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Zitzmann FD, Schmidt S, Frank R, Weigel W, Meier M, Jahnke HG. Microcavity well-plate for automated parallel bioelectronic analysis of 3D cell cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 250:116042. [PMID: 38266619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture models serve as valuable tools for accurately replicating cellular microenvironments found in vivo. While cell culture technologies are rapidly advancing, the availability of non-invasive, real-time, and label-free analysis methods for 3D cultures remains limited. To meet the demand for higher-throughput drug screening, there is a demanding need for analytical methods that can operate in parallel. Microelectrode systems in combination with microcavity arrays (MCAs), offer the capability of spatially resolved electrochemical impedance analysis and field potential monitoring of 3D cultures. However, the fabrication and handling of small-scale MCAs have been labour-intensive, limiting their broader application. To overcome this challenge, we have established a process for creating MCAs in a standard 96-well plate format using high-precision selective laser etching. In addition, to automate and ensure the accurate placement of 3D cultures on the MCA, we have designed and characterized a plug-in tool using SLA-3D-printing. To characterize our new 96-well plate MCA-based platform, we conducted parallel analyses of human melanoma 3D cultures and monitored the effect of cisplatin in real-time by impedance spectroscopy. In the following we demonstrate the capabilities of the MCA approach by analysing contraction rates of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte aggregates in response to cardioactive compounds. In summary, our MCA system significantly expands the possibilities for label-free analysis of 3D cell and tissue cultures, offering an order of magnitude higher parallelization capacity than previous devices. This advancement greatly enhances its applicability in real-world settings, such as drug development or clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska D Zitzmann
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; b-ACT Matter, Research and Transfer Centre for bioactive Matter, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Frank
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Weigel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Biochemical Cell Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Schmidt S, Haensch T, Frank R, Jahnke HG, Robitzki AA. Reactive Sputtered Silicon Nitride as an Alternative Passivation Layer for Microelectrode Arrays in Sensitive Bioimpedimetric Cell Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59185-59195. [PMID: 34851082 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used to study the behavior of cells noninvasively and in real time. While the design of MEAs focuses mainly on the electrode material or its application-dependent modification, the passivation layer, which is crucial to define the electrode area and to insulate the conducting paths, remains largely unnoticed. Because often most cells are in direct contact with the passivation layer rather than the electrode material, biocompatible photoresists such as SU-8 are almost exclusively used. However, SU-8 is not without limitations in terms of optical transmission, optimal cell support, or compatibility within polymer-based microfluidic lab on chip systems. Here, we established a silicon nitride (SiN) passivation by physical vapor deposition (PVD), which was optimized and evaluated for impedance spectroscopy-based monitoring of cells. Surface characteristics, biocompatibility, and electrical insulation capability were investigated and compared to SU8 in detail. To investigate the influence of the SiN passivation on the impedimetric analysis of cells, HEK-293 A and MCF-7 were chosen as adherent cell models and measured on microelectrodes of 50-200 μm in diameter. The results clearly revealed an overall suitability of SiN as alternative passivation. While for the smallest electrode size a cell line dependent comparable or slightly decreased cell signal could be observed in comparison with SU-8, a significant higher cell signal was observed for microelectrodes larger than 50 μm in diameter. Furthermore, a high suitability for the bonding of PEGDA and PDMS microfluidic structures on the SiN passivation layer without any leakage could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schmidt
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Haensch
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Frank
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Dong L, Ravaynia PS, Huang QA, Hierlemann A, Modena MM. Parallelized Wireless Sensing System for Continuous Monitoring of Microtissue Spheroids. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2036-2043. [PMID: 32519548 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the use of electrical readout methods for the investigation of microtissue spheroids in combination with lab automation tools is hindered by the cable connections that are required to interrogate the on-chip-integrated electrodes. To overcome this limitation, we developed a wireless sensor scheme, which can detect the size variation of microtissues during long-term culturing and drug exposure assays. The sensor system includes an interrogation board, which is composed of an inductor-capacitor (LC) readout circuit, and the tissue culture platform with integrated split-ring sensors. The magnetic coupling between the LC circuit and the sensors enables the interrogation of the on-chip sensors without any wire connection to the culture platform. By optimizing the sensor dimensions and the LC resonance frequencies, we were able to avoid cross talk between neighboring sensors. We integrated 12 tissue compartments on a standard microscopy slide with a sensor-to-sensor pitch of 9 mm, which is in accordance with standard 96-well plate dimensions. As a proof-of-concept experiment for the developed system, we monitored continuously and during more than four days the growth inhibition of colon cancer microtissue spheroids that had been exposed to different concentrations of doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic compound. The stability of the measurements during long-term culturing and the compatibility of the sensor scheme with standard lab equipment offer great potential for automated electrical microtissue spheroid characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Paolo S. Ravaynia
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Qing-An Huang
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Mario M. Modena
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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Electrochemical live monitoring of tumor cell migration out of micro-tumors on an innovative multiwell high-dense microelectrode array. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13875. [PMID: 31554899 PMCID: PMC6761180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding of cell migration and spreading out of tumor tissue is of great interest concerning the mechanism and causes of tumor malignancy and metastases. Although there are methods available for studying cell migration on monolayer cell cultures like transwell assays, novel techniques for monitoring cell spreading out of 3D organoids or tumor tissue samples are highly required. In this context, we developed an innovative high-dense microelectrode array for impedimetric monitoring of cell migration from 3D tumor cultures. For a proof of concept, a strongly migrating breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and two malignant melanoma cell lines (T30.6.9, T12.8.10ZII) were used for generating viable micro-tumor models. The migration propensity was determined by impedimetric monitoring over 144 hours, correlated by microscopy and validated by transwell assays. The impedimetric analysis of covered electrodes and the relative impedance maximum values revealed extended information regarding the contribution of proliferative effects. More strikingly, using reference populations of mitomycin C treated spheroids where proliferation was suppressed, distinction of proliferation and migration was possible. Therefore, our high-dense microelectrode array based impedimetric migration monitoring has the capability for an automated quantitative analysis system that can be easily scaled up as well as integrated in lab on chip devices.
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5
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Induced cross-resistance of BRAF V600E melanoma cells to standard chemotherapeutic dacarbazine after chronic PLX4032 treatment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:30. [PMID: 30631106 PMCID: PMC6328535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The maximum response and 10-year survival rate for metastatic melanoma patients treated with standardised chemotherapy is still less than 15% and 10%, respectively. In contrast, oncogene targeting was found a promising tool for killing of BRAFV600 mutated melanoma cells. Nevertheless, despite improved response and survival rates, resistance acquisition remains an ongoing problem. In this context, the impact of chronic BRAF inhibition on the efficacy of commonly applied cytostatics is still unknown. In our study, human melanoma cells with BRAFV600E mutation were treated with chemotherapeutics and a BRAF inhibitor. Resistance patterns were analysed by microelectrode array-based impedance spectroscopy, XTT and flow cytometric apoptosis/proliferation assay. BRAFV600E melanoma cells acquired a time- and concentration-dependent desensitisation up to 100-fold towards oncogene-specific PLX4032 and chemotherapeutic dacarbazine after twelve months treatment. The impact of multiple drug insensitivity on molecular melanoma characteristics was elaborated via mRNA and protein quantification. Following BRAFV600E targeting, melanoma cells developed an increasingly aggressive, dacarbazine-insensitive phenotype. Thereby, hyperactivated canonical alternative MAPK and bypass PI3K/AKT signalling caused cross-resistance of differently acting drugs. With these results, we are the first to show that long-term melanoma therapy with BRAF inhibitors can prevent further therapeutic success with dacarbazine due to acquisition of cross-resistance.
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Ino K, Şen M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Micro/nanoelectrochemical probe and chip devices for evaluation of three-dimensional cultured cells. Analyst 2018; 142:4343-4354. [PMID: 29106427 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of recent research progress in the development of micro/nanoelectrochemical probe and chip devices for the evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) cultured cells. First, we discuss probe devices: a general outline, evaluation of O2 consumption, enzyme-modified electrodes, evaluation of endogenous enzyme activity, and the collection of cell components from cell aggregates are discussed. The next section is focused on integrated chip devices: a general outline, electrode array devices, smart electrode array devices, droplet detection of 3D cultured cells, cell manipulation using dielectrophoresis (DEP), and electrodeposited hydrogels used for fabrication of 3D cultured cells on chip devices are discussed. Finally, we provide a summary and discussion of future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Mustafa Şen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 Cigli, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Seidel D, Rothe R, Kirsten M, Jahnke HG, Dumann K, Ziemer M, Simon JC, Robitzki AA. A multidimensional impedance platform for the real-time analysis of single and combination drug pharmacology in patient-derived viable melanoma models. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:185-194. [PMID: 30201332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In today's development of anticancer drugs, there is an enormous demand for sensitive, non-invasive real-time screening technologies to identify pharmacodynamics/-kinetics of single and combined drugs with high precision. The combination of sophisticated drug sensitivity testing with advanced in vitro tumor models reflecting heterogeneous tumor behavior in vivo is needed to more reasonably predict therapeutic outcome in vivo. In this study, the benefits of our real-time, non-invasive multidimensional impedance platform over standard in vitro drug sensitivity assays were demonstrated quantitatively using an advanced melanoma model. Detailed pharmacological profiles of clinically established targeted therapeutics in single and combination treatment have been identified in patient tissue and isolated 2D/3D cell line cultures. Impedance spectroscopy revealed significant differences in tissue structure responsible for BRAF inhibitor pharmacokinetics in BRAFV600E tumor microfragments and cell lines. Remarkably, BRAF-/MEK inhibitor combination treatment of direct patient-derived tissue, but not melanoma cell lines, resulted in short-term antagonistic effects consistent with in vivo findings. In contrast, the clinically validated resistance delay and thus long-term synergy of targeted therapeutics in advanced melanoma models has been demonstrated using impedance technology. The results demonstrate limited clinical transferability of 2D/3D cancer cell line-based chemosensitivity data and underline the importance of in vivo-like direct patient-derived tissue for predictive drug studies. Our non-invasive and highly sensitive multidimensional impedance platform offers great potential for quantifying short- and long-term drug kinetics and synergies to identify the most effective drug combinations in advanced cancer models, thereby improving personalized drug development and treatment planning and ultimately, overall patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Seidel
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rothe
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Kirsten
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin Dumann
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mirjana Ziemer
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Simon
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Jaroch K, Jaroch A, Bojko B. Cell cultures in drug discovery and development: The need of reliable in vitro-in vivo extrapolation for pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:297-312. [PMID: 28811111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For ethical and cost-related reasons, use of animals for the assessment of mode of action, metabolism and/or toxicity of new drug candidates has been increasingly scrutinized in research and industrial applications. Implementation of the 3 "Rs"1; rule (Reduction, Replacement, Refinement) through development of in silico or in vitro assays has become an essential element of risk assessment. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK2) modeling is the most potent in silico tool used for extrapolation of pharmacokinetic parameters to animal or human models from results obtained in vitro. Although, many types of in vitro assays are conducted during drug development, use of cell cultures is the most reliable one. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been a part of drug development for many years. Nowadays, their role is decreasing in favor of three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures and co-cultures. 3D cultures exhibit protein expression patterns and intercellular junctions that are closer to in vivo states in comparison to classical monolayer cultures. Co-cultures allow for examinations of the mutual influence of different cell lines. However, the complexity and high costs of co-cultures and 3D equipment exclude such methods from high-throughput screening (HTS).3In vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion assessment, as well as drug-drug interaction (DDI), are usually performed with the use of various cell culture based assays. Progress in in silico and in vitro methods can lead to better in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE4) outcomes and have a potential to contribute towards a significant reduction in the number of laboratory animals needed for drug research. As such, concentrated efforts need to be spent towards the development of an HTS in vitro platform with satisfactory IVIVE features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jaroch
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Jaroch
- Department and Institute of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3 Street, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Curie Sklodowskiej 9 Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Inal S, Hama A, Ferro M, Pitsalidis C, Oziat J, Iandolo D, Pappa AM, Hadida M, Huerta M, Marchat D, Mailley P, Owens RM. Conducting Polymer Scaffolds for Hosting and Monitoring 3D Cell Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahika Inal
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Hama
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Magali Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Julie Oziat
- CEA; LETI; MINATEC Campus; 38054 Grenoble France
| | - Donata Iandolo
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
| | - Mikhael Hadida
- Laboratoire Sainbiose; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CIS-EMSE; St. Etienne 42023 France
| | - Miriam Huerta
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis; Cinvestav 14-740, 070000 Mexico
| | - David Marchat
- Laboratoire Sainbiose; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CIS-EMSE; St. Etienne 42023 France
| | | | - Róisín M. Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; Gardanne 13541 France
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Bürgel SC, Diener L, Frey O, Kim JY, Hierlemann A. Automated, Multiplexed Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Platform for Continuous Monitoring of Microtissue Spheroids. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10876-10883. [PMID: 27650426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microtissue spheroids in microfluidic devices are increasingly used to establish novel in vitro organ models of the human body. As the spheroids are comparably sizable, it is difficult to monitor larger numbers of them by optical means. Therefore, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) emerges as a viable alternative to probing spheroid properties. Current spheroid EIS systems are, however, not suitable for investigating multiple spheroids in parallel over extended time in an automated fashion. Here we address this issue by presenting an automated, multiplexed EIS (AMEIS) platform for impedance analysis in a microfluidic setting. The system was used to continuously monitor the effect of the anticancer drug fluorouracil (5-FU) on HCT116 cancer spheroids. Simultaneous EIS monitoring of up to 15 spheroids was performed in parallel over 4 days at a temporal resolution of 2 min without any need for pumps. The measurements were continuous in nature, and the setup was kept in a standard incubator under controlled conditions during the measurements. A baseline normalization method to improve robustness and to reduce the influence of slow changes in the medium conductivity on the spheroid EIS readings has been developed and validated by experiments and means of a finite-element model. The same method and platform was then used for online monitoring of cardiac spheroids. The beating frequency of each cardiac spheroid could be read out in a completely automated fashion. The developed system constitutes a promising method for simultaneously evaluating drug impact and/or toxic effects on multiple microtissue spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian C Bürgel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich , Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Laurin Diener
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich , Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Frey
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich , Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich , Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich , Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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Seidel D, Obendorf J, Englich B, Jahnke HG, Semkova V, Haupt S, Girard M, Peschanski M, Brüstle O, Robitzki AA. Impedimetric real-time monitoring of neural pluripotent stem cell differentiation process on microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:277-286. [PMID: 27387257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In today's neurodevelopment and -disease research, human neural stem/progenitor cell-derived networks represent the sole accessible in vitro model possessing a primary phenotype. However, cultivation and moreover, differentiation as well as maturation of human neural stem/progenitor cells are very complex and time-consuming processes. Therefore, techniques for the sensitive non-invasive, real-time monitoring of neuronal differentiation and maturation are highly demanded. Using impedance spectroscopy, the differentiation of several human neural stem/progenitor cell lines was analyzed in detail. After development of an optimum microelectrode array for reliable and sensitive long-term monitoring, distinct cell-dependent impedimetric parameters that could specifically be associated with the progress and quality of neuronal differentiation were identified. Cellular impedance changes correlated well with the temporal regulation of biomolecular progenitor versus mature neural marker expression as well as cellular structure changes accompanying neuronal differentiation. More strikingly, the capability of the impedimetric differentiation monitoring system for the use as a screening tool was demonstrated by applying compounds that are known to promote neuronal differentiation such as the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT. The non-invasive impedance spectroscopy-based measurement system can be used for sensitive and quantitative monitoring of neuronal differentiation processes. Therefore, this technique could be a very useful tool for quality control of neuronal differentiation and moreover, for neurogenic compound identification and industrial high-content screening demands in the field of safety assessment as well as drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Seidel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Obendorf
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate Englich
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vesselina Semkova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone Haupt
- LIFE&BRAIN GmbH, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathilde Girard
- CECS, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, Genopole Campus 1, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Marc Peschanski
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Institute for Stem Cell Therapy and Exploration of Monogenic Diseases, Genopole Campus 1, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- LIFE&BRAIN GmbH, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Universität Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Iterative Precise Conductivity Measurement with IDEs. SENSORS 2015; 15:12080-91. [PMID: 26007745 PMCID: PMC4481896 DOI: 10.3390/s150512080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a new approach in the field of precise electrolytic conductivity measurements with planar thin- and thick-film electrodes. This novel measuring method was developed for measurement with comb-like electrodes called interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). Correction characteristics over a wide range of specific conductivities were determined from an interface impedance characterization of the thick-film IDEs. The local maximum of the capacitive part of the interface impedance is used for corrections to get linear responses. The measuring frequency was determined at a wide range of measured conductivity. An iteration mode of measurements was suggested to precisely measure the conductivity at the right frequency in order to achieve a highly accurate response. The method takes precise conductivity measurements in concentration ranges from 10−6 to 1 M without electrode cell replacement.
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Eichler M, Jahnke HG, Krinke D, Müller A, Schmidt S, Azendorf R, Robitzki AA. A novel 96-well multielectrode array based impedimetric monitoring platform for comparative drug efficacy analysis on 2D and 3D brain tumor cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:582-9. [PMID: 25445619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive cancer entities like neuroblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme are still difficult to treat and have discouraging prognosis in malignant stage. Since each tumor has its own characteristics concerning the sensitivity towards different chemotherapeutics and moreover, can obtain resistance, the development of novel chemotherapeutics with a broad activity spectrum, high efficacy and minimum side effects is a continuous process. Sophisticated in vitro assays for comprehensive prediction of in vivo drug efficacy and side effects represent an actual bottleneck in the drug development process. In this context, we developed a novel in vitro 2D and 3D multiwell-multielectrode device for drug efficacy monitoring based on direct real-time impedance spectroscopy measurement in combination with our unique 96-well multielectrode arrays and microcavity arrays. For demonstration, we used three neuro- and glioblastoma cell lines that were cultured as monolayer and multicellular tumor spheroids for recapitulating in vivo conditions. Using our novel 96-well multielectrode array based system it was possible to detect time and concentration dependent responses concerning treatment with doxorubicin, etoposide and vincristine. While all tested chemotherapeutics revealed high potency for apoptosis induction in neuroblastoma cells, etoposide was ineffective for glioblastoma cell lines. Determination of IC50 values allowed us to compare drug efficacy in 2D and 3D culture models and moreover, revealed chemotherapeutic and tumor cell line specific activity patterns. These pharmacokinetic patterns are of great interest in the context of preclinical drug development. Thus, impedance spectroscopy based monitoring systems could be used for the fast in vitro based in vivo prediction of novel anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Eichler
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dana Krinke
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronny Azendorf
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Quantitative impedimetric NPY-receptor activation monitoring and signal pathway profiling in living cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:386-93. [PMID: 25239555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Label-free and non-invasive monitoring of receptor activation and identification of the involved signal pathways in living cells is an ongoing analytic challenge and a great opportunity for biosensoric systems. In this context, we developed an impedance spectroscopy-based system for the activation monitoring of NPY-receptors in living cells. Using an optimized interdigital electrode array for sensitive detection of cellular alterations, we were able for the first time to quantitatively detect the NPY-receptor activation directly without a secondary or enhancer reaction like cAMP-stimulation by forskolin. More strikingly, we could show that the impedimetric based NPY-receptor activation monitoring is not restricted to the Y1-receptor but also possible for the Y2- and Y5-receptor. Furthermore, we could monitor the NPY-receptor activation in different cell lines that natively express NPY-receptors and proof the specificity of the observed impedimetric effect by agonist/antagonist studies in recombinant NPY-receptor expressing cell lines. To clarify the nature of the observed impedimetric effect we performed an equivalent circuit analysis as well as analyzed the role of cell morphology and receptor internalization. Finally, an antagonist based extensive molecular signal pathway analysis revealed small alterations of the actin cytoskeleton as well as the inhibition of at least L-type calcium channels as major reasons for the observed NPY-induced impedance increase. Taken together, our novel impedance spectroscopy based NPY-receptor activation monitoring system offers the opportunity to identify signal pathways as well as for novel versatile agonist/antagonist screening systems for identification of novel therapeutics in the field of obesity and cancer.
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Abstract
Nanomaterials, because of their tunable properties and performances, have been utilized extensively in everyday life related consumable products and technology. On exposure, beyond the physiological range, nanomaterials cause health risks via affecting the function of organisms, genomic systems, and even the central nervous system. Thus, new analytical approaches for nanotoxicity assessment to verify the feasibility of nanomaterials for future use are in demand. The conventional analytical techniques, such as spectrophotometric assay-based techniques, usually require a lengthy and time-consuming process and often produce false positives, and often cannot be implemented at a single cell level measurement for studying cell behavior without interference from its surrounding environment. Hence, there is a demand for a precise, accurate, sensitive assessment for toxicity using single cells. Recently, due to the advantages of automation of fluids and minimization of human errors, the integration of a cell-on-a-chip (CoC) with a microfluidic system is in practice for nanotoxicity assessments. This review explains nanotoxicity and its assessment approaches with advantages/limitations and new approaches to overcome the confines of traditional techniques. Recent advances in nanotoxicity assessment using a CoC integrated with a microfluidic system are also discussed in this review, which may be of use for nanotoxicity assessment and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikkumar Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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