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Zhu J, You H, Ng HY, Li Z, Xie B, Chen H, Ding Y, Tan H, Liu F, Zhang C. Impacts of bio-carriers on the characteristics of cake layer and membrane fouling in a novel hybrid membrane bioreactor for treating mariculture wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134593. [PMID: 35427670 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling is generally considered as a major bottleneck to the wide application of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for high saline mariculture wastewater treatment. Though numerous researches have investigated the membrane fouling of MBR combined with bio-carriers, few studies reveal the impacts of bio-carriers on the characteristics of cake layer and the mechanism of bio-carriers alleviating membrane fouling. In this study, two systems, namely carriers-enhanced MBR (R1) and conventional MBR (R2) were parallel operated, drawing a conclusion that bio-carriers effectively improved the characteristics of cake layer, thus mitigating membrane fouling. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) analysis indicated that bio-carriers reduced the adhesion of proteins and humic acid-like materials on membrane surface. Molecular weight (Mw) distribution suggested that soluble microbial products (SMP) with small Mw (6-20 kDa) and biopolymers in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) (50-300 kDa) was easier to accumulate on membrane surface in R2. The above results indicated that the presence of bio-carriers could effectively reduce the attachment of these organics on membrane surface, contributing to a larger porosity of cake layer and thus mitigating membrane fouling. Meanwhile, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) clarified that more components were present in R2 than R1. Moreover, the majority of compounds in the SMP were present in both systems, while only 14 compounds in the EPS were the same between R1 and R2. Noticeably, certain aromatics only existed in R2, suggesting that bio-carriers effectively reduced the accumulation of recalcitrant materials, especially aromatics. These results revealed that bio-carriers shifted the precise composition of cake layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - How Yong Ng
- Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Zhipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China.
| | - Binghan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Hongying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Haili Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Chunpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Soh YNA, Kunacheva C, Menon S, Webster RD, Stuckey DC. Comparison of soluble microbial product (SMP) production in full-scale anaerobic/aerobic industrial wastewater treatment and a laboratory based synthetic feed anaerobic membrane system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142173. [PMID: 32920408 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the characterisation of soluble microbial products (SMPs) produced from a full-scale multi-stage (anaerobic/aerobic) industrial wastewater treatment plant, and contrasted them to the SMPs detected in the effluent of a lab-scale AnMBR treating synthetic wastewater to determine if there were any common solutes detected irrespective of the feed organics. Recently developed analytical methods using gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled quadrupole-time-of-flight (LC-Q-ToF) for SMP characterisation in a wide molecular weight (MW) range of 30-2000 Da (Da) were applied. Samples collected from the Industrial Wastewater plant were the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) influent and effluent, and aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent before discharge. The GC-MS detected a spike in cyclooctasulphur in the UASB effluent, an indicator of shock-loading, which disappeared after the MBR process. Alkanes, acids and nitrogenous compounds were found to be the end-products from the GC-MS results, while LC-Q-ToF analysis revealed that eicosanoids, a group of cell-signalling molecules, were produced in the aerobic MBR, and made up 71% of its effluent. A comparison of the submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR) and aerobic MBR effluents using GC-MS showed that there was only a small degree of similarity between the SMPs, comprising mainly long chain alkanes and phthalate. On the other hand, LC-Q-ToF showed a large contrast in compound composition, mostly having cell-signalling functions, which deepened our understanding of the different metabolic processes occurring in aerobic and anaerobic systems. These data could be useful for future work in various areas such as controlling quorum-sensing and biofilm formation, process optimisation and control, and microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ni Annie Soh
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Graduate College, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, Academic Block North, ABN-01b-11, Singapore 637335, Singapore.
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Suren Menon
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Medina SC, Zamora-Vacca N, Luna HJ, Ratkovich N, Rodríguez Susa M. SMP Production in an Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) at Different Organic Loading Rates. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E317. [PMID: 33142958 PMCID: PMC7692452 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have demonstrated an excellent capability to treat domestic wastewater. However, biofouling reduces membrane permeability, increasing operational costs and overall energy demand. Soluble microbial products (SMPs) that build up on the membrane surface play a significant role in the biofouling. In this study, the production of SMPs in a 32 L submerged AnMBR operated at three different organic loads (3.0, 4.1 and 1.2 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m3d for phases 1, 2 and 3, respectively) during long-term operation of the reactor (144, 83 and 94 days) were evaluated. The samples were taken from both the permeate and the sludge at three different heights (0.14, 0.44 and 0.75 m). Higher production of SMPs was obtained in phase 2, which was proportional to the membrane fouling. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the SMPs extracted from sludge at different heights among the three phases. In the permeate of phases 1, 2 and 3, the membrane allowed the removal of 56%, 70% and 64% of the SMP concentration in the sludge. SMPs were characterized by molecular weight (MW). A bimodal behavior was obtained, where fractions prevailed with an MW < 1 kDa, associated with SMPs as utilization-associated products (UAPs) caused fouling by the pore-blocking mechanism. The chemical analysis found that, in the SMPs, the unknown COD predominated over the known COD, such as carbohydrates and proteins. These results suggest that further studies in SMP characterization should focus on the unknown COD fraction to understand the membrane fouling in AnMBR systems better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Medina
- Environmental Engineering Research Center (CIIA), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 #18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (S.C.M.); (H.J.L.); (M.R.S.)
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nataly Zamora-Vacca
- Environmental Engineering Research Center (CIIA), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 #18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (S.C.M.); (H.J.L.); (M.R.S.)
- Escuela de Ciencias, Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Calle 14 Sur # 23 - 14, Bogotá 551015, Colombia
| | - Hector J. Luna
- Environmental Engineering Research Center (CIIA), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 #18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (S.C.M.); (H.J.L.); (M.R.S.)
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Calle 22 Sur # 12D - 81, Bogotá 111511, Colombia
| | - Nicolas Ratkovich
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Manuel Rodríguez Susa
- Environmental Engineering Research Center (CIIA), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra. 1 #18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (S.C.M.); (H.J.L.); (M.R.S.)
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Zhu J, You H, Li Z, Ding Y, Liu F, Zhang C, Wang S, Gu Y, Chen F, Ma B. Impacts of bio-carriers on the characteristics of soluble microbial products in a hybrid membrane bioreactor for treating mariculture wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:140287. [PMID: 32783864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To gain greater insights into impacts of bio-carriers on the fate and characteristics of soluble microbial products (SMPs) for mariculture wastewater treatment, the hybrid membrane bioreactor (HMBR) and conventional membrane bioreactor (CMBR) were investigated. Both protein and polysaccharide exhibited lower level in HMBR (8.95 ± 0.28 mg/L and 20.49 ± 1.3 mg/L for anoxic stage, 5.16 ± 0.22 mg/L and 17.85 ± 0.92 mg/L for aerobic stage) than CMBR (14.6 ± 0.68 mg/L and 28.3 ± 2.99 mg/L for anoxic stage, 10.53 ± 0.68 and 26.04 ± 3.15 mg/L for aerobic stage). Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) revealed bio-carriers reduced the production of aromatic protein-like components in anoxic and aerobic supernatant and caused a blue-shift of soluble microbial product in aerobic stage. Molecular weight (Mw) distribution indicated that bio-carriers ameliorated the excretion of biopolymer (Mw > 500 kDa) in anoxic supernatant and intermediate Mw fractions (20-500 kDa) in aerobic supernatant. Moreover, little changes were observed in SMPs with Mw < 3 kDa down the whole treatment process of both systems. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) demonstrated that the major SMPs were long-chain alkanes and aromatics in all units of both systems and fewer aromatics were detected in HMBR. For anoxic stage, more peaks were identified in the HMBR (138) than CMBR (115), while for aerobic stage, more compounds were observed in the CMBR (94) than HMBR (70). Over 50% of the compounds in the anoxic supernatant for the HMBR were the same as in the CMBR. And 27 compounds were the same in aerobic supernatant for the HMBR and CMBR. Fewer compounds in the HMBR effluent (52) was observed, compared to CMBR effluent (80). Approximately 25.7% of compounds in the aerobic stage of the HMBR were rejected by membrane, while this value decreased to 14.9% in the CMBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Chunpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuhan Gu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Fanyu Chen
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Binyu Ma
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
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Soh YNA, Kunacheva C, Webster RD, Stuckey DC. Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126775. [PMID: 32320833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. SMPs were extracted and characterised by gas and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry to determine their composition and production/catabolism. 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. In addition, lipids and changes detected during feed transients have not been noted before in previous work. Finally, feed step-increases also increased some amino acid derivatives used in cell-signalling. Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ni Annie Soh
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Graduate College, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, Academic Block North, ABN-01b-11, Singapore, 637335, Singapore
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Soh YNA, Kunacheva C, Webster RD, Stuckey DC. Identification of the production and biotransformational changes of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater treatment processes: A short review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126391. [PMID: 32143078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While the definition of soluble microbial products (SMP) remains somewhat contentious, they have been widely accepted to be the pool of organic compounds which are released by cells into their surroundings (liquid or otherwise) due to substrate metabolism and biomass decay. SMPs are also potential precursors of disinfection by-products, and are known to be important in membrane fouling. With recent developments in analytical methodologies, many of the low molecular weight (MW) compounds can now be identified, although they are often incorrectly identified as recalcitrant compounds present in the influent. The old hypothesis of "microbial infallibility" suggested that all organic compounds produced by bacteria will eventually be degraded by microorganisms. However, there are some limitations to this hypothesis due to; the time available for degradation, the rate of activity of the microorganisms themselves, synergistic effects, as well as the degree of complexity of the chemical substance. Therefore, it is important to identify and characterise the SMPs involved in these processes, which can then in turn support the research and development of improving wastewater treatment efficiency and effectiveness, and eventually reduce environmental damage. In addition, it is still unclear what the evolutionary purpose of these compounds are. This paper reviews the work that has been done on the production and biotransformation of chemical compounds up to now and which were reported to be found in wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ni Annie Soh
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue Block S2 - B3a - 01, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Ma F, Li A, Yang J. Role of soluble microbial product as an intermediate electron station linking C/N and nitrogen removal performance in sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109248. [PMID: 32085997 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The C/N ratio in wastewater differs in place and time and affects the nitrogen removal performance of wastewater treatment. However, studies have focused only on the direct relationship between C/N and nitrogen removal efficiency but disregarded the significant role of soluble microbial products (SMPs) as an intermediate electron station. In this work, the contribution of SMPs to TN removal for treating wastewater with different C/N in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was investigated to extend relevance from C/N-TN removal to C/N-SMP-TN removal. TN removal efficiency was improved by increasing the influent C/N. The relative contribution of SMPs increased from 15% (C/N = 2) to 54% (C/N = 8), including 25.5% via utilization-associated product (UAP)-dependent denitrification and 28.5% via biomass-associated product (BAP)-dependent denitrification. The direct contribution of influent organic substrates dramatically decreased from 85.1% to 46%. In addition, providing an anoxic phase effectively enhanced BAP-dependent denitrification and achieved an increment of the SMP absolute contribution from 20.3% to 43% at C/N = 8 with 6.7 mg/L of TN additionally removed. This work clarified the significant contribution of SMPs to the nitrogen removal process, particularly in treating wastewater with high C/N. It also presented a new strategy for improving nitrogen removal performance via SMP reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Yilu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Jixian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Ma F, Li A, Zhao HP, Wang A, Yang J. In-situ utilization of soluble microbial product (SMP) cooperated with enhancing SMP-dependent denitrification in aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133558. [PMID: 31362228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soluble microbial products (SMPs), as secondary pollutants, comprise a dominant percentage of residual COD in effluents from biological wastewater treatment processes. They can also be regarded as substitute electron sources if the in-situ utilization of SMPs could be achieved. In this study, the fate of SMPs in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating artificial municipal sewage was investigated. Based on the regular SBR operation mode, a 3 h extension of anoxic phase was provided to promote SMP degradation. Meanwhile, the denitrification efficiencies achieved by adopting SMPs and influent organic substrates (IOSs) were compared to reveal the significant contribution of the in-situ utilization of SMP for nitrogen removal. Approximately 21.1 mg N/L of total nitrogen (TN) was removed over a single cyclic reaction, in which only 13.2 mg N/L was removed via IOS-dependent denitrification. The remaining 7.9 mg N/L of TN was realized via SMP-dependent denitrification, including 3.9 mg N/L by utilization-associated products and 4.0 mg N/L by biomass-associated products, which significantly contributed 37.4% of TN removal. The aromatic proteins, tryptophan-like proteins, polysaccharides and fulvic acids contained in SMP were the potential precursors of electron donors to support SMP-dependent denitrification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Yilu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jixian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
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Chen L, Hu Q, Zhang X, Chen Z, Wang Y, Liu S. Effects of salinity on the biological performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 238:263-273. [PMID: 30852403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) was evaluated treating synthetic wastewater with various concentrations of NaCl (0-40 g/L), as well as the recovery phase. The effluent COD removal efficiency decreased from 96.4% to 95.0%, 91.4%, 86.7% and 77.7% with stepwise increasing of salt concentration from 0 to 5, 10, 20 and 40 g NaCl/L, respectively, then gradually increased to 94.1% during the recovery phase. Additionally, the significant changes in the content and composition of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymer substance (EPS) were obtained under higher salt stress. GC-MS analyses were carried out for the effluent, and some new types of compounds, such as Dodecane, Undecane, and Ethyl Acetate, were found during salt exposure phases. The characterization of the microbial community was also investigated based on the analysis of genomic 16S rDNA, revealing the increasing salinity (5-40 g NaCl/L) could reduce the diversity of sludge microbial community in AnMBR. Meanwhile, the significant effects on the composition of dominate phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi) were found during the salt exposure phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Qinzheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia
| | - Zaiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Qin X, Wu X, Li L, Li C, Zhang Z, Zhang X. The Advanced Anaerobic Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (AnaEG) Possessed Temporally and Spatially Stable Treatment Performance and Microbial Community in Treating Starch Processing Wastewater. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:589. [PMID: 29643847 PMCID: PMC5882818 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study implements temporal and spatial appraisals on the operational performance and corresponding microbial community structure of a full-scale advanced anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (AnaEG) which was used to treat low organic loading starch processing wastewater. Results showed stable treatment efficiency could be maintained with long-term erratic influent quality, and a major reaction zone located at the bottom of the AnaEG, where the main pollutant removal rate was greater than 90%. Remarkably, high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons displayed that the predominant members constructed the major part of the overall microbial community and showed highly temporal stability. They were affiliated to Chloroflexi (16.4%), Proteobacteria (14.01%), Firmicutes (8.76%), Bacteroidetes (7.85%), Cloacimonetes (3.21%), Ignavibacteriae (1.80%), Synergistetes (1.11%), Thermotogae (0.98%), and Euryarchaeota (3.18%). This part of microorganism implemented the long-term stable treatment efficiency of the reactor. Simultaneously, an extraordinary spatial homogeneity in the granule physic properties and microbial community structure along the vertical direction was observed within the AnaEG. In conclusion, the microbial community structure and the bioreactor’s performance showed notable spatial and temporal consistency, and the predominant populations guaranteed a long-term favorable treatment performance of the AnaEG. It provides us with a better understanding of the mechanism of this recently proposed anaerobic reactor which was used in low organic loading wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Qin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingfang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenjia Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Han H, Miao H, Zhang Y, Lu M, Huang Z, Ruan W. Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproduct precursor variation during the reversed anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process of a sewage treatment plant. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 65:335-346. [PMID: 29548405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors in wastewater during the reversed anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) process, as well as their molecular weight (MW) and polarity-based fractions, were characterized with UV scanning, fluorescence excitation emission matrix, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Their DBP formation potentials (DBPFPs) after chlorination were further tested. Results indicated that the reversed A2/O process could not only effectively remove the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved total nitrogen in the wastewater, but also affect the MW distribution and hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The accumulation of low MW and hydrophobic (HPO) DOM was possibly due to the formation of soluble microbial product-like (SMP-like) matters in the reversed A2/O treatment, especially in the anoxic and aerobic processes. Moreover, DOM in the wastewater displayed a high carbonaceous disinfection byproduct formation potential (C-DBPFP) in the fractions of MW>100kDa and MW<5kDa, and revealed an increasing tendency of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation potential (N-DBPFP) with decrease of MW. For polarity-based fractions, the HPO fraction of wastewater showed significantly higher C-DBPFP and N-DBPFP than hydrophilic and transphilic fractions. Therefore, although the reversed A2/O process could remove most DBP precursors by DOC reduction, it led to the enhancement of DBPFP with the formation and accumulation of low MW and HPO DOM. In addition, strong correlations between C-DBPFPs and SUVA, and between N-DBPFPs and DON/DOC, were observed in the wastewater, which might be helpful for DBPFP prediction in wastewater and reclaimed water chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Han
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Hengfeng Miao
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yajing Zhang
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Minfeng Lu
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Wenquan Ruan
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China.
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12
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Li J, Wei J, Ngo HH, Guo W, Liu H, Du B, Wei Q, Wei D. Characterization of soluble microbial products in a partial nitrification sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating high ammonia nitrogen wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 249:241-246. [PMID: 29049982 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In present study, the characterization of soluble microbial products (SMP) was evaluated in a partial nitrification sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). During the stable operation of SBBR, the NH4+-N removal efficiency and nitrite accumulation ratio were 96.70±0.41% and 93.77±1.04%, respectively. According to excitation-emission matrix (EEM), the intensities of protein-like substances were reduced under anoxic and aerobic phases, whereas humic-like substances had little change during the whole cycle. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) further indentified two components and their fluorescence intensity scores were both reduced. Synchronous fluorescence spectra revealed that the fluorescence intensity of protein-like fraction decreased with reaction time. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) further demonstrated that protein-like fraction might decrease earlier than the other fractions. The information obtained in present study is of fundamental significance for understanding the key components in SMP and their changes in partial nitrification system by using a spectral approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Li
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Jinglin Wei
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Haibao Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Bin Du
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
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13
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Review of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Technology: Effect of Different Parameters and Developments for Domestic Wastewater Treatment. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/1596319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor has been recognized as an important wastewater treatment technology among anaerobic treatment methods. The objective of this study was to perform literature review on the treatment of domestic sewage using the UASB reactor as the core component and identifying future areas of research. The merits of anaerobic and aerobic bioreactors are highlighted and other sewage treatment technologies are compared with UASB on the basis of performance, resource recovery potential, and cost. The comparison supports UASB as a suitable option on the basis of performance, green energy generation, minimal space requirement, and low capital, operation, and maintenance costs. The main process parameters such as temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR), pH, granulation, and mixing and their effects on the performance of UASB reactor and hydrogen production are presented for achieving optimal results. Feasible posttreatment steps are also identified for effective discharge and/or reuse of treated water.
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14
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Zhang D, Zhou Y, Bugge TV, Mayanti B, Yang A, Poh LS, Gao X, Majid MBA, Ng WJ. Soluble microbial products (SMPs) in a sequencing batch reactor with novel cake filtration system. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1286-1297. [PMID: 28672727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation, composition and characteristics of soluble microbial products (SMPs) were investigated in a novel system which coupled a sequencing batch reactor with a cake filtration system. Both suspended solids (SS) and turbidity were significantly removed, resulting in effluent SS of 0.12 mg L-1 and turbidity of 0.72 NTU after cake filtration. The average concentrations of proteins and carbohydrates decreased respectively from 4.0 ± 0.4 and 7.1 ± 0.6 mg/L in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) mixed liquor, to 0.85 ± 0.21 and 1.39 ± 0.29 mg/L in the cake filtration effluent. Analysis of the molecular weight (MW) distribution of SMPs revealed a substantial reduction in the intensity of high-MW peaks (503 and 22.71 kDa) after cake filtration, which implied the sludge cake layer and the underlying gel layer may play a role in the effectiveness of cake filtration beyond the physical phenomenon. Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that polycarboxylate- and polyaromatic humic acids were the dominant compounds and a noticeable decrease in the fraction of these compounds was observed in the cake filtration effluent. Analysis with GC-MS set for detecting low-MW SMPs identified aromatics, alcohols, alkanes and esters as the dominant compounds. SMPs exhibited both biodegradable and recalcitrant characteristics. More SMPs (total number of 91) were accumulated during the SBR start-up stage. A noticeable increase in the aromatic fractions was seen in the SBR effluent accoutring for 39% of total compounds, compared to the SBR mixed liquor (28%). Fewer compounds (total number of 66) were identified in cake filtration effluent compared to the SBR effluent (total number of 75).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zhang
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N1-01a-29, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Bening Mayanti
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Adrian Yang
- Grundfos (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., 25 Jalan Tukang, Singapore, 619264, Singapore
| | - Leong Soon Poh
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Xin Gao
- Grundfos (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., 25 Jalan Tukang, Singapore, 619264, Singapore
| | - Maszenan Bin Abdul Majid
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Wun Jern Ng
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N1-01a-29, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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15
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Kim M, Wu G, Yoo C. Quantification of nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions and soluble microbial product (SMP) production by a modified AOB-NOB-N 2O-SMP model. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 227:227-238. [PMID: 28038400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A modified AOB-NOB-N2O-SMP model able to quantify nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and soluble microbial product (SMP) production during wastewater treatment is proposed. The modified AOB-NOB-N2O-SMP model takes into account: (1) two-step nitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), (2) N2O production by AOB denitrification under oxygen-limited conditions and (3) SMP production by microbial growth and endogenous respiration. Validity of the modified model is demonstrated by comparing the simulation results with experimental data from lab-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). To reliably implement the modified model, a model calibration that adjusts model parameters to fit the model outputs to the experimental data is conducted. The results of this study showed that the modeling accuracy of the modified AOB-NOB-N2O-SMP model increases by 19.7% (NH4), 51.0% (NO2), 57.8% (N2O) and 16.7% (SMP) compared to the conventional model which does not consider the two-step nitrification and SMP production by microbial endogenous respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinJeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea; Korea Railroad Research Institute, 76, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Guangxue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC) of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - ChangKyoo Yoo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Kunacheva C, Le C, Soh YNA, Stuckey DC. Chemical Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Soluble Microbial Products in an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2254-2261. [PMID: 28124898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from wastewater treatment systems contain a variety of organic compounds, including end products from the degradation of influent substrates, nonbiodegradable feed compounds, and soluble microbial products (SMPs) produced by microbial metabolism. It is important to identify the major components of these SMPs to understand what is in wastewater effluents. In this study, physical pretreatments to extract and concentrate low molecular weight SMPs (MW< 580 Da) from effluents were optimized. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of a 200 mL effluent sample showed the best performance using a mixture of n-hexane, chloroform, and dichloromethane (70 mL) for extraction. For solid phase extraction (SPE), two OasisHLB cartridges were connected in-line to optimize recovery, and the eluted samples from each cartridge were analyzed separately to avoid overlapping peaks. Four solvents varying from polar to nonpolar (methanol, acetone, dichloromethane, and n-hexane) were selected to maximize the number of compound peaks eluted. A combination of SPE (OasisHLB) followed by LLE was shown to maximize compound identification and quantification. However, the compounds identified accounted for only 2.1 mg of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L (16% of total SMP as COD) because many SMPs have considerably higher MWs. Finally, the method was validated by analyzing a variety of different reactor effluents and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Chencheng Le
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yan Ni Annie Soh
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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17
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Tipthara P, Kunacheva C, Soh YNA, Wong SCC, Pin NS, Stuckey DC, Boehm BO. Global Profiling of Metabolite and Lipid Soluble Microbial Products in Anaerobic Wastewater Reactor Supernatant Using UPLC-MS E. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:559-570. [PMID: 28067053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Identification of soluble microbial products (SMPs) released during bacterial metabolism in mixed cultures in bioreactors is essential to understanding fundamental mechanisms of their biological production. SMPs constitute one of the main foulants (together with colloids and bacterial flocs) in membrane bioreactors widely used to treat and ultimately recycle wastewater. More importantly, the composition and origin of potentially toxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic SMPs in renewable/reused water supplies must be determined and controlled. Certain classes of SMPs have previously been studied by GC-MS, LC-MS, and MALDI-ToF MS; however, a more comprehensive LC-MS-based method for SMP identification is currently lacking. Here we develop a UPLC-MS approach to profile and identify metabolite SMPs in the supernatant of an anaerobic batch bioreactor. The small biomolecules were extracted into two fractions based on their polarity, and separate methods were then used for the polar and nonpolar metabolites in the aqueous and lipid fractions, respectively. SMPs that increased in the supernatant after feed addition were identified primarily as phospholipids, ceramides, with cardiolipins in the highest relative abundance, and these lipids have not been previously reported in wastewater effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornpimon Tipthara
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 636921
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637141
| | - Yan Ni Annie Soh
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637141
| | - Stephen C C Wong
- Waters Pacific Pte. Ltd. , Singapore Science Park 2, Singapore 117528
| | - Ng Sean Pin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 636921
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637141.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 636921
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18
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Zhang D, Trzcinski AP, Kunacheva C, Stuckey DC, Liu Y, Tan SK, Ng WJ. Characterization of soluble microbial products (SMPs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating synthetic wastewater containing pharmaceutical compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:594-606. [PMID: 27479293 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the behaviour and characteristics of soluble microbial products (SMP) in two anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactors (MBRs): MBRcontrol and MBRpharma, for treating municipal wastewater. Both protein and polysaccharides measured exhibited higher concentrations in the MBRpharma than the MBRcontrol. Molecular weight (MW) distribution analysis revealed that the presence of pharmaceuticals enhanced the accumulation of SMPs with macro- (13,091 kDa and 1587 kDa) and intermediate-MW (189 kDa) compounds in the anoxic MBRpharma, while a substantial decrease was observed in both MBR effluents. Excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence contours indicated that the exposure to pharmaceuticals seemed to stimulate the production of aromatic proteins containing tyrosine (10.1-32.6%) and tryptophan (14.7-43.1%), compared to MBRcontrol (9.9-29.1% for tyrosine; 11.8-42.5% for tryptophan). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed aromatics, long-chain alkanes and esters were the predominant SMPs in the MBRs. More peaks were present in the aerobic MBRpharma (196) than anoxic MBRpharma (133). The SMPs identified exhibited both biodegradability and recalcitrance in the MBR treatment processes. Only 8 compounds in the MBRpharma were the same as in the MBRcontrol. Alkanes were the most dominant SMPs (51%) in the MBRcontrol, while aromatics were dominant (40%) in the MBRpharma. A significant decrease in aromatics (from 16 to 7) in the MBRpharma permeate was observed, compared to the aerobic MBRpharma. Approximately 21% of compounds in the aerobic MBRcontrol were rejected by membrane filtration, while this increased to 28% in the MBRpharma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zhang
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Antoine Prandota Trzcinski
- School of Civil Engineering & Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, 4350 Australia
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N1-01a-29, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yu Liu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N1-01a-29, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Soon Keat Tan
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N1-01a-29, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wun Jern Ng
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-10, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N1-01a-29, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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19
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Le C, Stuckey DC. Colorimetric measurement of carbohydrates in biological wastewater treatment systems: A critical evaluation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 94:280-287. [PMID: 26971803 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Four laboratory preparations and three commercially available assay kits were tested on the same carbohydrate samples with the addition of 14 different interfering solutes typically found in wastewater treatment plants. This work shows that a wide variety of solutes can interfere with these assays. In addition, a comparative study on the use of these assays with different carbohydrate samples was also carried out, and the metachromatic response was clearly influenced by variation in sample composition. The carbohydrate content in the supernatant of a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR) was also measured using these assays, and the amount in the different supernatant samples, with and without a standard addition of glucose to the samples, showed substantial differences. We concluded that the carbohydrates present in wastewater measured using these colorimetric methods could be seriously under- or over-estimated. A new analytical method needs to be developed in order to better understand the biological transformations occurring in anaerobic digestion that leads to the production of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Le
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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20
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Kang J, Ma TF, Zhang P, Gao X, Chen YP. Characterization of soluble microbial products in a drinking water biological aerated filter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8721-8730. [PMID: 26801929 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilization-associated products (UAPs) and biomass-associated products (BAPs) were quantified separately in this study to characterize soluble microbial products (SMPs) in a drinking water lab-scale biological aerated filter (BAF), and their basic characteristics were explored using gel filtration chromatography and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) spectrophotometry with fluorescence regional integration analysis and parallel factor model. UAPs were observed increased with the increase of filter media depth and accumulated after BAF treatment, whereas BAPs were basically constant. 3D-EEM spectroscopy analysis result showed that tryptophan and protein-like compounds were the main components of UAPs and BAPs, and fulvic-acid-like substance was a major component of BAPs, rather than UAPs. In terms of molecular weight (MW) distribution, UAP MW presented a bimodal distribution in the range of 1-5 and >10 kDa, while BAP MW exhibited unimodal distribution with MW >20 kDa fraction accounting for more than 90 %. The macromolecules of UAPs accumulated after BAF treatment. This study provides theoretical support for in-depth study of SMP characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Kang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environments of MOE, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Chongqing Water Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - You-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment of CAS, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
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Wu J, Ma L, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Zha X. Catalytic ozonation of organic pollutants from bio-treated dyeing and finishing wastewater using recycled waste iron shavings as a catalyst: Removal and pathways. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 92:140-8. [PMID: 26849317 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic ozonation of organic pollutants from actual bio-treated dyeing and finishing wastewater (BDFW) with iron shavings was investigated. Catalytic ozonation effectively removed organic pollutants at initial pH values of 7.18-7.52, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) level decreased from 142 to 70 mg·L(-1) with a discharge limitation of 80 mg·L(-1). A total of 100% and 42% of the proteins and polysaccharides, respectively, were removed with a decrease in their contribution to the soluble COD from 76% to 41%. Among the 218 organic species detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 58, 77, 79 and 4 species were completely removed, partially removed, increased and newly generated, respectively. Species including textile auxiliaries and dye intermediates were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The inhibitory effect decreased from 51% to 33%, suggesting a reduction in the acute toxicity. The enhanced effect was due to hydroxyl radical (OH) oxidation, co-precipitation and oxidation by other oxidants. The proteins were removed by OH oxidation (6%), by direct ozonation, co-precipitation and oxidation by other oxidants (94%). The corresponding values for polysaccharides were 21% and 21%, respectively. In addition, the iron shavings behaved well in successive runs. These results indicated that the process was favorable for engineering applications for removal of organic pollutants from BDFW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luming Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunlu Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaosong Zha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Trzcinski AP, Ganda L, Yan Ni AS, Kunacheva C, Qing ZD, Lin LL, Tao G, Lee Y, Ng WJ. Identification of recalcitrant compounds in a pilot-scale AB system: An adsorption (A) stage followed by a biological (B) stage to treat municipal wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 206:121-127. [PMID: 26851895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript presents a comparison of the A-stage and B-stage sludges in terms of anaerobic biodegradability and low molecular weight compounds present in the supernatant using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis of A-stage and B-stage supernatants identified respectively 43 and 19 organic compounds consisting mainly of aromatics (27.9% and 21%), alcohols (25.6% and 15%) and acids (30.2% and 15%). The methane potential was found to be 349±1 mL CH4/g VS and 238±12 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. After anaerobic digestion of these sludges, a greater proportion of aromatics (42% and 58%) and a lower proportion of acids (10% and 10%) and alcohols (16% and 10%) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Prandota Trzcinski
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Lily Ganda
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Annie Soh Yan Ni
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Zhang Dong Qing
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Li Leonard Lin
- Public Utilities Board, Water Reclamation (Plants) Department, 40 Scotts Road, #15-01, Singapore 228231, Singapore
| | - Guihe Tao
- Public Utilities Board, Water Reclamation (Plants) Department, 40 Scotts Road, #15-01, Singapore 228231, Singapore
| | - Yingjie Lee
- Public Utilities Board, Water Reclamation (Plants) Department, 40 Scotts Road, #15-01, Singapore 228231, Singapore
| | - Wun Jern Ng
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Division of Environmental and Water Resources, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Le C, Kunacheva C, Stuckey DC. "Protein" Measurement in Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems: A Critical Evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3074-3081. [PMID: 26893149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Five commercially available assay kits were tested on the same protein sample with the addition of 17 different types of interfering substances typically found in the biological wastewater treatment, and a comparison of the use of these assays with 22 different protein and peptide samples is also presented. It was shown that a wide variety of substances can interfere dramatically with these assays; the metachromatic response was also clearly influenced by different proteinaceous material. Measurement of the "protein" content in the effluent of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor was then carried out using these assay methods. Quantitative results of the "protein" concentration in the different effluent samples, with or without spiked additions of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), showed considerable disagreement. We concluded that the "protein" measured in wastewater samples using standard colorimetric assays often shows false positive results and has little correlation to their real value. A new analytical method needs to be developed in order to gain greater insight into the biological transformations occurring in anaerobic digestion, and how soluble microbial products (SMPs) are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Le
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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24
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Kim NK, Oh S, Liu WT. Enrichment and characterization of microbial consortia degrading soluble microbial products discharged from anaerobic methanogenic bioreactors. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:395-404. [PMID: 26771162 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soluble microbial products (SMP) produced in bioprocesses have been known as a main cause to decrease treatment efficiency, lower effluent quality, and promote membrane fouling in water reclamation plants. In this study, biological degradation of SMP using selectively enriched microbial consortia in a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor was introduced to remove SMP discharged from anaerobic methanogenic reactors. On average, 68.9-87.5% SMP removal was achieved by the enriched microbial consortia in the DHS reactor for >800 days. The influent SMP fed to the DHS reactor exhibited a bimodal molecular weight (MW) distribution with 14-20 kDa and <4 kDa. Between these two types of SMP, the small MW SMP were biodegraded in the upper part of the reactor, together with most of the large MW SMP. Using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing technology, the microbial community composition and structure were characterized and correlated with operational factors, such as hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate, and removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand at different depths of the reactor, by performing network and redundancy analyses. The results revealed that Saprospiraceae was strongly correlated to the increasing SMP loading condition, indicating positive co-occurrences with neighboring bacterial populations. Different microbial diversity along with the depth of the reactor implies that stratified microbial communities could participate in the process of SMP degradation. Taken together, these observations indicate that the spatial and temporal variability of the enriched microbial community in the DHS reactor could effectively treat SMP with respect to changes in the operational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801-2352, USA
| | - Seungdae Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801-2352, USA
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801-2352, USA.
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25
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She Q, Wang R, Fane AG, Tang CY. Membrane fouling in osmotically driven membrane processes: A review. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Kunacheva C, Stuckey DC. Analytical methods for soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymers (ECP) in wastewater treatment systems: a review. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 61:1-18. [PMID: 24878622 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from biological processes contain a wide range of complex organic compounds, including soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymers (ECP), released during bacteria metabolism in mixed culture in bioreactors. It is important to clearly identify the primary components of SMPs and ECPs in order to understand the fundamental mechanisms of biological activity that create these compounds, and how to reduce these compounds in the effluent. In addition, these compounds constitute the main foulants in membrane bioreactors which are being used more widely around the world. A review on the extraction of ECP, characterization, and identification of SMPs and ECPs is presented, and we summarize up-to-date pretreatments and analytical methods for SMPs. Most researchers have focused more on the overall properties of SMPs and ECPs such as their concentrations, molecular weight distribution, aromaticity, hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, biodegradability, and toxicity characteristics. Many studies on the identification of effluent SMPs show that most of these compounds were not present in the influent, such as humic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, organic acids, amino acids, exocellular enzymes, structural components of cells and products of energy metabolism. A few groups of researchers have been working on the identification of compounds in SMPs using advanced analytical techniques such as GC-MS, LC-IT-TOF-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS. However, there is still considerably more work needed to be done analytically to fully understand the chemical characteristics of SMPs and ECPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Center, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141 Singapore, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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27
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Li W, Su C, Liu X, Zhang L. Influence of the organic loading rate on the performance and the granular sludge characteristics of an EGSB reactor used for treating traditional Chinese medicine wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8167-8175. [PMID: 24677060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the organic loading rate (OLR) on the performance and the granular sludge characteristics of an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor used for treating real traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wastewater were investigated. Over 90% of the COD removal by the EGSB reactor was observed at the OLRs of 4 to 13 kg COD/(m(3) day). However, increasing the OLR to 20 kg COD/(m(3) day) by reducing the hydraulic retention time (HRT 6 h) reduced the COD removal efficiency to 78%. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was 512.22 mg/L, resulting in an accumulation of VFAs, and propionic acid was the main acidification product, accounting for 66.51% of the total VFAs. When the OLR increased from 10 to 20 kg COD/(m(3) day), the average size of the granule sludge decreased from 469 to 258 μm. There was an obvious reduction in the concentration of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in the granular sludge. The visible humic acid-like peak was identified in the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of the soluble microbial products (SMPs). The fatty acid bond, amide II bond, amide III bond, and C-H bond bending were also observed in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the SMPs. Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanococcus, and Bacteria populations exhibited significant shifts, and these changes were accompanied by an increase in VFA production. The results indicated that a short HRT and high OLR in the EGSB reactor caused the accumulation of polysaccharides, protein, and VFAs, thereby inhibiting the activity of methanogenic bacteria and causing granular sludge corruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China,
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28
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Dong X, Zhou W, He S. Removal of anaerobic soluble microbial products in a biological activated carbon reactor. J Environ Sci (China) 2013; 25:1745-1753. [PMID: 24520716 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The soluble microbial products (SMP) in the biological treatment effluent are generally of great amount and are poorly biodegradable. Focusing on the biodegradation of anaerobic SMP, the biological activated carbon (BAC) was introduced into the anaerobic system. The experiments were conducted in two identical lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The high strength organics were degraded in the first UASB reactor (UASB1) and the second UASB (UASB2, i.e., BAC) functioned as a polishing step to remove SMP produced in UASB1. The results showed that 90% of the SMP could be removed before granular activated carbon was saturated. After the saturation, the SMP removal decreased to 60% on the average. Analysis of granular activated carbon adsorption revealed that the main role of SMP removal in BAC reactor was biodegradation. A strain of SMP-degrading bacteria, which was found highly similar to Klebsiella sp., was isolated, enriched and inoculated back to the BAC reactor. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 10,000 mg/L and the organic loading rate achieved 10 kg COD/(m3 x day), the effluent from the BAC reactor could meet the discharge standard without further treatment. Anaerobic BAC reactor inoculated with the isolated Klebsiella was proved to be an effective, cheap and easy technical treatment approach for the removal of SMP in the treatment of easily-degradable wastewater with COD lower than 10,000 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Dong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weili Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shengbing He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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29
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Shariati FP, Heran M, Sarrafzadeh MH, Mehrnia MR, Sarzana G, Ghommidh C, Grasmick A. Biomass characterization by dielectric monitoring of viability and oxygen uptake rate measurements in a novel membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 140:357-362. [PMID: 23708851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of permittivity and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) as biological process control parameters in a wastewater treatment system was evaluated. Experiments were carried out in a novel airlift oxidation ditch membrane bioreactor under different organic loading rates (OLR). Permittivity as representative of activated sludge viability was measured by a capacitive on-line sensor. OUR was also measured as a representative for respirometric activity. Results showed that the biomass concentration increases with OLR and all biomass related measurements and simulators such as MLSS, permittivity, OUR, ASM1 and ASM3 almost follow the same increasing trends. The viability of biomass decreased when the OLR was reduced from 5 to 4 kg COD m(-3)d(-1). During decreasing of OLR, biomass related parameters generally decreased but not in a similar manner. Also, protein concentration in the system during OLR decreasing changed inversely with the activated sludge viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Pajoum Shariati
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; IEM, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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30
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Shariati FP, Mehrnia MR, Sarrafzadeh MH, Rezaee S, Grasmick A, Heran M. Fouling in a novel airlift oxidation ditch membrane bioreactor (AOXMBR) at different high organic loading rate. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Azami H, Sarrafzadeh MH, Mehrnia MR. Soluble microbial products (SMPs) release in activated sludge systems: a review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2012; 9:30. [PMID: 23369231 PMCID: PMC3561064 DOI: 10.1186/1735-2746-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the characterization, production and implications of soluble microbial products (SMPs) in biological wastewater treatment. The precise definition of SMPs is open to talk about, but is currently regarded as “the pool of organic compounds that are released into solution from substrate metabolism and biomass decay”'. Some of the SMPs have been identified as humic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, antibiotics, extracellular enzymes and structural components of cells and products of energy metabolism. They adversely affect the kinetic activity, flocculating and settling properties of sludge. This review outlines some important findings with regard to biodegradability and treatability of SMPs and also the effect of process parameters on their production. As SMPs are produced during biological treatment process, their trace amounts normally remain in the effluent that defines the highest COD removal efficiency. Their presence in effluent represents a high potential risk of toxic by-product formation during chlorine disinfection. Studies have indicated that among all wastewater post-treatment processes, the adsorption by granular activated carbon combined with biologically induced degradation is the most effective method for removal of SMPs. However, it may be concludes that the knowledge regarding SMPs is still under progress and more work is required to fully understand their contribution to the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Azami
- Biotechnology Group, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Chu W, Gao N, Deng Y, Templeton MR, Yin D. Impacts of drinking water pretreatments on the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:11161-6. [PMID: 22014706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including both nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) and carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs), was investigated by analyzing chlorinated water samples following the application of three pretreatment processes: (i) powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption; (ii) KMnO(4) oxidation and (iii) biological contact oxidation (BCO), coupled with conventional water treatment processes. PAC adsorption can remove effectively the precursors of chloroform (42.7%), dichloroacetonitrile (28.6%), dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) (27.2%) and trichloronitromethane (35.7%), which were higher than that pretreated by KMnO(4) oxidation and/or BCO process. The removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon by BCO process (76.5%)--was superior to that by PAC adsorption (69.9%) and KMnO(4) oxidation (61.4%). However, BCO increased the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentration which caused more N-DBPs to be formed during subsequent chlorination. Soluble microbial products including numerous DON compounds were produced in the BCO process and were observed to play an essential role in the formation of DCAcAm in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Ng KK, Lin CF, Panchangam SC, Andy Hong PK, Yang PY. Reduced membrane fouling in a novel bio-entrapped membrane reactor for treatment of food and beverage processing wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:4269-4278. [PMID: 21705038 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel Bio-Entrapped Membrane Reactor (BEMR) packed with bio-ball carriers was constructed and investigated for organics removal and membrane fouling by soluble microbial products (SMP). An objective was to evaluate the stability of the filtration process in membrane bioreactors through backwashing and chemical cleaning. The novel BEMR was compared to a conventional membrane bioreactor (CMBR) on performance, with both treating identical wastewater from a food and beverage processing plant. The new reactor has a longer sludge retention time (SRT) and lower mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) content than does the conventional. Three different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 6, 9, and 12 h were studied. The results show faster rise of the transmembrane pressure (TMP) with decreasing hydraulic retention time (HRT) in both reactors, where most significant membrane fouling was associated with high SMP (consisting of carbohydrate and protein) contents that were prevalent at the shortest HRT of 6 h. Membrane fouling was improved in the new reactor, which led to a longer membrane service period with the new reactor. Rapid membrane fouling was attributed to increased production of biomass and SMP, as in the conventional reactor. SMP of 10-100 kDa from both MBRs were predominant with more than 70% of the SMP <100 kDa. Protein was the major component of SMP rather than carbohydrate in both reactors. The new reactor sustained operation at constant permeate flux that required seven times less frequent chemical cleaning than did the conventional reactor. The new BEMR offers effective organics removal while reducing membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Kwang Ng
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
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