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Tomatis M, Kumar Jeswani H, Azapagic A. Environmental impacts of valorisation of crude glycerol from biodiesel production - A life cycle perspective. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 179:55-65. [PMID: 38460477 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Biodiesel production produces significant quantities of impure crude glycerol as a by-product. Recent increases in the global biodiesel production have led to a surplus of crude glycerol, rendering it a waste. As a result, different methods for its valorisation are currently being investigated. This paper assesses the life cycle environmental impacts of an emerging technology for purification of crude glycerol - a multi-step physico-chemical treatment - in comparison to incineration with energy recovery commonly used for its disposal. For the former, three different acids (H3PO4, H2SO4 and HCl) are considered for the acidification step in the purification process. The results suggest that the H2SO4-based treatment is the best option with 17 net-negative impacts out of the 18 categories considered; this is due to system credits for the production of purified glycerol, heat and potassium salts. In comparison to incineration with energy recovery, the H2SO4-based process has lower savings for the climate change impact (-311 versus -504 kg CO2 eq./t crude glycerol) but it performs better in ten other categories. Sensitivity analyses suggest that that the impacts of the physico-chemical treatment are highly dependent on crude glycerol composition, allocation of burdens to crude glycerol and credits for glycerol production. For example, treating crude glycerol with lower glycerol content would increase all impacts except climate change and fossil depletion due to the higher consumption of chemicals and lower production of purified glycerol. Considering crude glycerol as a useful product rather than waste and allocating to it burdens from biodiesel production would increase most impacts significantly, including climate change (22-40 %), while fossil depletion, freshwater and marine eutrophication would become net-positive. The findings of this research will be of interest to the biodiesel industry and other industrial sectors that generate crude glycerol as a by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tomatis
- Sustainable Industrial Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Harish Kumar Jeswani
- Sustainable Industrial Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adisa Azapagic
- Sustainable Industrial Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Wang H, Li H, Lee CK, Mat Nanyan NS, Tay GS. A systematic review on utilization of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol in sustainable polymers preparation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129536. [PMID: 38278390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of biodiesel, biodiesel-derived glycerol has become a promising renewable bioresource. The key to utilizing this bioresource lies in the value-added conversion of crude glycerol. While purifying crude glycerol into a pure form allows for diverse applications, the intricate nature of this process renders it costly and environmentally stressful. Consequently, technology facilitating the direct utilization of unpurified crude glycerol holds significant importance. It has been reported that crude glycerol can be bio-transformed or chemically converted into high-value polymers. These technologies provide cost-effective alternatives for polymer production while contributing to a more sustainable biodiesel industry. This review article describes the global production and quality characteristics of biodiesel-derived glycerol and investigates the influencing factors and treatment of the composition of crude glycerol including water, methanol, soap, matter organic non-glycerol, and ash. Additionally, this review also focused on the advantages and challenges of various technologies for converting crude glycerol into polymers, considering factors such as the compatibility of crude glycerol and the control of unfavorable factors. Lastly, the application prospect and value of crude glycerol conversion were discussed from the aspects of economy and environmental protection. The development of new technologies for the increased use of crude glycerol as a renewable feedstock for polymer production will be facilitated by the findings of this review, while promoting mass market applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Tangshan Jinlihai Biodiesel Co. Ltd., 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia.
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3
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Bioprocesses for the Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils and Valorization of Glycerol. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The environmental context causes the use of renewable energy to increase, with the aim of finding alternatives to fossil-based products such as fuels. Biodiesel, an alternative to diesel, is now a well-developed solution, and its production from renewable resources makes it perfectly suitable in the environmental context. In addition, it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has low greenhouse gas emissions: reduced about 85% compared to diesel. However, the feedstock used to produce biodiesel competes with agriculture and the application of chemical reactions is not advantageous with a “green” process. Therefore, this review focuses only on bioprocesses currently taking an important place in the production of biodiesel and allow high yields, above 90%, and with very few produced impurities. In addition, the use of waste oils as feedstock, which now accounts for 10% of feedstocks used in the production of biodiesel, avoids competition with agriculture. To present a complete life-cycle of oils in this review, a second part will focus on the valorization of the biodiesel by-product, glycerol. About 10% of glycerol is generated during the production of biodiesel, so it should be recovered to high value-added products, always based on bioprocesses. This review will also present existing techniques to extract and purify glycerol. In the end, from the collection of feedstocks to the production of CO2 during the combustion of biodiesel, this review presents the steps using the “greener” possible processes.
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Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Li C, Chen X, Peng W, Aghbashlo M, Lam SS, Tabatabaei M. Managing the hazardous waste cooking oil by conversion into bioenergy through the application of waste-derived green catalysts: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127636. [PMID: 34740507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste cooking oil (WCO) is a hazardous waste generated at staggering values globally. WCO disposal into various ecosystems, including soil and water, could result in severe environmental consequences. On the other hand, mismanagement of this hazardous waste could also be translated into the loss of resources given its energy content. Hence, finding cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative pathways for simultaneous management and valorization of WCO, such as conversion into biodiesel, has been widely sought. Due to its low toxicity, high biodegradability, renewability, and the possibility of direct use in diesel engines, biodiesel is a promising alternative to mineral diesel. However, the conventional homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts used in the biodiesel production process, i.e., transesterification, are generally toxic and derived from non-renewable resources. Therefore, to boost the sustainability features of the process, the development of catalysts derived from renewable waste-oriented resources is of significant importance. In light of the above, the present work aims to review and critically discuss the hazardous WCO application for bioenergy production. Moreover, various waste-oriented catalysts used to valorize this waste are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Li
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangmeng Chen
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China; Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Terengganu, Malaysia; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Extension, And Education Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9071198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel or known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), is a diesel fuel substitute derived from the transesterification reaction of triglycerides with alcohol in the presence of suitable catalyst. The demand for biodiesel is increasing due to environmental and health awareness, as well as diminishing energy security. However, the presence of impurities in biodiesel will affect engine performance by corroding fuel tubes and damaging the injectors. Common methods for the purification of biodiesel include water washing, dry washing and membrane separation. This mini review compares the technological advancement for efficient enhancement of biodiesel and glycerol refining between wet washing, dry washing (activated compound, biomass-based adsorbents and silica-based adsorbents), ion exchange and membrane separation technology. The percentage of glycerol residues, soap, alcohol and catalyst from crude biodiesel was compared to reflect the resulting biodiesel purity variation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were also discussed.
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Ahmad Farid MA, Hassan MA, Roslan AM, Ariffin H, Norrrahim MNF, Othman MR, Yoshihito S. Improving the decolorization of glycerol by adsorption using activated carbon derived from oil palm biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27976-27987. [PMID: 33527241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study provides insight into the decolorization strategy for crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production using waste cooking oil as raw material. A sequential procedure that includes physico-chemical treatment and adsorption using activated carbon from oil palm biomass was investigated. The results evidenced decolorization and enrichment of glycerol go hand in hand during the treatment, achieving >89% color removal and > 98% increase in glycerol content, turning the glycerol into a clear (colorless) solution. This is attributed to the complete removal of methanol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides, as well as 85% removal of water, and 93% removal of potassium. Properties of the resultant glycerol met the quality standard of BS 2621:1979. The economic aspects of the proposed methods are examined to fully construct a predesign budgetary estimation according to chemical engineering principles. The starting capital is proportionate to the number of physical assets to acquire where both entail a considerable cost at USD 13,200. Having the benefit of sizeable scale production, it reasonably reduces the operating cost per unit product. As productivity sets at 33 m3 per annum, the annual operating costs amount to USD 79,902 in glycerol decolorization. This is translatable to USD 5.38 per liter glycerol, which is ~69% lower compared to using commercial activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Food and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridzuan Othman
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shirai Yoshihito
- Graduate School of Life Sciences and System Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Hibikino 2-4, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan
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7
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Khounani Z, Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Nazemi F, Shaeifi M, Karimi K, Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, Lam SS. Exergy analysis of a whole-crop safflower biorefinery: A step towards reducing agricultural wastes in a sustainable manner. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111822. [PMID: 33348185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The huge amount of agro-wastes generated due to expanding agricultural activities can potentially cause serious environmental and human health problems. Using the biorefinery concept, all parts of agricultural plants can be converted into multiple value-added bioproducts while reducing waste generation. This approach can be viewed as an effective strategy in developing and realizing a circular bioeconomy by accomplishing the dual goals of waste mitigation and energy recovery. However, the sustainability issue of biorefineries should still be thoroughly scrutinized using comprehensive resource accounting methods such as exergy-based approaches. In light of that, this study aims to conduct a detailed exergy analysis of whole-crop safflower biorefinery consisting of six units, i.e., straw handling, biomass pretreatment, bioethanol production, wastewater treatment, oil extraction, and biodiesel production. The analysis is carried out to find the major exergy sink in the developed biorefinery and discover the bottlenecks for further performance improvements. Overall, the wastewater treatment unit exhibits to be the major exergy sink, amounting to over 70% of the total thermodynamic irreversibility of the process. The biomass pretreatment and bioethanol production units account for 12.4 and 10.3% of the total thermodynamic inefficiencies of the process, respectively. The exergy rates associated with bioethanol, biodiesel, lignin, biogas, liquid digestate, seed cake, sodium sulfate, and glycerol are determined to be 5918.5, 16516.8, 10778.9, 1741.4, 6271.5, 15755.8, 3.4, and 823.5 kW, respectively. The overall exergetic efficiency of the system stands at 72.7%, demonstrating the adequacy of the developed biorefinery from the thermodynamic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khounani
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Farshid Nazemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Marzieh Shaeifi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran; Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Terengganu, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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8
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Kumar LR, Yellapu SK, Tyagi R, Drogui P. Purified crude glycerol by acid treatment allows to improve lipid productivity by Yarrowia lipolytica SKY7. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Mena-Cervantes VY, Hernández-Altamirano R, Tiscareño-Ferrer A. Development of a green one-step neutralization process for valorization of crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28500-28509. [PMID: 31873884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production from the transesterification of triglycerides produces crude glycerol as a by-product with a percentage of glycerol typically 20-80% (w/w) depending on the specific conditions of the transesterification process. This crude glycerol requires further purification in order to achieve commercial value and to increase the profitability of biodiesel production. For this reason, the main objective of this work was to obtain glycerol with a purity greater than 90% (w/w) starting from water-free crude glycerine as obtained from the IPN-GBD-1000® transesterification process and treating it via single-step neutralization according to green chemistry principles. For this purpose, sulphuric (H2SO4) and citric (C6H8O7) acids were evaluated as neutralizers by adding dilute acid solutions to crude glycerine under mild conditions. The physicochemical characterization of both crude and purified glycerol was carried out by means of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that the neutralization method herein developed allowed the obtaining of glycerol with purities of 98.5% and 84.37% (w/w) and treatment efficiencies of 98.5% and 46.7% for sulphuric and citric acid treatments, respectively. In addition, the environmental viability of the sulphuric acid process was evaluated through the calculation of green metrics such as environmental factor, water factor and mass intensity, through which significant environmental advantages were confirmed. The one-step neutralization process reported herein generates zero waste when sulphuric acid is used; it also decreases the water consumption 17-fold and reduces 3-fold the use of raw materials per mass unit of purified glycerol compared to the conventional acidification-neutralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Y Mena-Cervantes
- Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Raúl Hernández-Altamirano
- Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Tiscareño-Ferrer
- Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Desarrollo y Aseguramiento de la Calidad de Biocombustibles (LaNDACBio), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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10
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Valorization of Biodiesel Byproduct Crude Glycerol for the Production of Bioenergy and Biochemicals. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of global biodiesel production requires simultaneous effective utilization of glycerol obtained as a by-product of the transesterification process. Accumulation of the byproduct glycerol from biodiesel industries can lead to considerable environment issues. Hence, there is extensive research focus on the transformation of crude glycerol into value-added products. This paper makes an overview of the nature of crude glycerol and ongoing research on its conversion to value-added products. Both chemical and biological routes of glycerol valorization will be presented. Details of crude glycerol conversion into microbial lipid and subsequent products will also be highlighted.
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11
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Kumar LR, Yellapu SK, Tyagi RD, Zhang X. A review on variation in crude glycerol composition, bio-valorization of crude and purified glycerol as carbon source for lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 293:122155. [PMID: 31561979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerol (CG) is a by-product formed during the trans-esterification reaction for biodiesel production. Although crude glycerol is considered a waste stream of the biodiesel industry, it can replace expensive carbon substrates required for lipid production by oleaginous micro-organisms. However, crude glycerol has several impurities, such as methanol, soap, triglycerides, fatty acids, salts and metals, which are created during the trans-esterification process and may affect the cellular metabolism involved in lipid synthesis. This review aims to critically present a variation in crude glycerol composition depending on trans-esterification process and impact of impurities present in the crude glycerol on the cell growth and lipid accumulation by oleaginous microbes. This study also draws comparison between purified and crude glycerol for lipid production. Several techniques for crude glycerol purification (chemical treatment, thermal treatment, membrane technology, ion-exchange chromatography and adsorption) have been presented and discussed with reference to cost and environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit R Kumar
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Sravan Kumar Yellapu
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R D Tyagi
- INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, GuangDong 518055, China
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12
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Sendzikiene E, Makareviciene V. Biodiesel fuel synthesis by interesterification of triglycerides with carboxylate esters of low molecular weight. REV CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2018-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ever-increasing environmental pollution from greenhouse gases motivates the search for methods to reduce it. One such method is the use of biodiesel fuels in the transport sector. Conventional biodiesel production generates up to 10% of a by-product, raw glycerol, whose amount continues to increase as biodiesel production volumes expand, but its demand remains limited. Recently, options have been analysed to replace the triglyceride transesterification process generally used in biodiesel production with an interesterification process that does not generate raw glycerol, instead yielding triacylglycerol that can be directly used as fuel for diesel engines by mixing with fatty acid esters. Additionally, triacylglycerol improves the low-temperature properties of fuel. The present article discusses triglyceride interesterification processes using various carboxylate esters of low molecular weight. Information is provided on raw materials that can be subjected to interesterification for biodiesel synthesis. The possible applications of chemical and enzymatic catalysis for triglyceride interesterification are discussed, and the influence of the catalyst amount, molar ratio of reactants, temperature and process duration on the effectiveness of interesterification is examined. The conditions and effectiveness of noncatalytic interesterification are also discussed in the article. Qualitative indicators of the products obtained and their conformity to the requirements of the European standard for biodiesel fuel are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Sendzikiene
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University , Studentu Str. 11, LT-53361 , Akademija, Kaunas Dstr. , Lithuania
| | - Violeta Makareviciene
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University , Studentu Str. 11, LT-53361 , Akademija, Kaunas Dstr. , Lithuania
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13
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Upgrading the Glycerol from Biodiesel Production as a Source of Energy Carriers and Chemicals—A Technological Review for Three Chemical Pathways. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Accelerated decantation of biodiesel–glycerol mixtures: Optimization of a critical stage in biodiesel biorefinery. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Pott RWM, Howe CJ, Dennis JS. The purification of crude glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacture and its use as a substrate by Rhodopseudomonas palustris to produce hydrogen. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 152:464-70. [PMID: 24326037 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerol (CG) from biodiesel production is often contaminated with several compounds, including saponified fatty acids (SFAs). Photofermentative growth of Rhodopseudomonas palustris on glycerol leads to hydrogen production; however, R. palustris is inhibited by SFAs. This study examines inhibition of R. palustris by SFAs, finding that, with increasing concentration of SFA, growth rate falls, reaching zero at an SFA concentration of 0.2 mM. Methods for purifying CG were examined, namely (i) treatment with ethanol and activated carbon, (ii) pH adjustment, (iii) solvent extraction, and (iv) precipitation of the fatty acids with calcium. The rates of growth and production of hydrogen were investigated using CG treated by these methods. It was found that treatment with activated carbon, pH reduction, and calcium precipitation reduced inhibition, while solvent extraction was effective only when used in conjunction with pH adjustment. These treatments allow crude glycerol to be used for hydrogen production by R. palustris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W M Pott
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
| | - Christopher J Howe
- University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - John S Dennis
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
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Shirazi MMA, Kargari A, Tabatabaei M, Mostafaeid B, Akia M, Barkhi M, Shirazi MJA. Acceleration of biodiesel-glycerol decantation through NaCl-assisted gravitational settling: a strategy to economize biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 134:401-406. [PMID: 23499494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When making biodiesel, slow separation of glycerol; the main by-product of the transesterification reaction, could lead to longer operating times, bigger equipment and larger amount of steel and consequently increased production cost. Therefore, acceleration of glycerol/biodiesel decantation could play an important role in the overall biodiesel refinery process. In this work, NaCl-assisted gravitational settling was considered as an economizing strategy. The results obtained indicated that the addition of conventional NaCl salt decreased the glycerol settling time significantly up to more than five times. However, NaCl inclusion rates of more than 3g to the mixture (i.e. 5 and 10 g) resulted in significantly less methyl ester purity due to the occurrence of miniemulsion phenomenon. Overall, addition of 1g NaCl/100 ml glycerol-biodiesel mixture was found as optimal by accelerating the decantation process by 100% while maintaining the methyl ester purity as high as the control (0 g NaCl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi A Shirazi
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Omidieh Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 164, Omidieh, Iran
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