivatives as vasorelaxant agents: Molecular structure, Hirshfeld surface, in-vivo and in-silico investigation by molecular docking simulation

In this study, we have developed a new category of antihypertensive agents using copper-catalysed "click chemistry". This series of six hybrid compounds (HRa-f) consists of quinazoline-(3H)-one-1,2,3-triazole-acetamide derivatives. In order to confirm their structures, they were characterised by a number of techniques including infrared spectroscopy, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, heteronuclear single quantum coherence and correlation spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis and interactions, including hydrogen bonding which stabilises the crystal lattice, have been studied. Analyses of the Hirshfeld surface mapped to di, de, dnorm and shape index were used to detect intermolecular interactions. The histogram of the fingerprints shows that the H⋯H (48.2 %) and O⋯H (12.6 %) contacts are the dominant interactions in the crystal stacking. The vasorelaxant activity of the synthesised compounds was evaluated using aortic rings from precontracted rats exposed to epinephrine (10 μM). Dose-response studies indicated that the vasorelaxant efficacy varied depending on the structural modifications of the drugs. Molecular docking studies were also performed to predict binding affinity and identify the most likely binding interactions between the hybrid molecules and the calcium channel. Cav 1.2, the alpha-subunit containing key binding sites (EEE locus: GLU 363, GLU 706, GLU 1135, GLU 1464), was compared with the drug verapamil. Docking results confirmed that verapamil (-8.22 kcal/mol) was the most potent compound, followed by the HRa-f compounds.

Exploiting the Anticancer, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Potential of Naphthoquinone Derivatives: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Cancer remains a primary cause of mortality, with over 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths globally in 2018. Chemotherapy, which utilizes a spectrum of cytotoxic drugs targeting the rapidly dividing cancer cells, is a predominant treatment modality. However, the tendency of chemotherapeutics to induce drug resistance and exhibit non-specific cytotoxicity necessitates the development of new anticancer agents with heightened efficacy and minimized toxicity. In recent years, the discovery of safe and effective antibacterial/antiviral agents has also been a hot spot in medicinal chemistry. This paper comprehensively reviews the synthesis, anticancer/antibacterial/antiviral activity, and structure-activity relationships of natural 1,4-naphthoquinones and their derivatives. It highlights their potential as efficient and low-toxicity antitumor and anti-infectious drug candidates.

Synthesis of amino juglone derivatives with adjuvant activity against clinical isolated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains

1,4-naphthoquinones hydroxyderivatives belong to an important class of natural products and have been known as a favored scaffold in medicinal chemistry due to their multiple biological properties. Juglone is one of the most important 1,4-naphthoquinone extracted from juglandaceae family showing a good antibacterial activity. In this study, we report the synthesis of aminojuglone derivatives through Michael addition reaction using Cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate (CeCl3·7H2O) as catalyst. The synthesized aminojuglone derivatives were evaluated for their antibacterial properties against sensitive, clinical resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Compound 3c showed a good antibacterial activity similar to cloxacillin (2 µg/mL) against the clinically resistant S.aureus. The antibiotic adjuvant activity of compounds was evaluated in combination with three clinically use antibiotics. The combination of compounds 3a, 3b, 3e, 3 h-3 l, 3n and 3o with cloxacillin showed remarkable adjuvant activity against clinically resistant S. aureus (66-fold potentiation of cloxacillin activity). 3e is the only compound consistent with the concept of antibiotic adjuvant, presenting insufficient antibacterial activity (MIC > 128 µg/mL) and potentiate the activity of cloxacillin (66-fold) with synergistic effect. A structural characterization of 3e was carried out for the first time using X-ray diffraction technic. Moreover, compound 3e did not show a cytotoxic activity on sheep red blood cells.

Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and In Silico Studies of Isatin Schiff Base Linked 1,2,3-Triazole Hybrids

A new series of isatin-Schiff base linked 1,2,3-triazole hybrids has been synthesized using CuAAC approach from (E)-3-(phenylimino)-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)indolin-2-one derivatives in high yield (73-91 %). These synthesized derivatives were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 2D-NMR and HRMS spectral techniques. The in vitro antimicrobial activity assay demonstrated that most of the tested hybrids exhibited promising activity. Compound 5 j displayed significant antibacterial efficacy against P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis with MIC value of 0.0062 μmol/mL. While, 5 j also showed better antifungal potency against A. niger with MIC value of 0.0123 μmol/mL. The docking studies of most promising compounds were performed with the well-known antibacterial and antifungal targets i. e. 1KZ1, 5TZ1. Molecular modelling investigations demonstrated that hybrids 5 h and 5 l exhibited good interactions with 1KZN and 5TZ1, with binding energies of -9.6 and -11.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, molecular dynamics studies of the compounds showing promising binding interactions were also carried out to study the stability of complexes of these hybrids with both the targets.

Triazoles in Medicinal Chemistry: Physicochemical Properties, Bioisosterism, and Application

Triazole demonstrates distinctive physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, various dipole moments, and significant dual hydrogen bond acceptor and donor capabilities. These features are poised to play a pivotal role in drug-target interactions. The inherent polarity of triazole contributes to its lower logP, suggesting the potential improvement in water solubility. The metabolic stability of triazole adds additional value to drug discovery. Moreover, the metal-binding capacity of the nitrogen atom lone pair electrons of triazole has broad applications in the development of metal chelators and antifungal agents. This Perspective aims to underscore the unique physicochemical attributes of triazole and its application. A comparative analysis involving triazole isomers and other heterocycles provides guiding insights for the subsequent design of triazoles, with the hope of offering valuable considerations for designing other heterocycles in medicinal chemistry.

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory activity, inverse molecular docking, and acid dissociation constants of new naphthoquinone-thiazole hybrids

Chronic Inflammation is associated with various types of diseases that involves pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. High costs and serious side effects of available anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory drugs led us to design new compounds with promising anti-inflammatory activities. Many drugs and biologically important compounds involve naphthoquinone and thiazole moieties in their core structures. Thereby, here we report the synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory activities of new naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids by reaction of naphthoquinone acyl thioureas with various α-bromoketone derivatives. The position of NO2 group in one of the phenyl rings of naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids was changed while different substituents were introduced at the para position of the second phenyl ring. All compounds were tested for potential immunomodulatory effect. No inflammatory cytokines were observed in the absence of LPS stimulant. On the other hand, they had promising anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory activities by being able to decrease the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in the LPS-stimulated cells. In an effort to find the possible mechanism of action, several enzymes involved in signalling pathways that play critical roles in inflammatory responses were screened in silico. Subsequent to inverse molecular docking approach, PI3K was predicted be the potential target. The docked complexes of the most potent compounds 5g and 5i were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to assess the binding stability of the igands with the putative target. Acid dissociation constants (pKa) of the products were also determined potentiometrically.

α-amylase inhibition and in silico studies of novel naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione linked N-acyl hydrazones

Aim: To enrich the pool of α-amylase inhibitors to manage Type 2 diabetes. Methods: Synthesis, conformational study, α-amylase inhibitory action and various in silico studies of novel N'-(arylbenzylidene)-2-(4,9-dioxo-4,9-dihydro-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazides carried out. Results: Compound H6 demonstrated the highest activity (IC50 = 0.0437 μmol mL-1) among the tested compounds. Structure-activity relationship study suggested that variable substitution at the aryl ring has a pivotal role in determining the inhibitory action of tested compounds. Docking simulations of the most active compound (H6) confirmed its interaction potential with active site residues of A. oryzae α-amylase. The root-mean-square deviation fluctuations substantiated the stability of protein-ligand complex. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion prediction revealed optimal values for absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion parameters. Conclusion: The developed molecules could be beneficial for the development of novel α-amylase inhibitors to treat Type 2 diabetes.

Determination of the microscopic acid dissociation constant of piperacillin and identification of dissociated molecular forms

For amphoteric ß-lactam antibiotics, the acid dissociation constant (pK a) is a fundamental parameter to characterize physicochemical and biochemical properties of antibiotics and to predict persistence and removal of drugs. pK a of piperacillin (PIP) is determined by potentiometric titration with a glass electrode. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is creatively applied to verify the reasonable pK a value at every dissociation step. Two microscopic pK a values (3.37 ± 0.06 and 8.96 ± 0.10) are identified and attributed to the direct dissociation of the carboxylic acid functional group and one secondary amide group, respectively. Different from other ß-lactam antibiotics, PIP presents a dissociation pattern where direct dissociation is involved instead of protonation dissociation. Moreover, the degradation tendency of PIP in an alkaline solution may alter the dissociation pattern or dismiss the corresponding pK a of the amphoteric ß-lactam antibiotics. This work offers a reliable determination of the acid dissociation constant of PIP and a clear interpretation of the effect of stability of antibiotics on the dissociation process.

Structurally diverse G-quadruplexes as the noncanonical nucleic acid drug target for live cell imaging and antibacterial study

The formation of G-quadruplex structures (G4s) in vitro from guanine (G)-rich nucleic acid sequences of DNA and RNA stabilized with monovalent cations, typically K⁺ and Na⁺, under physiological conditions, has been verified experimentally and some of them have high-resolution NMR or X-ray crystal structures; however, the biofunction of these special noncanonical secondary structures of nucleic acids has not been fully understood and their existence in vivo is still controversial at present. It is generally believed that the folding and unfolding of G4s in vivo is a transient process. Accumulating evidence has shown that G4s may play a role in the regulation of certain important cellular functions including telomere maintenance, replication, transcription and translation. Therefore, both DNA and RNA G4s of human cancer hallmark genes are recognized as the potential anticancer drug target for the investigation in cancer biology, chemical biology and drug discovery. The relationship between the sequence, structure and stability of G4s, the interaction of G4s with small molecules, and insights into the rational design of G4-selective binding ligands have been intensively studied over the decade. At present, some G4-ligands have achieved a new milestone and successfully entered the human clinical trials for anticancer therapy. Over the past few decades, numerous efforts have been devoted to anticancer therapy; however, G4s for molecular recognition and live cell imaging and for application as antibacterial agents and antibiofilms against antibiotic resistance have been obviously underexplored. The recent advances in G4-ligands in these areas are thus selected and discussed concentratedly in this article in order to shed light on the emerging role of G4s in chemical biology and therapeutic prospects against bacterial infections. In addition, the recently published molecular scaffolds for designing small ligands selectively targeting G4s in live cell imaging, bacterial biofilm imaging, and antibacterial studies are discussed. Furthermore, a number of underexplored G4-targets from the cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA, the conserved promoter region of K. pneumoniae genomes, the RNA G4-sites in the transcriptome of E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and the mRNA G4-sites in the sequence for coding the vital bacterial FtsZ protein are highlighted to further explore in G4-drug development against human diseases.

Medicinal importance and chemosensing applications of Schiff base derivatives for the detection of metal ions: A review

Schiff bases, named after Hugo Schiff, are formed when primary amine reacts with carbonyl compounds (aldehyde or ketone) under specific conditions. Schiff bases are economical, simple synthetic routes, and easily accessible in laboratories. They have medicinal and biological applications such as antiviral, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antiglycation, anti-ulcerogenic, and analgesic potentials. A number of Schiff bases are reported for the detection of various metal ions. They are also used as catalysts, polymer stabilizers, intermediates in organic synthesis, and corrosion inhibitors. In this review, we have highlighted the recent advancements in the development of bioactive Schiff base derivatives and their sensing applications for detecting metal cations. Additionally, various spectroscopic techniques for structural characterization, such as X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), FT-IR, UV-vis, and NMR spectroscopy were also discussed.

The 1,2,3-triazole 'all-in-one' ring system in drug discovery: a good bioisostere, a good pharmacophore, a good linker, and a versatile synthetic tool

INTRODUCTION

The 1,2,3-triazole ring occupies an important space in medicinal chemistry due to its unique structural properties, synthetic versatility and pharmacological potential making it a critical scaffold. Since it is readily available through click chemistry for creating compound collections against various diseases, it has become an emerging area of interest for medicinal chemists.

AREAS COVERED

This review article addresses the unique properties of the1,2,3-triazole nucleus as an intriguing ring system in drug discovery while focusing on the most recent medicinal chemistry strategies exploited for the design and development of 1,2,3-triazole analogs as inhibitors of various biological targets.

EXPERT OPINION

Evidently, the 1,2,3-triazole ring with unique structural features has enormous potential in drug design against various diseases as a pharmacophore, a bioisoster or a structural platform. The most recent evidence indicates that it may be more emerging in drug molecules in near future along with an increasing understanding of its prominent roles in drug structures. The synthetic feasibility and versatility of triazole chemistry make it certainly ideal for creating compound libraries for more constructive structure-activity relationship studies. However, more comparative and target-specific studies are needed to gain a deeper understanding of the roles of the 1,2,3-triazole ring in molecular recognition.[Figure: see text].

Synthesis of novel immunomodulatory 1,4-disubstituted bis-1,2,3-triazoles by using click chemistry and their intracellular mechanism of action

In this study, six new 1,4-disubstituted bis-1,2,3-triazole compounds, N,N'-(1,2-phenylene)bis(2-(4-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamide), were synthesized with high yield (88-96 %) by using click chemistry and their molecular structures were characterized by using NMR, FT-IR, HRMS and elemental analysis techniques. Previous studies suggest anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities for different 1,2,3-triazole derivatives and in the light of those studies we aimed to examine these novel derivatives immunomodulatory activities on the mammalian macrophages. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL6, GMCSF and IL12p40) secretion levels were tested in the presence of bis-1,2,3-triazole compounds when the macrophages were activated with LPS. These new derivatives were able to suppress the production of these cytokines at different levels. Intracellular phophorylated PI3K protein levels were measured due to its prominent role in inflammatory reactions. Our flow cytometry analysis results suggested that some of these compounds were partially effective through PI3K pathway. In different inflammatory and autoimmune disease settings these novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives can be utilized as non-steroid based anti-inflammatory drug candidates.

Novel axially symmetric and unsymmetric silicon(IV) phthalocyanines having anti-inflammatory groups: synthesis, characterization and their biological properties

New asymmetric Si(IV)Pc (1), monomeloxicammonotriethyleneglycolmonomethylether (phthalocyaninano)silicone, axially ligated with meloxicam as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), or triethylene glycol monomethyl ether and symmetric Si(IV)Pc (2), diclofenac(phthalocyaninano)silicone, axially ligated with two diclofenac as NSAID, were synthesized and characterized as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents together with polyoxo-SiPc (3), ditriethyleneglycolmonomethylether(phthalocyaninano)silicone, and SiPc(OH)₂ (4), dihydroxy(phthalocyaninano)silicone. The photophysical and photochemical properties of these compounds were investigated. Then, antioxidant assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferrous ion chelating activities, were performed for these Si(IV) phthalocyanine derivatives (1, 2, 3 and 4). The highest DPPH scavenging activity of 73.48% was achieved with compound 2 and the highest ferrous chelating ability of 66.42% was obtained with compound 3. The results of the antioxidant assays indicated that Pc derivatives 1, 2 and 3 have remarkable superoxide radical scavenging activities, and moderate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activities and metal chelating activities. The antimicrobial effects of the Si(IV) phthalocyanine compounds were studied against six pathogenic bacteria and two pathogenic microfungi. The results for the antimicrobial activity of these compounds indicated that Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was the most sensitive microorganism and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila (ATCC 33152) were the most resistant microorganisms against the tested compounds. The DNA cleavage ability and microbial cell viability of these compounds were studied. The studied compounds demonstrated excellent DNA nuclease activity and exhibited 100% cell viability inhibition at 500 mg L^-1. Also, the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of the compounds was tested against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and significant photodynamic antimicrobial activity was observed. In addition, the effect of phthalocyanines on biofilm inhibition produced by Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was also tested and 3 showed excellent biofilm inhibition of 82.14%.

A Therapeutic Journey of Pyridine-Based Heterocyclic Compounds as Potent Anticancer Agents: A Review (From 2017 to 2021)

Pyridine derivatives are the most common and significant heterocyclic compounds, which show their fundamental characteristics to various pharmaceutical agents and natural products. Pyridine derivatives possess several pharmacological properties and a broad degree of structural diversity that is considered most valuable to explore the novel therapeutic agents. These compounds have an extensive range of biological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antihypertensive, antineuropathic, antihistaminic, antiviral activities, and antiparasitic. The potent therapeutic properties of pyridine derivatives allow medicinal chemists to synthesize novel and effective chemotherapeutic agents. Consequently, the imperative objective of this comprehensive review is to summarize and investigate the literature regarding recent advancements in pyridine-based heterocycles to treat several kinds of cancer. Furthermore, the performances of pyridine derivatives were compared with some standard drugs including etoposide, sorafenib, cisplatin, and triclosan against different cancer cell lines. We hope this study will support the new thoughts to pursue the most active and less toxic rational designs.

New bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives: Synthesis, DNA cleavage, molecular docking, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and acid dissociation constants

In this study, a series of bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized using copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry in 73-95% yield. The bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles exhibited significant DNA cleavage activity while the tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole analog 6g completely degraded the plasmid DNA. Molecular docking simulations suggest that compound 6g acts as minor groove binder of DNA by binding through several noncovalent interactions with base pairs. All bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. hirae, L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila strains and antifungal activity against microfungus C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains. Compound 4d exhibited the best antibacterial activity among bis-1,2,3-triazoles against E. coli and E. hirae, while 6c exhibited the best antibacterial activity among tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles against E. hirae. Furthermore, the best antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was reported for the compound 5, while 6d displayed the best antifungal activity against C. tropicalis and C. albicans. Reasonable iron chelating activities and DPPH radical scavenging abilities were found for some of the compounds. Finally, the acid dissociation constants (pK_a) of the bis-1,2,3-triazoles were also determined with the help of HYPERQUAD program using the data obtained from potentiometric titrations. The reported data here concludes that the bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles are important cores that should be considered for further development of especially new anticancer agents acting through the DNA cleavage activity.

Mitochondria-targeted dual-channel colorimetric and fluorescence chemosensor for detection of Sn2+ ions in aqueous solution based on aggregation-induced emission and its bioimaging applications

Several fluorescence and colorimetric chemosensory for Sn²⁺ detection in an aqueous media have been reported, but applications remain limited for discriminative Sn²⁺ detection in live human cells and zebrafish larvae. Herein, a mitochondria-targeted Sn²⁺ "turn-on" colorimetric and fluorescence chemosensor, 2CTA, with an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) response was developed. The sensing of Sn²⁺ was enabled by a reduction-enabled binding pathway, with the conversion of -C˭O groups to -C-OH groups at the naphthoquinone moiety. The color changed from light maroon to milky white in a buffered aqueous solution. The chemosensor 2CTA possessed the excellent characteristics of good water solubility, fast response (less than 10 s), and high sensitivity (79 nM) and selectivity for Sn²⁺ over other metal ions, amino acids, and peptides. The proposed binding mechanism was experimentally verified by means of FT-IR and NMR studies. The chemosensor 2CTA was successfully employed to recognize Sn²⁺ in live human cells and in zebrafish larvae. In addition, a colocalization study proved that the chemosensor had the ability to target mitochondria and overlapped almost completely with MitoTracker Red. Furthermore, a bioimaging study of live cells demonstrated the discriminative detection of Sn²⁺ in human cancer cells and the practical applications of 2CTA in biological systems.

Recent advances of quinones as a privileged structure in drug discovery

Privileged structures are conductive to discover novel bioactive substances because they can bind to multiple targets with high affinity. Quinones are considered to be a privileged structure and useful template for the design of new compounds with potential pharmacological activity. This article presents the recent developments (2014-2021 update) of quinones in the fields of antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) and antimalarial, mainly focusing on biological activities, structural modification and mechanism of action.