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Geana A, Barch DM, Gold JM, Carter CS, MacDonald AW, Ragland JD, Silverstein SM, Frank MJ. Using Computational Modeling to Capture Schizophrenia-Specific Reinforcement Learning Differences and Their Implications on Patient Classification. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1035-1046. [PMID: 33878489 PMCID: PMC9272137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric diagnosis and treatment have historically taken a symptom-based approach, with less attention on identifying underlying symptom-producing mechanisms. Recent efforts have illuminated the extent to which different underlying circuitry can produce phenotypically similar symptomatology (e.g., psychosis in bipolar disorder vs. schizophrenia). Computational modeling makes it possible to identify and mathematically differentiate behaviorally unobservable, specific reinforcement learning differences in patients with schizophrenia versus other disorders, likely owing to a higher reliance on prediction error-driven learning associated with basal ganglia and underreliance on explicit value representations associated with orbitofrontal cortex. METHODS We used a well-established probabilistic reinforcement learning task to replicate those findings in individuals with schizophrenia both on (n = 120) and off (n = 44) antipsychotic medications and included a patient comparison group of bipolar patients with psychosis (n = 60) and healthy control subjects (n = 72). RESULTS Using accuracy, there was a main effect of group (F3,279 = 7.87, p < .001), such that all patient groups were less accurate than control subjects. Using computationally derived parameters, both medicated and unmediated individuals with schizophrenia, but not patients with bipolar disorder, demonstrated a reduced mixing parameter (F3,295 = 13.91, p < .001), indicating less dependence on learning explicit value representations as well as greater learning decay between training and test (F1,289 = 12.81, p < .001). Unmedicated patients with schizophrenia also showed greater decision noise (F3,295 = 2.67, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS Both medicated and unmedicated patients showed overreliance on prediction error-driven learning as well as significantly higher noise and value-related memory decay, compared with the healthy control subjects and the patients with bipolar disorder. Additionally, the computational model parameters capturing these processes can significantly improve patient/control classification, potentially providing useful diagnosis insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Geana
- Department of Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - James M Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Angus W MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - J Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - Michael J Frank
- Department of Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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2
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Positive schizotypy is associated with amplified mnemonic discrimination and attenuated generalization. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 273:447-458. [PMID: 35624200 PMCID: PMC10070292 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tendency to experience inaccurate beliefs alongside perceptual anomalies constitutes positive schizotypal traits in the general population and shows continuity with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. It has been hypothesized that the positive symptomatology of schizophrenia, and by extension, the odd beliefs and unusual perceptual experiences in the general population, are associated with specific alterations in memory functions. An imbalance between memory generalization and episodic memory specificity has been proposed on several counts; however, the direction of the imbalance is currently unclear. Here, we evaluated the association between positive schizotypy, and memory alterations related to hippocampal computations in a general population sample enriched for positive schizotypy. We found that memory generalization is attenuated while memory specificity is elevated in participants with more pronounced positive schizotypal traits. Our findings show that people who are prone to irrational beliefs and unusual experiences also show measurable alterations in memory and likely have difficulty grasping the global picture and rather be overpowered by fragments of information.
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3
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Seo DO, Zhang ET, Piantadosi SC, Marcus DJ, Motard LE, Kan BK, Gomez AM, Nguyen TK, Xia L, Bruchas MR. A locus coeruleus to dentate gyrus noradrenergic circuit modulates aversive contextual processing. Neuron 2021; 109:2116-2130.e6. [PMID: 34081911 PMCID: PMC8754261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation in contextual processing is believed to affect several forms of psychopathology, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The dentate gyrus (DG), a subregion of the hippocampus, is thought to be an important brain region for disambiguating new experiences from prior experiences. Noradrenergic (NE) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) are more tonically active during stressful events and send dense projections to the DG, yet an understanding of their function in DG-dependent contextual discrimination has not been established. Here, we isolate a key function of the LC-NE-DG circuit in contextual aversive generalization using selective manipulations and in vivo single-cell calcium imaging. We report that activation of LC-NE neurons and terminal activity results in contextual generalization. We found that these effects required β-adrenergic-mediated modulation of hilar interneurons to ultimately promote aversive generalization, suggesting that disruption of noradrenergic tone may serve as an important avenue for treating stress-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Seo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric T Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sean C Piantadosi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Marcus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Laura E Motard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bryce K Kan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adrian M Gomez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammy K Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Li Xia
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Hoshino A, Asakura T, Cho K, Murata N, Kogata T, Kawamura M, Kito A, Kato U. Preliminary study of time estimation of daily activities in patients with chronic schizophrenia by questionnaire survey. Br J Occup Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0308022620922420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Few studies have investigated time estimation of daily activities in patients with mental illness. Therefore, we conducted a preliminary study to extract the characteristics of time estimation in patients with schizophrenia. Method We conducted an investigation using the Questionnaire of Time Experience in Daily Activities in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. We compared the results between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls using t-tests. Results Thirty-four people participated in each group. T-tests showed significantly shorter length of time answers in the schizophrenia group for question 4, (“How long does it take you to go out after waking up in the morning?”). For question 5 (“When you have to take a bus, how long before departure time do you arrive at the bus stop?”) and question 6 (“You have an appointment with your friend. How long beforehand do you arrive at the appointed place?”), the answers of the schizophrenia group were significantly longer than the healthy controls. Conclusion Time estimations of some daily activities of patients with schizophrenia were significantly different from those of healthy controls. This study will support the next phase of psychometric testing of the Questionnaire of Time Experience in Daily Activities, after which the results will applicable to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Hoshino
- Physical and Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Asakura
- Day Care Section, Department of Community Management and Support, Kyowa Hospital, Specified Medical Corporation Kyowakai, Obu, Japan
| | - Kilchoon Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Kasei University, Sayama, Japan
| | - Natsumi Murata
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Hokusei Hospital, Medical Corporation Hokuseikai, Inabe, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kogata
- Physical and Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawamura
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Hokusei Hospital, Medical Corporation Hokuseikai, Inabe, Japan
| | - Aki Kito
- Occupational Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Hinaga General Center for Mental Care, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Urara Kato
- Day Care “Ippo’, Kitatsushima Hospital, Medical Corporation Kaiseikai, Inazawa, Japan
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Segev A, Yanagi M, Scott D, Southcott SA, Lister JM, Tan C, Li W, Birnbaum SG, Kourrich S, Tamminga CA. Reduced GluN1 in mouse dentate gyrus is associated with CA3 hyperactivity and psychosis-like behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2832-2843. [PMID: 30038231 PMCID: PMC6344327 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings from in vivo-imaging and human post-mortem tissue studies in schizophrenic psychosis (SzP), have demonstrated functional and molecular changes in hippocampal subfields that can be associated with hippocampal hyperexcitability. In this study, we used a subfield-specific GluN1 knockout mouse with a disease-like molecular perturbation expressed only in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and assessed its association with hippocampal physiology and psychosis-like behaviors. First, we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to measure the physiological changes in hippocampal subfields and cFos immunohistochemistry to examine cellular excitability. DG-GluN1 KO mice show CA3 cellular hyperactivity, detected using two approaches: (1) increased excitatory glutamate transmission at mossy fibers (MF)-CA3 synapses, and (2) an increased number of cFos-activated pyramidal neurons in CA3, an outcome that appears to project downstream to CA1 and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, we examined psychosis-like behaviors and pathological memory processing; these show an increase in fear conditioning (FC), a reduction in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the KO animal, along with a deterioration in memory accuracy with Morris Water Maze (MWM) and reduced social memory (SM). Moreover, with DREADD vectors, we demonstrate a remarkably similar behavioral profile when we induce CA3 hyperactivity. These hippocampal subfield changes could provide the basis for the observed increase in human hippocampal activity in SzP, based on the shared DG-specific GluN1 reduction. With further characterization, these animal model systems may serve as targets to test psychosis mechanisms related to hippocampus and assess potential hippocampus-directed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Segev
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Masaya Yanagi
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA ,grid.258622.90000 0004 1936 9967Present Address: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel Scott
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Sarah A. Southcott
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jacob M. Lister
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale University, School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Present Address: Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Wei Li
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Shari G. Birnbaum
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Saïd Kourrich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Carol A. Tamminga
- grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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Ye F, Zhan Q, Xiao W, Sha W, Zhang X. Altered serum levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in male chronic schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2018; 27:e1727. [PMID: 29901253 PMCID: PMC6877127 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many research indicate that the tardive dyskinesia (TD) is generally linked with long-term antipsychotic therapy for schizophrenia. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a critical role in the protection of catecholaminergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic neurons. Thus, we examined the serum GDNF levels in schizophrenia patients with TD (WTD) and without TD (NTD) and compared with healthy controls (HC), respectively. METHODS Totally 75 males with schizophrenia were recruited into this study. All were measured by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). The patient group was divided into two subgroups: WTD (n = 32) and NTD (n = 43) according to the AIMS score. Fifty-three healthy controls matching in age and gender were also enlisted from the region. GDNF levels were examined with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between the three groups (P = 0.012); GDNF levels in the WTD group were significantly different from those in the NTD (P = 0.030) and HC (P = 0.003) groups. CONCLUSION Decreased GDNF levels in TD patients indicated that alterations in neurotrophic factors may be involved in the pathophysiology of TD, but the exact mechanisms need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenhuan Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Sha
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated WuTaiShan Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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7
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Gill KM, Miller SA, Grace AA. Impaired contextual fear-conditioning in MAM rodent model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:343-352. [PMID: 28927551 PMCID: PMC5854517 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia exhibits aberrant dopamine system activation attributed to hippocampal dysfunction. Context discrimination is a component of numerous behavioral and cognitive functions and relies on intact hippocampal processing. The present study explored context processing behaviors, along with dopamine system activation, during fear learning in the MAM model. Male offspring of dams treated with MAM (20mg/kg, i.p.) or saline on gestational day 17 were used for electrophysiological and behavioral experiments. Animals were tested on the immediate shock fear conditioning paradigm, with either different pre-conditioning contexts or varying amounts of context pre-exposure (0-10 sessions). Amphetamine-induced locomotor activity and dopamine neural activity was measured 1-week after fear conditioning. Saline, but not MAM animals, demonstrated enhanced fear responses following a single context pre-exposure in the conditioning context. One week following fear learning, saline rats with 2 or 7min of context pre-exposure prior to fear conditioning also demonstrated enhanced amphetamine-induced locomotor response relative to MAM animals. Dopamine neuron recordings showed fear learning-induced reductions in spontaneous dopamine neural activity in MAM rats that was further reduced by amphetamine. Apomorphine administration confirmed that reductions in dopamine neuron activity in MAM animals resulted from over excitation, or depolarization block. These data show a behavioral insensitivity to contextual stimuli in MAM rats that coincide with a less dynamic dopamine response after fear learning.
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8
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Rhindress K, Robinson DG, Gallego JA, Wellington R, Malhotra AK, Szeszko PR. Hippocampal subregion volume changes associated with antipsychotic treatment in first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1706-1718. [PMID: 28193301 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocampal dysfunction is considered central to many neurobiological models of schizophrenia, yet there are few longitudinal in vivo neuroimaging studies that have investigated the relationship between antipsychotic treatment and morphologic changes within specific hippocampal subregions among patients with psychosis. METHOD A total of 29 patients experiencing a first episode of psychosis with little or no prior antipsychotic exposure received structural neuroimaging examinations at illness onset and then following 12 weeks of treatment with either risperidone or aripiprazole in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. In addition, 29 healthy volunteers received structural neuroimaging examinations at baseline and 12-week time points. We manually delineated six hippocampal subregions [i.e. anterior cornu ammonis (CA) 1-3, posterior CA1-3, subiculum, dentate gyrus/CA4, entorhinal cortex, and fimbria] from 3T magnetic resonance images using an established method with high inter- and intra-rater reliability. RESULTS Following antipsychotic treatment patients demonstrated significant reductions in dentate gyrus/CA4 volume and increases in subiculum volume. Healthy volunteers demonstrated non-significant volumetric changes in these subregions across the two time points. We observed a significant quadratic (i.e. inverted U) association between changes in dentate gyrus/CA4 volume and cumulative antipsychotic dosage between the scans. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence to our knowledge regarding longitudinal in vivo volumetric changes within specific hippocampal subregions in patients with psychosis following antipsychotic treatment. The finding of a non-linear relationship between changes in dentate gyrus/CA4 subregion volume and antipsychotic exposure may provide new avenues into understanding dosing strategies for therapeutic interventions relevant to neurobiological models of hippocampal dysfunction in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rhindress
- Department of Psychiatry,New York University School of Medicine,New York, NY,USA
| | - D G Robinson
- Department of Psychiatry,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine,Hempstead, NY,USA
| | - J A Gallego
- Department of Psychiatry,Weill Cornell Medical College,White Plains, NY,USA
| | - R Wellington
- Department of Psychology,St John's University,Queens, NY,USA
| | - A K Malhotra
- Department of Psychiatry,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine,Hempstead, NY,USA
| | - P R Szeszko
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center,Bronx, NY,USA
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9
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Foerde K, Steinglass JE. Decreased feedback learning in anorexia nervosa persists after weight restoration. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:415-423. [PMID: 28393399 PMCID: PMC5869029 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a serious disorder, with a mortality rate the highest of any psychiatric illness. It is notoriously challenging to treat and mechanisms of illness are not well understood. Reward system abnormalities have been proposed across theoretical models of the persistence of AN. Feedback learning is an important component of how reward systems shape behavior and we hypothesized that individuals with AN would show poorer learning from feedback. METHODS We administered the acquired equivalence task to measure both learning from incremental feedback and generalization of that learning to novel stimuli. Participants were individuals with AN (n = 36) before and after intensive weight restoration treatment and healthy comparison participants (HC, n = 26) tested twice. Performance was assessed as accuracy during the Learning and Test phases, for both trained and novel stimuli. The relationship between task performance and eating disorder severity at baseline was also assessed. RESULTS Both before and after treatment, individuals with AN showed reduced learning from feedback in the Learning phase (F3,180 = 2.75, p = .048) and lower accuracy during the Test phase (F1,60 = 4.29, p = .043), as compared with HC. Individuals with AN did not differ from HC in accuracy for novel stimuli (F1,60 = 1.04, p = .312), indicating no deficit in generalization. Decreased acquisition of feedback learning was associated with longer illness duration and with greater eating disorder symptom severity at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with AN show reduced learning from feedback or reinforcement, which may contribute to difficulties in changing maladaptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Foerde
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Joanna E. Steinglass
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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10
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Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of psychosis requires models that link multiple levels of explanation: the neurobiological, the cognitive, the subjective, and the social. Until we can bridge several explanatory gaps, it is difficult to explain how neurobiological perturbations can manifest in bizarre beliefs or hallucinations, or how trauma or social adversity can perturb lower-level brain processes. We propose that the predictive processing framework has much to offer in this respect. We show how this framework may underpin and complement source monitoring theories of delusions and hallucinations and how, when considered in terms of a dynamic and hierarchical system, it may provide a compelling model of several key clinical features of psychosis. We see little conflict between source monitoring theories and predictive coding. The former act as a higher-level description of a set of capacities, and the latter aims to provide a deeper account of how these and other capacities may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet D Griffin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom; ,
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11
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Kluen LM, Agorastos A, Wiedemann K, Schwabe L. Noradrenergic Stimulation Impairs Memory Generalization in Women. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1279-1291. [PMID: 28253079 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Memory generalization is essential for adaptive decision-making and action. Our ability to generalize across past experiences relies on medial-temporal lobe structures, known to be highly sensitive to stress. Recent evidence suggests that stressful events may indeed interfere with memory generalization. Yet, the mechanisms involved in this generalization impairment are unknown. We tested here whether a pharmacological elevation of major stress mediators-noradrenaline and glucocorticoids-is sufficient to disrupt memory generalization. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, healthy men and women received orally a placebo, hydrocortisone, the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine that leads to increased noradrenergic stimulation, or both drugs, before they completed an associative learning task probing memory generalization. Drugs left learning performance intact. Yohimbine, however, led to a striking generalization impairment in women, but not in men. Hydrocortisone, in turn, had no effect on memory generalization, neither in men nor in women. The present findings indicate that increased noradrenergic activity, but not cortisol, is sufficient to disrupt memory generalization in a sex-specific manner, with relevant implications for stress-related mental disorders characterized by generalization deficits.
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12
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Dandolo LC, Schwabe L. Stress-induced cortisol hampers memory generalization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:679-683. [PMID: 27918271 PMCID: PMC5110983 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042929.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Integrative encoding and generalization across past experiences depends largely on the hippocampus, an area known to be particularly sensitive to stress. Yet, whether stress influences the ability to generalize memories is unknown. We exposed volunteers to a stressor or a control manipulation before they completed an acquired equivalence task probing memory generalization. While stress left learning performance intact, it reduced participants' ability to generalize and this deficit was directly linked to the cortisol response to the stressor. These findings show that stress, presumably through the action of glucocorticoids, creates rather rigid memories that are difficult to transfer to novel situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Dandolo
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Reinen JM, Van Snellenberg JX, Horga G, Abi-Dargham A, Daw ND, Shohamy D. Motivational Context Modulates Prediction Error Response in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1467-1475. [PMID: 27105903 PMCID: PMC5049527 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings demonstrate that patients with schizophrenia are worse at learning to predict rewards than losses, suggesting that motivational context modulates learning in this disease. However, these findings derive from studies in patients treated with antipsychotic medications, D2 receptor antagonists that may interfere with the neural systems that underlie motivation and learning. Thus, it remains unknown how motivational context affects learning in schizophrenia, separate from the effects of medication. METHODS To examine the impact of motivational context on learning in schizophrenia, we tested 16 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and 23 matched controls on a probabilistic learning task while they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under 2 conditions: one in which they pursued rewards, and one in which they avoided losses. Computational models were used to derive trial-by-trial prediction error responses to feedback. RESULTS Patients performed worse than controls on the learning task overall, but there were no behavioral effects of condition. FMRI revealed an attenuated prediction error response in patients in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and medial temporal lobe when learning to predict rewards, but not when learning to avoid losses. CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia showed differences in learning-related brain activity when learning to predict rewards, but not when learning to avoid losses. Together with prior work, these results suggest that motivational deficits related to learning in schizophrenia are characteristic of the disease and not solely a result of antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Reinen
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY;,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Yale University, 1 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, US; tel: 203-436-9449, fax: 203-432-7172, e-mail:
| | - Jared X. Van Snellenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY;,Division of Translational Imaging, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Guillermo Horga
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY;,Division of Translational Imaging, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY;,Division of Translational Imaging, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Nathaniel D. Daw
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ;,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daphna Shohamy
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY;,Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute and Kavli Center for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY.,These authors contributed equally to this work
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14
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Myers CE, Rego J, Haber P, Morley K, Beck KD, Hogarth L, Moustafa AA. Learning and generalization from reward and punishment in opioid addiction. Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:122-131. [PMID: 27641323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study adapts a widely-used acquired equivalence paradigm to investigate how opioid-addicted individuals learn from positive and negative feedback, and how they generalize this learning. The opioid-addicted group consisted of 33 participants with a history of heroin dependency currently in a methadone maintenance program; the control group consisted of 32 healthy participants without a history of drug addiction. All participants performed a novel variant of the acquired equivalence task, where they learned to map some stimuli to correct outcomes in order to obtain reward, and to map other stimuli to correct outcomes in order to avoid punishment; some stimuli were implicitly "equivalent" in the sense of being paired with the same outcome. On the initial training phase, both groups performed similarly on learning to obtain reward, but as memory load grew, the control group outperformed the addicted group on learning to avoid punishment. On a subsequent testing phase, the addicted and control groups performed similarly on retention trials involving previously-trained stimulus-outcome pairs, as well as on generalization trials to assess acquired equivalence. Since prior work with acquired equivalence tasks has associated stimulus-outcome learning with the nigrostriatal dopamine system, and generalization with the hippocampal region, the current results are consistent with basal ganglia dysfunction in the opioid-addicted patients. Further, a selective deficit in learning from punishment could contribute to processes by which addicted individuals continue to pursue drug use even at the cost of negative consequences such as loss of income and the opportunity to engage in other life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Myers
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Janice Rego
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Haber
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsten Morley
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin D Beck
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Lee Hogarth
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA; Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Kahnt T, Tobler PN. Dopamine regulates stimulus generalization in the human hippocampus. eLife 2016; 5:e12678. [PMID: 26830462 PMCID: PMC4755747 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to generalize previously learned information to novel situations is fundamental for adaptive behavior. However, too wide or too narrow generalization is linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous research suggests that interactions between the dopaminergic system and the hippocampus may play a role in generalization, but whether and how the degree of generalization can be modulated via these pathways is currently unknown. Here, we addressed this question in humans using pharmacology, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and computational modeling. Blocking dopamine D2-receptors (D2R) altered generalization behavior as revealed by an increased kurtosis of the generalization gradient, and a decreased width of model-derived generalization parameters. Moreover, D2R-blockade modulated similarity-based responses in the hippocampus and decreased midbrain-hippocampal connectivity, which in turn correlated with individual differences in generalization. These results suggest that dopaminergic activity in the hippocampus may relate to the degree of generalization and highlight a potential target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kahnt
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Department of Economics, Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Watson DJG, King MV, Gyertyán I, Kiss B, Adham N, Fone KCF. The dopamine D₃-preferring D₂/D₃ dopamine receptor partial agonist, cariprazine, reverses behavioural changes in a rat neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:208-224. [PMID: 26723167 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current antipsychotic medication is largely ineffective against the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. One promising therapeutic development is to design new molecules that balance actions on dopamine D2 and D3 receptors to maximise benefits and limit adverse effects. This study used two rodent paradigms to investigate the action of the dopamine D3-preferring D3/D2 receptor partial agonist cariprazine. In adult male rats, cariprazine (0.03-0.3 mg/kg i.p.), and the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole (1-3 mg/kg i.p.) caused dose-dependent reversal of a delay-induced impairment in novel object recognition (NOR). Treating neonatal rat pups with phencyclidine (PCP) and subsequent social isolation produced a syndrome of behavioural alterations in adulthood including hyperactivity in a novel arena, deficits in NOR and fear motivated learning and memory, and a reduction and change in pattern of social interaction accompanied by increased ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs). Acute administration of cariprazine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) and aripiprazole (3 mg/kg) to resultant adult rats reduced neonatal PCP-social isolation induced locomotor hyperactivity and reversed NOR deficits. Cariprazine (0.3 mg/kg) caused a limited reversal of the social interaction deficit but neither drug affected the change in USVs or the deficit in fear motivated learning and memory. Results suggest that in the behavioural tests investigated cariprazine is at least as effective as aripiprazole and in some paradigms it showed additional beneficial features further supporting the advantage of combined dopamine D3/D2 receptor targeting. These findings support recent clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of cariprazine in treatment of negative symptoms and functional impairment in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J G Watson
- School of Life Sciences, Queen׳s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Madeleine V King
- School of Life Sciences, Queen׳s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Istvan Gyertyán
- Pharmacological and Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői út 19-21, Budapest H-1103 Hungary
| | - Béla Kiss
- Pharmacological and Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc, Gyömrői út 19-21, Budapest H-1103 Hungary
| | - Nika Adham
- Forest Research Institute, Inc., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza V, Jersey City, NJ 07311, USA
| | - Kevin C F Fone
- School of Life Sciences, Queen׳s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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17
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Arnold SJM, Ivleva EI, Gopal TA, Reddy AP, Jeon-Slaughter H, Sacco CB, Francis AN, Tandon N, Bidesi AS, Witte B, Poudyal G, Pearlson GD, Sweeney JA, Clementz BA, Keshavan MS, Tamminga CA. Hippocampal volume is reduced in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder but not in psychotic bipolar I disorder demonstrated by both manual tracing and automated parcellation (FreeSurfer). Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:233-49. [PMID: 24557771 PMCID: PMC4266285 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study examined hippocampal volume as a putative biomarker for psychotic illness in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) psychosis sample, contrasting manual tracing and semiautomated (FreeSurfer) region-of-interest outcomes. The study sample (n = 596) included probands with schizophrenia (SZ, n = 71), schizoaffective disorder (SAD, n = 70), and psychotic bipolar I disorder (BDP, n = 86); their first-degree relatives (SZ-Rel, n = 74; SAD-Rel, n = 62; BDP-Rel, n = 88); and healthy controls (HC, n = 145). Hippocampal volumes were derived from 3Tesla T1-weighted MPRAGE images using manual tracing/3DSlicer3.6.3 and semiautomated parcellation/FreeSurfer5.1,64bit. Volumetric outcomes from both methodologies were contrasted in HC and probands and relatives across the 3 diagnoses, using mixed-effect regression models (SAS9.3 Proc MIXED); Pearson correlations between manual tracing and FreeSurfer outcomes were computed. SZ (P = .0007-.02) and SAD (P = .003-.14) had lower hippocampal volumes compared with HC, whereas BDP showed normal volumes bilaterally (P = .18-.55). All relative groups had hippocampal volumes not different from controls (P = .12-.97) and higher than those observed in probands (P = .003-.09), except for FreeSurfer measures in bipolar probands vs relatives (P = .64-.99). Outcomes from manual tracing and FreeSurfer showed direct, moderate to strong, correlations (r = .51-.73, P < .05). These findings from a large psychosis sample support decreased hippocampal volume as a putative biomarker for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, but not for psychotic bipolar I disorder, and may reflect a cumulative effect of divergent primary disease processes and/or lifetime medication use. Manual tracing and semiautomated parcellation regional volumetric approaches may provide useful outcomes for defining measurable biomarkers underlying severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. M. Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Elena I. Ivleva
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 214-645-8942, fax: 214-648-5321, e-mail:
| | - Tejas A. Gopal
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Anil P. Reddy
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Haekyung Jeon-Slaughter
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Carolyn B. Sacco
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Alan N. Francis
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anup S. Bidesi
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Bradley Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Gaurav Poudyal
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
| | | | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carol A. Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5352 Harry Hines Boulevard, NE5.110H, Dallas, TX 75235
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18
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Rogers JT, Zhao L, Trotter JH, Rusiana I, Peters MM, Li Q, Donaldson E, Banko JL, Keenoy KE, Rebeck GW, Hoe HS, D’Arcangelo G, Weeber EJ. Reelin supplementation recovers sensorimotor gating, synaptic plasticity and associative learning deficits in the heterozygous reeler mouse. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:386-95. [PMID: 23104248 PMCID: PMC3820099 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112463468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lipoprotein receptor ligand Reelin is important for the processes of normal synaptic plasticity, dendritic morphogenesis, and learning and memory. Heterozygous reeler mice (HRM) show many neuroanatomical, biochemical, and behavioral features that are associated with schizophrenia. HRM show subtle morphological defects including reductions in dendritic spine density, altered synaptic plasticity and behavioral deficits in associative learning and memory and pre-pulse inhibition. The present studies test the hypothesis that in vivo elevation of Reelin levels can rescue synaptic and behavioral phenotypes associated with HRM. We demonstrate that a single in vivo injection of Reelin increases GAD67 expression and alters dendritic spine morphology. In parallel we observed enhancement of hippocampal synaptic function and associative learning and memory. Reelin supplementation also increases pre-pulse inhibition. These results suggest that characteristics of HRM, similar to those observed in schizophrenia, are sensitive to Reelin levels and can be modified with Reelin supplementation in male and female adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Rogers
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Lisa Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Justin H Trotter
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Ian Rusiana
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Melinda M Peters
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Qingyou Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Erika Donaldson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Jessica L Banko
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Kathleen E Keenoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University, Washington, USA
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriella D’Arcangelo
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA,Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
| | - Edwin J Weeber
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, USA
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19
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Abstract
Clinical studies report associations between cannabis use during adolescence and later onset of schizophrenia. We examined the causal relationship between developmental cannabinoid administration and long-term behavioral and molecular alterations in mice. Mice were administered either WIN 55,212-2 (WIN), a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist or vehicle (Veh) during adolescence (postnatal day 30-35) or early adulthood (postnatal day 63-70). Behavioral testing was conducted after postnatal day 120 followed by biochemical assays. Adolescent cannabinoid treatment (ACU) leads to deficits in prepulse inhibition and fear conditioning in adulthood. Metabotropic glutamate receptors type 5 (mGluR5), a receptor critically involved in fear conditioning and endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling, is significantly reduced in the ACU mouse hippocampus. Next, we examined expression profiles of genes involved in eCB synthesis (diacylglycerol lipase (DGL)) and uptake (monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)) in the experimental mice. We find evidence of increased MGL and FAAH in ACU mice, reflecting increases in eCB uptake and degradation. These data suggest that administration of cannabinoids during adolescence leads to a behavioral phenotype associated with a rodent model of schizophrenia, as indexed by alterations in sensorimotor gating and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory deficits. Further, these deficits are associated with a reduction in hippocampal mGluR5 and a sustained change in eCB turnover, suggesting reduced eCB signaling in the ACU hippocampus. These data suggest that significant cannabis use during adolescence may be a contributory causal factor in the development of certain features of schizophrenia and may offer mGluR5 as a potential therapeutic target.
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20
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Tamminga CA, Thomas BP, Chin R, Mihalakos P, Youens K, Wagner AD, Preston AR. Hippocampal novelty activations in schizophrenia: disease and medication effects. Schizophr Res 2012; 138:157-63. [PMID: 22480957 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined hippocampal activation in schizophrenia (SZ) with fMRI BOLD in response to the presentation of novel and familiar scenes. Voxel-wise analysis showed no group differences. However, anatomical region-of-interest analyses contrasting normal (NL), SZ-on-medication (SZ-ON), SZ-off-medication (SZ-OFF) showed substantial differences in MTL-based novelty responding, accounted for by the reduction in novelty responses in the SZ-OFF predominantly in the anterior hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex. These differences in novelty-based activation in the SZ-OFF group represent disease characteristics of schizophrenia without confounding effects of antipsychotic medication and illustrate the tendency of antipsychotic drug treatment to improve memory functions in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States.
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21
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NAAG peptidase inhibitors block cognitive deficit induced by MK-801 and motor activation induced by d-amphetamine in animal models of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e145. [PMID: 22850437 PMCID: PMC3410622 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely validated animal models of the positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia involve administration of d-amphetamine or the open channel NMDA receptor blockers, dizocilpine (MK-801), phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. The drug ZJ43 potently inhibits glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), an enzyme that inactivates the peptide transmitter N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and reduces positive and negative behaviors induced by PCP in several of these models. NAAG is an agonist at the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3). Polymorphisms in this receptor have been associated with expression of schizophrenia. This study aimed to determine whether two different NAAG peptidase inhibitors are effective in dopamine models, whether their efficacy was eliminated in GCPII knockout mice and whether the efficacy of these inhibitors extended to MK-801-induced cognitive deficits as assessed using the novel object recognition test. ZJ43 blocked motor activation when given before or after d-amphetamine treatment. (R,S)-2-phosphono-methylpentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), another potent NAAG peptidase inhibitor, also reduced motor activation induced by PCP or d-amphetamine. 2-PMPA was not effective in GCPII knockout mice. ZJ43 and 2-PMPA also blocked MK-801-induced deficits in novel object recognition when given before, but not after, the acquisition trial. The group II mGluR antagonist LY341495 blocked the effects of NAAG peptidase inhibition in these studies. 2-PMPA was more potent than ZJ43 in a test of NAAG peptidase inhibition in vivo. By bridging the dopamine and glutamate theories of schizophrenia with two structurally different NAAG peptidase inhibitors and demonstrating their efficacy in blocking MK-801-induced memory deficits, these data advance the concept that NAAG peptidase inhibition represents a potentially novel antipsychotic therapy.
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22
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Ivleva EI, Shohamy D, Mihalakos P, Morris DW, Carmody T, Tamminga CA. Memory generalization is selectively altered in the psychosis dimension. Schizophr Res 2012; 138:74-80. [PMID: 22551681 PMCID: PMC3365647 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Global deficits in declarative memory are commonly reported in individuals with schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder, and in their biological relatives. However, it remains unclear whether there are specific components within the global declarative memory dysfunction that are unique to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, or whether these impairments overlap the two psychoses. This study sought to characterize differential components of learning and memory in individuals within the psychosis dimension: probands with schizophrenia (SZP, n=33), probands with psychotic bipolar I disorder (BDP, n=20), and biological relatives of SZP (SZR, n=21), contrasted with healthy controls (HC, n=26). A computerized cognitive paradigm, the Acquired Equivalence test, with probes for associative learning, memory for learned associations, and memory generalization was administered, along with standardized neuropsychological measures of declarative memory. All study groups were able to learn and remember the associations, although SZP were slower than HC in the initial learning stages. Both SZP (significantly) and BDP (at a trend level) showed altered memory generalization compared to HC (SZP vs. HC, p=.038, d=.8; BDP vs. HC, p=.069, d=.95). SZR showed memory generalization intermediate between SZP and HC, although their performance did not differ significantly from either group. These findings indicate that probands with schizophrenia and bipolar psychoses have similar alteration in the ability to flexibly generalize learned knowledge when probed with novel stimuli, despite overall sufficient associative learning and memory for what they learned. These results suggest that the two disorders present a clinical continuum with overlapping hippocampus-mediated memory generalization dysfunction underlying the psychosis phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Ivleva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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23
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Understanding low reliability of memories for neutral information encoded under stress: alterations in memory-related activation in the hippocampus and midbrain. J Neurosci 2012; 32:4032-41. [PMID: 22442069 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3101-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to an acute stressor can lead to unreliable remembrance of intrinsically neutral information, as exemplified by low reliability of eyewitness memories, which stands in contrast with enhanced memory for the stressful incident itself. Stress-sensitive neuromodulators (e.g., catecholamines) are believed to cause this low reliability by altering neurocognitive processes underlying memory formation. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated neural activity during memory formation in 44 young, healthy human participants while incidentally encoding emotionally neutral, complex scenes embedded in either a stressful or neutral context. We recorded event-related pupil dilation responses as an indirect index of phasic noradrenergic activity. Autonomic, endocrine, and psychological measures were acquired to validate stress manipulation. Acute stress during encoding led to a more liberal response bias (more hits and false alarms) when testing memory for the scenes 24 h later. The strength of this bias correlated negatively with pupil dilation responses and positively with stress-induced heart rate increases at encoding. Acute stress, moreover, reduced subsequent memory effects (SMEs; items later remembered vs forgotten) in hippocampus and midbrain, and in pupil dilation responses. The diminished SMEs indicate reduced selectivity and specificity in mnemonic processing during memory formation. This is in line with a model in which stress-induced catecholaminergic hyperactivation alters phasic neuromodulatory signaling in memory-related circuits, resulting in generalized (gist-based) processing at the cost of specificity. Thus, one may speculate that loss of specificity may yield less discrete memory representations at time of encoding, thereby causing a more liberal response bias when probing these memories.
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24
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Foerde K, Shohamy D. The role of the basal ganglia in learning and memory: insight from Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 96:624-36. [PMID: 21945835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that memory is not a single process. Rather, there are different kinds of memory that are supported by distinct neural systems. This idea stemmed from early findings of dissociable patterns of memory impairments in patients with selective damage to different brain regions. These studies highlighted the role of the basal ganglia in non-declarative memory, such as procedural or habit learning, contrasting it with the known role of the medial temporal lobes in declarative memory. In recent years, major advances across multiple areas of neuroscience have revealed an important role for the basal ganglia in motivation and decision making. These findings have led to new discoveries about the role of the basal ganglia in learning and highlighted the essential role of dopamine in specific forms of learning. Here we review these recent advances with an emphasis on novel discoveries from studies of learning in patients with Parkinson's disease. We discuss how these findings promote the development of current theories away from accounts that emphasize the verbalizability of the contents of memory and towards a focus on the specific computations carried out by distinct brain regions. Finally, we discuss new challenges that arise in the face of accumulating evidence for dynamic and interconnected memory systems that jointly contribute to learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Foerde
- Dept. of Psychology, 406 Schermerhorn Hall, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA.
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25
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Lindström M, Hariz GM, Bernspång B. Dealing with Real-Life Challenges: Outcome of a Home-Based Occupational Therapy Intervention for People with Severe Psychiatric Disability. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2011. [DOI: 10.3928/15394492-20110819-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors offered home-based occupational therapy integrated into supported or sheltered housing to help individuals with severe psychiatric disability identify their specific needs of engagement in meaningful daily occupations. This study aimed to evaluate the client outcomes in activities of daily living (ADL) ability and health factors following their participation in occupation-centered interventions in home and community settings. Seventeen participants (7 women) between the ages of 27 and 66 years participated in the intervention project based on the Everyday Life Rehabilitation (ELR). The following instruments were administered before and after the intervention and at a 6-month follow-up: Goal Attainment Scaling, Assessment of Motor and Process Skills, Assessment of Social Interaction, Satisfaction with Daily Occupations, ADL-taxonomy with an effort-scale, and the Symptom Check List-90. Pretest, posttest, and follow-up differences in test scores on goal attainment, occupation, and health-related factors indicate that important progress was made. These findings support the use of the ELR intervention and suggest that larger randomized clinical trials are needed.
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26
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Somlai Z, Moustafa AA, Kéri S, Myers CE, Gluck MA. General functioning predicts reward and punishment learning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 127:131-6. [PMID: 20797838 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies investigating feedback-driven reinforcement learning in patients with schizophrenia have provided mixed results. In this study, we explored the clinical predictors of reward and punishment learning using a probabilistic classification learning task. Patients with schizophrenia (n=40) performed similarly to healthy controls (n=30) on the classification learning task. However, more severe negative and general symptoms were associated with lower reward-learning performance, whereas poorer general psychosocial functioning was correlated with both lower reward- and punishment-learning performances. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that general psychosocial functioning was the only significant predictor of reinforcement learning performance when education, antipsychotic dose, and positive, negative and general symptoms were included in the analysis. These results suggest a close relationship between reinforcement learning and general psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Somlai
- Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
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Moustafa AA, Gluck MA. Computational cognitive models of prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal interactions in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Neural Netw 2011; 24:575-91. [PMID: 21411277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption to different components of the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and hippocampal circuits leads to various psychiatric and neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia. Medications used to treat these disorders (such as levodopa, dopamine agonists, antipsychotics, among others) affect the prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuits in a complex fashion. We have built models of prefrontal-striatal and striatal-hippocampal interactions which simulate cognitive dysfunction in PD and schizophrenia. In these models, we argue that the basal ganglia is key for stimulus-response learning, the hippocampus for stimulus-stimulus representational learning, and the prefrontal cortex for stimulus selection during learning about multidimensional stimuli. In our models, PD is associated with reduced dopamine levels in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex. In contrast, the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated primarily with hippocampal dysfunction, while the occurrence of negative symptoms is associated with frontostriatal deficits in a subset of patients. In this paper, we review our past models and provide new simulation results for both PD and schizophrenia. We also describe an extended model that includes simulation of the different functional role of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex, a dissociation we argue is essential for understanding the non-uniform effects of levodopa, dopamine agonists, and antipsychotics on cognition. Motivated by clinical and physiological data, we discuss model limitations and challenges to be addressed in future models of these brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
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