Advanced strategies for enhancing dark fermentative biohydrogen production from biowaste towards sustainable environment

Biohydrogen production from residual biomass: The potential of wheat, corn, rice, and barley straw - recent advances

This work reviews the potential of wheat, corn, rice, and barley straw for biohydrogen production, highlighting it as a promising solution for sustainable energy. We analyze the physicochemical properties of these straws, which are rich in carbohydrates and lignin, essential components for bioenergy production. Advanced pretreatment approaches, such as ultrasound, torrefaction, and electrohydrolysis, have proven effective in increasing biohydrogen yields. Research and development of fermentation technologies, such as dark fermentation and photofermentation, are crucial to improving process efficiency. Despite environmental and economic advantages, biohydrogen production faces significant challenges, including biomass conversion efficiency and economic viability. The infrastructure for the collection, transportation, and storage of agricultural residues also presents a challenge. This review explores the potential of wheat, corn, rice, and barley straw for biohydrogen production, emphasizing its role in sustainable energy generation. Biohydrogen production from agricultural residues is a viable alternative for the circular economy and environmental sustainability, contributing to waste reduction and climate change mitigation.

Life cycle approach as a tool for assessing municipal biowaste treatment units: A systematic review

Biowaste is an increasingly relevant environmental issue worldwide, causing significant environmental, economic and social impacts. Effective strategies are crucial to mitigate impacts, maximising biowaste's valorisation. This article presents a systematic literature review on using life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate municipal biowaste treatment facilities. The primary objective was to analyse how LCA is applied to assess the environmental efficiency of mechanical and biological treatment involving composting and anaerobic digestion (AD)-based systems. The article addressed the methodological heterogeneity across previous LCA studies, identifying critical gaps and challenges regarding standardisation and result comparability. It underscores the importance of accurately considering environmental indicators and emission factors, as these significantly affect overall LCA outcomes. Results show that most publications focus on Europe and Asia, highlighting a research gap in regions like Africa. The organic fraction municipal solid waste is the predominant feedstock, and 1 tonne of biowaste was the frequently used functional unit, reflecting the upstream impacts of waste. The most recurrent system boundary was the cradle-to-grave, offering a comprehensive analysis as it covers all stages of biowaste treatment from collection to disposal. The studies highlight the environmental benefits of AD-based systems through energy production compensations, particularly in reducing global warming potential, compared with other treatment operations such as landfills. While replacing mineral fertilisers with digestate and compost is very well discussed, it raises concerns about heavy metal content and nutrient availability. Therefore, selective collection of organic waste is crucial to improve compost quality and AD efficiency, though it increases transportation costs.

Functional microorganisms in hydrogen production: Mechanisms and applications

The rapid growth of global energy demand accelerates the development of sustainable, clean, and renewable energy sources. Biohydrogen production, driven by functional microorganisms, offers a promising solution. Multiple species of bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and archaea were able to produce hydrogen. This study reviewed the typical strains, together with their hydrogen-production mechanisms, e.g., bio-photolysis, photo fermentation, and dark fermentation. Bacteria (e.g., purple non-sulfur bacteria) and microalgae (e.g., cyanobacteria) have been widely investigated, with respect to the limited fungi and archaea. It showed that temperature, pH, and substrate availability could all substantially influence the efficiency of biohydrogen production. Meanwhile, photo and dark fermentations are favored for future possible industrial applications. Furthermore, this review summarized practical applications of biohydrogen production, such as applications of bioreactors, waste treatments, and integrated systems for hydrogen production, highlighting the importance of functional microorganisms in advancing biohydrogen technology under global energy crisis.

Diamine-Crosslinked and Blended Polyimide Membranes: An Emerging Strategy in Enhancing H2/CO2 Separation

The increasing demand for high-purity hydrogen (H2) as renewable energy sources is driving advancements in membrane technology, which is essential for achieving efficient gas separation. Polyimide (PI) membranes have become an emerging option for H2/CO2 separation due to its excellent thermal stability and stability under harsh conditions. However, the neat PI membrane suffers performance loss due to CO2 plasticization effect and an encountered trade-off limit between permeability and selectivity. Therefore, membrane modification by crosslinking and blending emerged as a recent strategy to enhance the membrane's performance and properties. This paper provides: (1) An overview of the possible method to do the modification in PI membranes, including the advantages and challenges of the membrane modification types; (2) As blending and crosslinking is the most popular modification for the PI membrane, their roles in enhancing membrane properties for improved H2/CO2 separation are discussed; (3) The critical parameters of the blending and crosslinking processes are also clarified for the optimal purification process; (4) The future outlook for H2/CO2 separation using membrane technology is discussed, aiming to provide commercialization strategy for optimal H2/CO2 separation. Thus, this review could provide guidelines for the readers to implement changes that significantly enhance the membrane's features for high-purity H2 production.

Efficient production of hydrogen through bioaugmentation of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste by the newly isolated Clostridium sartagoforme SA1

Bio-hydrogen from organic waste holds promise as renewable energy. However, its large-scale production is limited by technical challenges, with low H2 yields and the absence of robust microbial strains being the major ones. To address these limitations, H2-producing microbes have been isolated from a full-scale anaerobic digestor treating complex organic waste. Clostridium sartagoforme SA1 was selected because of high H2 yields from glucose, soluble starch, and carboxymethylcellulose. The strain was then tested for H2 production from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW), rich in starch and cellulose, with productions up to 55 mLH2 g/VS. Additionally, C. sartagoforme SA1 confirmed high H2 performances even in the presence of OFMSW's indigenous microflora, increasing the H2 yield by 38 % and highlighting its robustness in a highly competitive environment. This is the first report describing the efficient adoption of a C. sartagoforme strain for bioaugmentation of non-sterile OFMSW towards high H2 yields.

Microbial community assemblage altered by coprecipitation of artificial humic substances and ferrihydrite: Implications for carbon fixation pathway transformation

The suppression of soil carbon mineralization has been demonstrated to be effectively facilitated by carbon‑iron interactions, yet the specific mechanisms by which artificial humic substances (A-HS) coupled with ferrihydrite influence this process remain insufficiently explored. This study is to investigate how the A-HS, specifically artificial fulvic acid (A-FA) and artificial humic acid (A-HA), coupled with ferrihydrite, affect carbon mineralization under anaerobic system that simulates paddy flooding conditions. The object is to investigate trends in carbon emissions and to delineate microbial community structure and functional pathways. The findings indicate that A-HA and A-FA substantially reduce CO2 and CH4 emissions, with A-FA having a particularly pronounced effect on carbon fixation, halving CO2 concentrations. The low concentration of Fe(II) observed suggest that A-FA and A-HA impede the dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) process. Detailed 16S rDNA sequencing and gene prediction analyses reveal changes in microbial community structures and functions, highlighting Methanobacterium as the dominant hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The reductive citric acid cycle, predominantly utilized by Clostridium carboxidivorans, was identified as the principal carbon fixation pathway. This work provides a novel insight into the microbial mechanisms of carbon sequestration and highlights the potential of A-HS in improving soil fertility and contributing to climate change mitigation through enhancing soil carbon storage.

Hydrogen-producing conditions and mutation mechanisms of a highly efficient mutant strain Ethanoligenens harbinense YR-3

In this study, the optimal hydrogen (H2) production conditions of the high-efficiency H2-producing mutant strain Ethanoligenens harbinense YR-3 (carbon-nitrogen ratio 5.5, phosphate buffer 80 mM, initial pH 6.0, biotin 1.4 mg/L) are obtained by intermittent experiments. The maximum specific H2 production rate of YR-3 (2.85 mol H2/mol glucose) was 1.4 times that of the wild strain ZGX4 (2.04 mol H2/mol glucose). The liquid-phase products are mainly ethanol and acetic acid, indicating that the metabolic pathway has not changed. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to compare and analyze the protein map differences between YR-3 and ZGX4. The results show that 1,6-fructose diphosphate aldolase and the flavoprotein in hydrogenase are highly expressed. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the genetic modification of high-efficiency H2-producing strains and the improvement of H2 production capacity.

Harnessing Nanomaterials for Enhanced Biohydrogen Generation from Wastewater

Biohydrogen is considered a green fuel due to its eco-friendly nature since it only produces water and energy on combustion. However, their lower yield and production rate is one of the foremost challenges that need an instant sustainable approach. The use of nanotechnology is a potential approach for the enhanced generation of biohydrogen, owing to the significant characteristics of the nanomaterials such as greater specificity, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, better reactivity and dispersibility, enhanced catalytic activity, superb selectivity, greater electron transfer, and better anaerobic microbiota activity. This article explores the recent trends and innovations in the production of biohydrogen from wastewater through the applications of different nanomaterials. The potential of various nanomaterials employed for biohydrogen production from wastewater is evaluated and the impacts of important parameters such as the concentration and size of the nanomaterials, temperature, and pH on the production and yield of biohydrogen are explained in detail. Several pathways involved in the mechanistic approach of biohydrogen generation from wastewater are critically assessed. Lastly, numerous technological challenges are highlighted and recommendations regarding future research are also provided.

Nonsterile Process for Biohydrogen Production: Recent Updates, Challenges, and Opportunities

Hydrogen (H2), a clean and versatile energy carrier, has recently gained significant attention as a potential solution for reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable energy systems. The yield and efficiency of the biological H2 production process primarily depend on sterilization conditions. Various strategies, such as heat inactivation and membrane-based sterilization, have been used to achieve desirable yields via microbial fermentation. Almost every failed biotransformation process is linked to nonsterile conditions at any reaction stage. Therefore, the production of renewable biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels is more attractive. Pure sugars have been widely documented as a costly feedstock for H2 production under sterile conditions. Biotransformation under nonsterile conditions is more desirable for stable and sustainable operation. Low-cost feeds, such as biowaste, are considered suitable alternatives, but they require appropriate sterilization to overcome the limitations of inherited or contaminating microbes during H2 production. This article describes the status of microbial fermentative processes for H2 production under nonsterile conditions and discusses strategies to improve such processes for sustainable, cleaner production.

A bibliometric analysis of the role of nanotechnology in dark fermentative biohydrogen production

Recently, nanoparticles have drawn a lot of interest as catalysts to enhance the effectiveness and output of biohydrogen generation processes. This review article provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the significance of nanotechnology in dark fermentative biohydrogen production. The study examines the scientific literature from the database of The Web of Science© while the bibliometric investigation utilized VOSviewer© and Bibliometrix software tools to conduct the analysis. The findings revealed that a total of 232 articles focused on studying dark fermentation for hydrogen production throughout the entire duration. The extracted data was used to analyze publication trends, authorship patterns, and geographic distribution along with types and effects of nanoparticles on the microbial community responsible for dark fermentative biohydrogen production. The findings of this bibliometric analysis provide valuable insights into the advancements and achievements in the utilization of nanoparticles in the dark fermentation process used to produce biohydrogen.

Hydrogen from sewage sludge: Production methods, influencing factors, challenges, and prospects

The rising global population and rapid industrialization have frequently resulted in a significant escalation in energy requirements. Hydrogen, renowned for its eco-friendly and renewable characteristics, has garnered substantial interest as a fuel alternative to address the energy needs currently fulfilled by fossil fuels. Embracing such energy substitutes holds pivotal importance in advancing environmental sustainability, aiding in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions - the primary catalysts of global warming and climate fluctuations. This study elucidates recent trends in sewage sludge (SS)-derived hydrogen through diverse production pathways and critically evaluates the impact of varying parameters on hydrogen yield. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the breakdown of the hydrogen generation process from SS is provided, along with an assessment of its economic dimensions. The review culminates by illuminating key obstacles in the adoption of this innovative technology, accompanied by practical recommendations to surmount these challenges. This comprehensive analysis is expected to attract considerable interest from stakeholders within the hydrogen production domain, fostering substantial engagement.

Sustainable hydrogen production via microalgae: Technological advancements, economic indicators, environmental aspects, challenges, and policy implications

Hydrogen has emerged as an alternative energy source to meet the increasing global energy demand, depleting fossil fuels and environmental issues resulting from fossil fuel consumption. Microalgae-based biomass is gaining attention as a potential source of hydrogen production due to its green energy carrier properties, high energy content, and carbon-free combustion. This review examines the hydrogen production process from microalgae, including the microalgae cultivation technological process for biomass production, and the three main routes of biomass-to-hydrogen production: thermochemical conversion, photo biological conversion, and electrochemical conversion. The current progress of technological options in the three main routes is presented, with the various strains of microalgae and operating conditions of the processes. Furthermore, the economic and environmental perspectives of biomass-to-hydrogen from microalgae are evaluated, and critical operational parameters are used to assess the feasibility of scaling up biohydrogen production for commercial industrial-scale applications. The key finding is the thermochemical conversion process is the most feasible process for biohydrogen production, compared to the pyrolysis process. In the photobiological and electrochemical process, pure hydrogen can be achieved, but further process development is required to enhance the production yield. In addition, the high production cost is the main challenge in biohydrogen production. The cost of biohydrogen production for direct bio photolysis it cost around $7.24 kg-1; for indirect bio photolysis it costs around $7.54 kg-1 and for fermentation, it costs around $7.61 kg-1. Therefore, comprehensive studies and efforts are required to make biohydrogen production from microalgae applications more economical in the future.

Environmental impact assessment of a combined bioprocess for hydrogen production from food waste

With the growth of population and the development of economy, the food waste (FW) and energy shortage issues are getting great attentions. In this study, the environmental performance of a biorefinery of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation for hydrogen production from FW (FW-H2) was investigated by life cycle assessment (LCA) in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and non-renewable energy use (NREU). It was found that the gas compression, electricity and FW transport were the major environmental hotspots in the FW-H2 process. The GHG emissions of 10.1 kg CO2 eq and NREU of 104 MJ were obtained from per kg hydrogen production through the whole process. The environmental impacts of the FW-H2 process were lower than the conventional processes for hydrogen production, such as steam methane reforming and electrolysis with grid. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the efforts in environmental hotspots, especially in gas compression, could result in the improvement of environmental impacts of the FW-H2 process. The GHG emissions and NREU could reduce to 89.2 % and 89.4 % with a 20 % reduction of energy consumption for gas compression. Different allocation methods (economic allocation, mass allocation, no allocation and system expansion method) applied for LCA analysis could provide a significant influence of environmental impacts in the FW-H2 process. The results obtained from this study could lead to further research into resource recycling from waste and would ultimately contribute to the development of circular economy.

Biochar applications in microbial fermentation processes for producing non-methane products: Current status and future prospects

The objective of this review is to encourage the technical development of biochar-assisted microbial fermentation. To this end, recent advances in biochar applications for microbial fermentation processes (i.e., non-methane products of hydrogen, acids, alcohols, and biofertilizer) have been critically reviewed, including process performance, enhanced mechanisms, and current research gaps. Key findings of enhanced mechanisms by biochar applications in biochemical conversion platforms are summarized, including supportive microbial habitats due to the immobilization effect, pH buffering due to alkalinity, nutrition supply due to being rich in nutrient elements, promoting electron transfer by acting as electron carriers, and detoxification of inhibitors due to high adsorption capacity. The current technical limitations and biochar's industrial applications in microbial fermentation processes are also discussed. Finally, suggestions like exploring functionalized biochar materials, biochar's automatic addition and pilot-scale demonstration are proposed. This review would further promote biochar applications in microbial fermentation processes for the production of non-methane products.

Depolymerization of lignin: Recent progress towards value-added chemicals and biohydrogen production

The need for alternative sources of energy became increasingly urgent as demand for energy and the use of fossil fuels both soared. When processed into aromatic compounds, lignin can be utilized as an alternative to fossil fuels, however, lignin's complex structure and recalcitrance make depolymerization impractical. This article presented an overview of the most recent advances in lignin conversion, including process technology, catalyst advancement, and case study-based end products. In addition to the three established methods (thermochemical, biochemical, and catalytic depolymerization), a lignin-first strategy was presented. Depolymerizing different forms of lignin into smaller phenolic molecules has been suggested using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for oxidation or reduction. Limitations and future prospects of lignin depolymerization have been discussed which suggests that solar-driven catalytic depolymerization through photocatalysts including quantum dots offers a unique pathway to obtain the highly catalytic conversion of lignin.

Sodium alginate based artificial biofilms polymerized by electrophoretic deposition for microbial hydrogen generation

This study developed an artificial biofilm of Rhodospirillum rubrum bacteria immobilized within an alginate matrix using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on an electrode. The resulting biofilm immobilized bacteria effectively and maintained a high survival rate, facilitating stable and high-efficiency hydrogen generation for longer periods compared to biofilms produced using free bacteria. Hydrogen production efficiency remained constant when the substrate was periodically replaced, indicating that the bacteria could survive within the biofilm for long-term hydrogen production. EPD produced mechanically stable large-scale biofilms economically and rapidly, which effectively overcame operational limitations such as culture medium temperature, pH, and flow rate. Therefore, this proposed method has the potential to accelerate the commercialization of biohydrogen production systems through large-scale biofilm production to facilitate continuous hydrogen generation. The technique can be utilized in various hydrogel-based applications, providing a cost-effective and efficient manufacturing process with customized biological and mechanical properties. The developed biofilms have implications beyond biohydrogen production and could be applied to hydrogel-based medical, cosmetic, and food applications. This study highlights the importance of immobilizing bacteria for stable and efficient hydrogen generation and demonstrates the potential of EPD in fabricating mechanically stable biofilms for large-scale production.

Continuous lactate-driven dark fermentation of restaurant food waste: Process characterization and new insights on transient feast/famine perturbations

The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the continuous lactate-driven dark fermentation (LD-DF) of food waste (FW) was investigated. The robustness of the bioprocess against feast/famine perturbations was also explored. The stepwise HRT decrease from 24 to 16 and 12 h in a continuously stirred tank fermenter fed with simulated restaurant FW impacted on hydrogen production rate (HPR). The optimal HRT of 16 h supported a HPR of 4.2 L H₂/L-d. Feast/famine perturbations caused by 12-h feeding interruptions led to a remarkable peak in HPR up to 19.2 L H₂/L-d, albeit the process became stable at 4.3 L H₂/L-d following perturbation. The occurrence of LD-DF throughout the operation was endorsed by metabolites analysis. Particularly, hydrogen production positively correlated with lactate consumption and butyrate production. Overall, the FW LD-DF process was highly sensitive but resilient against transient feast/famine perturbations, supporting high-rate HPRs under optimal HRTs.

Advances in the catalyzed photo-fermentative biohydrogen production through photo nanocatalysts with the potential of selectivity, and customization

Photo nanocatalyst have shownpromise in a variety of fields, including biohydrogen production where their catalytic efficiency is related to size, surface-to-volume ratio, and increasing the number of atoms on the surface. They can harvest solar light to create electron-hole pairs which is the key mechanism to define its catalytic efficiency, thus requiring suitable excitation wavelength, band energy, and crystal imperfections. In this review, a discussion on the role of photo nanocatalysts to catalyze biohydrogen production has been carried out. Photo nanocatalysts feature a large bandgap, andhigh defect concentration, thus having the ability to be tuned for their characteristics. Customization of the photo nanocatalyst has been addressed. Mechanism of the photo nanocatalysts in catalyzing biohydrogen has been discussed. Limiting factors of photo nanocatalysts were highlighted and several recommendations have been made to enhance the effective utilization of these photo nanocatalysts to enhance photo-fermentative biohydrogen production from biomass wastes.

Metagenomic insights into the inhibitory mechanisms of Cu on fermentative hydrogen production

Cu is widely present in the feedstocks of dark fermentation, which can inhibit H₂ production efficiency of the process. However, current understanding on the inhibitory mechanisms of Cu, especially the microbiological mechanism, is still lacking. This study investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of Cu²⁺ on fermentative hydrogen production by metagenomics sequencing. Results showed that the exposure to Cu²⁺ reduced the abundances of high-yielding hydrogen-producing genera (e.g. Clostridium sensu stricto), and remarkably down-regulated the genes involved in substrate membrane transport (e.g., gtsA, gtsB and gtsC), glycolysis (e.g. PK, ppgK and pgi-pmi), and hydrogen formation (e.g. pflA, fdoG, por and E1.12.7.2), leading to significant inhibition on the process performances. The H₂ yield was reduced from 1.49 mol H₂/mol-glucose to 0.59 and 0.05 mol H₂/mol-glucose upon exposure to 500 and 1000 mg/L of Cu²⁺, respectively. High concentrations of Cu²⁺ also reduced the rate of H₂ production and prolonged the H₂-producing lag phase.

Integrated Biorefinery and Life Cycle Assessment of Cassava Processing Residue-From Production to Sustainable Evaluation

Commonly known as a subsistence culture, cassava came to be considered a commodity and key to adding value. However, this tuber's processing for starch and flour production is responsible for generating a large amount of waste that causes serious environmental problems. This biomass of varied biochemical composition has excellent potential for producing fuels (biogas, bioethanol, butanol, biohydrogen) and non-energetic products (succinic acid, glucose syrup, lactic acid) via biorefinery. However, there are environmental challenges, leading to uncertainties related to the sustainability of biorefineries. Thus, the provision of information generated in life cycle assessment (LCA) can help reduce bottlenecks found in the productive stages, making production more competitive. Within that, this review concentrates information on the production of value-added products, the environmental impact generated, and the sustainability of biorefineries.

Effect of Fe0 particle size on buffering characteristics and biohydrogen production in high-load photo fermentation system of corn stover

The aim of this work was to study the effects of Fe0 particle sizes (700 nm, 100 nm and 50 nm) addition on biohydrogen production, liquid culture characteristics and photosynthetic bacterial respond in the high-load photo fermentation system of corn stover within the concentration range of 200-1500 mg/L. Results showed that Fe0 with particle size of 700 nm had a better promotion effect on hydrogen production than 100 nm and 50 nm. The highest hydrogen yield of 74.32 ± 3.48 mL/g TS and hydrogen production rate of 3.31 ± 0.11 mL/g·h TS corn stover were obtained at 1000 and 1500 mg/L Fe0-700 nm, which were significantly increased by 92.88 % and 133.88 % compared with the control group. Further analysis indicated that Fe0 addition effectively alleviated pH drop, enhanced nitrogenase activity, promoted cell growth, and accelerated the consumption of acetic acid and butyric acid.

Advances in two-dimensional materials for energy-efficient and molecular precise membranes for biohydrogen production

Waste management has become an ever-increasing global issue due to population growth and rapid globalisation. For similar reasons, the greenhouse effect caused by fossil fuel combustion, is leading to chronic climate change issues. A novel approach, the waste-to-hydrogen process, is introduced to address the concern of waste generation and climate change with an additional merit of production of a renewable, higher energy density than fossil fuels and sustainable transportation fuel, hydrogen (H2) gas. In the downstream H2 purifying process, membrane separation is one of the appealing options for the waste-to-hydrogen process given its low energy consumption and low operational cost. However, commercial polymeric membranes have hindered membrane separation process due to their low separation performance. By introducing novel two-dimensional materials as substitutes, the limitation of purifying using conventional membranes can potentially be solved. Herein, this article provides a comprehensive review of two-dimensional materials as alternatives to membrane technology for the gas separation of H2 in waste-to-hydrogen downstream process. Moreover, this review article elaborates and provides some perspectives on the challenges and future potential of the waste-to-hydrogen process and the use of two-dimensional materials in membrane technology.

Peracetic acid promotes biohydrogen production from anaerobic dark fermentation of waste activated sludge

Peracetic acid (PAA), a widely used organic peroxide with strong disinfection and oxidizing effect, has recently attracted research interest in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment to achieve sludge reduction and resource utilization. However, its impact on hydrogen accumulation from WAS dark fermentation has not been documented. This study therefore is intended to fill in this knowledge gap and clarify the underlying mechanism of PAA-promoted hydrogen generation. Batch experiments revealed that when raised PAA dosage from 0 to 8 mg/g TSS (total suspended solids), cumulative hydrogen production within 168 h fermentation increased from 1.3 to 14.2 mL/g VSS (volatile suspended solids), however, further increase PAA dosage to 10 mg/g TSS resulted in a slight decrease in hydrogen yield. Mechanism studies revealed that PAA was beneficial to sludge disintegration (10 mg/g TSS PAA increased SCOD (soluble chemical oxygen demand) by 254 %). Although PAA inhibited the activity of all microorganism involved in dark fermentation, the inhibitory effect on hydrogen consumers were much more serious than that on hydrogen producers (-45.8 % versus -5.1 % and - 7.3 %). The fermentation was found to shift from propionate type to acetate and butyrate type, favoring hydrogen production. Moreover, the methane production process was effectively inhibited by PAA, which meant less hydrogen consumption. Microbial community analysis results unveiled that PAA increased the abundances of hydrolytic bacteria (e.g., norank_f__Saprospiraceae) and hydrogen producers (e.g., Clostridium_sensu_stricto_10). These findings obtained in this work provide new insights into oxidants-involved sludge treatment process and might have important implication for WAS treatment and bioenergy production in the future.