Gut microbiota combined with metabolomics reveals the metabolic profile of the normal aging process and the anti-aging effect of FuFang Zhenshu TiaoZhi(FTZ) in mice

Interoception and aging

Interoception refers to the body's perception and regulation of internal physiological states and involves complex neural mechanisms and sensory systems. The current definition of interoception falls short of capturing the breadth of related research; here, we propose an updated definition. Homeostasis, a foundational principle of integrated physiology, is the process by which organisms dynamically maintain optimal balance across all conditions through neural, endocrine, and behavioral functions. This review examines the role of interoception in body homeostasis. Aging is a complex process influenced by multiple factors and involving multiple levels, including physical, psychological, and cognitive. However, interoceptive and aging interoceptive interactions are lacking. A new perspective on interoception and aging holds significant implications for understanding how aging regulates interoception and how interoception affects the aging process. Finally, we summarize that arachidonic acid metabolites show promise as biomarkers of interoception-aging. The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyze interoceptive-aging interactions, understand the aging mechanism from a novel perspective, and provide a theoretical basis for exploring anti-aging strategies.

Polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus Bunge alleviate LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice by modulating microbe-metabolite-brain axis and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway

Neuroinflammation can lead to various neurodegenerative disorders, resulting in irreversible neurological dysfunction. Astragalus membranaceus Bunge polysaccharides (APS) present great potential in alleviating neuroinflammation; however, the specific mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect remains unclear, leading to uncertain prospects for pharmaceutical applications. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism underlying APS-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation in mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through regulation of metabolic function, intestinal flora composition, and cell signaling transduction. Results indicated that APS pretreatment effectively mitigated LPS-induced brain damage. Metabolomics analysis revealed that APS pretreatment also regulated the metabolic disturbances induced by LPS through targeting five specific metabolic pathways. This regulation was supported by notable alterations in nine metabolite markers. Furthermore, APS pretreatment significantly modulated the abundance of four taxa of gut microbes (i.e., Romboutsia, Rikenella, Dubosiella, Odoribacter) closely associated with regulations in eleven metabolic and signaling pathways. Additionally, transcriptome analysis and Western blotting unveiled that APS pretreatment exerted a neuroprotective effect by modulating the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings provide insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of APS while establishing a solid foundation for future utilization of APS.

Eisenia bicyclis Extract Ameliorates Colitis in In Vitro and In Vivo Models Through Modulation of mTOR Axis and Gut Microbiota Composition

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon that is associated with dysbiosis in the gut microbiota. Eisenia bicyclis, a marine alga, is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and gut microbiota-modulating properties. This study explored the mechanisms by which a 70% ethanol extract of E. bicyclis may alleviate UC, through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed eckol, 7-phloroeckol, dieckol, phlorofucofuroeckol A, and fucofuroeckol as key phenolic compounds present in the extract. The administration of E. bicyclis significantly improved symptoms in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model by reducing intestinal shortening, splenomegaly, and histological scores. Both cell and animal studies demonstrated that E. bicyclis suppressed the release of inflammatory cytokines, downregulated the mRNA expression of genes related to the mTOR pathway, and reduced the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio. Microbiota analysis revealed that, while the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was elevated in UC mice, E. bicyclis administration normalized this imbalance, with a notable increase in the abundance of beneficial probiotics such as Bifidobacterium bifidum. In conclusion, a phenolic-rich extract of E. bicyclis demonstrates significant potential as a dietary supplement to prevent and mitigate UC by modulating both the mTOR signaling pathway and gut microbiota composition.

Beyond the Hayflick limit: How microbes influence cellular aging

Cellular senescence, a complex biological process resulting in permanent cell-cycle arrest, is central to aging and age-related diseases. A key concept in understanding cellular senescence is the Hayflick Limit, which refers to the limited capacity of normal human cells to divide, after which they become senescent. Senescent cells (SC) accumulate with age, releasing pro-inflammatory and tissue-remodeling factors collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The causes of senescence are multifaceted, including telomere attrition, oxidative stress, and genotoxic damage, and they extend to influences from microbial sources. Research increasingly emphasizes the role of the microbiome, especially gut microbiota (GM), in modulating host senescence processes. Beneficial microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), support host health by maintaining antioxidant defenses and reducing inflammation, potentially mitigating senescence onset. Conversely, pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Helicobacter pylori introduce factors that damage host DNA or increase ROS, accelerating senescence via pathways such as NF-κB and p53-p21. This review explores the impact of bacterial factors on cellular senescence, highlighting the role of specific bacterial toxins in promoting senescence. Additionally, it discusses how dysbiosis and the loss of beneficial microbial species further contribute to age-related cellular deterioration. Modulating the gut microbiome to delay cellular senescence opens a path toward targeted anti-aging strategies. This work underscores the need for deeper investigation into microbial influence on aging, supporting innovative interventions to manage and potentially reverse cellular senescence.

Preliminary Exploration of the Protective Mechanism of Eugenol Against Acute Liver Injury Induced by Thioacetamide Based on Metabolomics

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a significant global public health issue that can rapidly develop into acute liver failure, seriously endangering the safety of patients. Eugenol has various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and neuroprotective properties. Through pathological section observation, eugenol can alleviate the degree of liver damage caused by thioacetamide. Based on metabolomics, a total of 87 metabolites were found to have differences in content between the control group and the thioacetamide group. Compared with the control group, the contents of 42 metabolites had increased and 45 metabolites had decreased in the thioacetamide group. These differential expressed metabolites mainly indicate inflammatory damage, oxidative damage, and abnormal energy metabolism. There were 269 metabolites with differences in content between the eugenol intervention group and the thioacetamide group. Compared with the thioacetamide group, there were 101 metabolites with increased content and 168 metabolites with decreased content in the eugenol intervention group. These differential expressed metabolites suggest that eugenol intervention can correct inflammation damage, oxidative damage, and energy metabolism abnormalities caused by TAA. This study found through pathological section observation and metabolomics that eugenol has a protective effect on acute liver injury caused by thioacetamide, and the protective mechanism may be related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol.

Gut microbiota and metabolic profile changes unveil the deterioration of alveolar bone inflammatory resorption with aging induced by D-galactose

The global aging population has led to a rise in age-related health issues, such as malnutrition, metabolic disorders, and even immune decline. Among these concerns, periodontitis holds particular significance for the well-being of the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the impact of aging on inflammatory resorption of alveolar bone in mice with periodontitis, with a specific focus on alterations in the intestinal microenvironment. To achieve this, we established a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mouse model with periodontitis and employed histopathological staining, oxidative stress, and inflammatory factors analyses to assess the severity of periodontitis and the health status. Additionally, the 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis were employed to investigate alterations in the intestinal microbiota and metabolites. Our results showed that D-gal-induced aging mice with periodontitis experienced more pronounced alveolar bone inflammatory resorption and disruptions in the gut barrier, accompanied by an overall decline in physical condition. The microbial composition and structure of aged mice also underwent significant modifications, with a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis demonstrated that D-gal-induced aging primarily influenced lipids and lipid-like molecules metabolism, and enrichment observed in the rheumatoid arthritis and histidine metabolism pathways. These findings provide further evidence that the aging process exacerbates age-related alveolar bone loss (ABL) through disturbances in intestinal homeostasis.

Combining bioinformatics and multiomics strategies to investigate the key microbiota and active components of Liupao tea ameliorating hyperlipidemia

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hyperlipidemia as a major health issue has attracted much public attention. As a geographical indication product of China, Liupao tea (LPT) is a typical representative of traditional Chinese dark tea that has shown good potential in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. LPT has important medicinal value in hyperlipidemia prevention. However, the active ingredients and metabolic mechanisms by which LPT alleviates hyperlipidemia remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to systematically investigate the metabolic mechanisms and active ingredients of LPT extract in alleviating hyperlipidemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Firstly, we developed a mouse model of hyperlipidemia to study the pharmacodynamics of LPT. Subsequently, network pharmacology and molecular docking were performed to predict the potential key active ingredients and core targets of LPT against hyperlipidemia. LC-MS/MS was used to validate the identity of key active ingredients in LPT with chemical standards. Finally, the effect and metabolic mechanisms of LPT extract in alleviating hyperlipidemia were investigated by integrating metabolomic, lipidomic, and gut microbiome analyses.

RESULTS

Results showed that LPT extract effectively improved hyperlipidemia by suppressing weight gain, remedying dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, and reducing hepatic damage. Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking suggested that four potential active ingredients and seven potential core targets were closely associated with roles for hyperlipidemia treatment. Ellagic acid, catechin, and naringenin were considered to be the key active ingredients of LPT alleviating hyperlipidemia. Additionally, LPT extract modulated the mRNA expression levels of Fxr, Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1, and Cyp27a1 associated with bile acid (BA) metabolism, mitigated the disturbances of BA and glycerophospholipid (GP) metabolism in hyperlipidemia mice. Combining fecal microbiota transplantation and correlation analysis, LPT extract effectively improved species diversity and abundance of gut microbiota, particularly the BA and GP metabolism-related gut microbiota, in the hyperlipidemia mice.

CONCLUSIONS

LPT extract ameliorated hyperlipidemia by modulating GP and BA metabolism by regulating Lactobacillus and Dubosiella, thereby alleviating hyperlipidemia. Three active ingredients of LPT served as the key factors in exerting an improvement on hyperlipidemia. These findings provide new insights into the active ingredients and metabolic mechanisms of LPT in improving hyperlipidemia, suggesting that LPT can be used to prevent and therapeutic hyperlipidemia.

Berberine alters the gut microbiota metabolism and impairs spermatogenesis

Berberine (BBR) is used to treat diarrhea clinically. However, its reproductive toxicity is unclear. This study aims to investigate the impact of BBR on the male reproductive system. Intragastric BBR administration for 14 consecutive days results in a significant decrease in the serum testosterone concentration, epididymal sperm concentration, mating rate and fecundity of male mice. Testicular treatment with testosterone propionate (TP) partially reverses the damage caused by BBR to the male reproductive system. Mechanistically, the decrease in Muribaculaceae abundance in the gut microbiota of mice is the principal cause of the BBR-induced decrease in the sperm concentration. Both fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment demonstrate that Muribaculaceae is necessary for spermatogenesis. The intragastric administration of Muribaculaceae intestinale to BBR-treated mice restores the sperm concentration and testosterone levels. Metabolomic analysis reveals that BBR affects arginine and proline metabolism, of which ornithine level is downregulated. Combined analysis via 16S rRNA metagenomics sequencing and metabolomics shows that Muribaculaceae regulates ornithine level. The transcriptomic results of the testes indicate that the expressions of genes related to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-mediated testosterone synthesis pathway decrease after BBR administration. The transcriptional activity of the Ldlr gene in TM3 cells is increased with increased ornithine supplementation in the culture media, leading to increased testosterone synthesis. Overall, this study reveals an association between a BBR-induced decrease in Muribaculaceae abundance and defective spermatogenesis, providing a prospective therapeutic approach for addressing infertility-related decreases in serum testosterone triggered by changes in the gut microbiota composition.

Visceral adiposity in postmenopausal women is associated with a pro-inflammatory gut microbiome and immunogenic metabolic endotoxemia

BACKGROUND

Obesity, and in particular abdominal obesity, is associated with an increased risk of developing a variety of chronic diseases. Obesity, aging, and menopause are each associated with differential shifts in the gut microbiome. Obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation due to increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels which is termed "metabolic endotoxemia." We examined the association of visceral adiposity tissue (VAT) area, circulating endotoxemia markers, and the gut bacterial microbiome in a cohort of aged postmenopausal women.

METHODS

Fifty postmenopausal women (mean age 78.8 ± 5.3 years) who had existing adipose measurements via dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were selected from the extremes of VAT: n = 25 with low VAT area (45.6 ± 12.5 cm2) and n = 25 with high VAT area (177.5 ± 31.3 cm2). Dietary intake used to estimate the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma LPS, LPS-binding protein (LBP), anti-LPS antibodies, anti-flagellin antibodies, and anti-lipoteichoic acid (LTA) antibodies were measured by ELISA. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on fecal DNA. Female C57BL/6 mice consuming a high-fat or low-fat diet were treated with 0.4 mg/kg diet-derived fecal isolated LPS modeling metabolic endotoxemia, and metabolic outcomes were measured after 6 weeks.

RESULTS

Women in the high VAT group showed increased Proteobacteria abundance and a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Plasma LBP concentration was positively associated with VAT area. Plasma anti-LPS, anti-LTA, and anti-flagellin IgA antibodies were significantly correlated with adiposity measurements. Women with high VAT showed significantly elevated LPS-expressing bacteria compared to low VAT women. Gut bacterial species that showed significant associations with both adiposity and inflammation (anti-LPS IgA and LBP) were Proteobacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., and Klebsiella spp.) and Veillonella atypica. Healthy eating index (HEI) scores negatively correlated with % body fat and anti-LPS IgA antibodies levels. Preclinical murine model showed that high-fat diet-fed mice administered a low-fat diet fecal-derived LPS displayed reduced body weight, decreased % body fat, and improved glucose tolerance test parameters when compared with saline-injected or high-fat diet fecal-derived LPS-treated groups consuming a high-fat diet.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased VAT in postmenopausal women is associated with elevated gut Proteobacteria abundance and immunogenic metabolic endotoxemia markers. Low-fat diet-derived fecal-isolated LPS improved metabolic parameters in high-fat diet-fed mice giving mechanistic insights into potential pro-health signaling mediated by under-acylated LPS isoforms. Video Abstract.

The onset and the development of cardiometabolic aging: an insight into the underlying mechanisms

Metabolic compromise is crucial in aggravating age-associated chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, increased LDL and triglycerides, and elevated blood pressure. Excessive adiposity, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance due to aging are associated with elevated levels of damaging free radicals, inducing a proinflammatory state and hampering immune cell activity, leading to a malfunctioning cardiometabolic condition. The age-associated oxidative load and redox imbalance are contributing factors for cardiometabolic morbidities via vascular remodelling and endothelial damage. Recent evidence has claimed the importance of gut microbiota in maintaining regular metabolic activity, which declines with chronological aging and cardiometabolic comorbidities. Genetic mutations, polymorphic changes, and environmental factors strongly correlate with increased vulnerability to aberrant cardiometabolic changes by affecting key physiological pathways. Numerous studies have reported a robust link between biological aging and cardiometabolic dysfunction. This review outlines the scientific evidence exploring potential mechanisms behind the onset and development of cardiovascular and metabolic issues, particularly exacerbated with aging.

Fufang Zhenshu Tiaozhi capsule enhances bone formation and safeguards against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis through innovative Mekk2-mediated β-catenin deubiquitination

INTRODUCTION

Bone homeostasis depends on the regulation of β-catenin in osteoblasts. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are known to diminish β-catenin activity via Wnt pathway signaling, leading to osteoporosis. Conversely, activating β-catenin in osteoblasts through mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 2 (Mekk2) offers an innovative approach to combat GC-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). Fufang Zhenshu Tiaozhi (FTZ) capsules have shown effectiveness in treating GIOP, but the mechanisms behind this are still unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, Mekk2 knockout mice (Mekk2-/-) was generated by CRISPR/Cas9. These mice were then subjected to Alcian Blue-Alizarin Red staining and immunofluorescence to assess their bone and cartilage development. To establish models of GIOP, both Mekk2-/- and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with dexamethasone (DXMS) and subsequently given FTZ capsules. We analyzed the resulting phenotypic changes in these mice using Micro-CT scans and histomorphological studies. Primary osteoblasts, isolated from both Mekk2-/- and WT mice, underwent qRT-PCR to measure key osteogenesis markers, including Runx2, Sp7, Bgalp, Col1a1 and Alp. Cells were then exposed to treatments with either FTZ or Wnt3a and the phosphorylation levels of β-catenin and Mekk2, along with the protein expression of Runx2, were evaluated using Western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Additionally, C3H10T1/2 cells transfected with TOPflash-luciferase and Renilla luciferase reporters were treated with FTZ and Wnt3a to measure β-catenin activity.

RESULTS

In our study, administering FTZ in vivo effectively prevented bone loss typically induced by GCs. However, it's important to note that this protective effect was substantially reduced in mice lacking Mekk2. Additionally, FTZ showed a significant ability to enhance osteogenic differentiation in primary osteoblasts, doing so by altering the expression of Mekk2. Intriguingly, the impact of FTZ on Mekk2 appears to function through a pathway separate from the traditional Wnt signaling route. Furthermore, our findings indicate that FTZ also promotes the deubiquitination of β-catenin, contributing further to its positive effects on bone health.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that FTZ plays a significant role in protecting bone mass in cases of GIOP. The mechanism through which FTZ confers this benefit involves the activation of Mekk2/β-catenin signaling pathways, which represents a promising alternative strategy to counteract the deleterious effects of GIOP by augmenting osteoblastogenesis.

Study on analgesic effect of Shentong Zhuyu Decoction in neuropathic pain rats by network pharmacology and RNA-Seq

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Shentong Zhuyu Decoction (STZYD) is a traditional prescription for promoting the flow of Qi and Blood which is often used in the treatment of low back and leg pain clinicall with unclear mechanism. Neuropathic pain (NP) is caused by disease or injury affecting the somatosensory system. LncRNAs may play a key role in NP by regulating the expression of pain-related genes through binding mRNAs or miRNAs sponge mechanisms.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of STZYD on neuropathic pain.

METHODS

Chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats, a commonly used animal model, were used in this study. The target of STZYD in NP was analyzed by network pharmacology, and the analgesic effect of STZYD in different doses (H-STZYD, M-STZYD, L-STZYD) on CCI rats was evaluated by Mechanical withdrawal thresholds (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL). Meanwhile, RNA-seq assay was used to detect the changed mRNAs and lncRNAs in CCI rats after STZYD intervention. GO analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and IPA analysis were used to find key target genes and pathways, verified by qPCR and Western Blot. The regulatory effect of lncRNAs on target genes was predicted by co-expression analysis and ceRNA network construction.

RESULTS

We found that STZYD can improve hyperalgesia in CCI rats, and H-STZYD has the best analgesic effect. The results of network pharmacological analysis showed that STZYD could play an analgesic role in CCI rats through the MAPK/ERK/c-FOS pathway. By mRNA-seq and lncRNA-seq, we found that STZYD could regulate the expression of Cnr1, Cacng5, Gucy1a3, Kitlg, Npy2r, and Grm8, and inhibited the phosphorylation level of ERK in the spinal cord of CCI rats. A total of 27 lncRNAs were associated with the target genes and 30 lncRNAs, 83 miRNAs and 5 mRNAs participated in the ceRNA network.

CONCLUSION

STZYD has the effect of improving hyperalgesia in CCI rats through the MAPK/ERK/c-FOS pathway, which is related to the regulation of lncRNAs to Cnr1 and other key targets.

Metabolome-microbiome insights into therapeutic impact of 8-O-acetylharpagide against breast cancer in a murine model

Iridoid glycosides extract, which is the main active extract of Ajuga decumbens Thunb, has been proved to have anti-breast cancer activity in previous studies. However, it is still unknown whether 8-O-acetylharpagide, a main active compound in the extract, has anti-breast cancer activity. In this study, 4 T1 breast cancer mice model was first successfully established. Then the anti-breast cancer effect of 8-O-acetylharpagide was systematically investigated. Feces were collected for metabolomics and 16S rRNA analysis to assess the potential mechanism. The results showed that 8-O-acetylharpagide was effective in reducing 4 T1 mouse tumor volume and weight compared with the model group. Metabolome analysis revealed 12 potential metabolite biomarkers in feces, mainly involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism. The 16S rRNA sequencing results demonstrated that 8-O-acetylharpagide modulated the abundance of the intestinal flora in 4 T1 mice. Spearman correlation analysis showed that calcitriol and prostaglandin G2 strongly correlated with Akkermansia, Firmicutes and Muribaculum. Overall, the active compound 8-O-acetylharpagide could inhibit significantly breast cancer growth in 4 T1 breast cancer model mice. The mechanism of the anti-breast cancer effect of 8-O-acetylharpagide may be related to the regulation of primary bile acid biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism and modulation of the abundance of Akkermansia and Firmicutes.

The ameliorative mechanism of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NJAU-01 against D-galactose induced oxidative stress: a hepatic proteomics and gut microbiota analysis

Probiotic intervention is an effective strategy to alleviate oxidative stress-related diseases. Our previous studies found that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NJAU-01 (NJAU-01) exhibited antioxidant effects in a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mouse model. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be unveiled. This study was aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect and mechanism of NJAU-01 against oxidative stress induced by D-gal. The results showed that NJAU-01 could reverse the tendency of a slow body weight gain induced by D-gal. NJAU-01 relieved hepatic oxidative stress via increasing the hepatic total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT). Moreover, the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was reversed after NJAU-01 supplementation. The proteomic results showed that there were 201 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between NJAU-01 and D-gal groups. NJAU-01 regulated the expressions of glutathione S-transferase Mu 5 (Gstm5), glutathione S-transferase P2 (Gstp2) and NADH dehydrogenase 1α subcomplex subunit 7 (Ndufa7) related to oxidative stress, and autophagy protein 5 (Atg5) and plasma alpha-L-fucosidase (Fuca2) involved in autophagy, etc. 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that NJAU-01 supplementation could regulate the gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by D-gal via increasing the relative abundances of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Lactobacillus and reducing the relative abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genera Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group as well as Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, etc.. Spearman correlation analysis results showed that the altered gut microbiota composition had a significant correlation with antioxidant enzyme activities and the DEPs related to oxidative stress. Overall, NJAU-01 alleviated hepatic oxidative stress induced by D-gal via manipulating the gut microbiota composition and hepatic protein expression profile.

Distribution and roles of Ligilactobacillus murinus in hosts

Ligilactobacillus murinus, a member of the Ligilactobacillus genus, holds significant potential as a probiotic. While research on Ligilactobacillus murinus has been relatively limited compared to well-studied probiotic lactic acid bacteria such as Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus gasseri, a mounting body of evidence highlights its extensive involvement in host intestinal metabolism and immune activities. Moreover, its abundance exhibits a close correlation with intestinal health. Notably, beyond the intestinal context, Ligilactobacillus murinus is gaining recognition for its contributions to metabolism and regulation in the oral cavity, lungs, and vagina. As such, Ligilactobacillus murinus emerges as a potential probiotic candidate with a pivotal role in supporting host well-being. This review delves into studies elucidating the multifaceted roles of Ligilactobacillus murinus. It also examines its medicinal potential and associated challenges, underscoring the imperative to delve deeper into unraveling the mechanisms of its actions and exploring its health applications.

Age and aging process alter the gut microbes

BACKGROUND

Gut microbes and age are both factors that influence the development of disease. The community structure of gut microbes is affected by age.

OBJECTIVE

To plot time-dependent gut microbe profiles in individuals over 45 years old and explore the correlation between age and gut microbes.

METHODS

Fecal samples were collected from 510 healthy individuals over 45 years old. Shannon index, Simpson index, Ace index, etc. were used to analyze the diversity of gut microbes. The beta diversity analysis, including non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), was used to analyze community distribution. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and random forest (RF) algorithm were used to analyze the differences of gut microbes. Trend analysis was used to plot the abundances of characteristic gut microbes in different ages.

RESULTS

The individuals aged 45-49 had the highest richness of gut bacteria. Fifteen characteristic gut microbes, including Siphoviridae and Bifidobacterium breve, were screened by RF algorithm. The abundance of Ligiactobacillus and Microviridae were higher in individuals older than 65 years. Moreover, the abundance of Blautia_A massiliensis, Lubbockvirus and Enterocloster clostridioformis decreased with age and the abundance of Klebsiella variicola and Prevotella increased with age. The functional genes, such as human diseases and aging, were significantly different among different aged individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

The individuals in different ages have characteristic gut microbes. The changes in community structure of gut microbes may be related to age-induced diseases.

Conventional Therapy Combined With Quxie Capsule Modulating Gut Microbiome in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients With the Third or Above Line Setting: Result From an Investigator-Initiated, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase II Study

BACKGROUND

In patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), Quxie Cap-sule (QX)-a combination of conventional therapy (including chemotherapy, targeted therapy or supportive care)-has shown a significant overall survival benefit compared with placebo and might have the property of dual effects of antitumor and immunity enhancement, both mediated by the microbiome. In preclinical models, QX has also shown activity against colorectal cancer. This study aimed to describe how the aforementioned effects of QX look after when focusing on the patients in third or above line setting.

METHODS

A Simon's Minimax two-stage phase II design was used in this study, which enrolled mCRC patients who progressed after second-line treatment. Patients received conventional therapy plus QX until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Before and after 1-month intervention, we collected patients' stool samples for microbiome analysis by 16s rRNA sequencing approaches. And the microbiome analysis before and after 1-month intervention was done through bioinformation analysis platform.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients were enrolled and gut microbiome were analyzed from 7 of 10 patients that with PFS over 3.7 months. Microbiome community analysis on genus level showed that the proportion of Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001 (0.04% vs 1.06%, P = .02249) significantly increased after conventional therapy plus QX while the proportion of Alistipes (2.96% vs 1.35%, P = .03461), Flavonifractor (0.04% vs 0.02%, P = .02249), Bifidobacterium (6.11% vs 1.14%, P = .02249) and Butyricimonas (0.24% vs 0.11%, P = .03603) significantly decreased after intervention . LEfSe analysis showed that after intervention, samples were highly related with unclassified-f-lachnospiraceae, Eubacterium and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001.

CONCLUSIONS

Decrease of gut bacteria with potential roles in carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer and increase in the abundance of gut anticancer bacteria such as Lachnospiraceae may partly explain how conventional therapy combined with QX can influence carcinogenesis and tumor progression in colon cancer.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100053874).

Gut microbiota: an ideal biomarker and intervention strategy for aging

Population aging is a substantial challenge for the global sanitation framework. Unhealthy aging tends to be accompanied by chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, which undermine the welfare of the elderly. Based on the fact that aging is inevitable but retarding aging is attainable, flexible aging characterization and efficient anti-aging become imperative for healthy aging. The gut microbiome, as the most dynamic component interacting with the organism, can affect the aging process through its own structure and metabolites, thus holding the potential to become both an ideal aging-related biomarker and an intervention strategy. This review summarizes the value of applying gut microbiota as aging-related microbial biomarkers in diagnosing aging state and monitoring the effect of anti-aging interventions, ultimately pointing to the future prospects of microbial intervention strategies in maintaining healthy aging.

Integration of microbiota and metabolomics reveals the analgesic mechanisms of emodin against neuropathic pain

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Neuropathic pain (NeP) induced dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats. Emodin has analgesic effect but the detailed mechanism is not clear at the present time. This study aims to explore the underling mechanism of action of emodin against NeP with in CCI model.

METHODS

Male SD rats (180-220 g) were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, CCI group, and emodin group. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of emodin on CCI model. Feces and spinal cords of all rats were collected 15 days after surgery. 16S rDNA sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, qPCR and ELISA were performed.

RESULTS

Mechanical withdrawal thresholds (MWT), thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) and Sciatic functional index (SFI) in emodin group were significantly higher than CCI group (P < 0.05). Emodin not only inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cords and colonic tissue, but also increased the expression of tight junction protein in colonic tissue. 16S rDNA sequencing showed that emodin treatment changed the community structure of intestinal microbiota in CCI rats. Untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that 33 differential metabolites were screened out between CCI group and emodin group. After verification, we found that emodin increased the level of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and Histamine in the spinal cord of CCI rats.

CONCLUSION

Emodin was effective in relieving neuropathic pain, which is linked to inhibition inflammatory response, increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria and beneficial metabolites.

How is Big Data reshaping preclinical aging research?

The exponential scientific and technological progress during the past 30 years has favored the comprehensive characterization of aging processes with their multivariate nature, leading to the advent of Big Data in preclinical aging research. Spanning from molecular omics to organism-level deep phenotyping, Big Data demands large computational resources for storage and analysis, as well as new analytical tools and conceptual frameworks to gain novel insights leading to discovery. Systems biology has emerged as a paradigm that utilizes Big Data to gain insightful information enabling a better understanding of living organisms, visualized as multilayered networks of interacting molecules, cells, tissues and organs at different spatiotemporal scales. In this framework, where aging, health and disease represent emergent states from an evolving dynamic complex system, context given by, for example, strain, sex and feeding times, becomes paramount for defining the biological trajectory of an organism. Using bioinformatics and artificial intelligence, the systems biology approach is leading to remarkable advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanism of aging biology and assisting in creative experimental study designs in animal models. Future in-depth knowledge acquisition will depend on the ability to fully integrate information from different spatiotemporal scales in organisms, which will probably require the adoption of theories and methods from the field of complex systems. Here we review state-of-the-art approaches in preclinical research, with a focus on rodent models, that are leading to conceptual and/or technical advances in leveraging Big Data to understand basic aging biology and its full translational potential.

Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorate diabetic kidney disease via the "gut-kidney axis"

BACKGROUND

The combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza (AS) is an effective prescription for treating diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in traditional Chinese medicine. Its efficacy in treating DKD has been confirmed, but the potential regulatory mechanism has not yet been fully clarified.

PURPOSE

To explore the mechanism by which AS regulates the "gut-metabolism-transcription" coexpression network under the action of the "gut-kidney axis" to ameliorate DKD.

METHODS

SD rats were used to establish the DKD model by injecting STZ. After AS intervention, the structure and function of the kidney and colon were observed. We sequenced the gut microbiota utilizing 16S rDNA, identified serum differential metabolites using LC‒MS/MS, and observed renal mRNA expression by RNA seq. The "gut-metabolism-transcription" coexpression network was further constructed, and the target bacteria, target metabolites, and target genes of AS were ultimately screened and validated.

RESULTS

AS improved renal pathology and functional damage and increased the abundance of Akkermansia, Akkermansia_muciniphila, Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus_murinus. Fourteen target metabolites of AS were identified, which were mainly concentrated in 19 KEGG pathways, including sphingolipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Sixty-three target mRNAs of AS were identified. The top 20 pathways were closely related to glycolipid metabolism, and 14 differential mRNAs were expressed in these pathways. Correlation analysis showed that Akkermansia, Akkermansia muciniphila, Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus murinus were closely associated with sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and galactose metabolism. Moreover, the target metabolites and target mRNAs of AS were also enriched in five identical pathways of sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and galactose metabolism, including 8 different metabolites, such as sphingosine, and 5 different genes, such as Kng1. The 8 metabolites had high AUC prediction values, and the validation of the 5 genes was consistent with the sequencing results.

CONCLUSION

Our research showed that AS can improve DKD via the "gut-kidney axis". Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus murinus were the main driving bacteria, and five pathways related to glycolipid metabolism, especially sphingolipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism, may be important follow-up reactions and regulatory mechanisms.

Yujin powder improves large intestine dampness-heat syndrome by regulating gut microbiota and serum metabolism

Large intestine dampness-heat syndrome (LIDHS) is a common syndrome type in animal diarrheal diseases. Yujin powder (YJP) is one of the classic prescriptions for treating damp-heat diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of YJP on gut microbiota and serum metabolism in LIDHS rats using 16S rRNA sequencing and nontargeted metabolomics. The LIDHS rat model was induced through a high-sugar and high-fat diet, exposure to a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and infection with Escherichia coli. The results demonstrated that the administration of YJP resulted in a decrease in the abundance of Desulfovibrio, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Allobaculum, Escherichia, Butyricimonas, Parasutterella, and Blautia and an increase in Ruminococcus, Akkermansia, Roseburia, and Lachnoclostridium. A total of 25 potential biomarkers were identified in three groups of rats. These metabolites were primarily involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, glycerol ester metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, primary bile acid synthesis, and tryptophan metabolism. Our study demonstrated that YJP has the potential to alleviate LIDHS by modulating gut microbial and serum metabolic homeostasis. These results establish a foundation and offer valuable guidance for the utilization of YJP in the treatment of LIDHS.

Integrated metabolome-microbiome analysis investigates the different regulations of Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid in young rats with acute pharyngitis compared to adult rats

BACKGROUND

Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid (PDL) is a famous traditional Chinese prescription recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, which is widely used to treat inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract in children and adults. However, the endogenous changes in children and adults with PDL in the treatment of acute pharyngitis remain unclear.

PURPOSE

The differential regulatory roles of PDL in endogenous metabolism and gut microbes in young and adult rats were investigated with a view to providing a preclinical data reference for PDL in medication for children.

METHODS

An acute pharyngitis model was established, and serum levels of inflammatory factors and histopathology were measured. This study simulated the growth and development of children in young rats and explored the endogenous metabolic characteristics and intestinal microbial composition after the intervention of PDL by using serum metabolomic technique and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technique.

RESULTS

The results showed that PDL had therapeutic effects on young and adult rats with acute pharyngitis. Sixteen biomarkers were identified by metabolomics in the serum of young rats and 23 in adult rats. PDL can also affect intestinal microbial diversity and community richness in young and adult rats. Alloprevotella, Allobaculum, Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, and Enterorhabdus were prominent bacteria in young rats. Bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes of the adult rats changed more significantly under the treatment of PDL. In young rats, amino acid metabolism was the primary regulatory mode of PDL, whereas, in adult rats, glycerophospholipid metabolism was studied.

CONCLUSION

The regulation of PDL on the serum metabolite group and intestinal microflora in young rats was different from that in adult rats, indicating the necessity of an independent study on children's medication. PDL may also exert therapeutic effects on young and adult rats by regulating gut microbial homeostasis. The results support the clinical application of PDL.

Dietary neoagarotetraose extends lifespan and impedes brain aging in mice via regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis

INTRODUCTION

Dietary oligosaccharides can impact the gut microbiota and confer tremendous health benefits.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a novel functional oligosaccharide, neoagarotetraose (NAT), on aging in mice.

METHODS

8-month-old C57BL/6J mice as the natural aging mice model were orally administered with NAT for 12 months. The preventive effect of NAT in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice was further evaluated. Aging related indicators, neuropathology, gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecal contents were analyzed.

RESULTS

NAT treatment extended the lifespan of these mice by up to 33.3 %. Furthermore, these mice showed the improved aging characteristics and decreased injuries in cerebral neurons. Dietary NAT significantly delayed DNA damage in the brain, and inhibited reduction of tight junction protein in the colon. A significant increase at gut bacterial genus level (such as Lactobacillus, Butyricimonas, and Akkermansia) accompanied by increasing concentrations of SCFAs in cecal contents was observed after NAT treatment. Functional profiling of gut microbiota composition indicated that NAT treatment regulated the glucolipid and bile acid-related metabolic pathways. Interestingly, NAT treatment ameliorated cognitive impairment, attenuated amyloid-β (Aβ) and Tau pathology, and regulated the gut microbiota composition and SCFAs receptor-related pathway of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice.

CONCLUSION

NAT mitigated age-associated cerebral injury in mice through gut-brain axis. The findings provide novel evidence for the effect of NAT on anti-aging, and highlight the potential application of NAT as an effective intervention against age-related diseases.

Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Age-Related Microbial and Metabolite Alterations in Non-Human Primates

Aging is a systemic physiological degenerative process, with alterations in gut microbiota and host metabolism. However, due to the interference of multiple confounding factors, aging-associated molecular characteristics have not been elucidated completely. Therefore, based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and non-targeted metabolomic detection, our study systematically analyzed the composition and function of the gut microbiome, serum, and fecal metabolome of 36 male rhesus monkeys spanning from 3 to 26 years old, which completely covers juvenile, adult, and old stages. We observed significant correlations between 41 gut genera and age. Moreover, 86 fecal and 49 serum metabolites exhibited significant age-related correlations, primarily categorized into lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. Further results suggested that aging is associated with significant downregulation of various amino acids constituting proteins, elevation of lipids, particularly saturated fatty acids, and steroids. Additionally, age-dependent changes were observed in multiple immune-regulatory molecules, antioxidant stress metabolites, and neurotransmitters. Notably, multiple age-dependent genera showed strong correlations in these changes. Together, our results provided new evidence for changing characteristics of gut microbes and host metabolism during aging. However, more research is needed in the future to verify our findings.

Gut Microbiota Combined with Serum Metabolomics to Investigate the Hypoglycemic Effect of Actinidia arguta Leaves

Actinidia arguta leaves (AAL) are an excellent source of bioactive components for the food industry and possess many functional properties. However, the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of AAL remain unclear. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential hypoglycemic effect of AAL and explore its possible mechanism using 16S rRNA sequencing and serum metabolomics in diabetic mice induced by high-fat feeding in combination with streptozotocin injection. A total of 25 flavonoids from AAL were isolated and characterized, and the contents of the extract from the AAL ranged from 0.14 mg/g DW to 8.97 mg/g DW. The compound quercetin (2) had the highest content of 8.97 ± 0.09 mg/g DW, and the compound kaempferol-3-O-(2'-O-D-glucopyl)-β-D-rutinoside (12) had the lowest content of 0.14 ± 0.01 mg/g DW. In vivo experimental studies showed that AAL reduced blood glucose and cholesterol levels, improved insulin sensitivity, and ameliorated oxidative stress and liver and kidney pathological damage. In addition, gut microbiota analysis found that AAL significantly reduced the F/B ratio, enriched the beneficial bacteria Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, and inhibited the harmful bacteria Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio, thereby playing an active role in intestinal imbalance. In addition, metabolomics analysis showed that AAL could improve amino acid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, thereby exerting a hypoglycemic effect. This study confirmed that AAL can alleviate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by regulating intestinal flora and interfering with related metabolic pathways, providing a scientific basis for its use as a dietary supplement and for further exploration of the mechanism of AAL against T2DM.

Small Extracellular Vesicles Maintain Homeostasis of Senescent Mesenchymal Stem Cells at Least Through Excreting Harmful Lipids

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an essential role in multiple physiological processes in vivo and a promising cell-based therapy for various diseases. Nonetheless, MSCs suffer from senescence with expansion culture, leading to a limitation for their clinical application. Recently, it was reported that small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are involved in regulation of senescence in tumor cells and fibroblasts. However, the biological roles of sEVs in senescent MSCs (Sen MSCs) are poorly understood. In this study, we established a replicative senescence model of MSCs by successive passages and compared the phenotypic changes between presenescent MSCs (Pre-Sen MSCs) and Sen MSCs and found that Sen MSCs exhibited a diminished adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential and elevated senescence-associated secretory phenotype levels. In addition, we found that sEV secretion was increased in Sen MSCs, and inhibition of sEV secretion led to apoptosis, DNA damage, and decreased cell viability, suggesting that increased sEV secretion plays an important role in maintaining Sen MSC homeostasis. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms, metabolomic profiling of Pre-Sen MSC-derived sEVs (Pre-Sen-sEVs) and Sen MSC-derived sEVs (Sen-sEVs) was performed. The results showed that lipid metabolites were significantly increased in Sen-sEVs and these significantly upregulated lipid metabolites were shown to be toxic for inducing cellular senescence and apoptosis in previous studies. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed enrichment of differential metabolites between Pre-Sen-sEVs and Sen-sEVs mainly in 25 signaling pathways, of which 21 metabolic pathways have been shown to be closely associated with senescence. Taken together, our findings suggested that increased sEV secretion maintains Sen MSC homeostasis, at least in part, by excreting harmful lipids, thus providing new insights into the regulation of senescence by sEVs.

Association of Short-Chain Fatty Acids with Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Mice with Diarrhea Induced by High-Fat Diet in a Fatigued State

SCOPE

Preliminary research finds that a high-fat diet (HFD) in a fatigued state triggers diarrhea, but the exact mechanism has not been clarified. To address concerns about the pathogenesis of diarrhea, the study evaluates the composition and metabolomics of the gut microbiota.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The study uses the multiple platform apparatus device to induce fatigue in mice, combined with intragastric administration of lard-caused diarrhea. Subsequently, the characteristics and interaction relationship of gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), inflammatory biomarkers, brain-gut peptides, and lipid metabolism are analyzed at the end of the experiment. HFD in a fatigued state results in a significant increase in interleukin-17, interleukin-6, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, and malondialdehyde content in mice (p < 0.05), along with a substantial decrease in high-density lipoprotein (p < 0.05). Additionally, an HFD in a fatigued state causes changes in the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, with Lactobacillus murinus as its characteristic bacteria, and reduces the production of SCFAs.

CONCLUSIONS

An HFD in a fatigued state triggers diarrhea, possibly associated with gut content microbiota dysbiosis, SCFAs deprivation, increased inflammation, and dysregulated lipid metabolism.

FTZ polysaccharides ameliorate kidney injury in diabetic mice by regulating gut-kidney axis

BACKGROUND

The Fufang-zhenzhu-tiaozhi formula (FTZ), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) commonly used to treat metabolic diseases, potentially impacts the microbial ecosystem. Increasing evidence suggests that polysaccharides, bioactive components of TCMs, have great potential on kinds of diseases such as DKD by regulating intestinal flora.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate whether the polysaccharide components in FTZ (FTZPs) have beneficial effects in DKD mice via the gut-kidney axis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The DKD model in mice was established by streptozotocin combined with a high-fat diet (STZ/HFD). Losartan was used as a positive control, and FTZPs were administered at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg daily. Renal histological changes were measured by H&E and Masson staining. Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyze the effects of FTZPs on renal inflammation and fibrosis, which were further confirmed using RNA sequencing. Immunofluorescence was used to analyze the effects of FTZPs on colonic barrier function in DKD mice. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to evaluate the contribution of intestinal flora. 16S rRNA sequencing was utilized to analyze the composition of intestinal bacteria, and UPLC-QTOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomics was used to identify the metabolite profiles.

RESULTS

Treatment with FTZPs attenuated kidney injury, as indicated by the decreased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and improved renal architecture. FTZPs downregulated the expression of renal genes associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and systematically blunted related pathways. FTZPs also restored the colonic mucosal barrier and increased the expression of tight junction proteins (E-cadherin). The FMT experiment confirmed the substantial contribution of the FTZPs-reshaped microbiota to relieving DKD symptoms. Moreover, FTZPs elevated the content of short-chain fatty acids (propionic acid and butanoic acid) and increased the level of the SCFAs transporter Slc22a19. Intestinal flora disorders caused by diabetes, including the growth of the genera Weissella, Enterococcus and Akkermansia, were inhibited by FTZPs treatment. Spearman's analysis revealed that these bacteria were positively correlated with indicators of renal damage.

CONCLUSION

These results show that oral administration of FTZPs, by altering SCFAs levels and the gut microbiome, is a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of DKD.

Integrated fecal microbiome and metabolome analysis explore the link between polystyrene nanoplastics exposure and male reproductive toxicity in mice

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are novel environmental pollutants that are ubiquitous in the environment and everyday life. NPs can easily enter the tissues and have more significant potential health risks due to their smaller diameter. Previous studies have shown that NPs can induce male reproductive toxicity, but the detailed mechanisms remain uncertain. In this study, intragastric administration treated mice with polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs, 50, and 90 nm) at 3 and 15 mg/mL/day doses for 30 days. Then, the fresh fecal samples were collected from those mice that the exposure doses of 50 nm PS-NPs at 3 mg/mL/day and 90 nm at 15 mg/mL/day for subsequent investigations of 16S rRNA and metabolomics according to significant toxicological effects (Sperm number, viability, abnormality, and testosterone level). The conjoint analysis findings indicated that PS-NPs disrupted the homeostasis of the gut microbiota, metabolism, and male reproduction, suggesting that abnormal gut microbiota-metabolite pathways may be important in PS-NPs-induced male reproductive toxicity. Meanwhile, the common differential metabolites such as 4-deoxy-Erythronic acid, 8-iso-15-keto-PGE2, apo-10'-violaxanthin, beta-D-glucosamine, isokobusone, oleamide, oxoadipic acid, sphingosine induced by 50 and 90 nm PS-NPs might be used as biomarkers to explore PS-NPs-induced male reproductive toxicity. In addition, this study systematically demonstrated that nano-scale PS-NPs induced male reproductive toxicity via the crosstalk of gut microbiota and metabolites. It also provided valuable insights into the toxicity of PS-NPs, which was conducive to reproductive health risk assessment for public health prevention and treatment.

Gut microbiome-mediated mechanisms in aging-related diseases: are probiotics ready for prime time?

Chronic low-grade inflammation affects health and is associated with aging and age-related diseases. Dysregulation of the gut flora is an important trigger for chronic low-grade inflammation. Changes in the composition of the gut flora and exposure to related metabolites have an effect on the inflammatory system of the host. This results in the development of crosstalk between the gut barrier and immune system, contributing to chronic low-grade inflammation and impairment of health. Probiotics can increase the diversity of gut microbiota, protect the gut barrier, and regulate gut immunity, thereby reducing inflammation. Therefore, the use of probiotics is a promising strategy for the beneficial immunomodulation and protection of the gut barrier through gut microbiota. These processes might positively influence inflammatory diseases, which are common in the elderly.

Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi granule ameliorates diabetic kidney disease by the "gut-kidney axis"

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi (YSHS) granule is an effective prescription widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetic kidney disease (DKD), its exact efficacy in treating DKD has been confirmed but the underlying regulatory mechanism has not been fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the mechanism by which YSHS granule regulates intestinal flora and serum metabolites and then regulates renal mRNA expression through the "gut-kidney axis", so as to improve DKD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

40 rats were divided into five groups: Normal group (N) (normal saline), model group (M) (STZ + normal saline), YSHS granule low-dose group (YL) (STZ + 2.27 g kg^-1 d^-1), YSHS granule high-dose group (YH) (STZ + 5.54g kg^-1 d^-1) and valsartan group (V) (STZ + 7.38mg kg^-1 d^-1). After 6 weeks, changes in blood glucose, blood lipids, and renal function related indexes were observed, as well as pathological changes in the kidney and colon. Intestinal microbiota was sequenced by 16S rDNA, serum differential metabolites were identified by LC-MS/MS, and renal differences in mRNA expression were observed by RNA-seq. Further, through the association analysis of intestinal differential microbiota, serum differential metabolites and kidney differential mRNAs, the target flora, target metabolites and target genes of YSHS granule were screened and verified, and the "gut-metabolism-transcription" co-expression network was constructed.

RESULTS

In group M, blood glucose, blood lipid and proteinuria were increased, inflammation, oxidative stress and renal function were aggravated, with the proliferation of mesangial matrix, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubules, accumulation of collagen and lipid, and increased intestinal permeability, and YSHS granule and valsartan improved these disorders to varying degrees. High dose of YSHS granule improved the diversity and abundance of flora, decreased the F/B value, greatly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus_murinus, and decreased the abundance of Prevoella UCG_001. 14 target metabolites of YSHS granule were identified, which were mainly enriched in 20 KEGG pathways, such as Glycerophospholipid metabolism, Sphingolipid metabolism and Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. 96 target mRNAs of YSHS granule were also identified. The enriched top 20 pathways were closely related to glucose and lipid metabolism, of which a total of 21 differential mRNAs were expressed. Further correlation analysis revealed that Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus_murinus and Prevotella UCG_001 were highly correlated with Glycerophospholipid metabolism, Sphingolipid metabolism and Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways. At the same time, 6 pathways including Glycerophospholipid metabolism, Arachidonic acid metabolism, Purine metabolism, Primary bile acid biosynthesis, Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and Galactose metabolism were co-enriched by the target metabolites and the target mRNAs of YSHS granule, including 7 differential metabolites such as phosphatidylethanolamine and 7 differential genes such as Adcy3. The 7 differential metabolites had high predictive value of AUC, and the validation of 7 differential genes were highly consistent with the sequencing results.

CONCLUSION

YSHS granule could improve DKD through the "gut-kidney axis". Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus_murinus were the main driving forces. 6 pathways related to glucose and lipid metabolism, especially Glycerophospholipid metabolism, may be an important follow-up response and regulatory mechanism.

Serum Metabolic Profile in Schizophrenia Patients With Antipsychotic-Induced Constipation and Its relationship With Gut Microbiome

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS

Antipsychotics (APs), the cornerstone of schizophrenia treatment, confer a relatively high risk of constipation. However, the mechanisms underpinning AP-induced constipation are poorly understood. Thus, we hypothesized that (1) schizophrenia patients with AP-induced constipation have distinct metabolic patterns; (2) there is more than one mechanism at play in producing this adverse drug effect; and (3) AP-associated changes in the gut microbiome are related to the altered metabolic profiles.

STUDY DESIGN

Eighty-eight schizophrenia patients, including 44 with constipation (C) and 44 matched patients without constipation (NC), were enrolled in this study. Constipation was diagnosed by Rome IV criteria for constipation and colonic transit time using radiopaque markers (ROMs) while severity was evaluated with the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSS) and Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS). Fasting blood samples were drawn from all participants and were subjected to non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomic analysis.

STUDY RESULTS

Eleven metabolites were significantly altered in AP-induced constipation which primarily disturbed sphingolipid metabolism, choline metabolism, and sphingolipid signaling pathway (P value < .05, FDR < 0.05). In the C group, changes in the gut bacteria showed a certain degree of correlation with 2 of the significantly altered serum metabolites and were associated with alterations in choline metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated that there were disturbances in distinct metabolic pathways that were associated with AP-induced constipation. In addition, this study presents evidence of a link between alterations in the gut microbiome and host metabolism which provides additional mechanistic insights on AP-induced constipation.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates noise-induced cognitive deficits and systemic inflammation in rats by modulating the gut-brain axis

Background

Environmental noise exposure is linked to neuroinflammation and imbalance of the gut microbiota. Promoting gut microbiota homeostasis may be a key factor in relieving the deleterious non-auditory effects of noise. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) intervention on noise-induced cognitive deficits and systemic inflammation in rats.

Methods

Learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze, while 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content. Endothelial tight junction proteins and serum inflammatory mediators were assessed to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms.

Results

The results indicated that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention ameliorated noise-induced memory deterioration, promoted the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria, improved dysregulation of SCFA-producing bacteria, and regulated SCFA levels. Mechanistically, noise exposure led to a decrease in tight junction proteins in the gut and hippocampus and an increase in serum inflammatory mediators, which were significantly alleviated by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention.

Conclusion

Taken together, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention reduced gut bacterial translocation, restored gut and blood-brain barrier functions, and improved gut bacterial balance in rats exposed to chronic noise, thereby protecting against cognitive deficits and systemic inflammation by modulating the gut-brain axis.

The traditional Chinese medicine and non-small cell lung cancer: from a gut microbiome perspective

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most serious diseases affecting human health today, and current research is focusing on gut flora. There is a correlation between intestinal flora imbalance and lung cancer, but the specific mechanism is not clear. Based on the "lung and large intestine being interior-exteriorly related" and the "lung-intestinal axis" theory. Here, based on the theoretical comparisons of Chinese and western medicine, we summarized the regulation of intestinal flora in NSCLC by active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese herbal compounds and their intervention effects, which is conducive to providing new strategies and ideas for clinical prevention and treatment of NSCLC.

Exploring the mechanism of Taohong Siwu Decoction on the treatment of blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome by gut microbiota combined with metabolomics

BACKGROUND

Taohong Siwu Decoction (THSWD) is a prescription which included in the "List of Ancient Classic Prescriptions (First Batch)" issued by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the National Medical Products Administration of the People's Republic of China. THSWD is effective and widely applied clinically for many diseases caused by blood deficiency and stasis syndrome in TCM, such as primary dysmenorrhea, menopausal syndrome, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, and diabetes.

METHODS

The TCM model of blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome was prepared by ice water bath combined with cyclophosphamide, and the rats were randomly divided into control group, blood deficiency, and blood stasis model group, positive group, and THSWD treatment group. Pharmacodynamics measured the blood routine, blood coagulation, and other related indexes in rats. UHPLC-MS technology was used to analyze the changes in the fingerprints of metabolites in the plasma of rats with blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome, and combined with mass spectrometry information and public database retrieval, to find potential biomarkers for screening metabolites. At the same time, 16S rDNA sequencing technology was used to identify intestinal flora, and statistical analysis was used to find differences in strain diversity between groups.

RESULTS

THSWD administration can significantly improve the physical signs, blood routine, and hematopoietic factors caused by the blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome model, and improve the symptoms of blood deficiency. The results of the general pharmacological studies showed THSWD groups improved changes in blood plasma viscosity and coagulation-related factors caused by modeling, and improved coagulation function significantly. The metabolomic analysis found that compared to the model group, THSWD exerted better effects on β-alanine, taurine, L-tyrosine, L-arginine, Eugenol, sodium deoxycholate, and deethylatrazine. Twenty-three potential differential metabolites showed intervention effects, mainly involved in eight metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, vitamin metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Gut microbiota data showed that, compared to the control group, the relative abundance and value of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota of the blood deficiency and blood stasis model group was significantly reduced, while the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Spirochaetota, Proteobacteria, Campilobacterota, and other pathogenic bacteria was significantly increased. Following THSWD intervention, the abundance of beneficial bacteria increased, and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria decreased. Correlation analysis between the gut microbiota and differential metabolites showed that the two are closely related. THSWD affected the host blood system through mutual adjustment of these two factors, and improved blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in rats.

CONCLUSION

The blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome model of TCM disease caused by ice bath combined with cyclophosphamide lead to changes in the pharmacology, metabolomics, and gut microbiota. The intervention of THSWD can improve the symptoms caused by blood deficiency and blood stasis. The mechanism is mainly through the regulation of platelet function and amino acid metabolism.

A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies of the Efficacy of Herbal Medicines for Anti-Aging in the Last Five Years

BACKGROUND

The world's population is rapidly aging, and attention to and research on the increase in life expectancy and age-related diseases are needed. This study aimed to review the in vivo studies on the anti-aging effects of herbal medicines.

METHODS

In vivo studies of single or complex herbal medicines for anti-aging that were published in the last five years were included in this review. The following databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and EMBASE.

RESULTS

A total of 41 studies were considered eligible for the review. The articles were classified into body organs and functions, experimental country, herbal medicine, extraction method, administration route, dosage, duration, animal model, aging-induced method, sex, number of animals per group, and outcomes and mechanisms A single herbal extract was used in a total of 21 studies including Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., Acanthopanax senticosus and Lyceum barbarum, and a multi-compound herbal prescription was used in a total of 20 studies, including Modified Qiongyu paste, Wuzi Yanzong recipe, etc. Each herbal medicine had anti-aging effects on learning and memory, cognition, emotion, internal organs, gastrointestinal tracts, sexual functions, musculoskeletal function and so on. The common mechanisms of action were antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, and various effects and mechanisms for each organ and function were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Herbal medicine exhibited beneficial effects on anti-aging in various parts of the body and its function. Further investigation of the appropriate herbal medicine prescriptions and their components is recommended.

Modulatory Effect of Fermented Black Soybean and Adlay on Gut Microbiota Contributes to Healthy Aging

SCOPE

Aging is a natural process characterized by a multifactorial, physical decline, and functional disability. Nevertheless, healthy aging can be achieved by following a multidirectional strategy. The current study aims to investigate the anti-aging potential of fermented black soybean and adlay (FBA).

METHODS AND RESULTS

FBA supplements are incorporated into a natural aging mouse model that is designed to evaluate anti-aging effects. Results show that FBA supplementation prevents muscle loss and visceral adipose tissue accumulation. FBA can also reduce aging biomarkers (including the expression of hepatic p16^INK4A and galactosidase beta-1 (GLB1). Hepatic 8-hydoxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and pro-inflammatory cytokines have been significantly reduced. Lastly, FBA supplementation improves aging-related gut microbial dysbiosis by reshaping gut microbial composition and promoting the growth of beneficial microbes such as Alistipes, Anaeroplasma, Coriobacteriaceae UCG002, and Parvibacter members in both genders of aged mice. In the functional prediction of gut microbiota, correlations to metabolic, neurodegenerative, infectious, and immune system diseases have been reduced in supplemented mice compared to aged mice. Moreover, FBA supplementation can reverse the reduced ability of microbiota in aged mice for lipid metabolism and xenobiotics biodegradation.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that FBA exhibits noteworthy anti-aging effects and that it can potentially be developed into a functional food for healthy aging.

Fu Fang Zhen Zhu Tiao Zhi Capsules Protect against Myocardial Ischemia by Inhibiting Cardiomyocyte Pyroptosis

BACKGROUND

Fu Fang Zhen Zhu Tiao Zhi (FTZ) is a traditional Chinese herbal prescription widely used to treat dyslipidemia, metabolic diseases, and diabetic coronary disorders. Cardiomyocyte death and loss of regenerative ability cause cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. FTZ can effectively treat diabetic cardiomyopathy and macrovascular diseases; however, the mechanism behind the phenomenon is still unclear. Here, we determined the mechanism of action of FTZ in treating myocardial infarction.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with 2.4 or 1.2 g/kg FTZ, or administered saline by oral gavage daily for four weeks, and a 24-hour ligation was administered to the artery. Echocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function. Hematoxylin and eosin and Evans blue/triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were carried out by staining the cardiac tissue, used to evaluate cardiac function and infarct size. Using western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we determined the relative levels of NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP) 3, ASC, cleaved caspase-l (C-Caspase-1), GSDMD, and GSDMD-N. TUNEL, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine cell death and NLRP3 expression. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18.

RESULTS

FTZ reduced ischemia-induced cardiomyocyte cell death in vivo and H₂O₂-induced cell death in vitro by maintaining cardiac architecture and restoring cardiac function. FTZ decreased the NLRP3 expression and inhibited pyroptosis-correlated genes, including NLRP3, ASC, GSDMD, C-Caspase-1, and GSDMD-N. NLRP3 overexpression impaired the efficacy of FTZ by inducing pyroptosis.

CONCLUSION

FTZ could preserve cardiac function resulting from ischemic insult by inhibiting pyroptosis, which was partially reversed by NLRP3 overexpression, indicating that NLRP3 could be a potential target of FTZ in treating myocardial infarction.

Apolipoprotein E knockout may affect cognitive function in D-galactose-induced aging mice through the gut microbiota–brain axis

The gut microbiota plays an important role in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) can affect the composition of the gut microbiota and is closely related to the CNS. However, the mechanism by which ApoE affects cognitive dysfunction through the gut microbiota–brain axis has thus far not been investigated. In this study, we used wild-type mice and ApoE knockout (ApoE^–/–) mice to replicate the aging model and examined the effects of ApoE deletion on cognitive function, hippocampal ultrastructure, synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in aging mice. We also explored whether ApoE deletion affects the gut microbiota and the metabolite profile of the hippocampus in aging mice and finally examined the effect of ApoE deletion on lipids and oxidative stress in aging mice. The results showed that the deletion of ApoE aggravated cognitive dysfunction, hippocampal synaptic ultrastructural damage and dysregulation of SYP and PSD-95 expression in aging mice. Furthermore, ApoE deletion reduced gut microbial makeup in aging mice. Further studies showed that ApoE deletion altered the hippocampal metabolic profile and aggravated dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in aging mice. In brief, our findings suggest that loss of ApoE alters the composition of the gut microbiota, which in turn may affect cognitive function in aging mice through the gut microbiota–brain axis.

Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Fufang-Zhenzhu-Tiaozhi Capsule Attenuates Hypertension Induced by a High-Fructose and High-Salt Diet

Hypertension is frequently comorbid with the disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. The increased intakes of fructose and salt contribute to the development of hypertension and related metabolic disorders, which are closely associated with gut dysbiosis. Fufang-Zhenzhu-Tiaozhi capsule (FTZ), a traditional Chinese patent medicine commonly used in clinical practice, has recently emerged as a promising drug candidate for metabolic diseases. In this study, FTZ treatment is identified as attenuating blood pressure increase and improving the metabolism of lipid and uric acid in high-fructose and high-salt (HFS) diet-fed rats. FTZ also substantially alleviated renal fibrosis and the mRNA expression of inflammation cytokines, NADPH oxidases, and the renin–angiotensin system in the renal cortex. 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples revealed that FTZ restored HFS-induced gut dysbiosis, seen as increased intestinal microbial richness and diversity. Furthermore, fecal microbiota transplantation also achieved similar therapeutic effects and alterations in gut microbiota profile induced by FTZ. Taken together, this study highlights the efficacy of FTZ in attenuating HFS-induced hypertension and related metabolic disorders and renal injury. The antihypertensive effect is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota.

The Chinese medicine Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi capsule protects against atherosclerosis by suppressing EndMT via modulating Akt1/β-catenin signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi (FTZ) is a traditional Chinese herbal prescription that has been used to treat dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes and its complications in the clinic for almost ten years. Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the key driver of atherosclerosis. However, the effects of FTZ on endothelial dysfunction and EndMT remain unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the therapeutic effects of FTZ against EndMT and the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An in vivo model of atherosclerosis was established by feeding ApoE^-/- mice with a high-fat diet (HFD). The body weight, lipid levels, plaque area, lipid deposition and EndMT were evaluated using standard assays 12 weeks after intragastric administration of FTZ and simvastatin. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to simulate EndMT in vitro. The degree of EndMT was assessed after treating the cells with FTZ or transfection with si-Akt1. The expression levels of genes involved in EndMT were quantified by real-time PCR or western blotting.

RESULTS

FTZ ameliorated dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction in the atherosclerotic mice. In addition, FTZ reduced body weight and the total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein levels, and increased that of high-density lipoproteins. FTZ also upregulated the expression of endothelial markers (CD31 and VE-cadherin) and decreased that of mesenchymal markers (ɑ-SMA and FSP1), indicating that it inhibits EndMT. Knocking down Akt1 exacerbated EndMT and reversed the therapeutic effect of FTZ.

CONCLUSION

FTZ delayed atherosclerosis by inhibiting EndMT via the Akt1/β-catenin pathway.

Liuwei Dihuang Decoction Alleviates Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice With D-Galactose-Induced Aging by Regulating Lipid Metabolism and Oxidative Stress via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Background

Aging is an important cause of cognitive dysfunction. Liuwei Dihuang decoction (LW), a commonly applied Chinese medicine formula, is widely used for the treatment of aging-related diseases in China. Previously, LW was confirmed to be effective in prolonging life span and reducing oxidative stress in aged mice. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanism of LW remains unclear. The aim of this study was to interpret the mechanism by which LW alleviates cognitive dysfunction related to aging from the perspective of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Method

All C57BL/6 mice (n = 60) were randomly divided into five groups: the control, model, vitamin E (positive control group), low-dose LW and high-dose LW groups (n = 12 in each group). Except for those in the control group, D-galactose was subcutaneously injected into mice in the other groups to induce the aging model. The antiaging effect of LW was evaluated by the water maze test, electron microscopy, 16S rRNA sequencing, combined LC–MS and GC–MS metabolomics, and ELISA.

Results

Liuwei Dihuang decoction ameliorated cognitive dysfunction and hippocampal synaptic ultrastructure damage in aging mice. Moreover, LW decreased Proteobacteria abundance and increased gut microbiota diversity in aging mice. Metabolomic analysis showed that LW treatment was associated with the significantly differential abundance of 14 metabolites, which were mainly enriched in apelin signaling, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid and other metabolic pathways. Additionally, LW affected lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in aging mice. Finally, we also found that LW-regulated microbial species such as Proteobacteria and Fibrobacterota had potential relationships with lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and hippocampal metabolites.

Conclusion

In brief, LW improved cognitive function in aging mice by regulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress through restoration of the homeostasis of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Excess Growth Hormone Alters the Male Mouse Gut Microbiome in an Age-dependent Manner

The gut microbiome has an important role in host development, metabolism, growth, and aging. Recent research points toward potential crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis. Our laboratory previously showed that GH excess and deficiency are associated with an altered gut microbial composition in adult mice. Yet, no study to date has examined the influence of GH on the gut microbiome over time. Our study thus tracked the effect of excess GH action on the longitudinal changes in the gut microbial profile (ie, abundance, diversity/maturity, predictive metabolic function, and short-chain fatty acid [SCFA] levels) of bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice at age 3, 6, and 12 months compared to littermate controls in the context of metabolism, intestinal phenotype, and premature aging. The bGH mice displayed age-dependent changes in microbial abundance, richness, and evenness. Microbial maturity was significantly explained by genotype and age. Moreover, several bacteria (ie, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibaculum), predictive metabolic pathways (such as SCFA, vitamin B12, folate, menaquinol, peptidoglycan, and heme B biosynthesis), and SCFA levels (acetate, butyrate, lactate, and propionate) were consistently altered across all 3 time points, differentiating the longitudinal bGH microbiome from controls. Of note, the bGH mice also had significantly impaired intestinal fat absorption with increased fecal output. Collectively, these findings suggest that excess GH alters the gut microbiome in an age-dependent manner with distinct longitudinal microbial and predicted metabolic pathway signatures.

Aqueous extract from Astragalus membranaceus can improve the function degradation and delay aging on Drosophila melanogaster through antioxidant mechanism

Astragali radix is the dry root of the leguminous plants Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. Var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao and Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. Astragali radix is mostly used clinically as a decoction. A number of pharmacological studies shows that Astragalus extract can increase telomerase activity, and has anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, anti-cancer, lowering blood lipid, lowering blood sugar and other effects. However, the anti-aging mechanism of aqueous extract from Astragali Radix (ARE) is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anti-aging effect of ARE on Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) and investigated the underlying mechanism. The results of lifespan assay showed that 1.25 mg/mL of ARE can significantly prolong the lifespan of D. melanogaster in a natural aging model, and protect against H2O2 and paraquat. Meanwhile, ARE can improve flies climbing ability and food intake. Metabolomics and the glutamate content assay suggested that ARE prevented an age-dependent increase in glutamate levels in D. melanogaster. Furthermore, ARE showed a dose-dependent effect on the scavenging ability of DPPH in vitro. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the aging group also increased after the intervention of ARE. The data and the findings described here support the notion that ARE may play a preventive role in aging by improving the climbing ability, eliminating harmful free radicals accumulated in D. melanogaster and triggering antioxidant responses.

Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi Capsule Prevents Intestinal Inflammation and Barrier Disruption in Mice With Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become a major cause of liver transplantation and liver-associated death. Targeting the gut-liver axis is a potential therapy for NASH. The Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi (FTZ) capsule, a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in clinical practice, has recently emerged as a promising drug candidate for metabolic diseases such as NASH. The present study aimed to investigate whether FTZ exerts an anti-NASH effect by targeting the gut-liver axis. Mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks to induce NASH. HFD-fed mice were daily intragastrically administrated with FTZ at 10 weeks after tbe initiation of HFD feeding. The mRNA levels of genes associated with the intestinal tight junction, lipid metabolism, and inflammation were determined by the q-PCR assay. Hepatic pathology was evaluated by H&E staining. The gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. FTZ attenuated HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in mice. FTZ treatment decreased the elevated levels of serum aminotransferases and liver triglyceride in NASH mice. Furthermore, FTZ treatment reduced hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in mice. In addition, FTZ attenuated the intestinal inflammatory response and improved intestinal barrier function. Mechanistically, FTZ-treated mice showed a different gut microbiota composition compared with that in HFD-fed mice. Finally, we identified eight differential metabolites that may contribute to the improvement of NASH with FTZ treatment. In summary, FTZ ameliorates NASH by inhibiting gut inflammation, improving intestinal barrier function, and modulating intestinal microbiota composition.

Walnut green husk ethanol extract improves gut microbiota and their metabolites associated with NLRP3 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Increasing studies have shown that walnut green husk (WGH) has obvious effects on reducing lipid, resisting oxidation, and protecting the liver. However, the mechanism by which WGH can prevent high-fat diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of WGH ethanol extract (WGHE) on NLRP3-related biochemical indicators and the diversity and metabolism of gut microbiota in HFD-induced NASH rats. WGHE was administered to HFD-induced NASH rats for 6 weeks. The results showed that WGHE could decrease the levels of blood and liver TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, and ALT and the levels of liver indices, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, FFA, VLDL, caspase-1, ASC, and NLRP3, while it could increase the levels of HDL-C. The pathological damage to liver tissues was significantly reduced. Moreover, WGHE could reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and the relative abundances of potentially harmful bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae and Christensenellaceae, and increase that of potentially beneficial bacteria, such as norank_f__Muribaculaceae. These bacteria were associated with NASH and most of them were significantly associated. A total of 23 gut bacteria and 31 metabolites were significantly altered by HFD, which was reversed by WGHE. The common functional pathways, including lipid metabolism and steroid biosynthesis, were identified through the analysis of KEGG metabolic pathways. In addition, the changes in gut microbiota, such as unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae, unclassified_g__Blautia, and unclassified_g__Desulfovibrio, were associated with the changes in key intestinal metabolites, such as arachidonoyl amine, xanthine, and 25,26-epoxy-1α-hydroxyvitamin D3. In conclusion, WGHE could mitigate HFD-induced NASH in rats by interfering with the NLRP3-related gut microbiota and their metabolites.

The Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula FTZ Protects against Cardiac Fibrosis by Suppressing the TGFβ1-Smad2/3 Pathway

Background

Fu fang Zhen Zhu Tiao Zhi (FTZ) is a patented preparation of Chinese herbal medicine that has been used as a natural medicine to treat several chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease. However, its effects on cardiac fibrosis remain unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of FTZ in treating cardiac fibrosis.

Methods

FTZ was administered to mice by oral gavage daily at a dosage of 1.2 g/kg or 2.4 g/kg of body weight for 7 weeks after a transverse aorta constriction (TAC) surgery. Doppler echocardiography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and Masson's trichrome staining were used to assess the effect of FTZ on the cardiac structure and function of mice that had undergone TAC. EdU and wound-healing assays were performed to measure the proliferative and migratory abilities of cardiac fibroblasts. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to determine the expression of TGFβ1, Col1A2, Col3, and α-SMA proteins and mRNA levels.

Results

FTZ treatment reduced collagen synthesis, attenuated cardiac fibrosis, and improved cardiac function in mice subjected to TAC. Moreover, FTZ treatment prevented the proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts and reduced Ang-II-induced collagen synthesis. Furthermore, FTZ downregulated the expression of TGFβ1, p-smad2, and p-smad3 and inhibited the TGFβ1-Smad2/3 pathway in the setting of cardiac fibrosis.

Conclusion

FTZ alleviated the proliferation and migration of cardiac fibroblasts and suppressed collagen synthesis via the TGFβ1-Smad2/3 pathway during the progression of cardiac fibrosis. These findings indicated the therapeutic potential of FTZ in treating cardiac fibrosis.