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Flinn BB, O'Dell HM, Joseph KM, Smythers AL, Neff DP, Hicks LM, Norton ML, Kolling DRJ. Fluorescence shadow imaging of Hypsibius exemplaris reveals morphological differences between sucrose- and CaCl 2-induced osmobiotes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11845. [PMID: 38782941 PMCID: PMC11116526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to survive a wide array of environmental stressors. In particular, tardigrades can curl in on themselves while losing a significant proportion of their internal water content to form a structure referred to as a tun. In surviving varying conditions, tardigrades undergo distinct morphological transformations that could indicate different mechanisms of stress sensing and tolerance specific to the stress condition. Methods to effectively distinguish between morphological transformations, including between tuns induced by different stress conditions, are lacking. Herein, an approach for discriminating between tardigrade morphological states is developed and utilized to compare sucrose- and CaCl2-induced tuns, using the model species Hypsibius exemplaris. A novel approach of shadow imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy enabled production of three-dimensional renderings of Hys. exemplaris in various physiological states resulting in volume measurements. Combining these measurements with qualitative morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy revealed that sucrose- and CaCl2-induced tuns have distinct morphologies, including differences in the amount of water expelled during tun formation. Further, varying the concentration of the applied stressor did not affect the amount of water lost, pointing towards water expulsion by Hys. exemplaris being a controlled process that is adapted to the specific stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendin B Flinn
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Hayden M O'Dell
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Kara M Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Amanda L Smythers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David P Neff
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael L Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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2
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Smythers AL, Joseph KM, O'Dell HM, Clark TA, Crislip JR, Flinn BB, Daughtridge MH, Stair ER, Mubarek SN, Lewis HC, Salas AA, Hnilica ME, Kolling DRJ, Hicks LM. Chemobiosis reveals tardigrade tun formation is dependent on reversible cysteine oxidation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295062. [PMID: 38232097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades, commonly known as 'waterbears', are eight-legged microscopic invertebrates renowned for their ability to withstand extreme stressors, including high osmotic pressure, freezing temperatures, and complete desiccation. Limb retraction and substantial decreases to their internal water stores results in the tun state, greatly increasing their ability to survive. Emergence from the tun state and/or activity regain follows stress removal, where resumption of life cycle occurs as if stasis never occurred. However, the mechanism(s) through which tardigrades initiate tun formation is yet to be uncovered. Herein, we use chemobiosis to demonstrate that tardigrade tun formation is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We further reveal that tuns are dependent on reversible cysteine oxidation, and that this reversible cysteine oxidation is facilitated by the release of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We provide the first empirical evidence of chemobiosis and map the initiation and survival of tardigrades via osmobiosis, chemobiosis, and cryobiosis. In vivo electron paramagnetic spectrometry suggests an intracellular release of reactive oxygen species following stress induction; when this release is quenched through the application of exogenous antioxidants, the tardigrades can no longer survive osmotic stress. Together, this work suggests a conserved dependence of reversible cysteine oxidation across distinct tardigrade cryptobioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smythers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Kara M Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States of America
| | - Hayden M O'Dell
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States of America
| | - Trace A Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Crislip
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States of America
| | - Brendin B Flinn
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States of America
| | - Meredith H Daughtridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Evan R Stair
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Saher N Mubarek
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Hailey C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Abel A Salas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Megan E Hnilica
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Derrick R J Kolling
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States of America
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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3
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Smythers AL, Crislip JR, Slone DR, Flinn BB, Chaffins JE, Camp KA, McFeeley EW, Kolling DRJ. Excess manganese increases photosynthetic activity via enhanced reducing center and antenna plasticity in Chlorella vulgaris. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11301. [PMID: 37438371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis relies on many easily oxidizable/reducible transition metals found in the metalloenzymes that make up much of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (ETC). One of these is manganese, an essential cofactor of photosystem II (PSII) and a component of the oxygen-evolving complex, the only biological entity capable of oxidizing water. Additionally, manganese is a cofactor in enzymatic antioxidants, notably the superoxide dismutases-which are localized to the chloroplastic membrane. However, unlike other metals found in the photosynthetic ETC, previous research has shown exposure to excess manganese enhances photosynthetic activity rather than diminishing it. In this study, the impact of PSII heterogeneity on overall performance was investigated using chlorophyll fluorescence, a rapid, non-invasive technique that probed for overall photosynthetic efficiency, reducing site activity, and antenna size and distribution. These measurements unveiled an enhanced plasticity of PSII following excess manganese exposure, in which overall performance and reducing center activity increased while antenna size and proportion of PSIIβ centers decreased. This enhanced activity suggests manganese may hold the key to improving photosynthetic efficiency beyond that which is observed in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smythers
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Danielle R Slone
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Brendin B Flinn
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | | | - Kristen A Camp
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Eli W McFeeley
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
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4
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Baidya A, Akter T, Islam MR, Shah AKMA, Hossain MA, Salam MA, Paul SI. Effect of different wavelengths of LED light on the growth, chlorophyll, β-carotene content and proximate composition of Chlorella ellipsoidea. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08525. [PMID: 34934841 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella ellipsoidea is a freshwater green microalga that has great prospect for the sustainable development of aquaculture industry. Microalgae require optimal lighting conditions for efficient photosynthesis. The key to cost-effective algal biomass production is to optimize algae growth conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of various wavelengths viz. white (380-750 nm), green (510 nm), blue (475 nm), and red (650 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the growth, pigment content (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and β-carotene), and proximate composition of C. ellipsoidea with a photoperiod of 12 h:12 h light: dark cycle under indoor environmental conditions. C. ellipsoidea was cultured in Bold's Basal Medium for 18 days. The cell density (125.36×105 cells ml-1), cell dry weight (58.9 ± 4.57 mg L-1), optical density (1.66 ± 0.08 g L-1), chlorophyll-a (7.31 ± 0.04 μg ml-1), chlorophyll-b (2.73 ± 0.13 μg ml-1), and β-carotene (0.39 ± 0.04 μg ml-1) content of C. ellipsoidea were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 15th-day when cultured under blue LED light exposure. Significantly lower growth and nutritional values were obtained under red LED light exposure compared to the control and other LEDs spectra. In Pearson correlation analysis, the cell density and cell dry weight values showed a strong positive correlation with the values of pigment contents of C. ellipsoidea in all the treatments. The LEDs light spectra showed significant effects on proximate composition of C. ellipsoidea. Protein and lipid contents of C. ellipsoidea were significantly higher in blue LED growth conditions compared to white, green, and red LEDs. C. ellipsoidea cells were 3-7.04 μm in size and the maximum area of the cell was 38.94 μm2 in blue LED treatment. Results of this study demonstrated that blue LED light spectra was the most suitable condition to induce nutritionally rich biomass production of C. ellipsoidea, which can be used as a potential source of fish feed towards sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Baidya
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Taslima Akter
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rabiul Islam
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - A K M Azad Shah
- Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amzad Hossain
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdus Salam
- Department of Genetics and Fish Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Sulav Indra Paul
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
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Biomass and Lipid Productivity by Two Algal Strains of Chlorella sorokiniana Grown in Hydrolysate of Water Hyacinth. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14051411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysate prepared from the chemical hydrolysis of water hyacinth biomass contains a high amount of solubilised carbohydrate and nutrients. This hydrolysate was utilised as a medium for the cultivation of two strains of Chlorella sorokiniana, isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant using two different media, i.e., BG-11 and Knop’s medium. Different light intensities, light–dark cycles, and various concentrations of external carbon sources (monosaccharides and inorganic carbon) were used to optimise the microalgal growth. For the accumulation of lipids and carbohydrates, the microalgal strains were transferred to nutrient amended medium (N-amended and P-amended). It was observed that the combined effect of glucose, inorganic carbon, and a 12:12 h light–dark cycle proved to be the optimum parameters for high biomass productivity (~200 mg/L/day). For Chlorella sorokiniana 1 (isolated from BG-11 medium), the maximum carbohydrate content (22%) was found in P-amended medium (N = 0 mg/L, P: 3 mg/L), whereas, high lipid content (17.3%) was recorded in N-amended medium (N = 5 mg/L, P = 0 mg/L). However, for Chlorella sorokiniana 2 (isolated from the Knop’s medium), both lipid (17%) and carbohydrate accumulation (12.3%) were found to be maximum in the N-amended medium. Chlorella sorokiniana 2 showed a high saturated lipid accumulation compared to other strains. Kinetic modelling of the lipid profile revealed that the production rate of fatty acids and their various constituents were species dependent under identical conditions.
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Slone DR, Smythers AL, Kolling D. A Three‐Pronged Synergistic Approach to Increase the Biofeedstock Viability of
Chlorella vulgaris. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.05918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Elshobary ME, Abo-Shady AM, Khairy HM, Essa D, Zabed HM, Qi X, Abomohra AEF. Influence of nutrient supplementation and starvation conditions on the biomass and lipid productivities of Micractinium reisseri grown in wastewater for biodiesel production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109529. [PMID: 31518792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Generation of biodiesel from microalgae grown in wastewater can offer a cost-effective approach, whilst wastewaters usually do not contain the optimum concentrations of the essential nutrients and carbon sources that result in lowering the productivities of biomass and lipid. This study aimed to overcome this limitation by manipulating wastewater with various concentrations of nutrients (NO3-, PO43-, Cl- and SO42-) and three carbon sources either individually or in combination to cultivate Micractinium reisseri for biodiesel production. Initially, various dilutions of wastewater were tested and a concentration up to 75% of wastewater showed the highest biomass productivity (0.076 g L-1 d-1) and lipid productivity (0.014 g L-1 d-1). The optimum manipulating conditions for maximum lipid production and the highest productivity required 50% decrease in phosphorous from the concentration of the control medium and supplementation with 1.0 g L-1 of glucose. Under this condition, biomass and lipid productivities increased by 1.7 and 4-folds, respectively, compared to those observed in the control. Furthermore, phosphorous starvation condition in the presence of glucose significantly improved fatty acid profile in the biomass and biodiesel quality related parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa E Elshobary
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Atef M Abo-Shady
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Khairy
- National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dorya Essa
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hossain M Zabed
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Abd El-Fatah Abomohra
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Botany Department, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, Zhenjiang, China
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8
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Smythers AL, Perry NL, Kolling DR. Chlorella vulgaris bioaccumulates excess manganese up to 55× under photomixotrophic conditions. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Ford MM, Smythers AL, McConnell EW, Lowery SC, Kolling DRJ, Hicks LM. Inhibition of TOR in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Leads to Rapid Cysteine Oxidation Reflecting Sustained Physiological Changes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101171. [PMID: 31569396 PMCID: PMC6829209 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a master metabolic regulator with roles in nutritional sensing, protein translation, and autophagy. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga, TOR has been linked to the regulation of increased triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation, suggesting that TOR or a downstream target(s) is responsible for the elusive “lipid switch” in control of increasing TAG accumulation under nutrient limitation. However, while TOR has been well characterized in mammalian systems, it is still poorly understood in photosynthetic systems, and little work has been done to show the role of oxidative signaling in TOR regulation. In this study, the TOR inhibitor AZD8055 was used to relate reversible thiol oxidation to the physiological changes seen under TOR inhibition, including increased TAG content. Using oxidized cysteine resin-assisted capture enrichment coupled with label-free quantitative proteomics, 401 proteins were determined to have significant changes in oxidation following TOR inhibition. These oxidative changes mirrored characterized physiological modifications, supporting the role of reversible thiol oxidation in TOR regulation of TAG production, protein translation, carbohydrate catabolism, and photosynthesis through the use of reversible thiol oxidation. The delineation of redox-controlled proteins under TOR inhibition provides a framework for further characterization of the TOR pathway in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Ford
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Amanda L Smythers
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
| | - Evan W McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sarah C Lowery
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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10
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Smythers AL, Higginbotham E, Holland A, Stephenson A, Kolling DR. Enhancement of Algal Biofeedstocks in a Mixotrophic Batch Culture Supplemented with Exogenous Glycerol. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.653.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Smythers AL, Garmany A, Perry NL, Higginbotham EL, Adkins PE, Kolling DRJ. Characterizing the effect of Poast on Chlorella vulgaris, a non-target organism. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:704-712. [PMID: 30557727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides may cause unexpected damage to non-target organisms as it is challenging to predict undesirable biotic interactions. Poast is a widely used herbicide formulation that contains sethoxydim and targets the acetyl-CoA carboxylase of perennial grasses. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris, a unicellular green microalga, was exposed to a 0.08% working concentration of Poast and the physiological and biochemical changes that took place were monitored using biochemical assays, fluorometry, oximetry, and immunoblotting. Within 15 min, severe photosynthetic damage was observed through a reduction in oxygen production and a reduced rate of electron transfer beyond photosystem II. In addition to direct damage to the photosynthetic machinery, it was shown that cells experienced membrane fragmentation. Within 30 min, over 90% of the exposed cells were nonviable. However, sethoxydim, the active ingredient, did not cause detrimental effects when applied along with mineral spirits, the primary solvent of the formulation. A synergistic or additive effect between sethoxydim and the formulation components cannot be ruled out. This data suggests that Poast has the potential to cause severe harm to unicellular phototrophs in the case of herbicide over application or runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smythers
- Marshall University Department of Chemistry, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Armin Garmany
- Marshall University Department of Chemistry, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Nicole L Perry
- Marshall University Department of Chemistry, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Ethan L Higginbotham
- Marshall University Department of Chemistry, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - P Ethan Adkins
- Marshall University Department of Chemistry, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Derrick R J Kolling
- Marshall University Department of Chemistry, One John Marshall Dr., Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
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Chai S, Shi J, Huang T, Guo Y, Wei J, Guo M, Li L, Dou S, Liu L, Liu G. Characterization of Chlorella sorokiniana growth properties in monosaccharide-supplemented batch culture. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199873. [PMID: 29969497 PMCID: PMC6029798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal growth properties of Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230, four monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose and xylose) were individually supplemented into medium as carbon sources for the cultivation of C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230. Supplementation with glucose increased OD750, biomass and lipid yield but decreased protein abundance per unit dry weight of biomass under all concentrations examined, the maximum OD750, biomass and lipid yield increased 2.04, 6.78 and 12.43 times, respectively, compared with autotrophic controls. A low concentration of glucose (<4 g/L) simultaneously promoted the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and protein abundance per unit culture volume, but decreased the lipid content per unit dry weight of biomass and all supplemented glucose can be exhausted within 7 days. Higher glucose concentrations (≥4 g/L) decreased the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and protein abundance per unit culture volume, but increased the lipid content per unit dry weight of biomass. In glucose supplemented scenario, C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 growth was light-independent. Supplementation with fructose promoted C. sorokiniana UTEX 1230 growth to a much lesser extent compared with glucose, whereas supplementation with galactose had no effect and supplementation with xylose even inhibited growth. Our findings represent basic experimental data on the effect of monosaccharides and can serve as the basis for a robust cultivation system to increase biomass and lipid yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijie Chai
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jianan Shi
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yalu Guo
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Meicen Guo
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Liyun Li
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shijuan Dou
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Institute of Bioenergy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Sharma T, Chauhan RS. Comparative transcriptomics reveals molecular components associated with differential lipid accumulation between microalgal sp., Scenedesmus dimorphus and Scenedesmus quadricauda. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Wahal S, Viamajala S. Uptake of inorganic and organic nutrient species during cultivation of a Chlorella isolate in anaerobically digested dairy waste. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1336-1342. [PMID: 27254249 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A natural assemblage of microalgae from a facultative lagoon system treating municipal wastewater was enriched for growth in the effluents of an anaerobic digester processing dairy waste. A green microalga with close resemblance to Chlorella sp. was found to be dominant after multiple cycles of sub-culturing. Subsequently, the strain (designated as LLAI) was isolated and cultivated in 20× diluted digester effluents under various incident light intensities (255-1,100 µmoles m-2 s-1 ) to systematically assess growth and nutrient utilization. Our results showed that LLAI production increased with increasing incident light and a maximum productivity of 0.34 g L-1 d-1 was attained when the incident irradiance was 1,100 µmoles m-2 s-1 . Lack of growth in the absence of light indicated that the cultures did not grow heterotrophically on the organic compounds present in the medium. However, the cultures were able to uptake organic N and P under phototrophic conditions and our calculations suggest that the carbon associated with these organic nutrients contributed significantly to the production of biomass. Overall, under high light conditions, LLAI cultures utilized half of the soluble organic nitrogen and >90% of the ammonium, orthophosphate, and dissolved organic phosphorus present in the diluted waste. Strain LLAI was also found to accumulate triacylglycerides (TAG) even before the onset of nutrient limitation and a lipid productivity of 37 mg-TAG L-1 d-1 was measured in cultures incubated at an incident irradiance of 1,100 µmoles m-2 s-1 . The results of this study suggest that microalgae isolates from natural environments are well-suited for nutrient remediation and biomass production from wastewater containing diverse inorganic and organic nutrient species. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1336-1342, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Wahal
- Institute of Water and Wastewater Technology, Dept of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sridhar Viamajala
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH, 43606.
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15
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Krzemińska I, Oleszek M. Glucose supplementation-induced changes in the Auxenochlorella protothecoides fatty acid composition suitable for biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:1294-1297. [PMID: 27485282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of different concentrations of glucose supplementation on growth, lipid accumulation, and the fatty acid profile in the Auxenochlorella protothecoides. Addition of glucose promoted the growth rate and decreased the chlorophyll content. Compared with photoautotrophic cells, an increase in the lipid content was observed in mixotrophic cells. The glucose addition induced changes in the fatty acid profile. Higher content of saturated fatty acids was found in the case of cells growing in the glucose-free medium. Oleic acid was the predominant component in mixotrophic cells supplemented with 5gL(-1) glucose, while linoleic acids dominated in cultures supplemented with both 1 and 3gL(-1) glucose. The use of glucose was associated with decreased levels of linolenic acid and PUFA. The changes in the fatty acid profile in mixotrophic cells are favourable for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Krzemińska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marta Oleszek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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16
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Paranjape K, Leite GB, Hallenbeck PC. Effect of nitrogen regime on microalgal lipid production during mixotrophic growth with glycerol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:778-786. [PMID: 27220067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophic growth of microalgae to boost lipid production is currently under active investigation. Such a process could be of practical importance if a cheap source of organic carbon, such as waste glycerol from biodiesel production, could be used. Several previous studies have already demonstrated that this carbon source can be used by different indigenous strains of microalgae. In this study it is shown that different nitrogen limitation strategies can be applied to further increase lipid production during growth with glycerol. In one strategy, cultures were grown in nitrogen replete medium and then resuspended in nitrogen free medium. In a second strategy, cultures were grown with different initial concentrations of nitrate. Lipid production by the two microalgal strains used, Chlorella sorokiniana (PCH02) and Chlorella vulgaris (PCH05), was shown to be boosted by strategies of nitrogen limitation, but they responded differently to how nitrogen limitation was imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Paranjape
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gustavo B Leite
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Patrick C Hallenbeck
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; Life Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, United States Air Force Academy, 2355 Faculty Drive, USAF Academy, CO 80840, United States.
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17
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Zheng S, He M, Jiang J, Zou S, Yang W, Zhang Y, Deng J, Wang C. Effect of kelp waste extracts on the growth and lipid accumulation of microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 201:80-8. [PMID: 26638137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Kelp waste extracts (KWE) contained massive soluble sugars, amino acids and various mineral elements. To probe the effects of KWE on microalgal physiological and biochemical responses, the cultures were carried out under the different dilutions. The results showed that 8.0% KWE increased the biomass productivities and total lipid contents of Chlorella strains dramatically, which were 1.83-31.86 times and 20.78-25.91% higher than that of the control. Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Spirulina maxima presented a better growth performance in 1.0% and 4.0% treatment respectively, while their lipid accumulation were not enhanced. In Chlorella-Arc, Chlorella sorokiniana and P. tricornutum, the contents of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids could be increased, and polyunsaturated fatty acids could be decreased under the conditions of high concentration of KWE (6.0-8.0%). Briefly, KWE facilitated to enhance the biomass productivity and lipid content of Chlorella strains, also improved the fatty acid compositions for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meilin He
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shanmei Zou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weinan Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changhai Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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