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Xiao D, Huang S, Tang Z, Liu M, Di D, Ma Y, Li Y, Duan JA, Lu C, Zhao M. Mijiao formula regulates NAT10-mediated Runx2 mRNA ac4C modification to promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation and improve osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118191. [PMID: 38621468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Mijiao (MJ) formula, a traditional herbal remedy, incorporates antlers as its primary constituent. It can effectively treat osteoporosis (OP), anti-aging, enhance immune activity, and change depression-like behavior. In this study, we investigated that MJ formula is a comprehensive treatment strategy, and may provide a potential approach for the clinical treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to determine whether MJ formula promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and improved osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats by regulating the NAT10-mediated Runx2 mRNA ac4C modification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of MJ formula on OP by creating an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. The expression of osteogenic differentiation related proteins in BMSCs was detected in vivo, indicating their role in promoting bone formation. In addition, the potential mechanism of its bone protective effect was explored via in vitro experiments. RESULTS Our study showed that MJ formula significantly mitigated bone mass loss in the OVX rat model, highlighting its potential as an OP therapeutic agent. We found that the possible mechanism of action was the ability of this formulation to stabilize Runx2 mRNA through NAT10-mediated ac4C acetylation, which promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and contributed to the enhancement of bone formation. CONCLUSIONS MJ formula can treat estrogen deficiency OP by stabilizing Runx2 mRNA, promoting osteogenic differentiation and protecting bone mass. Conceivably, MJ formulation could be a safe and promising strategy for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiao
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization Under National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Sirui Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhuqian Tang
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization Under National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mengqiu Liu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization Under National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Di Di
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization Under National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yingrun Ma
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization Under National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yunjuan Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization Under National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Cai Lu
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization Under National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources Recycling Utilization Under National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Xian Y, Gao Y, Su Y, Su Y, Lian H, Feng X, Liu Z, Zhao J, Xu J, Liu Q, Song F. Cichoric acid targets RANKL to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1971-1989. [PMID: 38358727 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Osteoporosis, a systemic metabolic bone disease, is characterized by the decline of bone mass and quality due to excessive osteoclast activity. Currently, drug-targeting osteoclasts show promising therapy for osteoporosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of cichoric acid (CA) on receptor activator of nuclear kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and the bone loss induced by ovariectomy in mice. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Molecular docking technologies were employed to examine the interaction between CA and RANKL. CCK8 assay was used to evaluate the cell viability under CA treatment. TRAcP staining, podosome belt staining, and bone resorption assays were used to test the effect of CA on osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function. Further, an OVX-induced osteoporosis mice model was employed to identify the effect of CA on bone loss using micro-CT scanning and histological examination. To investigate underlying mechanisms, network pharmacology was applied to predict the downstream signaling pathways, which were verified by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. KEY RESULTS The molecular docking analysis revealed that CA exhibited a specific binding affinity to RANKL, engaging multiple binding sites. CA inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption without cytotoxic effects. Mechanistically, CA suppressed RANKL-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species, nuclear factor-kappa B, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, followed by abrogated nuclear factor activated T-cells 1 activity. Consistent with this finding, CA attenuated post-ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by ameliorating osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CA inhibited osteoclast activity and bone loss by targeting RANKL. CA might represent a promising candidate for treating osteoclast-related diseases, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansi Xian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijie Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiji Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuangang Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Haoyu Lian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoliang Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhijuan Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fangming Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Si Y, Li Y, Gu K, Yin H, Ma Y. Icariin ameliorates osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats by targeting Cullin 3/Nrf2/OH pathway for osteoclast inhibition. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116422. [PMID: 38471268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, characterized by low bone mass and bone microarchitecture breakdown, has become a growing public health problem. The increase in oxidative stress could lead to an imbalance between osteoblasts-mediated osteogenesis and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, which gives rise to osteoporosis. Nrf2 is a master transcription factor that regulates oxidative stress and has recently been reported to take part in the development of osteoporosis. Icariin, a leading active flavonoid in herbal Epimedium pubescens, has significant antioxidant activity in and is widely applied for treating bone diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of icariin on osteoclastogenesis and its potential mechanism from the perspective of oxidative stress inhibition, using ovariectomized (OVX) rats and RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Our results demonstrated that icariin-treated OVX rats exhibited higher bone density, fewer tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts, and lower ROS levels in bone tissues than vehicle-treated OVX rats. Also, icariin suppressed osteoclast differentiation and inhibited the expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes, such as NFATc1, Ctsk, Trap, and c-Fos, in RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Icariin also reduced intracellular ROS levels by increasing the expression of nuclear Nrf2 and HO-1. Further mechanistic studies showed icariin inhibited Cullin 3 expression and could delay Nrf2 degradation by reducing the ubiquitination of endogenous Nrf2 in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and these effects were markedly reversed by cullin three overexpression. These findings suggest icariin alleviated osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis via targeting the Cullin 3/Nrf2/OH signaling pathway. Our study implied that icariin may be a potential candidate to treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Si
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, China
| | - Kuan Gu
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Department of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Wuxi Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi 214071, China; Jiangsu CM Clinical Innovation Center of Degenerative Bone & Joint Disease, Wuxi TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214071, China.
| | - Yong Ma
- College of Basic Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Bolt MJ, Oceguera J, Singh PK, Safari K, Abbott DH, Neugebauer KA, Mancini MG, Gorelick DA, Stossi F, Mancini MA. Characterization of flavonoids with potent and subtype-selective actions on estrogen receptors alpha and beta. iScience 2024; 27:109275. [PMID: 38469564 PMCID: PMC10926205 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial step in estrogen-regulated transcription is the binding of a ligand to its cognate receptors, named estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). Phytochemicals present in foods and environment can compete with endogenous hormones to alter physiological responses. We screened 224 flavonoids in our engineered biosensor ERα and ERβ PRL-array cell lines to characterize their activity on several steps of the estrogen signaling pathway. We identified 83 and 96 flavonoids that can activate ERα or ERβ, respectively. While most act on both receptors, many appear to be subtype-selective, including potent flavonoids that activate ER at sub-micromolar concentrations. We employed an orthogonal assay using a transgenic zebrafish in vivo model that validated the estrogenic potential of these compounds. To our knowledge, this is the largest study thus far on flavonoids and the ER pathway, facilitating the identification of a new set of potential endocrine disruptors acting on both ERα and ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Bolt
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jessica Oceguera
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pankaj K. Singh
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kazem Safari
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Derek H. Abbott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kaley A. Neugebauer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center For Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maureen G. Mancini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel A. Gorelick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center For Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabio Stossi
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael A. Mancini
- Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Miao J, Tu Y, Jiang J, Ren R, Wu Q, Liang H, Wang T, Lin B, Wu J, Pan Y, Wang X, Jin H. VSIG4 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by enhancing Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response against reactive oxygen species production. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129357. [PMID: 38216011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a prevalent systemic skeletal disorder, particularly affecting postmenopausal women, primarily due to excessive production and activation of osteoclasts. However, the current anti-osteoporotic drugs utilized in clinical practice may lead to certain side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to further unravel the potential mechanisms regulating the osteoclast differentiation and to identify novel targets for osteoporosis treatment. This study revealed the most significant decline in VSIG4 expression among the VSIG family members. VSIG4 overexpression significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption function. Mechanistically, both western blot and immunofluorescence assay results demonstrated that VSIG4 overexpression attenuated the expression of osteoclast marker genes and dampened the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, VSIG4 overexpression could inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stimulate the expression of Nrf2 along with its downstream antioxidant enzymes via interaction with Keap1. Notably, a potent Nrf2 inhibitor, ML385, could reverse the inhibitory effect of VSIG4 on osteoclast differentiation. In line with these findings, VSIG4 overexpression also mitigated bone loss induced by OVX and attenuated the activation of osteoclasts in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggest that VSIG4 holds promise as a novel target for addressing postmenopausal osteoporosis. This is achieved by suppressing osteoclast formation via enhancing Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response against reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansen Miao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yiting Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Junchen Jiang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Rufeng Ren
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qihang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Haibo Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Tengjie Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Binghao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jingtao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Youjin Pan
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Haiming Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Zheng H, Liu Y, Deng Y, Li Y, Liu S, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Li B, Sheng W, Liu J, Peng C, Wang W, Yu H. Recent advances of NFATc1 in rheumatoid arthritis-related bone destruction: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Mol Med 2024; 30:20. [PMID: 38310228 PMCID: PMC10838448 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial tissue and joint bone destruction, often leading to significant disability. The main pathological manifestation of joint deformity in RA patients is bone destruction, which occurs due to the differentiation and proliferation of osteoclasts. The transcription factor nuclear factor-activated T cell 1 (NFATc1) plays a crucial role in this process. The regulation of NFATc1 in osteoclast differentiation is influenced by three main factors. Firstly, NFATc1 is activated through the upstream nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway. Secondly, the Ca2+-related co-stimulatory signaling pathway amplifies NFATc1 activity. Finally, negative regulation of NFATc1 occurs through the action of cytokines such as B-cell Lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), MAF basic leucine zipper transcription factor B (MafB), and LIM homeobox 2 (Lhx2). These three phases collectively govern NFATc1 transcription and subsequently affect the expression of downstream target genes including TRAF6 and NF-κB. Ultimately, this intricate regulatory network mediates osteoclast differentiation, fusion, and the degradation of both organic and inorganic components of the bone matrix. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in understanding the mechanism of NFATc1 in the context of RA-related bone destruction and discusses potential therapeutic agents that target NFATc1, with the aim of offering valuable insights for future research in the field of RA. To assess their potential as therapeutic agents for RA, we conducted a drug-like analysis of potential drugs with precise structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yuexuan Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yasi Deng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yunzhe Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yong Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yun Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Wenbing Sheng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Jinzhi Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Caiyun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
| | - Huanghe Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
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Ma C, Wang Z, Mo L, Wang X, Zhou G, Yi C, Niu W, Liu Y. Tanshinone I attenuates estrogen-deficiency bone loss via inhibiting RANKL-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111322. [PMID: 38064814 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to reveal the role of Tanshinone I (TI) in inhibiting osteoclast activity and bone loss in vitro and in vivo, as well as elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse model of estrogen deficiency was used to assess the inhibitory effect of TI on osteoclast activity and subsequent bone loss. To validate the impact of TI on osteoclast formation, TRAcP staining and pseudopodia belt staining were conducted. The expressions of osteoclast-specific genes and proteins were evaluated using RT-PCR and Western Blot analyses. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining was employed to examine the effect of TI on p65 nuclear translocation and the expression level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS TI demonstrated significant efficacy in alleviating bone mass loss and suppressing osteoclast activity and function in ovariectomized mice. This outcome was predominantly ascribed to a decrease in ROS levels, thereby impeding the NF-κB signaling pathway and the translocation of p65 to the nucleus. Additionally, TI hindered the RANKL-induced phosphorylation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, TI played a role in the reduction of osteoclast-specific genes and proteins. CONCLUSIONS To summarize, this study sheds light on TI's capacity to modulate various signaling pathways triggered by RANKL, effectively impeding osteoclast formation and mitigating bone loss resulting from estrogen deficiency. Consequently, TI emerges as a promising therapeutic option for estrogen-deficiency bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangzheng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Mo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochao Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangquan Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunzhi Yi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Niu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuhao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen J, Zhou Z, Wu N, Li J, Xi N, Xu M, Wu F, Fu Q, Yan G, Liu Y, Xu X. Chlorogenic acid attenuates deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis and pyroptosis in human keratinocytes via activating Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116003. [PMID: 38091639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxic contaminant, frequently found in food and feed, causing a severe threat to human and animal health. Because of the widespread contamination of DON, humans involved in agricultural practices may be directly exposed to DON through the skin route. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a phenolic acid, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, it is still unclear whether CGA can protect against DON-induced skin damage. Here, the effect of CGA on mitigating damage to human keratinocytes (HaCaT) triggered by DON, as well as its underlying mechanisms were investigated. Results demonstrated that DON exposure significantly decreased cell viability, and induced excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) generation, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and pyroptosis. However, CGA pretreatment for 2 h significantly increased cell viability and reversed DON-induced oxidative stress by improving antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), reducing mtROS generation and enhancing mitochondrial function through activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Moreover, CGA significantly increased the Bcl-2 protein expression, decreased the protein expressions of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3, and suppressed the phosphorylated of ERK, JNK, NF-κB. Further experiments revealed that CGA could also inhibit the pyroptosis-related protein expressions including NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1, GSDMD-N, cleaved IL-1β and IL-18. In conclusion, our results suggest that CGA could attenuate DON-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. CGA might be a novel promising therapeutic agent for alleviating the dermal damage triggered by DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashe Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Nanhui Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Ningyuan Xi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Qiaoting Fu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Guorong Yan
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China.
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Kumari S, Singh M, Nupur, Jain S, Verma N, Malik S, Rustagi S, Priya K. A review on therapeutic mechanism of medicinal plants against osteoporosis: effects of phytoconstituents. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9453-9468. [PMID: 37676432 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder that over time results in bone loss and raises the risk of fracture. The condition is frequently silent and only becomes apparent when fractures develop. Osteoporosis is treated with pharmacotherapy as well as non-pharmacological therapies such as mineral supplements, lifestyle changes, and exercise routines. Herbal medicine is frequently used in clinical procedures because of its low risk of adverse effects and cost-effective therapeutic results. In the current review, we have used a thorough strategy to identify some known medicinal plants with anti-osteoporosis capabilities, their origin, active ingredients, and pharmacological information. Furthermore, several signaling pathways, such as the apoptotic pathway, transcription factors, the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway, and others, are regulated by bioactive components and help to improve bone homeostasis. This review will provide a better understanding of the anti-osteoporotic effects of bioactive components and the concomitant modulations of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge parkIII, Greater Noida, 201310, U.P., India
| | - Mohini Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge parkIII, Greater Noida, 201310, U.P., India
| | - Nupur
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge parkIII, Greater Noida, 201310, U.P., India
| | - Smita Jain
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge parkIII, Greater Noida, 201310, U.P., India
| | - Neha Verma
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge parkIII, Greater Noida, 201310, U.P., India
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Ranchi, 834002, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- Department of Food Technology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kanu Priya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge parkIII, Greater Noida, 201310, U.P., India.
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Liang G, Zhao J, Zhao D, Dou Y, Huang H, Yang W, Zhou G, Gu Z, Pan J, Liu J. Longbie capsules reduce bone loss in the subchondral bone of rats with comorbid osteoporosis and osteoarthritis by regulating metabolite alterations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1256238. [PMID: 37915330 PMCID: PMC10616798 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1256238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective With the development of global population aging, comorbidity (≥2 diseases) is a common health problem among elderly people. Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are common in elderly individuals. There is a lack of drug therapy for OA and OP comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy and mechanism of Longbie capsule (LBJN), which contains various plant herbs, in treating OA and OP comorbidities (OA + OP) in rats using metabolomics techniques. Methods We created an OA + OP rat model through bilateral oophorectomy combined with meniscus instability surgery. Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (six in each group), namely, the sham group, OA group, OA + OP group, LBJN low-dose group (0.625 g/kg, OA + OP+LB-L group) and LBJN high-dose group (1.25 g/kg, OA + OP+LB-H group). After 8 weeks of intervention, we used micro-CT to detect bone microstructure status, ELISA to measure bone metabolism indicators, and UPLC-MS technology for metabolomics analysis. Finally, the screened differentially expressed metabolites were subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and functional enrichment analysis. Results The micro-CT results showed that LBJN significantly improved the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality of subchondral bone in OA + OP rats, and LBJN regulated the expression of bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) in serum to maintain bone metabolism balance. Metabolomics analysis showed that the metabolic trajectory of OA + OP rats after intervention in the OA + OP+LB-H group showed significant changes, and 107 potential biomarkers could be identified. Among them, 50 metabolites were upregulated (such as zeranol) and 57 were downregulated (such as vanillactic acid). The KEGG functional enrichment results indicated that the differentially expressed metabolites are mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. The KEGG pathway enrichment results indicated that LBJN may exert therapeutic effects on OA + OP rats by regulating the cAMP signaling pathway, and the FoxO signaling pathway. Conclusion LBJN can maintain bone metabolism balance by regulating serum lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and estrogen, thereby reducing bone loss in subchondral bone, which may be a potential mechanism through which LBJN treats OA + OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Liang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury of Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Zhao
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury of Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhao
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxing Dou
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury of Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hetao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Zhou
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoxu Gu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianke Pan
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury of Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- The Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury of Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Second Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangdong Province Enginering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
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Xu J, Cao B, Li C, Li G. The recent progress of endocrine therapy-induced osteoporosis in estrogen-positive breast cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1218206. [PMID: 37483519 PMCID: PMC10361726 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1218206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a significant global health concern, and the discovery of endocrine therapy has played a crucial role in the treatment of estrogen-positive breast cancer. However, these therapies are often associated with osteoporosis-related adverse events, which increase the risk of fractures in breast cancer patients and can result in limited mobility and reduced quality of life. Previous studies have shown that osteoporosis is essential side effects of the breast cancer therapy, although the exact mechanisms remain mostly unclear. Current clinical treatments, such as bisphosphonates, cause side effects and may impact the therapeutic response to endocrine drugs. In this review, we explore the likelihood of endocrine therapy-induced osteoporosis in estrogen-positive breast cancer therapy and discuss the involved mechanisms as well as the therapeutic potential of drugs and drug combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunyu Li
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Li, ; Guohui Li,
| | - Guohui Li
- *Correspondence: Chunyu Li, ; Guohui Li,
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12
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Shen Z, Yu M, Dong Z. Research Progress on the Pharmacodynamic Mechanisms of Sini Powder against Depression from the Perspective of the Central Nervous System. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040741. [PMID: 37109699 PMCID: PMC10141708 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent emotional disorder characterized by persistent low mood, diminished interest, and loss of pleasure. The pathological causes of depression are associated with neuronal atrophy, synaptic loss, and neurotransmitter activity decline in the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from injuries, such as inflammatory responses. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, patients with depression often exhibit the liver qi stagnation syndrome type. Sini Powder (SNP) is a classic prescription for treating such depression-related syndrome types in China. This study systematically summarized clinical applications and experimental studies of SNP for treatments of depression. We scrutinized the active components of SNP with blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and speculated about the corresponding pharmacodynamic pathways relevant to depression treatment through intervening in the CNS. Therefore, this article can enhance our understanding of SNP's pharmacological mechanisms and formula construction for depression treatment. Moreover, a re-demonstration of this classic TCM prescription in the modern-science language is of great significance for future drug development and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Shen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhenfei Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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