Pleotropic Effects of Polyphenols in Cardiovascular System

Unscrambling the cellular and molecular threads of Neuroplasticity: Insights into Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is predominantly the most recurring and devastating neurological condition among the elderly population, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau proteins, and is accompanied by progressive decline of learning and memory. Due to its complex and multifactorial etiology, a wide variety of therapeutic interventions have been developed. Despite constant advancements in the field, effective treatments that ameliorate the severity of Alzheimer's symptoms or cease their progression are still insufficient. Mounting evidence suggests that synaptic dysfunction could be an essential component of AD pathogenesis as synapse signaling is impaired in the aging brain, which contributes to synaptic decline. Therefore, improving neuroplasticity such as synaptic plasticity or neurogenesis could be a promising therapeutic approach for alleviating the effects of AD. This article reviews the cellular and molecular threads of neuroplasticity as well as targets that restore neuronal survival and plasticity to provide functional recoveries, including receptors, downstream signaling pathways, ion channels, transporters, enzymes, and neurotrophic factors.

Myricetin alleviates high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by regulating bile acid metabolism involved in gut microbiota remodeling

Atherosclerosis poses a significant threat to global health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of myricetin (MYR) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Our findings demonstrated that MYR treatment significantly reduced the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, particularly at a high dose of 100 mg kg-1 day-1. Additionally, MYR markedly attenuated lipid metabolism disorders in ApoE-/- mice by decreasing body weight, improving serum lipid profiles, and reducing lipid deposition. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that MYR treatment enhanced the abundance of probiotic g_Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136, while it reduced that of obesity-associated genera, including Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Alistipes. Metabolomic analysis and RT-qPCR tests indicated that MYR upregulated hepatic bile acid biosynthesis, evidenced by increased total bile acid levels and enhanced expression of key enzymes CYP7A1 and CYP8B1, particularly through the classical biosynthetic pathway. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed strong associations between the regulated bile acids and these aforementioned bacteria. Therefore, our results demonstrated that MYR exerts an anti-atherosclerotic effect by modulating the gut-liver axis.

Flavonoids and flavonoid-based nanoparticles for the treatment of arthritis

Arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that predominantly causes inflammation and impacts peripheral joints. Even though immunosuppressive and NSAIDs or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines are implemented for the management of this disorder, sbut they carry some severe side effects along with them. Therefore, society requires treatment with fewer side effects and powerful anti-arthritic properties, such as flavonoids. These are the most prevalent phenolic compounds found in nature that have potent antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activity and there are several bioactive flavonoids that carry potent anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, only a handful has reached their clinical use. Still, in both clinical and preclinical models of arthritis, flavonoids found in the diet have been shown to reduce swelling in joints and arthritis symptoms. There are only a few scientific studies regarding their mechanisms of action in arthritis. However, the arthritic potential of dietary flavonoids is insufficient because of their limited solubility, absorption, and fast metabolism. Nanocarriers may enhance the bioavailability of flavonoids. This review examines the therapeutic effects of the most prevalent and abundant flavonoid groups on arthritis. Specifically, the modes of action of the most important flavonoids on the chemical messengers in the body that contribute to the signalling of joint inflammation-related indicators of arthritis are discussed in more detail.

Interplay Between Polyphenols and Autophagy: Insights From an Aging Perspective

The relationship between polyphenols and autophagy, particularly in the context of aging, presents a promising avenue for therapeutic interventions in age-related diseases. A decline in autophagy is associated with aging-related affections, and an increasing number of studies suggest that this enhancement is linked to cellular resilience and longevity. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of autophagy in cellular homeostasis and the potential of polyphenols to modulate autophagic pathways. We revised the most updated literature regarding the modulatory effects of polyphenols on autophagy in cardiovascular, liver, and kidney diseases, highlighting their therapeutic potential. We highlight the role of polyphenols as modulators of autophagy to combat age-related diseases, thus contributing to improving the quality of life in aging populations. A better understanding of the interplay of autophagy between autophagy and polyphenols will help pave the way for future research and clinical applications in the field of longevity medicine.

Impact of Dietary Fiber on Inflammation in Humans

Cohort studies consistently show that a high intake of cereal fiber and whole-grain products is associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Similar findings are also reported for infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders. All these disorders are at least partially caused by inflammaging, a chronic state of inflammation associated with aging and Metabolic Syndrome. Surprisingly, insoluble (cereal) fiber intake consistently shows stronger protective associations with most long-term health outcomes than soluble fiber. Most humans consume soluble fiber mainly from sweet fruits, which usually come with high levels of sugar, counteracting the potentially beneficial effects of fiber. In both observational and interventional studies, high-fiber diets show a beneficial impact on inflammation, which can be attributed to a variety of nutrients apart from dietary fiber. These confounders need to be considered when evaluating the effects of fiber as part of complex dietary patterns. When assessing specific types of fiber, inulin and resistant starch clearly elicit anti-inflammatory short-term effects, while results for pectins, beta-glucans, or psyllium turn out to be less convincing. For insoluble fiber, promising but sparse data have been published so far. Hypotheses on putative mechanisms of anti-inflammatory fiber effects include a direct impact on immune cells (e.g., for pectin), fermentation to pleiotropic short-chain fatty acids (for fermentable fiber only), modulation of the gut microbiome towards higher levels of diversity, changes in bile acid metabolism, a differential release of gut hormones (such as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)), and an improvement of insulin resistance via the mTOR/S6K1 signaling cascade. Moreover, the contribution of phytate-mediated antioxidative and immune-modulatory means of action needs to be considered. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on the impact of fiber-rich diets and dietary fiber on the human inflammatory system. However, given the huge heterogeneity of study designs, cohorts, interventions, and outcomes, definite conclusions on which fiber to recommend to whom cannot yet be drawn.

Agri-Food Wastes as Natural Source of Bioactive Antioxidants-Third Edition

The current food systems are now unsustainable due to population growth, globalization, and climate change, contributing to environmental degradation and social inequalities [...].

Endothelial-Protective Actions of Diethylether Extract from Gentiana kochiana and Xanthone Gentiacaulein Against Oxidized LDL-Induced Injury-In Vitro Evaluation

Endothelial dysfunction is an early pathophysiological event in atherosclerosis. The endothelial-protective abilities of diethylether extract (EE) from the Gentiana kochiana (Gentianaceae) herb and its main component, xanthone aglycone gentiacaulein (GC), were evaluated in an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-treated EA.hy926 endothelial cell line. The EE and GC actions were assessed using cell viability assays, flow cytometry, immunoblot, DPPH, NBT, TBARS, conjugated diene formation, and Griess tests. Both EE and GC prevented oxLDL-induced apoptosis by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial depolarization, and caspase activation in EA.hy926 cells. EE and GC dose-dependently diminished oxLDL-induced cellular lipid peroxidation. In cell-free conditions, EE moderately scavenged superoxide anions and had no affinity toward DPPH radicals, GC did not interact with either of investigated free radicals, while both EE and GC effectively delayed Cu²⁺-induced LDL oxidation. EE and GC upregulated oxLDL-suppressed protective Akt/CREB/eNOS and ERK signals and restored oxLDL-reduced nitric oxide levels. Therefore, EE and GC effectively counteract oxLDL-induced endothelial apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress, promoting mitochondrial recovery, and enhancing the prosurvival Akt/CREB/eNOS axis and ERK activity. Our study is the first to demonstrate that xanthone-rich EE from aerial parts of G. kochiana and xanthone GC alleviate oxLDL-induced endothelial cell injury, underscoring their potential for cardiovascular protection.

Targeting gut microbiota to regulate the adaptive immune response in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to the accumulation of lipid-rich plaques in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. Accumulating evidence indicates the important regulatory role of the adaptive immune system in atherosclerosis during all stages of the disease. The gut microbiome has also become a key regulator of atherosclerosis and immunomodulation. Whilst existing research extensively explores the impact of the microbiome on the innate immune system, only a handful of studies have explored the regulatory capacity of the microbiome on the adaptive immune system to modulate atherogenesis. Building on these concepts and the pitfalls on the gut microbiota and adaptive immune response interaction, this review explores potential strategies to therapeutically target the microbiome, including the use of prebiotics and vaccinations, which could influence the adaptive immune response and consequently plaque composition and development.

A Comparative Study of the Biological Properties of Eugenia uniflora L. Fruits and Leaves Related to the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death globally, emphasizing the need for effective preventive strategies. Plant-based foods, rich in phytochemicals, offer a promising potential in CVD prevention. This study investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties of two Eugenia uniflora L. varieties (orange and purple pitanga) and their leaves. Their antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity assays, while their antihypertensive activity was evaluated through angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. Their anti-inflammatory potential was determined via protein denaturation inhibition. Both fruit varieties exhibited similar bioactivities, with the purple variety showing a slightly higher activity, except in the DPPH and ABTS assays. The leaves consistently demonstrated the lowest activities across all assays. Free polyphenols, dominated by gallic acid, were quantified using µ-QuEChERS followed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-PDA). The orange variety contained the highest concentration of gallic acid (13.1 mg/100 g DW). These findings highlight the potential of Eugenia uniflora L. extracts as natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive agents, suggesting their value in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications for promoting human health and preventing CVDs.

On-vine drying (passérillage) improves the quality of "Hutai No. 8" table grape wine: Focusing on phenolics, aromas, color and sensory attributes

On-vine drying (passérillage) was employed for Hutai No.8 table grapes with different water loss rates and that are used for winemaking to alter the qualities of wine. Results showed that on-vine drying increased sugar content, thereby elevating alcohol and glycerol contents in the resulting wine. A moderate drying treatment (D2, 18 % water loss) produced wine with optimal red color characteristics. The D2 wine contained abundant individual phenolics such as caffeic acid, salicylic acid, resveratrol, p-coumaric acid, and proanthocyanidin B1, which exhibited strong positive correlations with color parameters (a⁎, C*ab and △E*ab). Similar trends were observed in aroma compounds, with ethyl acetate, ethyl caproate, diethyl succinate, geraniol, linalool, 4-terpinenol, α-terpineol, and β-ionone contents showing significant increment in D2, aligning with enhanced sensory evaluations of wines. Thus, improvement of wine quality can be achieved through moderate on-vine drying (18 % water loss)，serving as a valuable reference for table grape winemaking.

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Update on Emerging Pathological Mechanisms

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a notable consequence of diabetes mellitus, distinguished by cardiac dysfunction that occurs separately from coronary artery disease or hypertension. A recent study has revealed an intricate interaction of pathogenic processes that contribute to DCM. Important aspects involve the dysregulation of glucose metabolism, resulting in heightened oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial function. In addition, persistent high blood sugar levels stimulate inflammatory pathways, which contribute to the development of heart fibrosis and remodelling. Additionally, changes in the way calcium is managed and the presence of insulin resistance are crucial factors in the formation and advancement of DCM. This may be due to the involvement of many molecular mechanistic pathways such as NLRP3, NF-κB, PKC, and MAPK with their downstream associated signaling pathways. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of these newly identified pathogenic pathways is crucial in order to design precise therapy approaches that can enhance the results for individuals suffering from diabetes. In addition, this review offers an in-depth review of not just pathogenic pathways and molecular mechanistic pathways but also diagnostic methods, treatment options, and clinical trials.

Exploring Therapeutic Strategies: The Relationship between Metabolic Disorders and FOXO Signalling in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is an ailment that is linked with the degeneration of the brain cells, and this illness is the main cause of dementia. Metabolic stress affects the activity of the brain in AD via FOXO signaling. The occurrence of AD will significantly surge as the world's population ages, along with lifestyle changes perceived in current decades, indicating a main contributor to such augmented prevalence. Similarly, metabolic disorders of current adulthood, such as obesity, stroke, and diabetes mellitus, have been observed as the risk-causing factors of AD. Environmental influences induce genetic mutations that result in the development of several diseases. Metabolic disorders develop when individuals are exposed to an environment where food is easily accessible and requires minimal energy expenditure. Obesity and diabetes are among the most significant worldwide health concerns. Obesity arises because of an imbalance between the amount of energy consumed and the amount of energy expended, which is caused by both behavioral and physiological factors. Obesity, insulin resistance syndrome, hypertension, and inflammation are factors that contribute to the worldwide risk of developing diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases. FOXO transcription factors are preserved molecules that play an important part in assorted biological progressions, precisely in aging as well as metabolism. Apoptosis, cell division and differentiation, oxidative stress, metabolism, and lifespan are among the physiological processes that the FOXO proteins are adept at controlling. In this review, we explored the correlation between signaling pathways and the cellular functions of FOXO proteins. We have also summarized the intricate role of FOXO in AD, with a focus on metabolic stress, and discussed the prospect of FOXO as a molecular link between AD and metabolic disorders.

The potential cardioprotective bioactive compounds in fermented alcoholic beverages: Mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities in beer and wine

Excessive alcohol consumption is detrimental to human health, and it is implicated in the development of heart disease, stroke, and cancer. However, the last few decades have given rise to epidemiological evidence suggesting that low-to-moderate consumption of red wine and beer may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown that moderate consumption of wine and beer protects against ischemic stroke, increases HDL plasma concentrations, and reduces platelet aggregation and insulin resistance. This cardioprotective effect has previously been attributed to phytochemicals in these beverages. This narrative review explores these potential cardioprotective phytochemicals and the underlying mechanisms responsible. Data from trials investigating the effect of alcoholic beverage consumption and in vitro analyses of the bioactive phytochemical compounds are reviewed. The potential of dealcoholized beverages is also explored. The literature shows that the cardioprotective effects observed with moderate alcohol consumption are mainly owing to the presence of anti-inflammatory polyphenolic and bioactive substances including lipophilic molecules present in low but biologically significant quantities. These phytochemicals are obtained from the raw materials and generated during the brewing processes. Studies indicate that dealcoholized variants of beer and wine also possess beneficial health effects, indicating that these effects are not alcohol dependent. There is also growing interest in dealcoholized beverages that are fortified or enhanced with cardioprotective properties. The development of such beverages is an important avenue of future research so that there are options for consumers who wish to enjoy wine and beer safely.

Unveiling the Complexities: Exploring Mechanisms of Anthracyclineinduced Cardiotoxicity

The coexistence of cancer and heart disease, both prominent causes of illness and death, is further exacerbated by the detrimental impact of chemotherapy. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is an unfortunate side effect of highly effective therapy in treating different types of cancer; it presents a significant challenge for both clinicians and patients due to the considerable risk of cardiotoxicity. Despite significant progress in understanding these mechanisms, challenges persist in identifying effective preventive and therapeutic strategies, rendering it a subject of continued research even after three decades of intensive global investigation. The molecular targets and signaling pathways explored provide insights for developing targeted therapies, emphasizing the need for continued research to bridge the gap between preclinical understanding and clinical applications. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the intricate mechanisms underlying anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, elucidating the interplay of various signaling pathways leading to adverse cellular events, including cardiotoxicity and death. It highlights the extensive involvement of pathways associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and cellular stress responses, offering insights into potential and unexplored targets for therapeutic intervention in mitigating anthracycline-induced cardiac complications. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between anthracyclines and these complexes signaling pathways is crucial for developing strategies to prevent or mitigate the associated cardiotoxicity. Further research is needed to outline the specific contributions of these pathways and identify potential therapeutic targets to improve the safety and efficacy of anthracycline-based cancer treatment. Ultimately, advancements in understanding anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity mechanisms will facilitate the development of more efficacious preventive and treatment approaches, thereby improving outcomes for cancer patients undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy.

Nrf2 and Ferroptosis: Exploring Translational Avenues for Therapeutic Approaches to Neurological Diseases

Nrf2, a crucial protein involved in defense mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, plays a significant role in neurological diseases (NDs) by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. NDs, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, and autism, exhibit ferroptosis, iron-dependent regulated cell death resulting from lipid and iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Nrf2 has been shown to play a critical role in regulating ferroptosis in NDs. Age-related decline in Nrf2 expression and its target genes (HO-1, Nqo-1, and Trx) coincides with increased iron-mediated cell death, leading to ND onset. The modulation of iron-dependent cell death and ferroptosis by Nrf2 through various cellular and molecular mechanisms offers a potential therapeutic pathway for understanding the pathological processes underlying these NDs. This review emphasizes the mechanistic role of Nrf2 and ferroptosis in multiple NDs, providing valuable insights for future research and therapeutic approaches.

The effects of prune products consumption on anthropometric measurements and blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

The positive impact of prunes on body measurements and blood pressure has been suggested in previous research.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this extensive meta-analysis and systematic review was to examine the effects of adult consumption of prunes on anthropometric parameters and blood pressure.

METHODS

To identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (till August 9th, 2024), databases from ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/Medline were searched. The current systematic review and meta-analysis covered 14 studies that met the eligibility requirements. The weighted mean difference was used to compute the effect size. The Cochrane Q test and I2 index were used to measure study heterogeneity. The random effects model was utilized to get the overall effect magnitude.

RESULTS

The meta-findings analysis's showed that eating prunes had no appreciable effects on, body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.267), waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.562), fat mass (FM) (p = 0.840), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.338), or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.233). However, we observed significantly reduction in body weight (p < 0.001) after prunes consumption.

CONCLUSION

Our findings showed that the consumption of prune leads to a significant reduction in body weight, but the results indicated non-significant effects on blood pressure, BMI, WC and FM.

The Influence of Berry-Derived Polyphenol Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health in Physically Active Individuals

Numerous studies have documented that high-intensity or prolonged exercise is associated with increased oxidative stress and modification of antioxidant status. Polyphenol-rich dietary supplements seem to be the compounds that can upregulate the endogenous antioxidant defense system and consequently prevent muscle damage, support recovery. As berry fruits are at the top of the list of the richest polyphenol food sources, supplements containing berries have become the subject of interest in the context of counteracting exercise-induced oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the effects of berry-derived polyphenol supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress and cardiovascular health in physically active individuals. Based on the available literature, blackcurrant supplementation, with its richest version being New Zealand blackcurrant extract, is the most commonly explored berry fruit, followed by chokeberries and blueberries. Although several studies have documented the significant and beneficial influence of berry-derived supplements on redox status and cardiovascular response, some inconsistencies remain. The presented findings should be interpreted with caution due the limited number of available studies, particularly with the participation of physically active individuals. Further research is needed to reveal more comprehensive and accurate data concerning the impact of berry-derived supplements on exercise-induced outcomes taking into account the type of supplement, time of administration, and dosage.

Polyphenol-Derived Microbiota Metabolites and Cardiovascular Health: A Concise Review of Human Studies

Polyphenols, plant-derived secondary metabolites, play crucial roles in plant stress responses, growth regulation, and environmental interactions. In humans, polyphenols are associated with various health benefits, particularly in cardiometabolic health. Despite growing evidence of polyphenols' health-promoting effects, their mechanisms remain poorly understood due to high interindividual variability in bioavailability and metabolism. Recent research highlights the bidirectional relationship between dietary polyphenols and the gut microbiota, which can influence polyphenol metabolism and, conversely, be modulated by polyphenol intake. In this concise review, we summarized recent advances in this area, with a special focus on isoflavones and ellagitannins and their corresponding metabotypes, and their effect on cardiovascular health. Human observational studies published in the past 10 years provide evidence for a consistent association of isoflavones and ellagitannins and their metabotypes with better cardiovascular risk factors. However, interventional studies with dietary polyphenols or isolated microbial metabolites indicate that the polyphenol-gut microbiota interrelationship is complex and not yet fully elucidated. Finally, we highlighted various pending research questions that will help identify effective targets for intervention with precision nutrition, thus maximizing individual responses to dietary and lifestyle interventions and improving human health.

Schisandrin a Ameliorates Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction Induced by Hemorrhagic Shock via Activating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a critical condition with high mortality caused by acute blood loss. Cardiac injury and dysfunction induced by HS is a major factor associated with the poor prognosis of affected patients. Schisandrin A (Sch A), a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan extracted from Fructus schisandrae, exhibits multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, the effect of Sch A on HS-caused cardiac injury and its underlying mechanism still lack research. In this study, we established an HS rat model through blood loss from the femoral artery and monitoring mean arterial pressure (MAP) followed by fluid resuscitation. Our findings suggested that cardiac dysfunction and pathological injury were induced by HS and attenuated by Sch A treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis in cardiac tissue was promoted by HS, but suppressed after administration of Sch A by decreasing the protein expressions of cleaved-caspase-3 and -9. Moreover, excessive ROS production induced by HS was mitigated by Sch A, and the levels of oxidative stress indicators were improved by Sch A. Additionally, HS triggered the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and led to mitochondrial dysfunction. Sch A reversed this effect of HS on mitochondria. The transformation of cytochrome c (Cyto c) induced by HS was also restored by Sch A. Importantly, the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway mediated the protective effects of Sch A against cardiac injury induced by HS. In conclusion, it was found that Sch A ameliorated HS-induced cardiac injury and dysfunction through suppressing apoptosis and oxidative stress, as well as alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction via the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Exploring therapeutic potential: Targeting TRPM7 in neurodegenerative diseases

The ions Ca2+ and Mg2+, which are both present in the body, have been demonstrated to be crucial in the control of a variety of neuronal processes. Transient melastatin-7 (TRPM7) channel plays an important role in controlling Ca2+ and Mg2+ homeostasis, which is crucial for biological processes. The review will also examine how changes in TRPM7 function or expression can lead to neurodegeneration.Even though eight different TRPM channels have been found so far, the channel properties, activation mechanisms, and physiological responses exhibited by these channels can vary greatly from one another. Only TRPM6 and TRPM7 out of the eight TRPM channels were found to have a high permeability to both Ca2+ and Mg2+. In contrast to TRPM6 channels, which are not highly expressed in neuronal cells, TRPM7 channels are widely distributed throughout the nervous system, so they will be the sole focus of this article. It is possible that, in the future, for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorder new therapeutic drug targets will be developed as a direct result of research into the specific roles played by TRPM7 channels in several different neurodegenerative conditions as well as the factors that are responsible for TRPM7 channel regulation.

Retinal blood vessel diameter changes with 60-day head-down bedrest are unaffected by antioxidant nutritional cocktail

Long-term human spaceflight can lead to cardiovascular deconditioning, but little is known about how weightlessness affects microcirculation. In this study, we examined how the retinal microvessels and cerebrovascular regulation of 19 healthy male participants responded to long-term head-down bedrest (HDBR), an earth-based analog for weightlessness. In addition, we examined whether an anti-inflammatory/antioxidant cocktail could prevent the vascular changes caused by HDBR. In all study participants, we found a decrease in retinal arteriolar diameter by HDBR day 8 and an increase in retinal venular diameter by HDBR day 16. Concurrently, blood pressure at the level of the middle cerebral artery and the cerebrovascular resistance index were higher during HDBR, while cerebral blood flow velocity was lower. None of these changes were reversed in participants receiving the anti-inflammatory/antioxidant cocktail, indicating that this cocktail was insufficient to restore the microvascular and cerebral blood flow changes induced by HDBR.

Impact of thermal processing on polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid in fruit and vegetables and their cardiovascular benefits

Bioactive compounds in fruit and vegetables have a positive impact on human health by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular (CV) diseases, and metabolic disorders. However, some fruit and vegetables must be heated before consumption and thermal processes can modify the amount of nutraceuticals, that is, polyphenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and ascorbic acid, that can increase or decrease in relation to different factors such as type of processing, temperature, and time but also the plant part (e.g., flower, leaf, tuber, and root) utilized as food. Another important aspect is related to the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutraceuticals. Indeed, the key stage of nutraceutical bioefficiency is oral bioavailability, which involves the release of nutraceuticals from fruit and vegetables in gastrointestinal fluids, the solubilization of nutraceuticals and their interaction with other components of gastrointestinal fluids, the absorption of nutraceuticals by the epithelial layer, and the chemical and biochemical transformations into epithelial cells. Several studies have shown that thermal processing can enhance the absorption of nutraceuticals from fruit and vegetable. Once absorbed, they reach the blood vessels and promote multiple biological effects (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, vasoprotective, and cardioprotective). In this review, we described the impact of different thermal processes (such as boiling, steaming and superheated steaming, blanching, and microwaving) on the retention/degradation of bioactive compounds and their health-promoting effects after the intake. We then summarized the impact of heating on the absorption of nutraceuticals and the biological effects promoted by natural compounds in the CV system to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential impact of thermal processing on the CV benefits of fruit and vegetables.

Unrevealing the mechanisms behind the cardioprotective effect of wheat polyphenolics

Cardiovascular diseases pose a major threat to both life expectancy and quality of life worldwide, and a concerning level of disease burden has been attained, particularly in middle- and low-income nations. Several drugs presently in use lead to multiple adverse events. Thus, it is urgently needed to develop safe, affordable, and effective management of cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence reveals a positive association between polyphenol consumption and cardioprotection. Whole wheat grain and allied products are good sources of polyphenolic compounds bearing enormous cardioprotective potential. Polyphenolic extract of the entire wheat grain contains different phenolic compounds viz. ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, etc. which exert cardioprotection by reducing oxidative stress and interfering with different toxicological processes. The antioxidant capacity has been thought to exert the cardioprotective mechanism of wheat grain polyphenolics, which predominantly suppresses oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis by downregulating several pathogenic signaling events. However, the combined effect of polyphenolics appears to be more prominent than that of a single molecule, which might be attained due to the synergy resulting in multimodal cardioprotective benefits from multiple phenolics. The current article covers the bioaccessibility and possible effects of wheat-derived polyphenolics in protecting against several cardiovascular disorders. This review discusses the mechanistic pharmacology of individual wheat polyphenols on the cardiovascular system. It also highlights the comparative superiority of polyphenolic extracts over a single phenolic.

Elucidating the molecular symphony: unweaving the transcriptional & epigenetic pathways underlying neuroplasticity in opioid dependence and withdrawal

The persistent use of opioids leads to profound changes in neuroplasticity of the brain, contributing to the emergence and persistence of addiction. However, chronic opioid use disrupts the delicate balance of the reward system in the brain, leading to neuroadaptations that underlie addiction. Chronic cocaine usage leads to synchronized alterations in gene expression, causing modifications in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), a vital part of the reward system of the brain. These modifications assist in the development of maladaptive behaviors that resemble addiction. Neuroplasticity in the context of addiction involves changes in synaptic connectivity, neuronal morphology, and molecular signaling pathways. Drug-evoked neuroplasticity in opioid addiction and withdrawal represents a complicated interaction between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Identifying specific transcriptional and epigenetic targets that can be modulated to restore normal neuroplasticity without disrupting essential physiological processes is a critical consideration. The discussion in this article focuses on the transcriptional aspects of drug-evoked neuroplasticity, emphasizing the role of key transcription factors, including cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), ΔFosB, NF-kB, Myocyte-enhancing factor 2 (MEF2), Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), E2F3a, and FOXO3a. These factors regulate gene expression and lead to the neuroadaptive changes observed in addiction and withdrawal. Epigenetic regulation, which involves modifying gene accessibility by controlling these structures, has been identified as a critical component of addiction development. By unraveling these complex molecular processes, this study provides valuable insights that may pave the way for future therapeutic interventions targeting the mechanisms underlying addiction and withdrawal.

Opiorphin: an endogenous human peptide with intriguing application in diverse range of pathologies

Mammalian zinc ectopeptidases have significant functions in deactivating neurological and hormonal peptide signals on the cell surface. The identification of Opiorphin, a physiological inhibitor of zinc ectopeptidases that inactivate enkephalin, has revealed its strong analgesic effects in both chemical and mechanical pain models. Opiorphin achieves this by increasing the transmission of endogenous opioids, which are dependent on the body's own opioid system. The function of opiorphin is closely linked to the rat sialorphin peptide, which inhibits pain perception by enhancing the activity of naturally occurring enkephalinergic pathways that depend on μ- and δ-opioid receptors. Opiorphin is highly intriguing in terms of its physiological implications within the endogenous opioidergic pathways, particularly in its ability to regulate mood-related states and pain perception. Opiorphin can induce antidepressant-like effects by influencing the levels of naturally occurring enkephalin, which are released in response to specific physical and/or psychological stimuli. This effect is achieved through the modulation of delta-opioid receptor-dependent pathways. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that opiorphin's impact on the cardiovascular system is facilitated by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), sympathetic ganglia, and adrenal medulla, rather than the opioid system. Hence, opiorphin shows great potential as a solitary candidate for the treatment of several illnesses such as neurodegeneration, pain, and mood disorders.

Therapeutic effect of targeted antioxidant natural products

The exploration of targeted therapy has proven to be a highly promising avenue in the realm of drug development research. The human body generates a substantial amount of free radicals during metabolic processes, and if not promptly eliminated, these free radicals can lead to oxidative stress, disrupting homeostasis and potentially contributing to chronic diseases and cancers. Before the development of contemporary medicine with synthetic pharmaceuticals and antioxidants, there was a long-standing practice of employing raw, natural ingredients to cure a variety of illnesses. This practice persisted even after the active antioxidant molecules were known. The ability of natural antioxidants to neutralise excess free radicals in the human body and so prevent and cure a wide range of illnesses. The term "natural antioxidant" refers to compounds derived from plants or other living organisms that have the ability to control the production of free radicals, scavenge them, stop free radical-mediated chain reactions, and prevent lipid peroxidation. These compounds have a strong potential to inhibit oxidative stress. Phytochemicals (antioxidants) derived from plants, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, and others, are central to the discussion of natural antioxidants. Not only may these chemicals increase endogenous antioxidant defenses, affect communication cascades, and control gene expression, but they have also shown strong free radical scavenging properties. This study comprehensively summarizes the primary classes of natural antioxidants found in different plant and animal source that contribute to the prevention and treatment of diseases. Additionally, it outlines the research progress and outlines future development prospects. These discoveries not only establish a theoretical groundwork for pharmacological development but also present inventive ideas for addressing challenges in medical treatment.

GABAergic implications in anxiety and related disorders

Evidence indicates that anxiety disorders arise from an imbalance in the functioning of brain circuits that govern the modulation of emotional responses to possibly threatening stimuli. The circuits under consideration in this context include the amygdala's bottom-up activity, which signifies the existence of stimuli that may be seen as dangerous. Moreover, these circuits encompass top-down regulatory processes that originate in the prefrontal cortex, facilitating the communication of the emotional significance associated with the inputs. Diverse databases (e.g., Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were searched for literature using a combination of different terms e.g., "anxiety", "stress", "neuroanatomy", and "neural circuits", etc. A decrease in GABAergic activity is present in both anxiety disorders and severe depression. Research on cerebral functional imaging in depressive individuals has shown reduced levels of GABA within the cortical regions. Additionally, animal studies demonstrated that a reduction in the expression of GABAA/B receptors results in a behavioral pattern resembling anxiety. The amygdala consists of inhibitory networks composed of GABAergic interneurons, responsible for modulating anxiety responses in both normal and pathological conditions. The GABAA receptor has allosteric sites (e.g., α/γ, γ/β, and α/β) which enable regulation of neuronal inhibition in the amygdala. These sites serve as molecular targets for anxiolytic medications such as benzodiazepine and barbiturates. Alterations in the levels of naturally occurring regulators of these allosteric sites, along with alterations to the composition of the GABAA receptor subunits, could potentially act as mechanisms via which the extent of neuronal inhibition is diminished in pathological anxiety disorders.

Plant Phenolics in the Prevention and Therapy of Acne: A Comprehensive Review

Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites, among which phenolics are the most abundant. To date, over 8000 various polyphenolic compounds have been identified in plant species, among which phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, stilbenes and lignans are the most important ones. Acne is one of the most commonly treated dermatological diseases, among which acne vulgaris and rosacea are the most frequently diagnosed. In the scientific literature, there is a lack of a detailed scientific presentation and discussion on the importance of plant phenolics in the treatment of the most common specific skin diseases, e.g., acne. Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather, present and discuss the current state of knowledge on the activity of various plant phenolics towards the prevention and treatment of acne, including in vitro, in vivo and human studies. It was revealed that because of their significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds may be used in the treatment of various types of acne, individually as well as in combination with commonly used drugs like clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide. Among the various phenolics that have been tested, EGCG, quercetin and nobiletin seem to be the most promising ones; however, more studies, especially clinical trials, are needed to fully evaluate their efficacy in treating acne.

Epigenetics of Dietary Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention: Fact or Fiction

ABSTRACT

Cancer development takes 10 to 50 years, and epigenetics plays an important role. Recent evidence suggests that ~80% of human cancers are linked to environmental factors impinging upon genetics/epigenetics. Because advanced metastasized cancers are resistant to radiation/chemotherapeutic drugs, cancer prevention by relatively nontoxic "epigenetic modifiers" will be logical. Many dietary phytochemicals possess powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are hallmarks of cancer prevention. Dietary phytochemicals can regulate gene expression of the cellular genome via epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we will summarize preclinical studies that demonstrate epigenetic mechanisms of dietary phytochemicals in skin, colorectal, and prostate cancer prevention. Key examples of the importance of epigenetic regulation in carcinogenesis include hypermethylation of the NRF2 promoter region in cancer cells, resulting in inhibition of NRF2-ARE signaling. Many dietary phytochemicals demethylate NRF2 promoter region and restore NRF2 signaling. Phytochemicals can also inhibit inflammatory responses via hypermethylation of inflammation-relevant genes to block gene expression. Altogether, dietary phytochemicals are excellent candidates for cancer prevention due to their low toxicity, potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and powerful epigenetic effects in reversing procarcinogenic events.

Dietary Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota Cross-Talk: Molecular and Therapeutic Perspectives for Cardiometabolic Disease: A Narrative Review

The intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and polyphenols has emerged as a captivating frontier in understanding and potentially harnessing the therapeutic potential of these bioactive compounds. Phenolic compounds, renowned for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties, are subject to intricate transformations within the gut milieu, where the diverse microbial ecosystem exerts profound effects on their metabolism and bioavailability. Conversely, polyphenols exhibit a remarkable capacity to modulate the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, fostering a bidirectional relationship that extends beyond mere nutrient processing. This symbiotic interaction holds significant implications for human health, particularly in cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. Through a comprehensive exploration of molecular interactions, this narrative review elucidates the reciprocal dynamics between the gut microbiota and polyphenols, unveiling novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in cardiometabolic disorders. By unravelling the intricate cross-talk between these two entities, this review underscores the multifaceted roles of polyphenols in overall health and the pivotal role of gut microbiota modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy in mitigating the burden of cardiometabolic diseases.

Higher Dietary Polyphenol Intake Is Associated With Lower Blood Inflammatory Markers

BACKGROUND

Evidence suggests a link between polyphenol intake and reduced incidence of several chronic diseases. This could arise through associations between polyphenol intake and reduced systemic oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation. However, confirming this association is difficult, as few large cohorts allow for comprehensive assessments of both polyphenol intake and markers of systemic inflammation.

OBJECTIVES

To address this, polyphenol intake was assessed in the UK-based Airwave cohort using 7-d diet diaries and data from Phenol-Explorer to test for associations between polyphenol intake and blood biomarkers of inflammation.

METHODS

Participants included 9008 males and females aged 17-74 y (median age: 42 y) whose data was included in a cross-sectional analysis. Phenol-Explorer was used to estimate individuals' polyphenol intake from diet data describing the consumption of 4104 unique food items. C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen were used as blood biomarkers of inflammation.

RESULTS

There were 448 polyphenols found in reported diet items. Median total polyphenol intake was 1536 mg/d (1058-2092 mg/d). Phenolic acids and flavonoids were the main types of polyphenols, and nonalcoholic beverages, vegetables, and fruit were the primary sources. Variation in energy-adjusted polyphenol intake was explained by age, sex, salary, body mass index, education level, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Linear regressions showed inverse associations between total daily intake and both CRP (β: -0.00702; P < 0.001) and fibrinogen (β: -0.00221; P = 0.038). Associations with specific polyphenol compound groups were also found. Logistic regressions using total polyphenol intake quartiles showed stepwise reductions in the odds of elevated CRP with higher intake (6%, 23%, and 24% compared with quartile 1; P = 0.003), alongside 3% and 7% lower odds per unit of polyphenol consumption equivalent to 1 cup of tea or coffee per day.

CONCLUSIONS

This study describes polyphenol intake in a large, contemporary UK cohort. We observed associations between higher intake and lower CRP and fibrinogen. This contributes to evidence supporting the health benefits of dietary polyphenols.

A comprehensive study of Chuanwang Xiaoyan capsule based on characterization of chemical constituents in vitro and in vivo using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic study of multiple components in rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry

Chuanwang Xiaoyan (CWXY) capsule is primarily used to treat a variety of acute and chronic inflammations, including acute and chronic pharyngitis and tonsillitis. However, a systematic study of its chemical constituents is still not available. This study evaluated the chemical constituents in vitro and metabolite profiles in vivo of CWXY using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the nine main components in rats were detected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS). A total of 92 chemical constituents in CWXY were preliminarily identified in vitro. After oral administration to rats, 56 prototype components and 128 metabolites of CWXY were detected in the biological samples of rat plasma, urine, bile, and feces. Of these prototype components and metabolites, seven new compounds, namely M15, M16, M25, M30, M31, M71, and M128, were detected for the first time. The quantitation method of nine components in rat plasma was developed using a pharmacokinetic study. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of triumbelletin.

Hypotensive and Cardioprotective Potential of Yellow Bedstraw Extract-Based Oral Liquid in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

This study aimed to prepare, characterize and assess the antioxidant activity of yellow bedstraw extracts (YBEs), focusing on identifying extracts with high antioxidant capacity. The selected extract was loaded into an oral liquid formulation and further investigated for its therapeutic potential in reducing blood pressure and associated complications in spontaneously hypertensive Wistar kyoto rats (SHR). Rats were divided into untreated SHR and SHR treated with a YBE-based oral formulation over four weeks. After treatment, blood pressure was measured, and cardiac function was assessed using the Langendorff technique to simulate ex vivo ischemic conditions. Prooxidant levels were assessed in plasma while antioxidant activity was evaluated in red blood cells. Histological analyses of heart, kidney, and liver samples were conducted to assess pathological changes induced by hypertension. Our results showed that the oral formulation loaded with ethanol YBE effectively reduced blood pressure, preserved myocardial function under ischemic stress, and decreased oxidative stress markers in blood. Importantly, our formulation with YBE demonstrated potential in attenuating structural kidney damage associated with hypertension. Overall, these findings suggest a cardioprotective effect of orally administered YBE formulation, highlighting its potential as an herbal supplement. However, clinical studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore the extract's suitability for clinical use.

Targeting the smooth muscle cell KEAP1-Nrf2-STING axis with pterostilbene attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysm

BACKGROUND

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening aortic disease, and to date, there are currently no effective pharmacological treatments to address this condition. Activation of cytosolic DNA sensing adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling is a crucial mechanism in AAA formation.

PURPOSE

This study investigated pterostilbene (Pt), a naturally occurring polyphenol and resveratrol analogue, as a STING inhibitor for preventing AAA.

METHODS

We evaluated the effect of Pt on AAA formation in angiotensin II (AngII)-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. We used histological analysis, MMP activity measurement, western blot, and immunohistochemistry to detect AAA formation and development. We applied RNA sequencing, molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and functional studies to dissect the molecular mechanism of Pt-regulating KEAP1-Nrf2-STING signaling. We conditionally knocked down Nrf2 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vivo to investigate its role in Pt-mediated protective effects on AAA.

RESULTS

Pt effectively blocked the formation of AAA in AngII-infused ApoE-/- mice. Whole transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and STING pathway in VSMCs were linked to the anti-AAA effects of pterostilbene. Mechanistically, Pt upregulated Nrf2 target genes (e.g., HO-1 and NQO1) through activation of the KEAP1/Nrf2 signaling, which restricted the immunostimulatory axis of mtDNA-STING-TBK1-NF-κB, thereby alleviating VSMC inflammation and preserving the VSMC contractile phenotype. Subsequently, molecular docking and CETSA revealed a binding mode between Pt and KEAP1/Nrf2. Intriguingly, the inhibitory effect of Pt on STING signaling and the protective role of Pt in AAA were largely abrogated by VSMC-specific Nrf2 knockdown in mice.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, naturally derived Pt shows promising efficacy for the treatment of AAA by targeting the KEAP1-Nrf2-STING axis in VSMCs.

Research on the Mechanism and Material Basis of Corn (Zea mays L.) Waste Regulating Dyslipidemia

Corn (Zea mays L.) is an essential gramineous food crop. Traditionally, corn wastes have primarily been used in feed, harmless processing, and industrial applications. Except for corn silk, these wastes have had limited medicinal uses. However, in recent years, scholars have increasingly studied the medicinal value of corn wastes, including corn silk, bracts, husks, stalks, leaves, and cobs. Hyperlipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipid and/or lipoprotein levels in the blood, is the most common form of dyslipidemia today. It is a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis and can lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases if severe. According to the authors' literature survey, corn wastes play a promising role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. This article reviews the mechanisms and material basis of six different corn wastes in regulating dyslipidemia, aiming to provide a foundation for the research and development of these substances.

5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone mitigates lead induced neurotoxicity in rats via its chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and monoaminergic properties

Chronic exposure to lead (Pb) induces neurodegenerative changes in animals and humans. Drugs with strong antioxidant properties are effective against Pb-mediated neurotoxicity. In a prior study, we identified 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone (TMF) from Ocimum basilicum L. leaves as a potent antioxidant and neuroprotective compound. This research explores TMF's neuroprotective effects against Pb-induced brain toxicity in rats to establish it as a therapeutic agent. Rats received lead acetate (100 mg/kg, orally, once daily) for 30 days to induce brain injury, followed by TMF treatment (5 and 10 mg/kg, oral, once daily) 30 min later. Cognitive and motor functions were assessed using Morris Water Maze and horizontal bar tests. Lead, monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B enzymes, reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-6 levels were measured in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Pb exposure impaired cognitive and motor functions, increased Pb, TBARS, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, and compromised MAO A & B and GSH levels. TMF reversed Pb-induced memory and motor deficits and normalized biochemical anomalies. TMF's neuroprotective effects against lead involve chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and monoaminergic properties, suggesting its potential as a treatment for metal-induced brain injury.

The power of berries against cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a serious threat to human health and incidence is increasing gradually. Nutrition has an important impact on the prophylaxis and progression of CVD. In this article, general attention is drawn to the possible positive effects of berries on CVD. Polyphenols have beneficial effects on the vascular system by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein oxidation and platelet aggregation, lowering blood pressure, improving endothelial dysfunction, and attenuating antioxidant defense and inflammatory responses. This review provides an overview of the effects of berries for the prevention and treatment of CVDs. Berries contain several cardioprotective antioxidants, vitamins, and numerous phytochemicals, such as phenolic compounds, that have antioxidant properties and antiplatelet activity. Phytochemical compounds in their structures can modulate dissimilar signaling pathways related to cell survival, differentiation, and growth. Important health benefits of berries include their antioxidant roles and anti-inflammatory impacts on vascular function. The effectiveness and potential of polyphenols primarily depend on the amount of bioavailability and intake. Although circulating berry metabolites can improve vascular function, their biological activities, mechanisms of action, and in vivo interactions are still unknown. Analyzing human studies or experimental studies to evaluate the bioactivity of metabolites individually and together is essential to understanding the mechanisms by which these metabolites affect vascular function.

Polyphenol-rich black currant and cornelian cherry juices ameliorate metabolic syndrome induced by a high-fat high-fructose diet in Wistar rats

Diets high in fat and sugar lead to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related chronic diseases. We investigated the effects of commercially available, cold-pressed polyphenol-rich black currant (BC) and cornelian cherry (CC) juices on the prevention of MetS in Wistar rats induced by a 10-weeks high-fat high-fructose (HFF) diet. Juice consumption, either BC or CC, with a HFF diet resulted in lower serum triglycerides compared to only the HFF consumption. Both juices also mitigated the effects of HFF on the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue, by preserving liver and pancreas histomorphology and reducing visceral fat and adipocyte size. Furthermore, supplementation with both juices reduced glucagon and up-regulated insulin expression in the pancreas of the rats on the HFF diet, whereas the BC also showed improved glucose regulation. BC juice also reduced the expression of IL-6 and hepatic inflammation compared to the group only on HFF diet. Both juices, especially BC, could be a convenient solution for the prevention of MetS in humans.

Effectiveness of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals in mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular health-related biomarkers: a systematic review of animal and human interventions

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of chronic health disorders prevalent worldwide that claim millions of lives yearly. Inflammation and oxidative stress are intricately associated with myocardial tissue damage, endothelial dysfunction, and increased odds of heart failure. Thus, dietary strategies aimed at decreasing the odds of CVDs are paramount. In this regard, the consumption of anthocyanins, natural pigments found in edible flowers, fruits, and vegetables, has attracted attention due to their potential to promote cardiovascular health. The main mechanisms of action linked with their protective effects on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, serum lipid profile modulation, and other cardiovascular health parameters are explained and exemplified. However, little is known about the dose-dependency nature of the effects, which anthocyanin has better efficiency, and whether anthocyanin-containing foods display better in vivo efficacy than nutraceuticals (i.e., concentrated extracts containing higher levels of anthocyanins than foods). Thus, this systematic review focused on determining the effects of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals on biomarkers associated with CVDs using animal studies and human interventions supported by in vitro mechanistic insights. Overall, the results showed that the regular consumption of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals improved vascular function, lipid profile, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The daily dosage, the participants' health status, and the duration of the intervention also significantly influenced the results.

Immature carob pods extract and its fractions prevent lipid metabolism disorders and lipoprotein-rich plasma oxidation in mice: A phytochemical and pharmacological study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In Morocco carob fruits are used traditionally to treat hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and related diseases.

AIMS

This study was designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of Ceratonia siliqua green pods extract and its fractions in Triton WR-1339 and high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD) induced hyperlipidemia mice, as well as their ability to prevent lipoproteins oxidation in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to determine the phenolic composition of the immature carob pods extract (HWCE). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging test as well as MDA measurement in oxidized lipoprotein rich plasma. Plasma lipids, glucose and biliary total cholesterol, as well as lipids level in liver and feces, were analyzed. The acute oral toxicity was performed in mice single dosed with the HWCE at 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight.

RESULTS

HPLC analysis shows that gallic acid is the main phenolic compound in the HWCE. The acute oral toxicity assessment revealed that the HWCE is not toxic (LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight). In the acute hypolipidemic study, mice treated with the HWCE and its fractions exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Importantly, immature carob aqueous extract was more effective in lowering mice hypercholesterolemia than its fractions. Indeed, mice fed the HFCD for 12 weeks showed a significant raise in plasma TC, TG and LDL-C, as well as in hepatic and fecal TC and TG levels. The HWCE at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight significantly (P < 0.001) reversed the plasmatic levels of these lipid parameters, increased plasma HDL-C level, reduced hepatic lipids accumulation, but increased cholesterol level in the bile and fecal lipids excretion. The HWCE decreased also the atherogenic index, the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and plasma glucose level after 12 weeks' experiment. On the other hand, the HWCE was more effective in preventing mice lipoprotein-rich plasma oxidation than its fractions, with a concentration-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

C. siliqua green fruits extract could be effective in preventing atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular complications through the inhibition of lipoprotein oxidation and cholesterol clearance.

Vitamin C as Scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species during Healing after Myocardial Infarction

Currently, coronary artery bypass and reperfusion therapies are considered the gold standard in long-term treatments to restore heart function after acute myocardial infarction. As a drawback of these restoring strategies, reperfusion after an ischemic insult and sudden oxygen exposure lead to the exacerbated synthesis of additional reactive oxidative species and the persistence of increased oxidation levels. Attempts based on antioxidant treatment have failed to achieve an effective therapy for cardiovascular disease patients. The controversial use of vitamin C as an antioxidant in clinical practice is comprehensively systematized and discussed in this review. The dose-dependent adsorption and release kinetics mechanism of vitamin C is complex; however, this review may provide a holistic perspective on its potential as a preventive supplement and/or for combined precise and targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular management therapy.

An insight to treat cardiovascular diseases through phytochemicals targeting PPAR-α

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily is a promising target for CVDs which mechanistically improves the production of high-density lipid as well as inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. PPAR-α mainly interferes with adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase, and nuclear factor-κB pathways to protect against cardiac complications. Natural products/extracts could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy in CVDs for targeting PPAR-α with broad safety margins. In recent years, the understanding of naturally derived PPAR-α agonists has considerably improved; however, the information is scattered. In vitro and in vivo studies on acacetin, apigenin, arjunolic acid, astaxanthin, berberine, resveratrol, vaticanol C, hispidulin, ginsenoside Rb3, and genistein showed significant effects in CVDs complications by targeting PPAR-α. With the aim of demonstrating the tremendous chemical variety of natural products targeting PPAR-α in CVDs, this review provides insight into various natural products that can work to prevent CVDs by targeting the PPAR-α receptor along with their detailed mechanism.

Immune response following transcatheter aortic valve procedure

Aortic valve stenosis is the most common type of heart valve disease in the United States and Europe and calcific aortic stenosis (AS) affects 2-7% of people aged 65 years and older. Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is the only effective treatment for individuals with this condition. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) has been widely accepted as a minimally invasive therapeutic approach for addressing symptomatic AS in patients who are considered to have a high risk for traditional surgical intervention. TAVR procedure may have a paradoxical effect on the immune system and inflammatory status. A major portion of these immune responses is regulated by activating or inhibiting inflammatory monocytes and the complement system with subsequent changes in inflammatory cytokines. TAVR has the potential to induce various concurrent exposures, including disruption of the native valve, hemodynamic changes, antigenicity of the bioprosthesis, and vascular damage, which finally lead to the development of inflammation. On the other hand, it is important to acknowledge that TAVR may also have anti-inflammatory effects by helping in the resolution of stenosis.The inflammation and immune response following TAVR are complex processes that significantly impact procedural outcomes and patient well-being. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, identifying biomarkers of inflammation, and exploring therapeutic interventions to modulate these responses are crucial for optimizing TAVR outcomes. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise immunological dynamics and develop tailored strategies to attenuate inflammation and enhance post-TAVR healing while minimizing complications.

Pro-Inflammatory Food, Gut Microbiota, and Cardiovascular and Pancreatic Diseases

Recent studies have shown that a pro-inflammatory diet and dysbiosis, especially a high level of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), are associated with various adverse health conditions. Cardiovascular diseases and pancreatic diseases are two major morbidities in the modern world. Through this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the association between a pro-inflammatory diet, gut microbiota, and cardiovascular and pancreatic diseases, along with their underlying mechanisms. Our review revealed that TMAO is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases by promoting platelet aggregation, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and vascular inflammation. TMAO is also associated with the development of acute pancreatitis. The pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer and cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms that include increasing TMAO levels, activating the lipopolysaccharides cascade, and the direct pro-inflammatory effect of certain nutrients. Meanwhile, an anti-inflammatory diet decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and pancreatic cancer.

Targeting cardiovascular risk factors with eugenol: an anti-inflammatory perspective

Inflammation is a multifaceted biological reaction to a wide range of stimuli, and it has been linked to the onset and progression of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Inflammatory markers found in the blood, including C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-6, and soluble adhesion molecules (like intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. These markers play a crucial role in understanding and assessing cardiovascular health. Due to this complicated relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular disease, anti-inflammatory agents of natural origin have been the subject of many preclinical and clinical studies in recent years. Eugenol is a natural phenolic compound found in clove oil, nutmeg oil, cinnamon oil, and bay leaf oil, as well as other essential oils. Eugenol has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in many forms of experimental inflammation. It may scavenge free radicals, which contribute to inflammation and tissue damage. Various studies also suggest that eugenol can limit the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines. Animal models of arthritis, colitis, and lung damage, as well as human clinical studies, have shown that eugenol has phenomenal anti-inflammatory properties. These properties suggest that eugenol may be able to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Understanding mechanistic aspect of the therapeutic role of herbal agents on neuroplasticity in cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability. The only FDA-approved therapy for treating stroke is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), exhibiting a short therapeutic window. Due to this reason, only a small number of patients can be benefitted in this critical period. In addition, the use of endovascular interventions may reverse vessel occlusion more effectively and thus help further improve outcomes in experimental stroke. During recovery of blood flow after ischemia, patients experience cognitive, behavioral, affective, emotional, and electrophysiological changes. Therefore, it became the need for an hour to discover a novel strategy for managing stroke. The drug discovery process has focused on developing herbal medicines with neuroprotective effects via modulating neuroplasticity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We gather and highlight the most essential traditional understanding of therapeutic plants and their efficacy in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, we provide a concise summary and explanation of herbal drugs and their role in improving neuroplasticity. We review the pharmacological activity of polyherbal formulations produced from some of the most frequently referenced botanicals for the treatment of cerebral ischemia damage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic literature review of bentham, scopus, pubmed, medline, and embase (elsevier) databases was carried out with the help of the keywords like neuroplasticity, herbal drugs, neural progenitor cells, neuroprotection, stem cells. The review was conducted using the above keywords to understand the therapeutic and mechanistic role of herbal neuroprotective agents on neuroplasticity in cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury.

RESULTS

Neuroplasticity emerged as an alternative to improve recovery and management after cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. Neuroplasticity is a physiological process throughout one's life in response to any stimuli and environment. Traditional herbal medicines have been established as an adjuvant to stroke therapy since they were used from ancient times and provided promising effects as an adjuvant to experimental stroke. The plants and phytochemicals such as Curcuma longa L., Moringa oliefera Lam, Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., etc., have shown promising effects in improving neuroplasticity after experimental stroke. Such effects occur by modulation of various molecular signalling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, BDNF/CREB, JAK/STAT, HIF-1α/VEGF, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we gave a perspective on plant species that have shown neuroprotective effects and can show promising results in promoting neuroplasticity with specific targets after cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. In this review, we provide the complete detail of studies conducted on the role of herbal drugs in improving neuroplasticity and the signaling pathway involved in the recovery and management of experimental stroke.

Glycosylation: A new signaling paradigm for the neurovascular diseases

A wide range of life-threatening conditions with complicated pathogenesis involves neurovascular disorders encompassing Neurovascular unit (NVU) damage. The pathophysiology of NVU is characterized by several features including tissue hypoxia, stimulation of inflammatory and angiogenic processes, and the initiation of intricate molecular interactions, collectively leading to an elevation in blood-brain barrier permeability, atherosclerosis and ultimately, neurovascular diseases. The presence of compelling data about the significant involvement of the glycosylation in the development of diseases has sparked a discussion on whether the abnormal glycosylation may serve as a causal factor for neurovascular disorders, rather than being just recruited as a secondary player in regulating the critical events during the development processes like embryo growth and angiogenesis. An essential tool for both developing new anti-ischemic therapies and understanding the processes of ischemic brain damage is undertaking pre-clinical studies of neurovascular disorders. Together with the post-translational modification of proteins, the modulation of glycosylation and its enzymes implicates itself in several abnormal activities which are known to accelerate neuronal vasculopathy. Despite the failure of the majority of glycosylation-based preclinical and clinical studies over the past years, there is a significant probability to provide neuroprotection utilizing modern and advanced approaches to target abnormal glycosylation activity at embryonic stages as well. This article focuses on a variety of experimental evidence to postulate the interconnection between glycosylation and vascular disorders along with possible treatment options.

Deep-Learning-Based Arrhythmia Detection Using ECG Signals: A Comparative Study and Performance Evaluation

Heart diseases is the world's principal cause of death, and arrhythmia poses a serious risk to the health of the patient. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals can be used to detect arrhythmia early and accurately, which is essential for immediate treatment and intervention. Deep learning approaches have played an important role in automatically identifying complicated patterns from ECG data, which can be further used to identify arrhythmia. In this paper, deep-learning-based methods for arrhythmia identification using ECG signals are thoroughly studied and their performances evaluated on the basis of accuracy, specificity, precision, and F1 score. We propose the development of a small CNN, and its performance is compared against pretrained models like GoogLeNet. The comparative study demonstrates the promising potential of deep-learning-based arrhythmia identification using ECG signals.

Pharmacological modulation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathways in Angiogenesis: A mechanistic perspective

The Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling pathway is an imperative operating network that helps in regulates the critical events during the development processes like multicellular embryo growth and patterning. Disruptions in SHh pathway regulation can have severe consequences, including congenital disabilities, stem cell renewal, tissue regeneration, and cancer/tumor growth. Activation of the SHh signal occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Patch (Ptc)-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), initiating downstream signaling. This review explores how pharmacological modulation of the SHh pathway affects angiogenesis through canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical pathway for angiogenesis involves the activation of angiogenic cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), stromal cell-derived factor 1α, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and angiopoietins (Ang-1 and Ang-2), which facilitate the process of angiogenesis. The Non-canonical pathway includes indirect activation of certain pathways like iNOS/Netrin-1/PKC, RhoA/Rock, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch signaling pathway, and so on. This review will provide a better grasp of the mechanistic approach of SHh in mediating angiogenesis, which can aid in the suppression of certain cancer and tumor growths.