Enhancement efficiency delivery of antiviral Molnupiravir-drug via the loading with self-assembly nanoparticles of pycnogenol and cellulose which are decorated by zinc oxide nanoparticles for COVID-19 therapy

Biofabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles mitigate acrylamide-induced immune toxicity and modulate immune-related genes and microRNA in rats

This study evaluated the potential efficacy of eco-friendly biofabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (GS-ZnONP) (10 mg/kg b.wt) to reduce the impacts of long-term oral acrylamide (ALD) exposure (20 mg/kg b.wt) on the blood cells, immune components, splenic oxidative status, and expression of CD20, CD3, CD4, CD8, TNF-α, caspase-3, microRNA-181a-5p, and microRNA-125-5p in rats in a 60-day experiment. The study findings revealed that GS-ZnONP significantly corrected the ALD-induced hematological alterations. Additionally, the ALD-induced increase in the serum C3, splenic ROS, CD4, CD8, and MDA and histological alterations were significantly repressed in the ALD + GS-ZnONP-treated rats. Instead, the depleted splenic antioxidants and Zn contents were markedly reestablished in the ALD + GS-ZnONP-treated group. Additionally, a significant upregulation of expression of splenic CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, TNF-α, and caspase-3, but downregulation of microRNA-181a-5p and microRNA-125-5p was detected in the ALD-exposed group. Yet, the former deviations in the gene expressions were corrected in the ALD + GS-ZnONP-treated rats. Furthermore, GS-ZnONP treatment significantly minimized the increased caspase-3 and TNF-α immunoexpression in the splenic tissues of ALD-exposed rats. Conclusively, the study findings proved the efficacy of GS-ZnONP in rescuing ALD-induced disturbances in blood cell populations, immune function, splenic antioxidant status, and immune-related gene expression.

Understanding nonwoody cellulose extractions, treatments, and properties for biomedical applications

Cellulose is a β1-4 glucan polymer that constitutes the most abundant polysaccharide on Earth. Recent advancements in its production have provided greater control and enabled the creation of functional celluloses with enhanced physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. With the increasing interest in polysaccharide materials, attention is now focused on alternative sources, particularly those derived from nonwoody plants such as jute, sisal, cotton, flax, or hemp. Compared to wood, nonwoody plants generally possess lower lignin content, shorter growing cycles with moderate irrigation requirements, high annual crops, and substantial annual cellulose yield. The discovery of nonwoody cellulose disintegration opens new avenues for environmentally friendly approaches, naturally paving the way for the exploration of new applications for this versatile material. Despite the broad range of potential applications, cellulose has primarily been utilized for industrial purposes, with only limited interest in the biomedical sector in the early stages. Therefore, this review focuses on nonwoody cellulose extraction and pretreatments while evaluating the compositions and properties of nonwoody plants, resulting in distinctive features beneficial for biomedical applications. This review aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of nonwoody cellulose and its prospects for biomedical applications.

Removal of pollutants through photocatalysis, adsorption, and electrochemical sensing by a unique plasmonic structure of palladium and strontium oxide nanoparticles sandwiched between 2D nanolayers

The redesigned engineering building of nanocomposite (NCP) depends on metal oxides of palladium oxide (PdO) nanoparticles (NPs) conjugate with the n-type semiconductor of strontium oxide (SrO) NPs on the electron carrier surface of graphene oxide (GO) and reduce graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheet is the main target of the current work. The low efficiency of PdO (n-type) and SrO (p-type) gave an overview of the increasing generation electron efficiency via building the ohmic area on the GO and rGO surface using the Z-scheme mechanism. The efficiency of the NCP surface for destroying organic pollutants such as mixed dyes of Rhodamine B and methylene blue (RhB/MB), as against insecticides like imidacloprid, and the removal of heavy metals such as chromium ions was studied. The production of clean water against pollutants materials was investigated through adsorption and photocatalytic processes, electrochemical, and spectroscopy methods to detect the activity of NCP. The rate constant of the adsorption pollutants is 0.1776 min-1 (MB), 0.3489 min-1 (RhB), 0.3627 min-1 (imidacloprid), and 0.5729 min-1 (Cr3+). The photocatalytic rate recorded at 0.01218 min-1 (MB), 0.0096 min-1 (RhB), appeared degradation rate at 0.0086 min-1 (imidacloprid), 0.0019 min-1 (Cr6+), and 0.0471 min-1 (Cr3+). The adsorption and photocatalytic efficiency of nanocatalyst (NCP) was calculated at 91% (RhB), 93% (MB), 73% (imidacloprid), 63% (Cr3+), while the photocatalytic efficiency is 63% (RhB), 94% (MB), 86% (imidacloprid), 33% (Cr3+). The recyclability of NCP was tested for five cycles, and the efficiency was discovered at 55% after the fifth cycle. The cytotoxicity of NCP was studied to detect the safety of the fabricated materials. The study validates that the fabricated nanocomposite exhibits great potential as an innovative material for producing clean water.

Bio-study: Modeling of natural nanomolecules as a nanocarrier surface for antioxidant and glucose biosensor

The nature of nano molecules as a self-assembled nanocomposite surface depends on the nanoparticles of sodium butyrate, cellulose, and pycnogenol; the synthesis is achieved via precipitation and grinding methods. The excellent functionalized surface of nanocomposite (NCP) enables the loading of the selected drugs, where the efficiency of the NCP surface arrived at 92.2 %. The electrochemical behavior emphasized the success of a functionalized NCP surface for incorporation with drugs for the drug delivery system, the results of cytotoxicity detect the effect of NCP on the mouse normal liver (BNL) cells, where the high and low concentrations on the BNL cells have a safe dose. Cell viability with BNL cells was reported at 101.8 % with10 μL and 100.12 % with 100 μL, the interaction between the NCP and the human serum albumin (HSA) at room temperature. The low interaction rate with the glutamate and increased binding with the oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and reduced glutathione (SGH) reflect the antioxidant activity of NCP. The strong binding of NCP with biomolecules such as glucose is referred to as the biosensor property. The results recommend that NCP is an excellent nanocarrier for drug delivery and glucose biosensors for diabetes.