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Pimentel VD, Acha BT, Gomes GF, Macedo de Sousa Cardoso JL, Sena da Costa CL, Carvalho Batista NJ, Rufino Arcanjo DD, Alves WDS, de Assis Oliveira F. Anti-inflammatory effect of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul in experimental elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118216. [PMID: 38642622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal plants have shown promise in the search for new treatments of pulmonary emphysema. Anadenanthera colubrina, a species native to the Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil, is widely recognized and traditionally employed in the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Many studies corroborate popular knowledge about the medicinal applications of A. colubrina, which has demonstrated a remarkable variety of pharmacological properties, however, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are highlighted. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of the crude hydroethanolic extract of A. colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul on pulmonary emphysema in rats as well as to determine its potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects using the micronucleus assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS The stem bark of the plant was collected in Pimenteiras-PI and sample was extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol. A portion of the extract underwent phytochemical analyses using TLC and HPLC. In this study, 8-week-old, male Wistar rats weighing approximately ±200 g was utilized following approval by local ethics committee for animal experimentation (No. 718/2022). Pulmonary emphysema was induced through orotracheal instillation of elastase, and treatment with A. colubrina extract or dexamethasone (positive control) concomitantly during induction. Twenty-eight days after the initiation of the protocol, plasma was used for cytokine measurement. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was used for leukocyte count. After euthanasia, lung samples were processed for histological analysis and quantification of oxidative stress markers. The micronucleus test was performed by evaluating the number of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) with micronuclei (MNPCE) to verify potential genotoxic effects of A. colubrina. A differential count of PCE and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) was performed to verify the potential cytotoxicity of the extract. Parametric data were subjected to normality analysis and subsequently to analysis of variance and Tukey or Dunnett post-test, non-parametric data were treated using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-test for unpaired samples. P value < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS The A. colubrina extract did not show a significant increase in the number of MNPCE (p > 0.05), demonstrating low genotoxicity. No changes were observed in the PCE/NCE ratio of treated animals, compared with the vehicle, suggesting low cytotoxic potential of the extract. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in neutrophilic inflammation was observed in the lungs of rats treated with the extract, evidenced by presence of these cells in both the tissue and BAL. The extract also demonstrated pulmonary antioxidant activity, with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and nitrite levels. TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, as well as alveolar damage, were significantly reduced in animals treated with A. colubrina extract. Phytochemical analyses identified the presence of phenolic compounds and hydrolysable tannins in the A. colubrina extract. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study highlights the safety of the hydroethanolic extract of Anadenanthera colubrina, and demonstrates its potential as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of emphysema. The observed properties of this medicinal plant provide an optimistic outlook in the development of therapies for the treatment of pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Duarte Pimentel
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology (LAFIN), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
| | - Boris Timah Acha
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Studies in Physiopharmacology (LAFMOL), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Felicio Gomes
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology (LAFIN), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Macedo de Sousa Cardoso
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology (LAFIN), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Charllyton Luis Sena da Costa
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology (LAFIN), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Nelson Jorge Carvalho Batista
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology (LAFIN), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Studies in Physiopharmacology (LAFMOL), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Wellington Dos Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Bioprospection (LabPNBio), State University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco de Assis Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology (LAFIN), Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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Wu J, Zhao X, Xiao C, Xiong G, Ye X, Li L, Fang Y, Chen H, Yang W, Du X. The role of lung macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2022; 205:107035. [PMID: 36343504 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a common, preventable and treatable chronic respiratory disease in clinic, gets continuous deterioration and we can't take effective intervention at present. Lung macrophages (LMs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of COPD, but the specific mechanism is not completely clear. In this review we will focus on the role of LMs and potential avenues for therapeutic targeting for LMs in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Chuang Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Guosheng Xiong
- Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiulin Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiaohua Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
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Plasticity towards Rigidity: A Macrophage Conundrum in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911443. [PMID: 36232756 PMCID: PMC9570276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, chronic, and ultimately fatal diffuse parenchymal lung disease. The molecular mechanisms of fibrosis in IPF patients are not fully understood and there is a lack of effective treatments. For decades, different types of drugs such as immunosuppressants and antioxidants have been tested, usually with unsuccessful results. Although two antifibrotic drugs (Nintedanib and Pirfenidone) are approved and used for the treatment of IPF, side effects are common, and they only slow down disease progression without improving patients’ survival. Macrophages are central to lung homeostasis, wound healing, and injury. Depending on the stimulus in the microenvironment, macrophages may contribute to fibrosis, but also, they may play a role in the amelioration of fibrosis. In this review, we explore the role of macrophages in IPF in relation to the fibrotic processes, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and their crosstalk with resident and recruited cells and we emphasized the importance of macrophages in finding new treatments.
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Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Currently Proposed Treatments of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100979. [PMID: 34681202 PMCID: PMC8539950 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality. A hallmark of COPD is progressive airflow obstruction primarily caused by cigarette smoke (CS). CS exposure causes an imbalance favoring pro- over antioxidants (oxidative stress), leading to transcription factor activation and increased expression of inflammatory mediators and proteases. Different cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes, contribute to COPD pathophysiology. Alteration in cell functions results in the generation of an oxidative and inflammatory microenvironment, which contributes to disease progression. Current treatments include inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilator therapy. However, these therapies do not effectively halt disease progression. Due to the complexity of its pathophysiology, and the risk of exacerbating symptoms with existing therapies, other specific and effective treatment options are required. Therapies directly or indirectly targeting the oxidative imbalance may be promising alternatives. This review briefly discusses COPD pathophysiology, and provides an update on the development and clinical testing of novel COPD treatments.
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Clemente GS, Antunes IF, Sijbesma JWA, van Waarde A, Lammertsma AA, Dömling A, Elsinga PH. [ 18F]Atorvastatin Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution in Healthy Female and Male Rats. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3378-3386. [PMID: 34351158 PMCID: PMC8424645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme
A reductase inhibitors
that are widely used to prevent cardiovascular diseases. However,
a series of pleiotropic mechanisms have been associated with statins,
particularly with atorvastatin. Therefore, the assessment of [18F]atorvastatin kinetics with positron emission tomography
(PET) may elucidate the mechanism of action of statins and the impact
of sexual dimorphism, which is one of the most debated interindividual
variations influencing the therapeutic efficacy. [18F]Atorvastatin
was synthesized via a previously optimized 18F-deoxyfluorination
strategy, used for preclinical PET studies in female and male Wistar
rats (n = 7 for both groups), and for subsequent ex vivo biodistribution assessment. PET data were fitted
to several pharmacokinetic models, which allowed for estimating relevant
kinetic parameters. Both PET imaging and biodistribution studies showed
negligible uptake of [18F]atorvastatin in all tissues compared
with the primary target organ (liver), excretory pathways (kidneys
and small intestine), and stomach. Uptake of [18F]atorvastatin
was 38 ± 3% higher in the female liver than in the male liver.
The irreversible 2-tissue compartment model showed the best fit to
describe [18F]atorvastatin kinetics in the liver. A strong
correlation (R2 > 0.93) between quantitative Ki (the radiotracer’s unidirectional net
rate of
influx between compartments) and semi-quantitative liver’s
SUV (standard uptake value), measured between 40 to 90 min, showed
potential to use the latter parameter, which circumvents the need
for blood sampling as a surrogate of Ki for monitoring [18F]atorvastatin uptake. Preclinical
assays showed faster uptake and clearance for female rats compared
to males, seemingly related to a higher efficiency for exchanges between
the arterial input and the hepatic tissue. Due to the slow [18F]atorvastatin kinetics, equilibrium between the liver and plasma
concentration was not reached during the time frame studied, making
it difficult to obtain sufficient and accurate kinetic information
to quantitatively characterize the radiotracer pharmacokinetics over
time. Nevertheless, the reported results suggest that the SUV can
potentially be used as a simplified measure, provided all scans are
performed at the same time point. Preclinical PET-studies with [18F]atorvastatin showed faster uptake and clearance in female
compared to male rats, apparently related to higher efficiency for
exchange between arterial blood and hepatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging-University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging-University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen W A Sijbesma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging-University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging-University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging-University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging-University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Cardoso ADOP, Pecli E Silva C, Dos Anjos FDF, Quesnot N, Valenca HDM, Cattani-Cavalieri I, Brito-Gitirana L, Valenca SS, Lanzetti M. Diallyl disulfide prevents cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 69:102053. [PMID: 34214692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoke (CS) is the main risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary emphysema. The use of antioxidants has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat airway inflammation and lung diseases. In the current study, we investigated the potential therapeutic impact of diallyl disulfide (Dads) treatment in a murine model of CS-induced emphysema. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS for 60 consecutive days and treated with vehicle or Dads (30, 60 or 90 mg/kg) by oral gavage for the last 30 days, three times/week. The control group was sham-smoked and received vehicle treatment. All mice were euthanized 24 h after day 60; bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and lungs were processed for further experimentation. Histological (HE stained sections, assessment of mean linear intercept (Lm)), biochemical (nitrite, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents), and molecular biology (metalloproteinase (MMP) 12, SOD2, carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1), nitrotyrosine (PNK), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and CYP2E1) analyses were performed. RESULTS Treatment with Dads dose-dependently reduced CS-induced leukocyte infiltration into the airways (based on BAL fluid counts) and improved lung histology (indicated by a reduction of Lm). Furthermore, CS exposure dramatically reduced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GST in lung tissue and increased nitrite and MDA levels in BAL; these effects were all effectively counteracted by Dads treatment. Western blot analysis further confirmed the antioxidant potential of Dads, showing that treatment prevented the CS-induced decrease in SOD2 expression and increase in lung damage markers, such as CBR1, PNK, and 4-HNE. Furthermore, increased MMP12 (an important hallmark of CS-induced emphysema) and CYP2E1 lung protein levels were significantly reduced in mice receiving Dads treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that treatment with Dads is effective in preventing multiple pathological features of CS-induced emphysema in an in vivo mouse model. In addition, we have identified several proteins/enzymes, including 4-HNE, CBR1, and CYP2E1, that are modifiable by Dads and could represent specific therapeutic targets for the treatment of COPD and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyntia Pecli E Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Quesnot
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helber da Maia Valenca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lycia Brito-Gitirana
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel Santos Valenca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Manuella Lanzetti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zheng D, Wang J, Li G, An L, Qu Y, Zhang Q, Ye W, Zhao X, Zhao Z. S-Allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine ameliorates elastase-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice via regulating autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:83-88. [PMID: 34044325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-impairment is involved in the pathological process of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and relates to inflammation and emphysema in lung injury. This study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of S-Allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine (ASSNAC) against COPD via regulating the autophagy. Firstly, porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced COPD model in A549 cells was established, and ASSNAC was verified to alleviate the autophagy-impairment from the results of western blotting analysis of LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining of autophagosome. Secondly, Balb/c mice were stimulated by PPE to induce the COPD model in vivo. The histological analysis of lung tissues presented that ASSNAC could alleviate the lung injury induced by PPE. Thirdly, the secretions of NO, TNF-α and IL-1β in serum and BALF were reduced by ASSNAC compared with the PPE group. Finally, the mechanism of therapeutic effects of ASSNAC against COPD through regulating the autophagy-impairment was clarified. That is, ASSNAC inhibits the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. In a word, this research provides a reference for ASSNAC to be an effective drug for pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheelloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Jinglong Wang
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, PR China
| | - Genju Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheelloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Lulu An
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheelloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheelloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Qinxiu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheelloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Wenhui Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheelloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheelloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheelloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China; Key University Laboratory of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Systems of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China; Pediatric Pharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Dyne Marine Biopharmaceutical Company Limited, Rongcheng, Shandong, 264300, PR China; Chemical Immunopharmaceutical Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Xili Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Heze, Shandong, 274300, PR China.
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8
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Tulbah AS. The potential of Atorvastatin for chronic lung diseases therapy. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1353-1363. [PMID: 33250642 PMCID: PMC7679442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATO) is of the statin class and is used as an orally administered lipid-lowering drug. ATO is a reversible synthetic competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase thus leading to a reduction in cholesterol synthesis. It has recently been demonstrated that ATO has different pharmacological actions, which are unrelated to its lipid-lowering effects and has the ability to treat chronic airway diseases. This paper reviews the potential of ATO as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative agent after oral or inhaled administration. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using ATO under conditions associated with those found in the airways. This treatment could potentially be used to support the formulating of ATO as an inhaler for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases.
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Key Words
- %, Percentage
- AA, Allergic asthma
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- ATO, Atorvastatin
- Atorvastatin
- BALF, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- CCL7, Chemokine ligand 7
- CI, Confidence interval
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CS, Cigarettes smoke
- CYP3A4/5, Cytochrome Metabolic enzymes3A4/5
- FPP, Farnesylpyrophosphate
- G, Gram
- GEF, Guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- GGPP, Geranylgeranylpyrophosphate
- IL, Interleukins
- Inflammation
- Inhale
- Log P, Partition coefficient
- MMPs, Matrix-metalloprotease
- MVA, Mevalonic acid
- NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NCSCL, Non-small cell lung cancer
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa
- NOS, Nitric oxide synthase
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
- OATP, Organic anion transporting polypeptide
- Oral
- Oxidation
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PPE, Porcine pancreatic elastase
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Respiratory diseases
- SAS, Supercritical antisolvent
- SphK1, Sphingosine kinase 1
- TGF, Transforming growth factor
- TNF-a, Tumour necrosis factor alpha
- TSC, Tuberous sclerosis
- UDP, Uridine diphosphate
- UV, Ultraviolet light
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial cell growth factor
- VLDL, Very low-density lipoproteins
- WHO, World Health Organization
- log D, Coefficient values octanol/water
- m2, Square meter
- mg, Milligram
- mg/day, Milligram per day
- ml, Millilitres
- pH, Measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
- pKa, Dissociation constant
- s, Second
- v/v, Volume per volume
- °C/min, Temperature in degrees per minutes
- μM, Micromolar
- μg, Microgram
- μg/day, Microgram per day
- μg/mL, Microgram per millilitre
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Tulbah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Clemente GS, Rickmeier J, Antunes IF, Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Dömling A, Ritter T, Elsinga PH. [ 18F]Atorvastatin: synthesis of a potential molecular imaging tool for the assessment of statin-related mechanisms of action. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:34. [PMID: 32296962 PMCID: PMC7158976 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statins are lipid-lowering agents that inhibit cholesterol synthesis and are clinically used in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, a considerable group of patients does not respond to statin treatment, and the reason for this is still not completely understood. [18F]Atorvastatin, the 18F-labeled version of one of the most widely prescribed statins, may be a useful tool for statin-related research. Results [18F]Atorvastatin was synthesized via an optimized ruthenium-mediated late-stage 18F-deoxyfluorination. The defluoro-hydroxy precursor was produced via Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis and was followed by coordination of the phenol to a ruthenium complex, affording the labeling precursor in approximately 10% overall yield. Optimization and automation of the labeling procedure reliably yielded an injectable solution of [18F]atorvastatin in 19% ± 6% (d.c.) with a molar activity of 65 ± 32 GBq·μmol−1. Incubation of [18F]atorvastatin in human serum did not lead to decomposition. Furthermore, we have shown the ability of [18F]atorvastatin to cross the hepatic cell membrane to the cytosolic and microsomal fractions where HMG-CoA reductase is known to be highly expressed. Blocking assays using rat liver sections confirmed the specific binding to HMG-CoA reductase. Autoradiography on rat aorta stimulated to develop atherosclerotic plaques revealed that [18F]atorvastatin significantly accumulates in this tissue when compared to the healthy model. Conclusions The improved ruthenium-mediated 18F-deoxyfluorination procedure overcomes previous hurdles such as the addition of salt additives, the drying steps, or the use of different solvent mixtures at different phases of the process, which increases its practical use, and may allow faster translation to clinical settings. Based on tissue uptake evaluations, [18F]atorvastatin showed the potential to be used as a tool for the understanding of the mechanism of action of statins. Further knowledge of the in vivo biodistribution of [18F]atorvastatin may help to better understand the origin of off-target effects and potentially allow to distinguish between statin-resistant and non-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Inês F Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tryfon Zarganes-Tzitzikas
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713, GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lan YW, Yang JC, Yen CC, Huang TT, Chen YC, Chen HL, Chong KY, Chen CM. Predifferentiated amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells enhance lung alveolar epithelium regeneration and reverse elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:163. [PMID: 31196196 PMCID: PMC6567664 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pulmonary emphysema is a major component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Emphysema progression attributed not only to alveolar structure loss and pulmonary regeneration impairment, but also to excessive inflammatory response, proteolytic and anti-proteolytic activity imbalance, lung epithelial cells apoptosis, and abnormal lung remodeling. To ameliorate lung damage with higher efficiency in lung tissue engineering and cell therapy, pre-differentiating graft cells into more restricted cell types before transplantation could enhance their ability to anatomically and functionally integrate into damaged lung. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the regenerative and repair ability of lung alveolar epithelium in emphysema model by using lung epithelial progenitors which pre-differentiated from amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AFMSCs). Methods Pre-differentiation of eGFP-expressing AFMSCs to lung epithelial progenitor-like cells (LEPLCs) was established under a modified small airway growth media (mSAGM) for 7-day induction. Pre-differentiated AFMSCs were intratracheally injected into porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced emphysema mice at day 14, and then inflammatory-, fibrotic-, and emphysema-related indices and pathological changes were assessed at 6 weeks after PPE administration. Results An optimal LEPLCs pre-differentiation condition has been achieved, which resulted in a yield of approximately 20% lung epithelial progenitors-like cells from AFMSCs in a 7-day period. In PPE-induced emphysema mice, transplantation of LEPLCs significantly improved regeneration of lung tissues through integrating into the lung alveolar structure, relieved airway inflammation, increased expression of growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and reduced matrix metalloproteinases and lung remodeling factors when compared with mice injected with AFMSCs. Histopathologic examination observed a significant amelioration in DNA damage in alveolar cells, detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), the mean linear intercept, and the collagen deposition in the LEPLC-transplanted groups. Conclusion Transplantation of predifferentiated AFMSCs through intratracheal injection showed better alveolar regeneration and reverse elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in PPE-induced pulmonary emphysema mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1282-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wei Lan
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Chan Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Yen
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Teng Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Cheng Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ling Chen
- Department of Bioresource, Da-Yeh University, Changhwa, 515, Taiwan
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan. .,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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