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Serra-Toro A, Vinardell S, Astals S, Madurga S, Llorens J, Mata-Álvarez J, Mas F, Dosta J. Ammonia recovery from acidogenic fermentation effluents using a gas-permeable membrane contactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 356:127273. [PMID: 35526718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A gas-permeable membrane (GPM) contactor was used to recover ammoniacal nitrogen from a synthetic and a biowaste fermentation broth under different pH (from 6 to 11) and temperatures (35 and 55 °C). Ammonia mass transfer constant (Km) increased as pH and temperature increased. For synthetic broth, pH 10 provided the best results, when considering the Km (9.2·10-7 m·s-1) and the reagents consumption (1.0 mol NaOH·mol-1 TAN and 0.6 mol H2SO4·mol-1 TAN). Biowaste fermentation generated a broth with a high concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen (4.9 g N·L-1) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) (41.1 g COD·L-1). Experiments using the biowaste broth showed a lower Km (5.0·10-7 m·s-1 at pH 10) than the synthetic broth, related to the solution matrix and other species interference. VFAs were not detected in the trapping solution. Overall, these results show that GPM is a suitable technology to efficiently separate ammoniacal nitrogen and VFA from fermentation broths.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serra-Toro
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Vinardell
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Astals
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Madurga
- Materials Science and Physical Chemistry Department & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Llorens
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Mata-Álvarez
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Mas
- Materials Science and Physical Chemistry Department & Research Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Dosta
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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2
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Rhee C, Park SG, Kim DW, Yu SI, Shin J, Hwang S, Shin SG. Tracking microbial community shifts during recovery process in overloaded anaerobic digesters under biological and non-biological supplementation strategies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125614. [PMID: 34315123 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion encounters operational instability due to fluctuations in organic loading. Propionic acid (HPr) is frequently accumulated due to its unfavorable reaction thermodynamics. Here, 'specific' bioaugmentation using HPr enrichment cultures (three different injection regimes of quantity and frequency) was compared with 'non-specific' bioaugmentation using anaerobic sludge, and with non-biological supplementation of magnetite or coenzyme M. The specific bioaugmentation treatments showed superior recovery responses during continuous feeding after a peak overload. A 'one-shot' bioaugmentation with enrichment showed the best remediation, with ~25% recovery time and >10% CH4 conversion efficiency compared to the control. Consecutive bioaugmentation showed evidence of increased stability of the introduced community. Families Synergistaceae, Syntrophobacteraceae, and Kosmotogaceae were likely responsible for HPr-oxidation, in potential syntrophy with Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium. The different supplementation strategies can be considered to reduce the effect of start-up or overload in anaerobic digesters based on the availability of supplementation resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyoung Rhee
- Department of Energy Engineering, Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gwan Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Il Yu
- Department of Energy Engineering, Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Shin
- Department of Energy Engineering, Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gu Shin
- Department of Energy Engineering, Future Convergence Technology Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lü F, Wang Z, Zhang H, Shao L, He P. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste: Recovery of value-added and inhibitory compounds from liquid fraction of digestate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125196. [PMID: 33901909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion, as an eco-friendly waste treatment technology, is facing the problem of low stability and low product value. Harvesting value-added products beyond methane and removing the inhibitory compounds will unleash new vitality of anaerobic digestion, which need to be achieved by selective separation of certain compounds. Various methods are reviewed in this study for separating valuable products (volatile fatty acids, medium-chain carboxylic acids, lactic acid) and inhibitory substance (ammonia) from the liquid fraction of digestate, including their performance, applicability, corresponding limitations and roadmaps for improvement. In-situ extraction that allows simultaneous production and extraction is seen as promising approach which carries good potential to overcome the barriers for continuous production. The prospects and challenges of the future development are further analyzed based on in-situ extraction and economics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lü
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Liming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Pinjing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Multi-source Solid Wastes Co-processing and Energy Utilization, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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4
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Ling Z, Thakur N, El-Dalatony MM, Salama ES, Li X. Protein biomethanation: insight into the microbial nexus. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:69-78. [PMID: 34215486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biomethanation of carbohydrates (e.g., lignocellulosic biomass) and lipids (e.g., waste oils) has been well studied. However, investigations on the biomethanation of protein-rich biowastes (PRBs) and associated microbial communities have not been reported. This review summarizes the challenges in the metabolic process of anaerobic digestion of PRBs and the microbial instability associated with it. We discuss the diversity of bacterial and archaeal communities via metagenomics under PRB mono- and codigestion. A stable community structure with enhanced metabolic activity is a core factor in PRB biomethanation. The application of strategies such as codigestion of PRBs with carbon-rich biomass and microbial stimulation/augmentation would make PRB biomethanation more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenmin Ling
- MOE, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Nandini Thakur
- MOE, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Marwa M El-Dalatony
- MOE, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - El-Sayed Salama
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China.
| | - Xiangkai Li
- MOE, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, PR China.
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5
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Ceramic Microfiltration Membranes in Wastewater Treatment: Filtration Behavior, Fouling and Prevention. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090248. [PMID: 32971963 PMCID: PMC7558661 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, integrated microfiltration (MF) membrane systems treatment is becoming widely popular due to its feasibility, process reliability, commercial availability, modularity, relative insensitivity in case of wastewater of various industrial sources as well as raw water treatment and lower operating costs. The well thought out, designed and implemented use of membranes can decrease capital cost, reduce chemical usage, and require little maintenance. Due to their resistance to extreme operating conditions and cleaning protocols, ceramic MF membranes are gradually becoming more employed in the drinking water and wastewater treatment industries when compared with organic and polymeric membranes. Regardless of their many advantages, during continuous operation these membranes are susceptible to a fouling process that can be detrimental for successful and continuous plant operations. Chemical and microbial agents including suspended particles, organic matter particulates, microorganisms and heavy metals mainly contribute to fouling, a complex multifactorial phenomenon. Several strategies, such as chemical cleaning protocols, turbulence promoters and backwashing with air or liquids are currently used in the industry, mainly focusing around early prevention and treatment, so that the separation efficiency of MF membranes will not decrease over time. Other strategies include combining coagulation with either inorganic or organic coagulants, with membrane treatment which can potentially enhance pollutants retention and reduce membrane fouling.
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6
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Temperature Effects on Methanogenesis and Sulfidogenesis during Anaerobic Digestion of Sulfur-Rich Macroalgal Biomass in Sequencing Batch Reactors. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120682. [PMID: 31835811 PMCID: PMC6955875 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanogenesis and sulfidogenesis, the major microbial reduction reactions occurring in the anaerobic digestion (AD) process, compete for common substrates. Therefore, the balance between methanogenic and sulfidogenic activities is important for efficient biogas production. In this study, changes in methanogenic and sulfidogenic performances in response to changes in organic loading rate (OLR) were examined in two digesters treating sulfur-rich macroalgal waste under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively. Both methanogenesis and sulfidogenesis were largely suppressed under thermophilic relative to mesophilic conditions, regardless of OLR. However, the suppressive effect was even more significant for sulfidogenesis, which may suggest an option for H2S control. The reactor microbial communities developed totally differently according to reactor temperature, with the abundance of both methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria being significantly higher under mesophilic conditions. In both reactors, sulfidogenic activity increased with increasing OLR. The findings of this study help to understand how temperature affects sulfidogenesis and methanogenesis during AD.
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7
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Babin A, Bougie F, Rodrigue D, Iliuta MC. A closer look on the development and commercialization of membrane contactors for mass transfer and separation processes. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Hou D, Jassby D, Nerenberg R, Ren ZJ. Hydrophobic Gas Transfer Membranes for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11618-11635. [PMID: 31512850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous compounds, such as CH4, H2, and O2, are commonly produced or consumed during wastewater treatment. Traditionally, these gases need to be removed or delivered using gas sparging or liquid heating, which can be energy intensive with low efficiency. Hydrophobic membranes are being increasingly investigated in wastewater treatment and resource recovery. This is because these semipermeable barriers repel water and create a three-phase interface that enhances mass transfer and chemical conversions. This Critical Review provides a first comprehensive analysis of different hydrophobic membranes and processes, and identifies the challenges and potential for future system development. The discussions and analyses were grouped based on mechanisms and applications, including membrane gas extraction, membrane gas delivery, and hybrid processes. Major challenges, such as membrane fouling, wetting, and limited selectivity and functionality, are identified, and potential solutions articulated. New opportunities, such as electrochemical coating, integrated membrane electrodes, and membrane functionalization, are also discussed to provide insights for further development of more efficient and low-cost membranes and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianxun Hou
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
- WaterNova, Inc. , Lakewood , Colorado 80227 , United States
| | - David Jassby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Robert Nerenberg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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9
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Khalid H, Cai F, Zhang J, Zhang R, Wang W, Liu G, Chen C. Optimizing key factors for biomethane production from KOH-pretreated switchgrass by response surface methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25084-25091. [PMID: 31254197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the best technologies for producing methane from biomass wastes with limited environmental impacts. Most AD plants need a continuous and stable supply of feedstock for their sustained operation for which lignocellulosic biomass can be effectively utilized. Switchgrass (SG), also known as Panicum virgatum, is a tall-growing grass which exists throughout the year in areas with warm climate and has the potential to produce biomethane. The present work investigated anaerobic digestion performance of SG while focusing on enhancing the methane yield by employing central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). The aim of this research was to find out the best level of factors including feed-to-inoculum (F/I) ratio, organic loading (OL), and pH for optimizing the desired output of biomethane production from 3% KOH-pretreated SG. Results revealed that the highest value of experimental methane yield was 288.4 mL/gVS at the optimal F/I ratio, pH, and OL of 1, 6.96, and 24 gVS/L, respectively. Moreover, 3% KOH pretreatment improved the biodegradability of SG significantly from 14.23 to 85.53%. This study forms the basis for future application of SG for enhanced methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiba Khalid
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 505 Zonghe Building A, 15 North 3rd Ring East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fanfan Cai
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 505 Zonghe Building A, 15 North 3rd Ring East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 505 Zonghe Building A, 15 North 3rd Ring East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wen Wang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 505 Zonghe Building A, 15 North 3rd Ring East Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 505 Zonghe Building A, 15 North 3rd Ring East Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Chang Chen
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 505 Zonghe Building A, 15 North 3rd Ring East Road, Beijing, 100029, China.
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10
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Lee J, Hwang S. Single and combined inhibition of Methanosaeta concilii by ammonia, sodium ion and hydrogen sulfide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:401-411. [PMID: 30844642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single and combined inhibition of lag time λ and specific methanogenic activity RCH4 of Methanosaeta concilii by NH3, Na+ and H2S were investigated using inhibition tests with a single inhibitor and a 33 full-factorial experiment of NH3, Na+ and H2S concentrations (1.5 ≤ total ammonia nitrogen (TAN)/L ≤ 4.5 g, 1 ≤ Na+/L ≤ 4.3 g, 14.2 ≤ total hydrogen sulfide sulfur (THSS)/L ≤ 836 mg). All three inhibitors significantly increased λ and reduced RCH4 of M. concilii. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of NH3, Na+ and H2S for M. concilii were 6.4 g TAN/L, 5.2 g Na+/L and 1.6 g THSS/L. Partial cubic models adequately approximated the corresponding response surfaces of λ and RCH4 from the 33 full-factorial experiment. The inhibitors inhibited RCH4 synergistically, but inhibited λ in a complex manner. The combination of NH3 and Na+ showed the strongest synergistic inhibition of both λ and RCH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyeob Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhwan Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Effect of Pressure on the Removal of NH3 from Hydrolyzed and Pre-Fermented Slaughterhouse Waste for Better Biomethanization. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Slaughterhouse waste (SW) is potentially a good source of biomethane; however, its excessive ammonia content quickly causes inhibition of microbial processes. Our aim was therefore to remove ammonia from SW before putting it into a biogas reactor. Experimental 120 L pressure container was constructed to observe NH3 removal from diluted slaughterhouse waste at constant air flow of 144 NL/min, temperature 130 °C, and at different pressures: 300 kPa, 600 kPa, and 900 kPa. SW was first allowed to hydrolyze for 14 days at 38 °C. The SW was diluted with water (DSW) to 8.4% dry matter (DM) and forcibly aerated for 334 min. From the DSW, 0.7%, 3.8%, and 9% of initial total N were removed at 300 kPa, 600 kPa, and 900 kPa, respectively. However, the C/N ratio changed only slightly, from the initial 4.38 to 3.17, which is not a promising result for biomethanization. Further research on the presented system with the addition of bases might be promising to remove more ammonia.
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12
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Application of Gas-Permeable Membranes For-Semi-Continuous Ammonia Recovery from Swine Manure. ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/environments6030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gas-permeable membrane technology is a new strategy to minimize ammonia losses from manure, reducing pollution and recovering N in the form of an ammonium salt fertilizer. In this work, a new operational configuration to recover N using the gas-permeable membrane technology from swine manure was tested in a semi-continuous mode. It treated swine manure with a total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration of 3451 mg L−1. The system was operated with low aeration rate (to raise pH), and with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of seven days (Period I) and five days (Period II) that provided total ammonia nitrogen loading rate (ALR) treatments of 491 and 696 mg TAN per L of reactor per day, respectively. Results showed a uniform TAN recovery rate of 27 g per m2 of membrane surface per day regardless of the ALR applied and the manure TAN concentration in the reactor. TAN removal reached 79% for Period I and 56% for Period II, with 90% of recovery by the membrane in both periods. Water capture in the acidic solution was also uniform during the experimental period. An increase in temperature of 3 °C of the acidic solution relative to the wastewater reduced 34% the osmotic distillation and water dilution of the product. These results suggested that the gas-permeable membrane technology operating in a semi-continuous mode has a great potential for TAN recovery from manure.
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13
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Tan L, Cheng QS, Sun ZY, Tang YQ, Kida K. Effects of ammonium and/or sulfide on methane production from acetate or propionate using biochemical methane potential tests. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:345-352. [PMID: 30241903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of ammonium and sulfide on the methane production using acetate or propionate as a carbon source were investigated under different pH and temperature conditions. The methane production rate, duration of the lag phase, and inhibition threshold limit during methane production were estimated using the Gompertz equation and inhibitor mathematical model. The methane production rates at 53°C were 2.3-2.7 times higher than those at 35°C in the case of non-inhibitors. Increasing the NH4+ and/or S2- concentration decreased the methane production rate and increased the duration of the lag phase. For methane fermentation that was not acclimated to high NH4+ concentration, the critical NH4+ concentration beyond which methane fermentation would stop was 4000-5650 mg/L, depending on the pH, temperature, and carbon source. When NH4+ and S2- were coexistent, the critical NH4+ concentration decreased to approximately 3800 mg/L when propionate was used and to approximately 4450 mg/L when acetate was used. However, no synergistic effect of NH4+ and S2- on the methane production rate was found at an NH4+ concentration of < 5000 mg/L and S2- concentration of 50 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Qiu-Shi Cheng
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zhao-Yong Sun
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yue-Qin Tang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Kenji Kida
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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14
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Molinuevo-Salces B, Riaño B, Vanotti MB, García-González MC. Gas-Permeable Membrane Technology Coupled With Anaerobic Digestion for Swine Manure Treatment. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Lv Z, Jiang J, Liebetrau J, Richnow HH, Fischer A, Ács N, Nikolausz M. Ammonium Chloride vs Urea-Induced Ammonia Inhibition of the Biogas Process Assessed by Stable Isotope Analysis. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Lv
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Department of Environmental Microbiology; Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
- Jiangsu Normal University; The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province; Shanghai Road 101 221116 Xuzhou China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- Jiangsu Normal University; The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province; Shanghai Road 101 221116 Xuzhou China
| | - Jan Liebetrau
- Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH (DBFZ); Department of Biochemical Conversion; Torgauer Strasse 116 04347 Leipzig Germany
| | - Hans Hermann Richnow
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry; Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Anko Fischer
- Isodetect GmbH; Deutscher Platz 5b 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Norbert Ács
- University of Szeged; Department of Biotechnology; Közép fasor 52 6726 Szeged Hungary
| | - Marcell Nikolausz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Department of Environmental Microbiology; Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
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16
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Jung H, Kim J, Lee C. Effect of enhanced biomass retention by sequencing batch operation on biomethanation of sulfur-rich macroalgal biomass: Process performance and microbial ecology. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Zhang W, Heaven S, Banks CJ. Continuous operation of thermophilic food waste digestion with side-stream ammonia stripping. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:611-620. [PMID: 28810215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Digesters fed on food waste (high nitrogen content) were operated successfully over an extended period using sidestream biogas stripping to control total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) below inhibitory concentrations. This is the first time biogas stripping has been used to achieve stable thermophilic operation with undiluted substrate of this type. Stripping columns operated batch-wise treated the equivalent of 1.7-4.1% of digester contents daily at pH >10 and 70°C, with no detrimental effect on digestion. TKN removal was 54%, with potential to recover 3.5kgNtonne-1 substrate. When stripping was stopped in one digester TAN increased, accompanied by rising propionic acid concentrations with progressive instability observed from 2.5gNL-1. Eventual failure as TAN approached 5gNL-1 was due to rapid acetic acid accumulation, resulting in a fall in pH to below 6.5. The pattern of VFA accumulation indicated failure of both acetoclastic methanogenesis and acetate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Sonia Heaven
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Charles J Banks
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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18
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Bayrakdar A, Sürmeli RÖ, Çalli B. Dry anaerobic digestion of chicken manure coupled with membrane separation of ammonia. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:816-823. [PMID: 28841786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the anaerobic digestion of egg-laying hen manure combined with membrane-based ammonia separation was investigated. Long-term continuous experiments with and without ammonia separation were performed by increasing the organic loading rate (OLR). Although the control digester was completely inhibited at an OLR and influent total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentration of 3.85kgVS/m3·d and 8.2g/l, respectively, an average methane yield of 0.30±0.02m3/kgVS was achieved with a membrane-integrated digester at an OLR and influent TKN concentration of 6.0kgVS/m3·d and 15g/l, respectively. When the ammonia concentration increased above 4000mg/l, hydrogenotrophic methanogens Methanoculleus bourgensis and Methanobrevibacter sp. performed methane production via syntrophic acetate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Bayrakdar
- Environmental Engineering Department, Marmara University, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42140 Meram, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Recep Önder Sürmeli
- Environmental Engineering Department, Marmara University, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey; Environmental Engineering Department, Bartin University, 74100 Bartin, Turkey
| | - Baris Çalli
- Environmental Engineering Department, Marmara University, 34722 Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Krakat N, Demirel B, Anjum R, Dietz D. Methods of ammonia removal in anaerobic digestion: a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:1925-1938. [PMID: 29068325 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic digestion of substrates with high ammonia content has always been a bottleneck in the methanisation process of biomasses. Since microbial communities in anaerobic digesters are sensitive to free ammonia at certain conditions, the digestion of nitrogen-rich substrates such as livestock wastes may result in inhibition/toxicity eventually leading to process failures, unless appropriate engineering precautions are taken. There are many different options reported in literature to remove ammonia from anaerobic digesters to achieve a safe and stable process so that along with high methane yields, a good quality of effluents can also be obtained. Conventional techniques to remove ammonia include physical/chemical methods, immobilization and adaptation of microorganisms, while novel methods include ultrasonication, microwave, hollow fiber membranes and microbial fuel cell applications. This paper discusses conventional and novel methods of ammonia removal from anaerobic digesters using nitrogen-rich substrates, with particular focus on recent literature available about this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Krakat
- Department of Bioprocess-Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bio-Economy Potsdam, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany E-mail: ; Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Lohbrügger Kirchstraße 65, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Burak Demirel
- Institute of Environmental Science, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Reshma Anjum
- Department of Bioprocess-Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bio-Economy Potsdam, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany E-mail:
| | - Donna Dietz
- Department of Bioprocess-Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bio-Economy Potsdam, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany E-mail:
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20
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Tao B, Donnelly J, Oliveira I, Anthony R, Wilson V, Esteves SR. Enhancement of microbial density and methane production in advanced anaerobic digestion of secondary sewage sludge by continuous removal of ammonia. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 232:380-388. [PMID: 28259068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia inhibition mitigation in anaerobic digestion of high solids content of thermally hydrolysed secondary sewage sludge by the NH4+ affinitive clinoptilolite and a strong acid type ion-exchange resin S957 was investigated. Continuous NH4+-N removal was achieved through ion-exchanging at both temperatures with average removals of 50 and 70% for the clinoptilolite and resin dosed reactors, respectively. Approximate 0.2-0.5unit of pH reduction was also observed in the dosed reactors. The synergy of NH4+-N removal and pH reduction exponentially decreased free NH3 concentration, from 600 to 90mg/L at 43°C, which mitigated ammonia inhibition and improved methane yields by approximately 54%. Microbial community profiling suggested that facilitated by ammonia removal, the improvement in methane production was mainly achieved through the doubling in bacterial density and a 6-fold increase in population of the Methanosarcinaceae family, which in turn improved the degradation of residual volatile fatty acids, proteins and carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Tao
- Wales Centre of Excellence for Anaerobic Digestion, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Joanne Donnelly
- Wales Centre of Excellence for Anaerobic Digestion, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Ivo Oliveira
- Wales Centre of Excellence for Anaerobic Digestion, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Ruth Anthony
- Wales Centre of Excellence for Anaerobic Digestion, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK; Welsh Water, Nelson, Treharris CF46 6LY, UK
| | | | - Sandra R Esteves
- Wales Centre of Excellence for Anaerobic Digestion, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK.
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21
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Bühligen F, Lucas R, Nikolausz M, Kleinsteuber S. A T-RFLP database for the rapid profiling of methanogenic communities in anaerobic digesters. Anaerobe 2016; 39:114-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Mei Z, Liu X, Huang X, Li D, Yan Z, Yuan Y, Huang Y. Anaerobic Mesophilic Codigestion of Rice Straw and Chicken Manure: Effects of Organic Loading Rate on Process Stability and Performance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:846-62. [PMID: 26940572 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of organic loading rate (OLR) on performance and stability of mesophilic co-digestion of rice straw (RS) and chicken manure (CM), benchtop experiments (40 L) were carried out at OLRs of 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, 4.8, 6.0, 8.0, and 12.0 kg volatile solid (VS)/(m(3)·day) with volatile solid (VS) ratio of 1:1 (RS/CM) which was based on batch tests. Anaerobic co-digestion was slightly and severely inhibited by the accumulation of ammonia when the digester was overloaded at an OLR of 6 and 12 kg VS/(m(3)·day), respectively. The recommended OLR for co-digestion is 4.8 kg VS/(m(3)·day), which corresponds to average specific biogas production (SBP) of 380 L/kg VS and volumetric biogas production rate (VBPR) of 1.8 m(3)/(m(3)·day). An OLR of 6-8 kg VS/(m(3)·d) with SBP of 360-440 L/kg VS and VBPR of 2.1-3.5 m(3)/(m(3)·day) could be considered, if an Anaerobic digestion (AD) system assisted by in situ removal of ammonia was adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Mei
- Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbo Huang
- Chengdu Organic Chemicals Co., LTD., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Huang
- Chengdu Organic Chemicals Co., LTD., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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23
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Janke L, Leite A, Nikolausz M, Schmidt T, Liebetrau J, Nelles M, Stinner W. Biogas Production from Sugarcane Waste: Assessment on Kinetic Challenges for Process Designing. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20685-703. [PMID: 26404248 PMCID: PMC4613226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogas production from sugarcane waste has large potential for energy generation, however, to enable the optimization of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process each substrate characteristic should be carefully evaluated. In this study, the kinetic challenges for biogas production from different types of sugarcane waste were assessed. Samples of vinasse, filter cake, bagasse, and straw were analyzed in terms of total and volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, macronutrients, trace elements, and nutritional value. Biochemical methane potential assays were performed to evaluate the energy potential of the substrates according to different types of sugarcane plants. Methane yields varied considerably (5-181 Nm³·tonFM(-1)), mainly due to the different substrate characteristics and sugar and/or ethanol production processes. Therefore, for the optimization of AD on a large-scale, continuous stirred-tank reactor with long hydraulic retention times (>35 days) should be used for biogas production from bagasse and straw, coupled with pre-treatment process to enhance the degradation of the fibrous carbohydrates. Biomass immobilization systems are recommended in case vinasse is used as substrate, due to its low solid content, while filter cake could complement the biogas production from vinasse during the sugarcane offseason, providing a higher utilization of the biogas system during the entire year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Janke
- Department of Biochemical Conversion, Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum Gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Straße 116, 04347 Leipzig, Germany.
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Waste Management, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Athaydes Leite
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marcell Nikolausz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Biochemical Conversion, Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum Gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Straße 116, 04347 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jan Liebetrau
- Department of Biochemical Conversion, Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum Gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Straße 116, 04347 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Nelles
- Department of Biochemical Conversion, Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum Gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Straße 116, 04347 Leipzig, Germany.
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Waste Management, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Walter Stinner
- Department of Biochemical Conversion, Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum Gemeinnützige GmbH, Torgauer Straße 116, 04347 Leipzig, Germany.
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24
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Wang H, Tao Y, Temudo M, Bijl H, Kloek J, Ren N, van Lier JB, de Kreuk M. Biomethanation from enzymatically hydrolyzed brewer's spent grain: Impact of rapid increase in loadings. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 190:167-74. [PMID: 25941758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatically hydrolyzed brewer's spent grain (BSG) was digested in two expanded granular sludge beds (EGSBs, named BSG1 and BSG2, respectively). Both reactors were operated with the same organic loading rate (OLR) from 1 to 10kgCODm(-3)d(-1) during the first 45days. Hereafter a rapid OLR increase was applied to BSG2 from 10 to 16kgCODm(-3)d(-1) within three weeks, while the OLR of BSG1 was increased by less than 2kgCODm(-3)d(-1) in the same period. Results showed that a 30% decrease in COD removal and 70% decrease in methane yield appeared in BSG2 after the rapid OLR increase, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulated more than thirty times compared to BSG1. The biomass structure deteriorated and 15% of the biomass was lost from the BSG2 reactor. 454-PyroTag and qPCR analysis revealed a rapid growth of acidifiers (i.e., Bacteroides) and a unique microbial community in BSG2 following the rapid increase in OLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China; Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, No. 1 Stevinweg, 2600 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China; Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, No. 1 Stevinweg, 2600 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Margarida Temudo
- DSM Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Bijl
- DSM Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Kloek
- DSM Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China.
| | - Jules B van Lier
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, No. 1 Stevinweg, 2600 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Merle de Kreuk
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, No. 1 Stevinweg, 2600 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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