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Zeng P, Wang F, Zhang J, Ur Rashid H, Li X, Zhang P, Luo Y, Wu X. Integrating network pharmacology and experimental verification to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of Buzhong Yiqi decoction in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14414. [PMID: 38230796 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Among all types of cancers, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) exhibits the highest mortality rate with a five-year survival rate below 17% for patients. The Buzhong Yiqi decoction (BZYQD), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been reported to exhibit clinical efficacy in the treatment of NSCLC. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to assess the mechanistic actions exerted by BZYQD against NSCLC using network pharmacological analysis and experimental validation. The public databases were searched for active compounds in BZYQD, their potential targets, and NSCLC-related targets. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed to predict the core targets and signaling pathways of BZYQD against NSCLC. After screening, this study validated the results of predictions through in vitro experiments and public databases. We found 192 common targets between BZYQD and NSCLC. KEGG analysis showed that the anti-NSCLC effects of BZYQD were mediated through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. The results of in vitro experiment indicated that BZYQD could inhibit cell viability and proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells apart from inducing cell apoptosis. In addition, western blot results substantiated that BZYQD could treat NSCLC by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. The current study investigated the pharmacological mechanism of BZYQD against NSCLC via network pharmacology and in vitro analyses. Overall, the results revealed that BZYQD could be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of NSCLC in the future. Still, more experimental investigations are needed to confirm the applicability of BZYQD for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panke Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haroon Ur Rashid
- Center for Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunru Luo
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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2
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Aliya S, Alhammadi M, Park U, Tiwari JN, Lee JH, Han YK, Huh YS. The potential role of formononetin in cancer treatment: An updated review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115811. [PMID: 37922652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, cancer is one of the main research topics, due to its high incidence and drug resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs. Formononetin, a natural product with phytoestrogenic properties and diverse biological functions, has attracted the attention of researchers working on anticancer drugs. Formononetin emerges as an intriguing bioactive substance compared to other isoflavones as it exhibits potent chemotherapeutic activity with less toxicity. Formononetin effectively plays a significant role in inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and metastatic abilities of cancer cells by targeting major signaling pathways at the junction of interconnected pathways. It also induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by modulating mediator proteins. It causes upregulation of key factors such as p-AKT, p38, p21, and p53 and downregulation of NF-κB. Furthermore, formononetin regulates the neoplastic microenvironment by inactivating the ERK1/2 pathway and lamin A/C signaling and has been reported to inactivate JAK/STAT, PKB or AKT, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and to suppress cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in human cancer cells. To assist researchers in further exploring formononetin as a potential anticancer therapeutic candidate, this review focuses on both in vitro and in vivo proof of concept studies, patents, and clinical trials pertinent to formononetin's anticancer properties. Overall, this review discusses formononetin from a comprehensive perspective to highlight its potential benefits as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Aliya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Munirah Alhammadi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Uichang Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jitendra N Tiwari
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Lee
- 3D Convergence Center, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Ni KN, Ye L, Zhang YJ, Fang JW, Yang T, Pan WZ, Hu XY, Lai HH, Pan B, Lou C, He DW. Formononetin improves the inflammatory response and bone destruction in knee joint lesions by regulating the NF-kB and MAPK signaling pathways. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3363-3379. [PMID: 37002905 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Formononetin (FMN) is a phytoestrogen that belongs to the isoflavone family. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as, many other biological activities. Existing evidence has aroused interest in its ability to protect against osteoarthritis (OA) and promote bone remodeling. To date, research on this topic has not been thorough and many issues remain controversial. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to explore the protective effect of FMN against knee injury and clarify the possible molecular mechanisms. We found that FMN inhibited osteoclast formation induced by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Inhibition of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 in the NF-κB signaling pathway plays a role in this effect. Similarly, during the inflammatory response of primary knee cartilage cells activated by IL-1β, FMN inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway and the phosphorylation of the ERK and JNK proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway to suppress the inflammatory response. In addition, in vivo experiments showed that both low- and high-dose FMN had a clear protective effect against knee injury in the DMM (destabilization of the medial meniscus) model, and the therapeutic effect of high-dose FMN was stronger. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence of the protective effect of FMN against knee injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Nan Ni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Ye-Jin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jia-Wei Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Wen-Zheng Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Xing-Yu Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - He-Huan Lai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chao Lou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Deng-Wei He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, 289 Kuocang Road, Lishui, 323000, China
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Almatroodi SA, Almatroudi A, Khan AA, Rahmani AH. Potential Therapeutic Targets of Formononetin, a Type of Methoxylated Isoflavone, and Its Role in Cancer Therapy through the Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119719. [PMID: 37298670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death in all developed and developing countries. Various factors are involved in cancer development and progression, including inflammation and alterations in cellular processes and signaling transduction pathways. Natural compounds have shown health-promoting effects through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, having an important role in the inhibition of cancer growth. In this regard, formononetin, a type of isoflavone, plays a significant role in disease management through the modulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, its role in cancer management has been proven through the regulation of different signal transduction pathways, such as the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT 3), Phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The anticancer potential of formononetin has been reported against various cancer types, such as breast, cervical, head and neck, colon, and ovarian cancers. This review focuses on the role of formononetin in different cancer types through the modulation of various cell signaling pathways. Moreover, synergistic effect with anticancer drugs and methods to improve bioavailability are explained. Thus, detailed studies based on clinical trials are required to explore the potential role of formononetin in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
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Bashraheel SS, Kheraldine H, Khalaf S, Moustafa AEA. Metformin and HER2-positive breast cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114676. [PMID: 37037091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the strong association between diabetes and cancer incidents, several anti-diabetic drugs, including metformin, have been examined for their anticancer activity. Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent used as a first-line drug for type II diabetes mellitus. It exhibits anticancer activity by impacting different molecular pathways, such as AMP-inducible protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent pathways. Additionally, Metformin indirectly inhibits IGF-1R signaling, which is highly activated in breast malignancy. On the other hand, breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, where the human epidermal growth factor receptor-positive (HER2-positive) subtype is one of the most aggressive ones with a high rate of lymph node metastasis. In this review, we summarize the association between diabetes and human cancer, listing recent evidence of metformin's anticancer activity. A special focus is dedicated to HER2-positive breast cancer with regards to the interaction between HER2 and IGF-1R. Then, we discuss combination therapy strategies of metformin and other anti-diabetic drugs in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadeel Kheraldine
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarah Khalaf
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, PO. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar; Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada.
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Han Y, Fu Y, Shi Q, Liu H, Sun H, Niu C, Fu L. The ALDH2, IGSF9, and PRDM16 Proteins as Predictive Biomarkers for Prognosis in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2023; 23:e140-e150. [PMID: 36639264 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ALDH2, IGSF9, and PRDM16 play crucial roles in regulating diverse cellular pathophysiologic functions. The current study was to evaluate the effect of the 3 proteins on clinicopathologic features and prognosis of patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were collected from breast cancer patients by immunohistochemistry (IHC) were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 216 patients enrolled, ALDH2 high expression was significantly correlated with the age (p = .040), larger tumor size (p = .001), LVI (p < .001), LNM (p < .001), advanced TNM staging (p < .001), PR (p = .027), HER2 status (p = .002), and molecular subtype (p = .003). IGSF9 low expression was significantly correlated with the LV1 (p = .024), LNM (p = .024), advanced TNM staging (p = .001). The low expression of PRDM16 was significantly correlated with age (p = .023), and LNM (p = .014). The A+I-P- expression (13.4%) were markedly correlated with lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) (p < .001), lymph node metastasis (LNM) (p < .001), advanced TNM staging (p < .001). Furthermore, patients with A+I-P- expression had significantly advanced-stage breast cancer [stage III (72.4%) vs. (23.0%)]. Univariate and multivariate analysis identified variables (ie, larger tumor size, lymph node involvement, and A+I-P- expression) as independent prognostic factors for survival. CONCLUSION Our results reveal ALDH2 high expression, IGSF9 and PRDM16 low expression, A+I-P- expression was associated with advanced clinicopathological characteristics, and shorter OS and DFS in breast cancer patients. The 3 proteins may be potential prognosis markers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Han
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Ministry of Education, Breast Cancer Innovation Team of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiru Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Ministry of Education, Breast Cancer Innovation Team of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Ministry of Education, Breast Cancer Innovation Team of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Tianjin, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hanjiao Liu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Ministry of Education, Breast Cancer Innovation Team of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Ministry of Education, Breast Cancer Innovation Team of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Ministry of Education, Breast Cancer Innovation Team of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Cancer Pathology and Research Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Ministry of Education, Breast Cancer Innovation Team of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Research, Tianjin, China.
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Wang Y, Li J, Xia L. Plant-derived natural products and combination therapy in liver cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1116532. [PMID: 36865794 PMCID: PMC9971944 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1116532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the malignant cancers globally and seriously endangers human health because of its high morbidity and mortality. Plant-derived natural products have been evaluated as potential anticancer drugs due to low side effects and high anti-tumor efficacy. However, plant-derived natural products also have defects of poor solubility and cumbersome extraction process. In recent years, a growing numbers of plant derived natural products have been used in combination therapy of liver cancer with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, which has improved clinical efficacy through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of tumor growth, induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis, enhancement of immunity, reversal of multiple drug resistance and reduction of side effects. The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of plant-derived natural products and combination therapy on liver cancer are reviewed to provide references for developing anti-liver-cancer strategies with high efficacy and low side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- *Correspondence: Jinyao Li, ; Lijie Xia,
| | - Lijie Xia
- *Correspondence: Jinyao Li, ; Lijie Xia,
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Hashemi M, Mirdamadi MSA, Talebi Y, Khaniabad N, Banaei G, Daneii P, Gholami S, Ghorbani A, Tavakolpournegari A, Farsani ZM, Zarrabi A, Nabavi N, Zandieh MA, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Entezari M, Khan H. Pre-clinical and clinical importance of miR-21 in human cancers: Tumorigenesis, therapy response, delivery approaches and targeting agents. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106568. [PMID: 36423787 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The field of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) has made significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases and has broadened our knowledge towards their targeting, especially in cancer therapy. ncRNAs are a large family of RNAs with microRNAs (miRNAs) being one kind of endogenous RNA which lack encoded proteins. By now, miRNAs have been well-coined in pathogenesis and development of cancer. The current review focuses on the role of miR-21 in cancers and its association with tumor progression. miR-21 has both oncogenic and onco-suppressor functions and most of the experiments are in agreement with the tumor-promoting function of this miRNA. miR-21 primarily decreases PTEN expression to induce PI3K/Akt signaling in cancer progression. Overexpression of miR-21 inhibits apoptosis and is vital for inducing pro-survival autophagy. miR-21 is vital for metabolic reprogramming and can induce glycolysis to enhance tumor progression. miR-21 stimulates EMT mechanisms and increases expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 thereby elevating tumor metastasis. miR-21 is a target of anti-cancer agents such as curcumin and curcumol and its down-regulation impairs tumor progression. Upregulation of miR-21 results in cancer resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Increasing evidence has revealed the role of miR-21 as a biomarker as it is present in both the serum and exosomes making them beneficial biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahare Sadat Ayat Mirdamadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasmin Talebi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Khaniabad
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gooya Banaei
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pouria Daneii
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Gholami
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Ghorbani
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tavakolpournegari
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zoheir Mohammadian Farsani
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arad Zandieh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Zhang F, Ganesan K, Liu Q, Chen J. A Review of the Pharmacological Potential of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn on Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182885. [PMID: 36139460 PMCID: PMC9497142 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (SSD) has been extensively employed in Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat several ailments. SSD and its active compounds are effective therapeutic agents for treating a variety of diseases with negligible side effects. Therefore, we aimed to investigate its phytochemistry, pharmacology, and potential therapeutic effects exclusively in cancer prevention and treatment. Phytochemical and pharmacological information was collected and arranged in a rational order. SSD has been frequently attributed to having antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, hematopoietic, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Evidence has indicated that the bioactive constituents in SSD have attracted increasing scientific attention due to their preventive role in cancers. Further, the present review provides the current information on the health implications of SSD, thus allowing for future clinical trials to explore its restorative benefits. All data of in vitro and animal investigations of SSD, as well as its effect on human health, were obtained from an electronic search and library database. The diverse pharmacological potential of SSD provides an opportunity for preclinical drug discovery, and this comprehensive review strongly indicates that SSD is an excellent anti-tumorigenic agent that modulates or prevents breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3917-6479
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10
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Ononin inhibits cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppression of inflammatory responses in experimental rats and SH-SY5Y cells. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Zhang Q, Huang X. The modulatory properties of Astragalus membranaceus treatment on endometrial cancer: an integrated pharmacological method. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11995. [PMID: 34513331 PMCID: PMC8395571 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional Chinese medicine and has been used for adjuvant clinical therapy for a variety of cancers. However, the mechanism of its action on endometrial carcinoma is unclear. Based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database (TCMSP™), the drug and target compounds were initially screened to construct a common network module. Twenty active compounds in Astragalus membranaceus were successfully identified, which hit by 463 potential targets related to endometrial cancer. Eight of the more highly predictive compounds (such as Jaranol, Bifendate, Isorhamnetin, Calycosin, 7-O-methylisomucronulatol, Formononetin, Kaempferol, Quercetin) were involved in DNA integrity checkpoint, cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex, and histone kinase activity. Additionally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway confirmed that Astragalus membranaceus might play a role in the treatment of endometrial cancer through p53 signalling pathway, transcriptional misregulation in cancer, and endometrial cancer signalling pathway. Drug-target-pathway networks were constructed using Cytoscape to provide a visual perspective. In addition, we verified that formononetin inhibited the proliferation of endometrial cancer cells through cell viability tests and clone formation tests. And qPCR and western blot found that formononetin exerts anti-cancer effects by promoting the expression of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and p53. Based on a systematic network pharmacology approach, our works successfully predict the active ingredients and potential targets of Astragalus membranaceus for application to endometrial cancer and helps to illustrate mechanism of action on a comprehensive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianghua Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Hebei Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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12
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Wu J, Xu W, Ma L, Sheng J, Ye M, Chen H, Zhang Y, Wang B, Liao M, Meng T, Zhou Y, Chen H. Formononetin relieves the facilitating effect of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1-miR-195/miR-545 axis on progression and chemo-resistance of triple-negative breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18191-18222. [PMID: 34289449 PMCID: PMC8351708 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This investigation attempted to discern whether formononetin restrained progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by blocking lncRNA AFAP1-AS1-miR-195/miR-545 axis. We prepared TNBC cell lines (i.e. MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) and normal human mammary epithelial cell line (i.e. MCF-10A) in advance, and the TNBC cell lines were, respectively, transfected by pcDNA3.1-lncRNA AFAP1-AS1, si-lncRNA AFAP1-AS1, pcDNA6.2/GW/EmGFP-miR-545 or pcDNA6.2/GW/EmGFP-miR-195. Resistance of TNBC cells in response to 5-Fu, adriamycin, paclitaxel and cisplatin was evaluated through MTT assay, while potentials of TNBC cells in proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed via CCK8 assay and Transwell assay. Consequently, silencing of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 impaired chemo-resistance, proliferation, migration and invasion of TNBC cells (P<0.05), and over-expression of miR-195 and miR-545, which were sponged and down-regulated by lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 (P<0.05), significantly reversed the promoting effect of pcDNA3.1-lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 on proliferation, migration, invasion and chemo-resistance of TNBC cells (P<0.05). Furthermore, CDK4 and Raf-1, essential biomarkers of TNBC progression, were, respectively, subjected to target and down-regulation of miR-545 and miR-195 (P<0.05), and they were promoted by pcDNA3.1-lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 at protein and mRNA levels (P<0.05). Additionally, formononetin significantly decreased expressions of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1, CDK4 and Raf-1, while raised miR-195 and miR-545 expressions in TNBC cells (P<0.05), and exposure to it dramatically contained malignant behaviors of TNBC cells (P<0.05). In conclusion, formononetin alleviated TNBC malignancy by suppressing lncRNA AFAP1-AS1-miR-195/miR-545 axis, suggesting that molecular targets combined with traditional Chinese medicine could yield significant clinical benefits in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Department of Breast, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Breast, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Sheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meina Ye
- Department of Breast, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Breast, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Breast, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjuan Liao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Meng
- Department of Breast, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Breast, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Department of Breast, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
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Wang WS, Zhao CS. Formononetin exhibits anticancer activity in gastric carcinoma cell and regulating miR-542-5p. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2021; 37:215-225. [PMID: 33231363 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formononetin exhibits anti-neoplastic activities in specific types of cancers, such as colon carcinoma and breast cancer. Nevertheless, its role in suppressing gastric carcinoma (GC) growth and metastatic-associated phenotypes has not been fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that formononetin decreased the viability of GC cell line SGC-7901 and MGC-803. Furthermore, formononetin suppressed the migration and invasion abilities of GC cells. Consistent with the results in vitro, the anticancer effect of formononetin was verified using xenograft model. The expression of microRNA-542-5p (miR-542-5p), acted as an oncogene in many cancers, was identified to be upregulated in GC. Importantly, miR-542-5p might involve in formononetin exhibits anticancer activity in GC cells. Taken together, these results indicate that formononetin inhibits the growth and aggressiveness of GC cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Song Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji Central Hospital, Zhuji, China
| | - Can-Song Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Zhuji, China
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Demircan B, Yucel B, Radosevich JA. DNA Methylation in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines Adapted to High Nitric Oxide. In Vivo 2020; 34:169-176. [PMID: 31882476 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) exposure has been suggested to cause alterations in DNA methylation in breast cancer. We investigated the effect of NO on DNA methylation of promoters in cell lines of breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS The methylation status of the promoters of breast cancer 1 (BRCA1), deleted in colon cancer (DCC), Ras-association domain family 1A (RASSF1A), O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1) were analyzed in the parental and high nitric oxide-adapted cell lines of breast cancer using Illumina MiSequencing. RESULTS Methylation of RASSF1A promoter in BT-20-HNO (74.7%) was significantly higher than that in BT-20 cells (72%) (p<0.05), whereas in MCF-7-HNO cells, methylation of MGMT promoter was found to have significantly decreased as compared to its parental cell line (45.1% versus 50.1%; p<0.0001). Promoter methylation of SFRP and DCC was elevated in T-47D-HNO relative to its parent cell line (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Similarly to the double-edged effects of NO on tumorigenesis, its epigenetic effects through DNA methylation are diverse and contradictory in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Demircan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Yucel
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - James A Radosevich
- Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
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15
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Formononetin inhibits tumor growth by suppression of EGFR-Akt-Mcl-1 axis in non-small cell lung cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:62. [PMID: 32276600 PMCID: PMC7146989 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations play crucial roles in the tumorigenesis of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The mechanism regarding how EGFR signaling regulates myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) protein stability and ubiquitination remains undefined. Methods MTS assay was used for natural product library screening. The effect of formononetin (Formo) on NSCLC cells was determined by MTS assay and soft agar assay. Molecular modeling was performed to analyze the potential different binding modes between Formo and EGFR WT or mutants. Mcl-1 protein level and the inhibitory effect of Formo on EGFR signaling were examined by immunoblot, in vitro kinase assay, in vitro pulldown and ATP competition assays, co-immunoprecipitation assay, ubiquitination analysis, in vivo xenograft model, and immunohistochemical staining. Results Formo was identified as an EGFR inhibitor by a 98 commercially available natural product screening. Formo suppresses WT and mutant EGFR kinases activity in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Molecular modeling indicates that Formo docks into the ATP-binding pocket of both WT and mutant EGFR. Formo inhibits EGFR-Akt signaling, which in turn activates GSK3β and promotes Mcl-1 phosphorylation in NSCLC cells. Treatment with Formo enhances the interaction between Mcl-1 and SCFFbw7, which eventually promotes Mcl-1 ubiquitination and degradation. Depletion of either GSK3β or SCFFbw7 compromised Formo-induced Mcl-1 downregulation. Finally, Formo inhibits the in vivo tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of promoting ubiquitination-dependent Mcl-1 turnover might be an alternative strategy to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of EGFR-TKI.
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Tay KC, Tan LTH, Chan CK, Hong SL, Chan KG, Yap WH, Pusparajah P, Lee LH, Goh BH. Formononetin: A Review of Its Anticancer Potentials and Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:820. [PMID: 31402861 PMCID: PMC6676344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a complex yet common disease, is caused by uncontrolled cell division and abnormal cell growth due to a variety of gene mutations. Seeking effective treatments for cancer is a major research focus, as the incidence of cancer is on the rise and drug resistance to existing anti-cancer drugs is major concern. Natural products have the potential to yield unique molecules and combinations of substances that may be effective against cancer with relatively low toxicity/better side effect profile compared to standard anticancer therapy. Drug discovery work with natural products has demonstrated that natural compounds display a wide range of biological activities correlating to anticancer effects. In this review, we discuss formononetin (C16H12O4), which originates mainly from red clovers and the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus. The compound comes from a class of 7-hydroisoflavones with a substitution of methoxy group at position 4. Formononetin elicits antitumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo by modulating numerous signaling pathways to induce cell apoptosis (by intrinsic pathway involving Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins) and cell cycle arrest (by regulating mediators like cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1), suppress cell proliferation [by signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B (PI3K/AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway], and inhibit cell invasion [by regulating growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 proteins]. Co-treatment with other chemotherapy drugs such as bortezomib, LY2940002, U0126, sunitinib, epirubicin, doxorubicin, temozolomide, and metformin enhances the anticancer potential of both formononetin and the respective drugs through synergistic effect. Compiling the evidence thus far highlights the potential of formononetin to be a promising candidate for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ching Tay
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Sok Lai Hong
- Centre for Research Services, Institute of Research Management and Services, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Medical Health and Translational Research Group (MHTR), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery (NBDD) Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
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