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Wang Q, Jin W, Zhou X, Chen C, Han W, Mahlia TMI, Li X, Jiang G, Liu H, Wang Q. Enhancing docosahexaenoic acid production in Aurantiochytrium species using atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis and comprehensive multi-omics analysis. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169217. [PMID: 38081429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. belongs to marine heterotrophic single-cell protist, which is an important decomposer in marine ecosystem. Aurantiochytrium sp. has gained notoriety because of its ability to accumulate high-value docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but the key factors of DHA synthesis were unclear at present. In this study, Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma technology was applied to the mutagenic breeding of Aurantiochytrium sp., and transcriptomics and proteomics were adopted to analyze the DHA-biosynthesis mechanism. According to the growth and DHA accumulation profiles, the mutant strain Aurantiochytrium sp. R2A35 was selected. The DHA content in total lipids was greatly improved from 49.39 % of the wild strain R2 to 63.69 % of the mutant strain. Moreover, the DHA content in the biomass of Aurantiochytrium sp. R2A35 as 39.72 % was the highest DHA productivity reported so far. The differentially expressed genes distinguished from transcriptome and the TMT-identified differential proteins distinguished from proteome confirmed that the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and ketoacyl reductase was up-regulated by 4.78-fold and 6.95-fold, respectively and the fatty acid synthase was concurrently down-regulated by 2.79-fold, so that more precursor was transported to the polyketide synthase pathway, thereby increasing the DHA yield in Aurantiochytrium sp. R2A35. This research would provide reference for the DHA metabolism process and contribute to the understanding of the decomposer - Aurantiochytrium sp. in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xu Zhou
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055 Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Wei Han
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - T M Indra Mahlia
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522 Wollongong, Australia
| | - Huan Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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Huang Y, Yang H, Li Y, Guo Y, Li G, Chen H. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Effect of Aurantiochytrium sp. on Gonadal Development in Zebrafish. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2482. [PMID: 37570291 PMCID: PMC10417364 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. has received much attention as a potential resource for mass production of omega-3 fatty acids, which contribute to improved growth and reproduction in aquatic animals. In this study, we evaluated the gonadal index changes in zebrafish supplemented with 1-3% Aurantiochytrium sp. crude extract (TE) and the effects of ex vivo environmental Aurantiochytrium sp. on oocytes. 1% TE group showed significant improvement in the gonadal index, and both in vitro incubation and intraperitoneal injection promoted the maturation of zebrafish oocytes. In contrast, the transcriptome revealed 576 genes that were differentially expressed between the 1% TE group and the control group, including 456 up-regulated genes and 120 down-regulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that Aurantiochytrium sp. potentially affects pathways such as lipid metabolism, immune regulation, and oocyte development in zebrafish. The results of this study enriched the knowledge of Aurantiochytrium sp. in regulating gonadal development in zebrafish and provided a theoretical basis for its application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Huang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Hao Yang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Yikai Li
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Yuwen Guo
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Guangli Li
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (G.L.)
| | - Huapu Chen
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.G.); (G.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
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Oliveira J, Pardilhó S, Dias JM, Pires JCM. Microalgae to Bioenergy: Optimization of Aurantiochytrium sp. Saccharification. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:935. [PMID: 37508366 PMCID: PMC10376672 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising feedstock for bioethanol production, essentially due to their high growth rates and absence of lignin. Hydrolysis-where the monosaccharides are released for further fermentation-is considered a critical step, and its optimization is advised for each raw material. The present study focuses on the thermal acid hydrolysis (with sulfuric acid) of Aurantiochytrium sp. through a response surface methodology (RSM), studying the effect of acid concentration, hydrolysis time and biomass/acid ratio on both sugar concentration of the hydrolysate and biomass conversion yield. Preliminary studies allowed to establish the range of the variables to be optimized. The obtained models predicted a maximum sugar concentration (18.05 g/L; R2 = 0.990) after 90 min of hydrolysis, using 15% (w/v) biomass/acid ratio and sulfuric acid at 3.5% (v/v), whereas the maximum conversion yield (12.86 g/100 g; R2 = 0.876) was obtained using 9.3% (w/v) biomass/acid ratio, maintaining the other parameters. Model outputs indicate that the biomass/acid ratio and time are the most influential parameters on the sugar concentration and yield models, respectively. The study allowed to obtain a predictive model that is very well adjusted to the experimental data to find the best saccharification conditions for the Aurantiochytrium sp. microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Oliveira
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Pardilhó
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana M Dias
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - José C M Pires
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Yen SW, Nagarajan D, Chen WH, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Fermentative production of astaxanthin from sorghum distillery residue by an indigenous Aurantiochytrium sp. CJ6 strain using a continuous-feeding fed-batch process. Bioresour Technol 2023; 376:128817. [PMID: 36868426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Aurantiochytrium sp. CJ6 was cultivated heterotrophically on a waste resource, sorghum distillery residue (SDR) hydrolysate without adding any nitrogen sources. Mild sulfuric acid treatment released sugars that supported the growth of CJ6. Optimal operating parameters (salinity, 2.5%; pH, 7.5; with light exposure) determined using batch cultivation attained biomass concentration and astaxanthin content of 3.72 g/L and 69.32 µg/g dry cell weight (DCW), respectively. Using continuous-feeding fed-batch (CF-FB) fermentation, the biomass concentration of CJ6 increased to 6.3 g/L with biomass productivity and sugar utilization rate of 0.286 mg/L/d and 1.26 g/L/d, respectively. Meanwhile, CJ6 obtained maximum astaxanthin content (93.9 µg/g DCW) and astaxanthin concentration (0.565 mg/L) after 20-day cultivation. Thus, the CF-FB fermentation strategy seems to have a high potential for the cultivation of thraustochytrids to produce the high-value product (astaxanthin) using SDR as the feedstock to achieve circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Yen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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Yin FW, Zhan CT, Huang J, Sun XL, Yin LF, Zheng WL, Luo X, Zhang YY, Fu YQ. Efficient Co-production of Docosahexaenoic Acid Oil and Carotenoids in Aurantiochytrium sp. Using a Light Intensity Gradient Strategy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:623-638. [PMID: 36114924 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium is a promising source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and carotenoids, but their synthesis is influenced by environmental stress factors. In this study, the effect of different light intensities on the fermentation of DHA oil and carotenoids using Aurantiochytrium sp. TZ209 was investigated. The results showed that dark culture and low light intensity conditions did not affect the normal growth of cells, but were not conducive to the accumulation of carotenoids. High light intensity promoted the synthesis of DHA and carotenoids, but caused cell damage, resulting in a decrease of oil yield. To solve this issue, a light intensity gradient strategy was developed, which markedly improved the DHA and carotenoid content without reducing the oil yield. This strategy produced 30.16 g/L of microalgal oil with 15.11 g/L DHA, 221 µg/g astaxanthin, and 386 µg/g β-carotene. This work demonstrates that strain TZ209 is a promising DHA producer and provides an efficient strategy for the co-production of DHA oil together with carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Yin
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci-Tong Zhan
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Huang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Sun
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Fei Yin
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Long Zheng
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Luo
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qian Fu
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, No. 1139 Shifu Road, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China.
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Yang H, Huang Y, Li Z, Guo Y, Li S, Huang H, Yang X, Li G, Chen H. Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Aurantiochytrium sp. on Zebrafish Growth as Determined by Transcriptomics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202794. [PMID: 36290180 PMCID: PMC9597791 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine protist Aurantiochytrium produces several bioactive chemicals, including EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and other critical fish fatty acids. It has the potential to improve growth and fatty acid profiles in aquatic taxa. This study evaluated zebrafish growth performance in response to diets containing 1% to 3% Aurantiochytrium sp. crude extract (TE) and single extract for 56 days. Growth performance was best in the 1% TE group, and therefore, this concentration was used for further analyses of the influence of Aurantiochytrium sp. Levels of hepatic lipase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA oxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase increased significantly in response to 1% TE, while malic enzyme activity, carnitine lipid acylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and malondialdehyde levels decreased. These findings suggest that Aurantiochytrium sp. extract can modulate lipase activity, improve lipid synthesis, and decrease oxidative damage caused by lipid peroxidation. Transcriptome analysis revealed 310 genes that were differentially expressed between the 1% TE group and the control group, including 185 up-regulated genes and 125 down-regulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway analyses of the differentially expressed genes revealed that Aurantiochytrium sp. extracts may influence liver metabolism, cell proliferation, motility, and signal transduction in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Yanlin Huang
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuwen Guo
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-18876860068 (H.H.); +86-18820706692 (H.C.); Fax: +86-898-88651861 (H.H.); +86-759-2382459 (H.C.)
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guangli Li
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Huapu Chen
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (H.C.); Tel.: +86-18876860068 (H.H.); +86-18820706692 (H.C.); Fax: +86-898-88651861 (H.H.); +86-759-2382459 (H.C.)
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Kulagina N, Perrin J, Besseau S, Courdavault V. Efficient Terpene Production by Marine Thraustochytrids: Shedding Light on the Thermodynamic Driving Force. mBio 2021; 12:e0197621. [PMID: 34579577 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01976-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, such as squalene, are valuable compounds for cosmetic and drug industries, the supply of which is often limited by natural sources. Alternative production strategies have been investigated for decades but remain challenging due to low yields. In a recent study, Zhang and coworkers (A. Zhang, K. Mernitz, C. Wu, W. Xiong, et al., mBio 12:e0088121, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00881-21) report the potential use of marine thraustochytrid metabolic thermodynamics in effective terpene engineering. Through comparative proteomics and metabolomics, as well as thermodynamic modeling, the authors demonstrated sodium-induced changes in thraustochytrid metabolism leading to a twofold increase in squalene accumulation. The differential abundances of the metabolic enzymes and metabolites, as well as higher respiration, indicated the metabolic shift from carbohydrate to lipid oxidation and increased ATP input to the mevalonate pathway and squalene synthesis. This breakthrough provides new important insights into microbial terpene metabolic engineering but above all displays thermodynamics as a valuable tool in metabolic engineering.
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Sasaki K, Geribaldi-Doldán N, Wu Q, Davies J, Szele FG, Isoda H. Microalgae Aurantiochytrium Sp. Increases Neurogenesis and Improves Spatial Learning and Memory in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse-Prone 8 Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:600575. [PMID: 33634096 PMCID: PMC7900145 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Much attention has recently been focused on nutraceuticals, with minimal adverse effects, developed for preventing or treating neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study was conducted to investigate the potential effect on neural development and function of the microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. as a nutraceutical. To test neuroprotection by the ethanol extract of Aurantiochytrium (EEA) and a derivative, the n-Hexane layer of EEA (HEEA), amyloid-β-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells, was used as an in vitro AD model. We then assessed the potential enhancement of neurogenesis by EEA and HEEA using murine ex vivo neurospheres. We also administered EEA or HEEA to senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, a non-transgenic strain with accelerated aging and AD-like memory loss for evaluation of spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze test. Finally, we performed immunohistochemical analysis for assessment of neurogenesis in mice administered EEA. Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with EEA or the squalene-rich fraction of EEA, HEEA, ameliorated amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity. Interestingly, only EEA-treated cells showed a significant increase in cell metabolism and intracellular adenosine triphosphate production. Moreover, EEA treatment significantly increased the number of neurospheres, whereas HEEA treatment significantly increased the number of β-III-tubulin+ young neurons and GFAP+ astrocytes. SAMP8 mice were given 50 mg/kg EEA or HEEA orally for 30 days. EEA and HEEA decreased escape latency in the Morris water maze in SAMP8 mice, indicating improved memory. To detect stem cells and newborn neurons, we administered BrdU for 9 days and measured BrdU+ cells in the dentate gyrus, a neurogenic stem cell niche of the hippocampus. In SAMP8 mice, EEA rapidly and significantly increased the number of BrdU+GFAP+ stem cells and their progeny, BrdU+NeuN+ mature neurons. In conclusion, our data in aggregate indicate that EEA and its constituents could be developed into a nutraceutical for promoting brain health and function against several age-related diseases, particularly AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sasaki
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francis G. Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Open Innovation Laboratory for Food and Medicinal Resource Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Watanabe K, Perez CMT, Kitahori T, Hata K, Aoi M, Takahashi H, Sakuma T, Okamura Y, Nakashimada Y, Yamamoto T, Matsuyama K, Mayuzumi S, Aki T. Improvement of fatty acid productivity of thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium sp. by genome editing. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 131:373-380. [PMID: 33386277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrid strains belonging to the genus Aurantiochytrium accumulate significant amounts of lipids including polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids and, therefore, are expected to be used for industrial production of various valuable materials. Although various efforts such as chemical mutagenesis and homologous gene recombination have been made to improve lipid productivity of Aurantiochytrium species, low specificity and efficiency in the conventional methods hinder the research progress. Here, we attempted to apply a genome editing technology, the CRISPR-Cas9 system as an alternative molecular breeding technique for Aurantiochytrium species to accelerate the metabolic engineering. The efficiency of specific gene knock-in by the homologous recombination increased more than 10-folds by combining the CRISPR-Cas9 system. As a result of disrupting the genes associated with β-oxidation of fatty acids by the improved method, the genome edited strains with higher fatty acid productivity were isolated, demonstrating for the first time that the CRISPR-Cas9 system was effective for molecular breeding of the strains in the genus Aurantiochytrium to improve lipid productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Charose Marie Ting Perez
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kitahori
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hata
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Masato Aoi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakashimada
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | | | - Shinzo Mayuzumi
- Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., 1280 Kami-izumi, Sodegaura, Chiba 299-0293, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Aki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan.
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Paulo MC, Cardoso C, Coutinho J, Castanho S, Bandarra NM. Microalgal solutions in the cultivation of rotifers and artemia: scope for the modulation of the fatty acid profile. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05415. [PMID: 33195845 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. (AUR), Isochrysis sp. (ISO), and Nannochloropsis sp (NAN) were studied as possible alternative feeds to well established commercial compound feeds for both rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia franciscana. Fatty acid (FA) composition —relative (in % of total FAs) and absolute (in mg/g dw)—was determined in order to assess their potential for providing essential FAs. The FA profiles showed relevant differences between the four feeds (compound feed and the three microalgal species), but less stark than in the feeds themselves. Whereas Isochrysis sp. was relatively rich in DHA and poor in EPA, 18.6 ± 1.7% vs 0.6 ± 0.0%, respectively, Nannochloropsis sp. had the opposite pattern, 0.2 ± 0.3% vs 28.3 ± 0.7%. Aurantiochytrium sp. was rich in DHA (19.1 ± 0.2% corresponding to 89.8 ± 0.2 mg/g dw), but posed difficulties as a feed for both rotifers and artemia, given its low lipid incorporation and, in particular, poor DHA deposition. Rotifers fed the compound feed had the best combination of n3 PUFA levels (22.1 ± 0.1 mg/g dw), DHA contents (13.6 ± 0.4 mg/g dw), and DHA/EPA ratios (~3), being rotifers fed AUR and ISO feeds second best. Hence, these microalgae may deserve to be further explored as potential sources of specific FAs in rotifers and artemia.
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Humaidah N, Nakai S, Nishijima W, Gotoh T, Furuta M. Application of Aurantiochytrium sp. L3W for food-processing wastewater treatment in combination with polyunsaturated fatty acids production for fish aquaculture. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743:140735. [PMID: 32679499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids such as Aurantiochytrium are heterotrophic microorganisms that are known to produce valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In this study, Aurantiochytrium sp. strain L3W was used to remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) from bean-boiling (BB) and miso-processing (MP) wastewater and to simultaneously produce PUFAs. Strain L3W removed 52% of the DOC and 37% of the DN from sterilized BB wastewater and produced biomass that contained 137 mg/g of fatty acids (FAs), including 96.2 mg/g of DHA. Growth of strain L3W in sterilized MP wastewater resulted in the production of biomass containing 147.6 mg/g of FAs, including 97.8 mg/g of DHA, and removal of 47% of the DOC and 55% of the DN from the wastewater. The biomass of strain L3W was digestible by the enzymes extracted from the stomachs of rainbow trout. These results confirmed the potential for use of strain L3W to remove DOC and DN from food processing wastewater and to produce PUFAs. This study also provided the first evidence that the raw biomass of Aurantiochytrium sp. can be used as a fish feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlaili Humaidah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; Department of Industrial Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Satoshi Nakai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Wataru Nishijima
- Environmental Research and Management Center, Hiroshima University 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Takehiko Gotoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Megumi Furuta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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12
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Liu B, Jiang J, Yu D, Lin G, Xiong YL. Effects of Supplementation of Microalgae ( Aurantiochytrium sp.) to Laying Hen Diets on Fatty Acid Content, Health Lipid Indices, Oxidative Stability, and Quality Attributes of Meat. Foods 2020; 9:E1271. [PMID: 32927865 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is conducted to investigate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae (MA, Aurantiochytrium sp.) on health lipid indices, stability, and quality properties of meat from laying hens. A total of 450 healthy 50-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly allotted to 5 groups (6 replicates of 15 birds each), which received diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% MA for 15 weeks. Fatty acid contents and quality properties of breast and thigh muscles from two randomly selected birds per replicate (n = 12) were measured. The oxidative stability of fresh, refrigerated, frozen, and cooked meat was also determined. Results indicated that supplemental MA produced dose-dependent enrichments of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), predominantly DHA, in breast and thigh muscles, with more health-promoting n-6/n-3 ratios (1.87-5.27) and favorable lipid health indices (p < 0.05). MA supplementation did not affect tenderness (shear force) and color (L*, a*, and b* values) of hen meat nor muscle endogenous antioxidant enzymes and fresh meat oxidation (p > 0.05). However, the n-3 LC-PUFA deposition slightly increased lipid oxidation in cooked and stored (4 °C) meat (p < 0.05). In conclusion, MA supplementation improves the nutritional quality of hen meat in terms of lipid profile without compromising meat quality attributes. Appropriate antioxidants are required to mitigate oxidation when such DHA-enriched meat is subjected to cooking and storage.
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Bagul VP, Annapure US. Effect of sequential recycling of spent media wastewater on docosahexaenoic acid production by newly isolated strain Aurantiochytrium sp. ICTFD5. Bioresour Technol 2020; 306:123153. [PMID: 32197193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this work was the optimization of recycled spent media wastewater (SMW) concentration for high biomass production of Aurantiochytrium sp. ICTFD5. Further, optimization for growth patterns and lipid accumulation capacity with three subsequent recycling runs was also performed. The biomass production after 96 h fermentation for recycling with 50% SMW was; 21.3 ± 1.5, 19.1 ± 1.3, 19 ± 1.2, and 23 ± 1.2 g/L for the first, second, third recycle runs, and control respectively. All the recycle runs were carried out with the same media and cultivation conditions. Subsequent recycling affected lipid accumulation, and it was decreased by ~4 to 9% compared to the control. The compositional shift of fatty acids was observed with sequential recycle runs, changing more towards saturated fatty acids content, suggesting it to be a new potential source for biodiesel feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali P Bagul
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Uday S Annapure
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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Liu L, Hu Z, Li S, Yang H, Li S, Lv C, Zaynab M, Cheng CHK, Chen H, Yang X. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Uncovers Genes Responsible for the DHA Enhancement in the Mutant Aurantiochytrium sp. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E529. [PMID: 32272666 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, is critical for physiological activities of the human body. Marine eukaryote Aurantiochytrium sp. is considered a promising source for DHA production. Mutational studies have shown that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (50 W, 30 s) could be utilized as a breeding strategy for obtaining high-yield DHA-producing Aurantiochytrium sp. After UV irradiation (50 W, 30 s), the mutant strain X2 which shows enhanced lipid (1.79-fold, 1417.37 mg/L) and DHA (1.90-fold, 624.93 mg/L) production, was selected from the wild Aurantiochytrium sp. Instead of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 9.07% of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was observed in the mutant strain X2. The comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that in both wild type and mutant strain, the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway was incomplete with key desaturases, but genes related to the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway were observed. Results presented that mRNA expression levels of CoAT, AT, ER, DH, and MT down-regulated in wild type but up-regulated in mutant strain X2, corresponding to the increased intercellular DHA accumulation. These findings indicated that CoAT, AT, ER, DH, and MT can be exploited for high DHA yields in Aurantiochytrium.
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Wang DS, Yu XJ, Zhu XY, Wang Z, Li HJ, Wang ZP. Transcriptome Mechanism of Utilizing Corn Steep Liquor as the Sole Nitrogen Resource for Lipid and DHA Biosynthesis in Marine Oleaginous Protist Aurantiochytrium sp. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110695. [PMID: 31690058 PMCID: PMC6920895 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, corn steep liquor (CSL) is evaluated as an ideal raw agro-material for efficient lipid and docosahexaenoic acid DHA production by Aurantiochytrium sp. Low CSL level in medium (nitrogen deficiency) stimulated the biosynthesis of lipids and DHA while inhibiting cellular growth. The transcriptomic profiles of the Aurantiochytrium sp. cells are analyzed and compared when cultured under high (H group), normal (N group), and low (L group) levels of CSL in the medium. The discriminated transcriptomic profiles from the three groups indicates that changes in CSL level in medium result in a global change in transcriptome of Aurantiochytrium sp. The overall de novo assembly of cDNA sequence data generated 61,163 unigenes, and 18,129 of them were annotated in at least one database. A total of 5105 differently expressed (DE) genes were found in the N group versus the H group, with 2218 downregulated and 2887 upregulated. A total of 3625 DE genes were found in the N group versus the L group, with 1904 downregulated and 1721 upregulated. The analysis and categorization of the DE genes indicates that the regulation mechanism of CSL involved in the perception and transduction of the limited nitrogen signal, the interactions between the transcription factors (TFs) and multiple downstream genes, and the variations in downstream genes and metabolites, in sequence, are illuminated for the first time in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Xin-Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Hui-Juan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Yu XJ, Chen H, Huang CY, Zhu XY, Wang ZP, Wang DS, Liu XY, Sun J, Zheng JY, Li HJ, Wang Z. Transcriptomic Mechanism of the Phytohormone 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) Stimulating Lipid and DHA Synthesis in Aurantiochytrium sp. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:5560-5570. [PMID: 30901205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) significantly improves lipid synthesis of oleaginous microorganisms with the great potential applied in lipid production. In the current study, the lipid and DHA productions in oleaginous Aurantiochytrium sp. were found to be improved by 48.7% and 55.3%, respectively, induced by 6-BAP treatments. Then, using high-throughput RNA-seq technology, the overall de novo assembly of the cDNA sequence data generated 53871 unigenes, and 15902 of these were annotated in at least one database. The comparative transcriptomic profiles of cells with and without 6-BAP treatments revealed that a total of 717 were differently expressed genes (DE), with 472 upregulated and 245 downregulated. Further annotation and categorization indicated that some DE genes were involved in pathways crucial to lipid and DHA productions, such as fatty acid synthesis, central carbon metabolism, transcriptional factor, signal transduction, and mevalonate pathway. A regulation mode of 6-BAP, in turn, perception and transduction of 6-BAP signal, transcription factor, expression regulations of the downstream genes, and metabolic changes, respectively, was put forward for the first time in the present study. This research illuminates the transcriptomic mechanism of phytohormone stimulation of lipid and DHA production in an oleaginous microorganism and provides the potential targets modified using genetic engineering for improving lipid and DHA productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , No. 18, Chaowang Road , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , No. 18, Chaowang Road , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , No. 18, Chaowang Road , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , No. 18, Chaowang Road , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , Shandong , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Biological Resources , Jiangxi Academy of Sciences , Nanchang 330096 , Jiangxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , No. 18, Chaowang Road , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , No. 18, Chaowang Road , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Juan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Shandong University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266590 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , No. 18, Chaowang Road , Hangzhou 310014 , People's Republic of China
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Marques JA, Del Valle TA, Ghizzi LG, Zilio EMC, Gheller LS, Nunes AT, Silva TBP, Dias MSDS, Grigoletto NTS, Koontz AF, da Silva GG, Rennó FP. Increasing dietary levels of docosahexaenoic acid-rich microalgae: Ruminal fermentation, animal performance, and milk fatty acid profile of mid-lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5054-5065. [PMID: 30954254 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary levels of microalgae (ALG), rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; All-G-Rich, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY), in isolipidic diets, on animal performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk fatty acid profile, energy balance, microbial protein synthesis, and blood serum metabolites in mid-lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows [130.3 ± 15.4 d in milk, and 30.8 ± 0.543 kg/d of milk yield (mean ± standard error)] were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the following treatments: control diet, without addition of ALG; and increasing levels of ALG [2, 4, and 6 g/kg of dry matter (DM)]. The ALG decreased DM intake and increased total-tract DM apparent digestibility. A tendency was observed for a quadratic effect on total-tract NDF digestibility by ALG inclusion, with peak value of the quadratic response at 4.13 g/kg of DM dose. Moreover, ALG increased ruminal pH and decreased acetate and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk were quadratically affected, and a tendency for a milk yield effect was observed when ALG levels increased, whereas maximal yields were observed with intermediate doses. Milk fat, protein, and lactose concentrations were diminished, whereas productive efficiency was improved by the increase of ALG levels. Saturated fatty acid proportions were decreased, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions were increased when ALG was fed. There was low DHA transfer into milk; however, ALG inclusion decreased C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-9,12, and C18:3 cis-9,12,15 proportions, and increased C18:2 cis-9,trans-11, C18:1 trans-9, and C18:1 trans-11 proportions. Gross energy intake was decreased, whereas no effect was observed on digestible, metabolizable, or net energy intake. The ALG inclusion quadratically affected the microbial protein synthesis, with maximal enhancement at 3.24 g/kg of DM dose, and also increased serum cholesterol concentration. Under the conditions of this experiment, the inclusion of ALG in diets for mid-lactating dairy cows decreased feed intake and increased nutrient digestibility, improving productive efficiency and modifying milk fatty acid profile. Estimated intermediate doses (1.22 to 2.90 g/kg of DM) of DHA-rich ALG may be beneficial to milk, fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk yields, and is recommended for dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia A Marques
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Del Valle
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas G Ghizzi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Elissandra M C Zilio
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa S Gheller
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Alanne T Nunes
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Tássia B P Silva
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Mauro S da S Dias
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália T S Grigoletto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme G da Silva
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco P Rennó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Animal Production, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; Bursar 1-B of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil 71605-001.
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Patel A, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Simultaneous production of DHA and squalene from Aurantiochytrium sp. grown on forest biomass hydrolysates. Biotechnol Biofuels 2019; 12:255. [PMID: 31687043 PMCID: PMC6820942 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence points to the nutritional importance of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the human diet. Thraustochytrids are heterotrophic marine oleaginous microorganisms capable of synthesizing high amounts of DHA, as well as other nutraceutical compounds such as squalene, in their cellular compartment. Squalene is a natural triterpene and an important biosynthetic precursor to all human steroids. It has a wide range of applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, with benefits that include boosting immunity and antioxidant activity. Apart from its nutritional quality, it can also be utilized for high-grade bio-jet fuel by catalytic conversion. RESULTS In the present study, the potential of thraustochytrid strain Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 to produce DHA and squalene was evaluated. When the strain was cultivated on organosolv-pretreated birch hydrolysate (30 g/L glucose) in flask, it resulted in 10.39 g/L of cell dry weight and 4.98 g/L of total lipids, of which 25.98% was DHA. In contrast, when the strain was grown in a bioreactor, cell dry weight, total lipid, and DHA increased to 11.24 g/L, 5.90 g/L, and 35.76%, respectively. The maximum squalene yield was 69.31 mg/gCDW (0.72 g/L) when the strain was cultivated in flask, but it increased to 88.47 mg/gCDW (1.0 g/L), when cultivation shifted to a bioreactor. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report demonstrating the utilization of low cost non-edible lignocellulosic feedstock to cultivate the marine oleaginous microorganism Aurantiochytrium sp. for the production of nutraceutical vital compounds. Owing to the simultaneous generation of DHA and squalene, the strain is suitable for industrial-scale production of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
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Sung M, Han JI. Alkaline in situ transesterification of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101 using potassium carbonate. Bioresour Technol 2016; 205:250-253. [PMID: 26848047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to evaluate K2CO3 as a potent alkaline catalyst for in situ transesterification of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS 101, one step process in which oil extraction and conversion take place together. This K2CO3-based in situ transesterification was optimized in terms of recovery yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by way of varying biomass concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. The optimal condition was achieved at 50g/L of biomass concentration and 1% of K2CO3 in the methanol, 25°C of reaction temperature, and 5min of reaction time, resulting in the FAME recovery yield over 90%. It was found that K2CO3 performed better than any other tested catalysts including acids, supporting the notion that K2CO3 is a promising catalyst, especially for in situ transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Kim K, Shin H, Moon M, Ryu BG, Han JI, Yang JW, Chang YK. Evaluation of various harvesting methods for high-density microalgae, Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. Bioresour Technol 2015; 198:828-835. [PMID: 26457831 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Five technologies, coagulation, electro-flotation (EF), electro-coagulation-flotation (ECF), centrifugation, and membrane filtration, were systematically assessed for their adequacy of harvesting Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101, a heterotrophic microalgal species that has much higher biomass concentration than photoautotrophic species. Coagulation, EF, and ECF were found to have limited efficiency. Centrifugation was overly powerful to susceptible cells like Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101, inducing cell rupture and consequently biomass loss of over 13%. Membrane filtration, in particular equipped with an anti-fouling turbulence generator, turned out to be best suited: nearly 100% of harvesting efficiency and low water content in harvested biomass were achieved. With rotation rate increased, high permeate fluxes could be attained even with extremely concentrated biomass: e.g., 219.0 and 135.0 L/m(2)/h at 150.0 and 203.0 g/L, respectively. Dynamic filtration appears to be indeed a suitable means especially to obtain highly concentrated biomass that have no need of dewatering and can be directly processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyochan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myounghoon Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gon Ryu
- Decontamination and Decommissioning Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 989-111 Daedukdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-353, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Velmurugan N, Sathishkumar Y, Yim SS, Lee YS, Park MS, Yang JW, Jeong KJ. Study of cellular development and intracellular lipid bodies accumulation in the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. Bioresour Technol 2014; 161:149-154. [PMID: 24704836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron, confocal microscopy and FACS in conjunction with two different lipophilic fluorescent dyes, BODIPY 505/515 and Nile Red were used to describe the cellular development and lipid bodies formation in Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. TEM results revealed that multi-cellular spores were appeared in sporangium during early-exponential phase, and spores were matured in mid-exponential phase followed by release of spores from sporangium in late-exponential phase. TEM and FACS analyses proved that lipid bodies appeared, developed and degenerated in mid-exponential, early- and late-stationary phases, respectively. The staining results in FACS indicate that BODIPY 505/515 is more effective for the vital staining of intracellular lipid bodies than Nile Red. FACS based single cell sorting also showed healthy growth for BODIPY 505/515 stained cells than Nile Red stained cells. In addition, a quantitative baseline was established either for cell growth and/or lipid accumulation based on cell count, fatty acid contents/composition, and sectional/confocal images of KRS101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Velmurugan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesupatham Sathishkumar
- Department of Forest Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sun Yim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Lee
- Department of Forest Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min S Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ji Won Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Choi SA, Jung JY, Kim K, Lee JS, Kwon JH, Kim SW, Yang JW, Park JY. Acid-catalyzed hot-water extraction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich lipids from Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. Bioresour Technol 2014; 161:469-472. [PMID: 24755396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, acid-catalyzed hot-water extraction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich lipids from Aurantiochytrium sp. was performed, and its yield-enhancing effects were investigated. The total fatty acid content of the Aurantiochytrium sp. was 482.5mg/g cell, of which 141.7mg/g cell (29.4% of total fatty acids) was DHA. The lipid-extraction yield by acid-catalyzed hot-water treatment was compared with those by organic solvents. Among the various acid-catalyzed hot-water treatment conditions, the most optimal were 1.00% H2SO4 concentration, 100°C, 30min, under which the lipid-extraction yield was 472.4mg/g cell, and most of the DHA was extracted (29.2% of total fatty acids). Acid-catalyzed hot-water extraction treatment markedly improved the lipid-extraction yield of Aurantiochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Choi
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Jung
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyochan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Yang
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
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