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Chaos-Hernández D, Reynel-Ávila HE, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Villalobos-Delgado FJ. Extraction methods of algae oils for the production of third generation biofuels - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139856. [PMID: 37598949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the main source of third-generation biofuels because they have a lipid content of 20-70%, can be abundantly produced and do not compete in the food market besides other benefits. Biofuel production from microalgae is a promising option to contribute for the resolution of the eminent crisis of fossil energy and environmental pollution specially in the transporting sector. The choice of lipid extraction method is of relevance and associated to the algae morphology (i.e., rigid cells). Therefore, it is essential to develop suitable extraction technologies for economically viable and environment-friendly lipid recovery processes with the aim of achieving a commercial production of biofuels from this biomass. This review presents an exhaustive analysis and discussion of different methods and processes of lipid extraction from microalgae for the subsequent conversion to biodiesel. Physical methods based on the use of supercritical fluids, ultrasound and microwaves were reviewed. Chemical methods using solvents with different polarities, aside from mechanical techniques such as mechanical pressure and enzymatic methods, were also analyzed. The advantages, drawbacks, challenges and future prospects of lipid extraction methods from microalgae have been summarized to provide a wide panorama of this relevant topic for the production of economic and sustainable energy worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chaos-Hernández
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - H E Reynel-Ávila
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico; CONACYT, Av. Insurgentes 1582 Sur, Ciudad de México, 03940, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - A Bonilla-Petriciolet
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - F J Villalobos-Delgado
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
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Biodiesel production from wet microalgae: Progress and challenges. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Enhanced fatty acid methyl esters recovery through a simple and rapid direct transesterification of freshly harvested biomass of Chlorella vulgaris and Messastrum gracile. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2720. [PMID: 33526809 PMCID: PMC7851148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional microalgae oil extraction applies physicochemical destruction of dry cell biomass prior to transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). This report presents a simple and rapid direct transesterification (DT) method for FAMEs production and fatty acid profiling of microalgae using freshly harvested biomass. Results revealed that the FAMEs recovered from Chlorella vulgaris were 50.1 and 68.3 mg with conventional oil-extraction-transesterification (OET) and DT method, respectively. While for Messastrum gracile, the FAMEs recovered, were 49.9 and 76.3 mg, respectively with OET and DT methods. This demonstrated that the DT method increased FAMEs recovery by 36.4% and 53.0% from C. vulgaris and M. gracile, respectively, as compared to OET method. Additionally, the DT method recovered a significantly higher amount of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids from both species, which indicated the important role of these fatty acids in the membranes of cells and organelles. The DT method performed very well using a small volume (5 mL) of fresh biomass coupled with a shorter reaction time (~ 15 min), thus making real-time monitoring of FAMEs and fatty acid accumulation in microalgae culture feasible.
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Son EK, Yeom SH. Repeated Biodiesel Production Using a Cartridge Containing Solid Catalysts Manufactured from Waste Scallop Shells for Simultaneous Lipid Extraction and Transesterification Process. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brennan B, Regan F. In-situ lipid and fatty acid extraction methods to recover viable products from Nannochloropsis sp. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:142464. [PMID: 33113682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nannochloropsis sp. has received increased attention by researchers in recent years due to its complexity and abundance of lipid structures. The lipids of this microalgae species have been identified to contain large quantities of neutral lipids which are capable of producing raw materials for nutraceuticals, food additives and biofuels. The production of biodiesel has received the greatest attention as there is an increase in global demand for both more fuel and more environmentally sustainable methods to produce such resources. The greatest challenges facing industries to mass produce viable products from microalgae involve the degradation of the cell wall and extracting the fatty acid of interest due to high costs. Various studies have shown that the extraction lipids from the microalgae can greatly influence the overall fatty acid composition. Different extraction methods can result in recovering higher quantities of either saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biodiesel production requires higher quantities of saturated fatty acids and monosaturated fatty acids as increased quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids result in oxidation which decreases the performance of the biodiesel. Whereas, polyunsaturated fatty acids are required in order to produce pharmaceuticals and food additives such as omega 3. This review will focus on how different in-situ extraction methods for lipid and fatty acid recovery, influence the fatty acid composition of various Nannochloropsis species (oculate, gaditana, salina and oceanica). The mechanical methods (microwave, ultrasonic and supercritical‑carbon dioxide) of extraction for Nannochloropsis sp. will be critically evaluated. The use of enzymes will also be addressed, for their ability to extract fatty acids in a more environmentally friendly manner. This paper will report on the viable by-products which can be produced using different extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Brennan
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Science, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Science, Dublin City University, Ireland.
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Im G, Yeom SH. Repeated Biodiesel Production from Waste Coffee Grounds via a One-step Direct Process with a Cartridge Containing Solid Catalysts Manufactured from Waste Eggshells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Kim JY, Yeom SH. Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Coffee Grounds by Simultaneous Lipid Extraction and Transesterification. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Simplifying biodiesel production from microalgae via wet in situ transesterification: A review in current research and future prospects. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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He Y, Wu T, Wang X, Chen B, Chen F. Cost-effective biodiesel production from wet microalgal biomass by a novel two-step enzymatic process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 268:583-591. [PMID: 30138870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel two-step enzymatic process was firstly established to produce microalgae biodiesel using wet Chlorella biomass. In the first hydrolysis step, to reduce energy consumption and effectively disrupt microalgal cell wall, among cellulase, hemicellulase, papain, lysozyme and pectinase, the highest hydrolysis efficiency (67.52%) was obtained by cellulase at pH 5.0 with enzyme dosage of 200 U/g dry biomass at 40 °C for 12 h. In the second transesterification step, compared with liquid CAL-A/B from Candida antarctica and PLA from Aspergillus oryzae, liquid lipase TL from Thermomyces lanuginosus achieved the highest biodiesel conversion at 81.15:1 (v/w) ethanol/g TFAs ratio in 78-83% water content with 100 PLU/g TFAs lipase loading at 25 °C for 48 h. Moreover, similar results were obtained with three Chlorella species by this process. Overall, this two-step enzymatic process was a green, low-energy and efficient method for cost-effective biodiesel production using wet microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin He
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Sung M, Han JI. Ultrasound-assisted in-situ transesterification of wet Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101 using potassium carbonate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:117-121. [PMID: 29654996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new in-situ transesterification method was developed for wet biomass: K2CO3 was used as an alkaline catalyst and, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101 as oleaginous DHA-producing microalgae. It was found that the presence of water greatly impaired the overall efficiency even with the powerful catalyst that had worked surpassingly well with dry biomass, and thus a mechanical aid like ultrasonication was needed to make advantage of full potential of the alkaline catalyst. The total fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) recovery yield of 94.6% was achieved with sonication at 100 g/L of biomass (40% moisture), 3% of K2CO3, 70 °C and 30 min. All these suggest that the ultrasound assisted in-situ transesterification can offer a feasible means for FAEE recovery and it was so by way of overcoming the physical limitation of mass transfer caused the presence of water and providing effective contacts between reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Go YW, Yeom SH. Statistical analysis and optimization of biodiesel production from waste coffee grounds by a two-step process. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kim TH, Oh YK, Lee JW, Chang YK. Levulinate production from algal cell hydrolysis using in situ transesterification. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Park J, Kim B, Chang YK, Lee JW. Wet in situ transesterification of microalgae using ethyl acetate as a co-solvent and reactant. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 230:8-14. [PMID: 28142105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses wet in situ transesterification of microalgae for the production of biodiesel by introducing ethyl acetate as both reactant and co-solvent. Ethyl acetate and acid catalyst are mixed with wet microalgae in one pot and the mixture is heated for simultaneous lipid extraction and transesterification. As a single reactant and co-solvent, ethyl acetate can provide higher FAEE yield and more saccharification of carbohydrates than the case of binary ethanol and chloroform as a reactant and a co-solvent. The optimal yield was 97.8wt% at 114°C and 4.06M catalyst with 6.67mlEtOAC/g dried algae based on experimental results and response surface methodology (RSM). This wet in situ transesterification of microalgae using ethyl acetate doesn't require an additional co-solvent and it also promises more economic benefit as combining extraction and transesterification in a single process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongseok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; ABC Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae W Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Efficient solvothermal wet in situ transesterification of Nannochloropsis gaditana for biodiesel production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 40:723-730. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Park J, Kim B, Lee JW. In-situ transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds for sustainable biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 221:55-60. [PMID: 27639224 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses in-situ transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds (SCGs) for the production of biodiesel. For in-situ transesterification process, the methanol, organic solvent and acid catalyst were mixed with wet SCG in one pot and the mixture was heated for simultaneous lipid extraction and transesterification. Maximum yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was 16.75wt.% based on the weight of dry SCG at 95°C. Comprehensive experiments were conducted with varying temperatures and various amounts of moisture, methanol, co-solvent and acid catalyst. Moderate polar and alcohol-miscible organic solvent is suitable for the high FAME yield. Unsaturated FAMEs are subject to oxidative cleavage by nitric acid and shorter chain (C6 and C10) FAMEs were mainly produced while sulfuric acid yielded long chain unsaturated FAMEs (C16 and C18). Utilization of wet SCGs as a biodiesel feedstock gives economic and environmental benefits by recycling the municipal waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongseok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae W Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Optimization of a one-step direct process for biodiesel production from blended sewage sludge. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sung M, Han JI. Alkaline in situ transesterification of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101 using potassium carbonate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 205:250-253. [PMID: 26848047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to evaluate K2CO3 as a potent alkaline catalyst for in situ transesterification of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101, one step process in which oil extraction and conversion take place together. This K2CO3-based in situ transesterification was optimized in terms of recovery yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by way of varying biomass concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. The optimal condition was achieved at 50g/L of biomass concentration and 1% of K2CO3 in the methanol, 25°C of reaction temperature, and 5min of reaction time, resulting in the FAME recovery yield over 90%. It was found that K2CO3 performed better than any other tested catalysts including acids, supporting the notion that K2CO3 is a promising catalyst, especially for in situ transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Huang R, Cheng J, Qiu Y, Li T, Zhou J, Cen K. Effects of cytoplasm and reactant polarities on acid-catalyzed lipid transesterification in wet microalgal cells subjected to microwave irradiation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:738-743. [PMID: 26562690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The polarities of the cytoplasm and reactants were measured through dielectric spectroscopy, contact angle test, NMR, and FTIR to investigate the mechanisms underlying acid-catalyzed lipid transesterification in wet microalgal cells subjected to microwave irradiation. Organics with apolar functional groups in the cytoplasm decreased the contact angle of methanol against triglyceride by 13.92°, which subsequently increased transesterification efficiency by 2.4 times. The microalgal biomass, given its higher hydrophilicity index of 1.96 than lipids, was more accessible to hydrophilic alcohols, which subsequently promoted transesterification. Water in the cytoplasm promoted the dielectric constant of methanol and increased the contact angle of methanol against triglyceride by 20.51°, which subsequently decreased transesterification efficiency by 72.6%. The inhibitory effect of water on transesterification weakened with the prolonged carbon lengths of the alcohols because of decreased polarity. Microwave decreased the electric constants of alcohols and reduced the polarity difference between alcohols and lipids, thereby improving transesterification efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Yi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Junhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kefa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Suh WI, Mishra SK, Kim TH, Farooq W, Moon M, Shrivastav A, Park MS, Yang JW. Direct transesterification of wet microalgal biomass for preparation of biodiesel. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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