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Rajput SD, Pandey N, Sahu K. A comprehensive report on valorization of waste to single cell protein: strategies, challenges, and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26378-26414. [PMID: 38536571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The food insecurity due to a vertical increase in the global population urgently demands substantial advancements in the agricultural sector and to identify sustainable affordable sources of nutrition, particularly proteins. Single-cell protein (SCP) has been revealed as the dried biomass of microorganisms such as algae, yeast, and bacteria cultivated in a controlled environment. Production of SCP is a promising alternative to conventional protein sources like soy and meat, due to quicker production, minimal land requirement, and flexibility to various climatic conditions. In addition to protein production, it also contributes to waste management by converting it into food and feed for both human and animal consumption. This article provides an overview of SCP production, including its benefits, safety, acceptability, and cost, as well as limitations that constrains its maximum use. Furthermore, this review criticizes the downstream processing of SCP, encompassing cell wall disruption, removal of nucleic acid, harvesting of biomass, drying, packaging, storage, and transportation. The potential applications of SCP, such as in food and feed as well as in the production of bioplastics, emulsifiers, and as flavoring agents for baked food, soup, and salad, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Devi Rajput
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492 010, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492 010, India
| | - Keshavkant Sahu
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492 010, India.
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Meng J, Liu S, Gao L, Hong K, Liu S, Wu X. Economical production of Pichia pastoris single cell protein from methanol at industrial pilot scale. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:198. [PMID: 37770920 PMCID: PMC10540378 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methanol, synthesized from CO2, is a potentially sustainable one-carbon (C1) resource for biomanufacturing. The use of methanol as a feedstock to produce single cell protein (SCP) has been investigated for decades as an alternative to alleviate the high global demand for animal-derived proteins. The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an ideal host for methanol-based SCP synthesis due to its natural methanol assimilation ability. However, improving methanol utilization, tolerance to higher temperature, and the protein content of P. pastoris are also current challenges, which are of great significance to the economical industrial application using methanol as a feedstock for SCP production. RESULTS In the present work, adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) has been employed to overcome the low methanol utilization efficiency and intolerance to a higher temperature of 33 °C in P. pastoris, associated with reduced carbon loss due to the lessened detoxification of intracellular formaldehyde through the dissimilation pathway and cell wall rearrangement to temperature stress resistance following long-term evolution as revealed by transcriptomic and phenotypic analysis. By strengthening nitrogen metabolism and impairing cell wall synthesis, metabolic engineering further increased protein content. Finally, the engineered strain via multi-strategy produced high levels of SCP from methanol in a pilot-scale fed-batch culture at 33 °C with a biomass of 63.37 g DCW/L, methanol conversion rate of 0.43 g DCW/g, and protein content of 0.506 g/g DCW. SCP obtained from P. pastoris contains a higher percentage of protein compared to conventional foods like soy, fish, meat, whole milk, and is a source of essential amino acids, including methionine, lysine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: valine, isoleucine, leucine). CONCLUSIONS This study clarified the unique mechanism of P. pastoris for efficient methanol utilization, higher temperature resistance, and high protein synthesis, providing a P. pastoris cell factory for SCP production with environmental, economic, and nutritional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Meng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Shufan Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Le Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Hong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Ningxia Future Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jingsan Road, Ningdong Linhe Industrial Zone, Ningdong Town, Ningxia, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308, Tianjin, Tianjin, China.
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Cardoso Alves S, Díaz-Ruiz E, Lisboa B, Sharma M, Mussatto SI, Thakur VK, Kalaskar DM, Gupta VK, Chandel AK. Microbial meat: A sustainable vegan protein source produced from agri-waste to feed the world. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112596. [PMID: 36914347 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In the modern world, animal and plant protein may not meet the sustainability criteria due to their high need for arable land and potable water consumption, among other practices. Considering the growing population and food shortage, finding alternative protein sources for human consumption is an urgent issue that needs to be solved, especially in developing countries. In this context, microbial bioconversion of valuable materials in nutritious microbial cells represent a sustainable alternative to the food chain. Microbial protein, also known as single-cell protein (SCP), consist of algae biomass, fungi or bacteria that are currently used as food source for both humans and animals. Besides contributing as a sustainable source of protein to feed the world, producing SCP, is important to reduce waste disposal problems and production costs meeting the sustainable development goals. However, for microbial protein as feed or food to become an important and sustainable alternative, addressing the challenges of raising awareness and achieving wider public regulatory acceptance is real and must be addressed with care and convenience. In this work, we critically reviewed the potential technologies for microbial protein production, its benefits, safety, and limitations associated with its uses, and perspectives for broader large-scale implementation. We argue that the information documented in this manuscript will assist in developing microbial meat as a major protein source for the vegan world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Cardoso Alves
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12.602.810, Brazil
| | - Erick Díaz-Ruiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12.602.810, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lisboa
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12.602.810, Brazil
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut- Condorcet, 7800 ATH, Belgium
| | - Solange I Mussatto
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak M Kalaskar
- UCL Institute of orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences (IOMS), Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital-NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Anuj K Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12.602.810, Brazil.
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Biotechnological Production of Sustainable Microbial Proteins from Agro-Industrial Residues and By-Products. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010107. [PMID: 36613323 PMCID: PMC9818480 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial proteins, i.e., single-cell proteins or microbial biomass, can be cultivated for food and animal feed due to their high protein content and the fact that they represent a rich source of carbohydrates, minerals, fats, vitamins, and amino acids. Another advantage of single-cell proteins is their rapid production due to the growth rate of microorganisms and the possibility of using agro-industrial waste, residues and by-products for production through this renewable technology. Agro-industrial residues and by-products represent materials obtained from various processes in agriculture and agriculture-related industries; taking into account their composition and characteristics, as well as vast amounts, they have an enormous potential to generate sustainable bioproducts, such as microbial proteins. This review aims to summarize contemporary scientific research related to the production of microbial proteins on various agro-industrial residues and by-products, as well as to emphasize the current state of production of single-cell proteins and the importance of their production to ease the food crisis and support sustainable development.
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Sagaram US, Gaikwad MS, Nandru R, Dasgupta S. Microalgae as feed ingredients: recent developments on their role in immunomodulation and gut microbiota of aquaculture species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6296415. [PMID: 34113989 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are rapidly evolving alternative ingredients in food and feed. Desirable nutritional and functional qualities make them high potential sources of feed ingredients. Certain microalgae species are known to accumulate large amounts of protein, containing all essential amino acids while some species contain essential fatty acids and bioactive compounds hence offering several possible health benefits. However, successful inclusion of microalgae-based products in feed requires a clear understanding of physiological responses and microbiota of animals receiving microalgae diets. In this review, key microalgae-based feed ingredients and their effect on gut microbiome and immunomodulatory responses of microalgae fed animals, with a focus on aquatic species will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Shankar Sagaram
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Mahadev S Gaikwad
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Rajesh Nandru
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
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Yukesh Kannah R, Merrylin J, Poornima Devi T, Kavitha S, Sivashanmugam P, Kumar G, Rajesh Banu J. Food waste valorization: Biofuels and value added product recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Stoffel F, Santana WDO, Gregolon JGN, Kist TBL, Fontana RC, Camassola M. Production of edible mycoprotein using agroindustrial wastes: Influence on nutritional, chemical and biological properties. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Fasolin L, Pereira R, Pinheiro A, Martins J, Andrade C, Ramos O, Vicente A. Emergent food proteins – Towards sustainability, health and innovation. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Improving Fermentation of Steamed Stalk to Feed Using Candida utilis and Pachysolen tannophilus. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2018-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In order to improve the protein content of straw feed and reduce the amount of nutrients added, in this paper, the cell wall structure of corn stalk was destroyed by thermophilic digestion and the polysaccharide was degraded into monosaccharide by complex enzyme, and then transformed into bacterial protein by double strain Candida utilis 1807 and Pachysolen tannophilus 1771 fermentation. Single factor experiments and orthogonal test were made to obtain the best process for the feed of double-bacteria synchronous fermentation of stalks. The optimum amount of each nutrient and the inoculation amounts of double bacteria (accounts for the percentage of the original dry straw quality): ammonium sulfate 6.79%, urea 2.72%, yeast powder 1.63%, magnesium sulfate 0.27%, Candida utilis 54.31% and Pachysolen tannophilus 54.31%; The operational parameters of fermentation process were: fermentation temperature 29°C, rotate speed 100 r/min and fermentation time 55 hours. The yield of stalk feed and crude protein was 82.04%, 23.33%, respectively. The crude protein content of stalk feed was 28.44%, which was 4.33 times of original dry stalk. The results showed that the multi-strain distribution and degradation of protein production provide important significance for corn straw bio-utilization.
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Mahan KM, Le RK, Wells T, Anderson S, Yuan JS, Stoklosa RJ, Bhalla A, Hodge DB, Ragauskas AJ. Production of single cell protein from agro-waste using Rhodococcus opacus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:795-801. [PMID: 29915996 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Livestock and fish farming are rapidly growing industries facing the simultaneous pressure of increasing production demands and limited protein required to produce feed. Bacteria that can convert low-value non-food waste streams into singe cell protein (SCP) present an intriguing route for rapid protein production. The oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus serves as a model organism for understanding microbial lipid production. SCP production has not been explored using an organism from this genus. In the present research, R. opacus strains DSM 1069 and PD630 were fed three agro-waste streams: (1) orange pulp, juice, and peel; (2) lemon pulp, juice, and peel; and (3) corn stover effluent, to determine if these low-cost substrates would be suitable for producing a value-added product, SCP for aquafarming or livestock feed. Both strains used agro-waste carbon sources as a growth substrate to produce protein-rich cell biomass suggesting that that R. opacus can be used to produce SCP using agro-wastes as low-cost substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Mahan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Rosemary K Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Tyrone Wells
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Seth Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 21230 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ryan J Stoklosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, 323-B Dougherty Engineering Bldg., 1512 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA. .,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. .,Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center of Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 969, MS 9671, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA.
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11
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Flachowsky G, Meyer U, Südekum KH. Invited review: Resource inputs and land, water and carbon footprints from the production of edible protein of animal origin. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-17-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The objective of this review is to analyze crucial factors in the output from
the production of proteins in food of animal origin, such as milk, meat and
eggs. We then consider inputs such as land, water, fuel, minerals and feed,
as well as characterize emissions. Finally, we estimate footprints for
land (land footprint, LF), water (water footprint, WF) and greenhouse gas
emissions (i.e., carbon footprint, CF) during the production process. The
wide range of different land and water inputs per unit feed between various
studies largely influences the results. Further influencing factors are species and categories of animals that produce
edible protein, their yields and the
feeding of animals. Coproducts with no or low humanly edible fractions and
grassland as feed contribute to a lower need for arable land and lower LF, WF
and CF. The most efficient land use or the lowest LF per kilogram of edible
protein was estimated for higher milk and egg yields; the highest LF values
were calculated for beef, followed by pork. The lowest WF and CF were
calculated for edible protein of chicken meat and eggs. Edible protein from
ruminants is mostly characterized by a higher CF because of the high greenhouse
gas potential of methane produced in the rumen. A key prerequisite for
further progress in this field is the harmonization of data
collection and calculation methods. Alternatives to partial or complete replacement
of protein of terrestrial animals, such as marine animals, insects, cell
cultures, single-cell proteins or “simulated animal products” from plants,
as well as changing eating patterns and reducing food losses are
mentioned as further potential ways for more efficient feed production. For
all those dealing with plant or animal breeding and cultivation and all those
who are working along the whole food production chain, it is a major challenge to enhance
the production of more food for more people with, at the same time, less,
limited resources and lower emissions.
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Ritala A, Häkkinen ST, Toivari M, Wiebe MG. Single Cell Protein-State-of-the-Art, Industrial Landscape and Patents 2001-2016. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2009. [PMID: 29081772 PMCID: PMC5645522 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By 2050, the world would need to produce 1,250 million tonnes of meat and dairy per year to meet global demand for animal-derived protein at current consumption levels. However, growing demand for protein will not be met sustainably by increasing meat and dairy production because of the low efficiency of converting feed to meat and dairy products. New solutions are needed. Single cell protein (SCP), i.e., protein produced in microbial and algal cells, is an option with potential. Much of the recent interest in SCP has focused on the valorisation of side streams by using microorganisms to improve their protein content, which can then be used in animal feed. There is also increased use of mixed populations, rather than pure strains in the production of SCP. In addition, the use of methane as a carbon source for SCP is reaching commercial scales and more protein-rich products are being derived from algae for both food and feed. The following review addresses the latest developments in SCP production from various organisms, giving an overview of commercial exploitation, a review of recent advances in the patent landscape (2001–2016) and a list of industrial players in the SCP field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Ritala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Suvi T Häkkinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Mervi Toivari
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Marilyn G Wiebe
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
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Xie T, Xia Y, Zeng Y, Li X, Zhang Y. Nitrate concentration-shift cultivation to enhance protein content of heterotrophic microalga Chlorella vulgaris: Over-compensation strategy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 233:247-255. [PMID: 28285215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein production from microalgae requires both high cell density during cultivation and high protein content in cells. Heterotrophic microalgae can achieve high cell density, and yet are confronted with the problem of low protein content. Based on over-compensation strategy, a new concentration-shift method was proposed to cultivate heterotrophic Chlorella vulgaris, aiming to increase protein content. With a prior starvation period, microalgae utilized more nitrate and accumulated more proteins compared to one-stage cultivation. Considering the convenience of operation, nitrate-added culture was adopted for producing heterotrophic microalgae, rather than sterile centrifugal culture. Operating parameters including nitrate concentration in N-deficient medium, N-starved time and nitrate concentration in N-rich medium were optimized, which were 0.18gl-1, 38h and 2.45gl-1, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, protein content in heterotrophic Chlorella reached 44.3%. Furthermore, the heterotrophic microalga was suggested to be a potential single-cell protein source according to the amino acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yun Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xingrui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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14
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Navarro F, Forján E, Vázquez M, Montero Z, Bermejo E, Castaño MÁ, Toimil A, Chagüaceda E, García-Sevillano MÁ, Sánchez M, Domínguez MJ, Pásaro R, Garbayo I, Vílchez C, Vega JM. Microalgae as a safe food source for animals: nutritional characteristics of the acidophilic microalga Coccomyxa onubensis. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30472. [PMID: 27756449 PMCID: PMC5069342 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edible microalgae are marine or fresh water mesophilic species. Although the harvesting of microalgae offers an abundance of opportunities to the food and pharmaceutical industries, the possibility to use extremophilic microalgae as a food source for animals is not well-documented. OBJECTIVE We studied the effects of dietary supplementation of a powdered form of the acidophilic microalga Coccomyxa onubensis on growth and health parameters of laboratory rats. METHOD Four randomly organized groups of rats (n=6) were fed a standard diet (Diet 1, control) or with a diet in which 0.4% (Diet 2), 1.25% (Diet 3), or 6.25% (Diet 4) (w/w) of the standard diet weight was substituted with dried microalgae powder, respectively. The four groups of animals were provided ad libitum access to feed for 45 days. RESULTS C. onubensis biomass is rich in protein (44.60% of dry weight) and dietary fiber (15.73%), and has a moderate carbohydrate content (24.8%) and a low lipid content (5.4%) in which polyunsaturated fatty acids represent 65% of the total fatty acid. Nucleic acids are present at 4.8%. No significant difference was found in growth rates or feed efficiency ratios of the four groups of rats. Histological studies of liver and kidney tissue revealed healthy organs in control and C. onubensis-fed animals, while plasma hematological and biochemical parameters were within healthy ranges for all animals. Furthermore, animals fed a microalgae-enriched diet exhibited a statistically significant decrease in both blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The blood triglyceride content and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels decreased by about 50% in rats fed Diet 4. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that C. onubensis may be useful as a food supplement for laboratory animals and may also serve as a nutraceutical in functional foods. In addition, microalgae powder-supplemented diets exerted a significant hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effect in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Navarro
- Department of Environmental Biology and Public Health, Cell Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva and Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain
| | - Eduardo Forján
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva and Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain
| | - María Vázquez
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva and Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain
| | - Zaida Montero
- Department of Environmental Biology and Public Health, Cell Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva and Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Bermejo
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva and Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Toimil
- Department of Environmental Biology and Public Health, Cell Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel García-Sevillano
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - María José Domínguez
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva and Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain
| | - Rosario Pásaro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Garbayo
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva and Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain
| | - Carlos Vílchez
- Algal Biotechnology Group, CIDERTA and Faculty of Sciences, University of Huelva and Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Huelva, Spain;
| | - José María Vega
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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15
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Zhao F, Tan X, Zhang Y, Chu H, Yang L, Zhou X. Effect of temperature on the conversion ratio of glucose to Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells: Reducing the cost of cultivation. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Matassa S, Boon N, Verstraete W. Resource recovery from used water: the manufacturing abilities of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:467-78. [PMID: 25462753 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resources in used water are at present mainly destroyed rather than reused. Recovered nutrients can serve as raw material for the sustainable production of high value bio-products. The concept of using hydrogen and oxygen, produced by green or off-peak energy by electrolysis, as well as the unique capability of autotrophic hydrogen oxidizing bacteria to upgrade nitrogen and minerals into valuable microbial biomass, is proposed. Both axenic and mixed microbial cultures can thus be of value to implement re-synthesis of recovered nutrients in biomolecules. This process can become a major line in the sustainable "water factory" of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Matassa
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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17
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Zhang HY, Piao XS, Li P, Yi JQ, Zhang Q, Li QY, Liu JD, Wang GQ. Effects of single cell protein replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1320-8. [PMID: 25049915 PMCID: PMC4093411 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the ME value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of fish meal, and the effects of single cell protein (Prosin and Protide) replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows with initial BW of 30.8±2.6 kg were allotted to one of four dietary treatments. Diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 20% of the corn in diet 1 with one of the three protein feeds (fish meal, Prosin and Protide), and the DE and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of 25.6±3.2 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the protein feeds as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, one hundred and eighty piglets (initial BW of 7.95±1.59 kg) weaned at 28±2 d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of five treatments for a 28-d growth performance study, each treatment was fed to six pens with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. The five treatments consisted of the control group (CON), which was a corn-soybean meal diet containing 5% fish meal, and the other four treatments, which replaced a set amount of fish meal with either Prosin (2.5% or 5%) or Protide (2.5% or 5%). The diets were formulated to provide same nutrient levels. The results showed that on a DM basis, both of the DE and ME contents were lower in Prosin and Protide than that of fish meal (p<0.05). The SID of CP and all essential AA were greater in fish meal than in Prosin and Protide (p<0.05). The pigs fed CON diet had greater weight gain and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). The digestibility of CP was greater in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). Villus height in jejunum and ileum, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum were higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets compared with the 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets. Pigs fed CON diet had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). In conclusion, although Prosin and Protide contained lower ME content and SID of AA than fish meal, Prosin and Protide replacing 50% of fish meal in diet with identical nutrient levels could obtain similar performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X S Piao
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - P Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J Q Yi
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q Y Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J D Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - G Q Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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18
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Effects of Environmental Factors and Nutrient Availability on the Biochemical Composition of Algae for Biofuels Production: A Review. ENERGIES 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/en6094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Liu B, Song J, Li Y, Niu J, Wang Z, Yang Q. Towards industrially feasible treatment of potato starch processing waste by mixed cultures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1001-10. [PMID: 23921431 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at reducing the pollution of the waste generated by the potato starch industry to the environment and transform the potato pulp and wastewater into single-cell protein (SCP) to be used as animal feed. The chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater was reduced from 26,700 to 9,100 mg/L by batch fermentation with mixed cultures in an aerated 10-L fermenter. The SCP products, with a crude protein content of 46.09 % (higher than soybean meal), were found palatable and safe for mice. During the treatment process, the microbial community was analyzed using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism for bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The results of the analysis suggested that Curacaobacter/Pseudoalteromonas and Paenibacillus/Bacillus were the main microorganisms in treating potato starch processing wastes. The 150-m(3)-scale fermentation demonstrated a potential for treatment in industrial applications. Fermentation of potato pulp and wastewater without adding an extra nitrogen source was a novel approach in treating the potato starch processing waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Liu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
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20
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de Godos I, Guzman HO, Soto R, García-Encina PA, Becares E, Muñoz R, Vargas VA. Coagulation/flocculation-based removal of algal-bacterial biomass from piggery wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:923-7. [PMID: 20933398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two conventional chemical coagulants (FeCl3 and Fe2(SO4)3) and five commercial polymeric flocculants (Drewfloc 447, Flocudex CS/5000, Flocusol CM/78, Chemifloc CV/300 and Chitosan) were comparatively evaluated for their ability to remove algal-bacterial biomass from the effluent of a photosynthetically oxygenated piggery wastewater biodegradation process. Chlorella sorokiniana, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorococcum sp. and a wild type Chlorella, in symbiosis with a bacterial consortium, were used as model algal-bacterial consortia. While the highest biomass removals (66-98%) for the ferric salts were achieved at concentrations of 150-250 mg L(-1), dosages of 25-50 mg L(-1) were required for the polymer flocculants to support comparable removal efficiencies. Process efficiency declined when the polymer flocculant was overdosed. Biomass concentration did not show a significant impact on flocculation within the concentration range tested. The high flocculant requirements herein recorded might be due to the competition of colloidal organic for the flocculants and the stationary phase conditions of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio de Godos
- Center of Biotechnology. Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Campus Universitario, s/n Cochabamba, Bolivia
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