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Wang X, Hao L, Du R, Wang H, Dong J, Zhang Y. Synthesis of unique three-dimensional CoMn 2O 4@Ni(OH) 2 nanocages via Kirkendall effect for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:730-740. [PMID: 37742432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal oxides / hydroxides, which have the advantages of wide distribution, low price, low toxicity, and stable chemical properties, have attracted much attention from researchers. Therefore, this work reports the construction of the unique CoMn2O4 nanocages assisted by the Kirkendall effect, and worm-like Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles were grown on the surface via hydrothermal method, the final product CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages were applied to construct efficient and sensitive non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensing. The stable three-dimensional hollow CoMn2O4 nanocages structure, not only can provide a wider specific surface area and more abundant active sites, its porous structure also can effectively inhibit the aggregation of nanoparticles, increase the ion diffusion path, shorten the electron transport distance, and improve the electrical conductivity. Loading Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles on the CoMn2O4 nanocages can increase catalytic sites, and further strengthen the electrocatalytic performance. Due to the good synergistic effect between CoMn2O4 and Ni(OH)2, CoMn2O4@Ni(OH)2 nanocages electrochemical sensor can achieve sensitive and rapid detection of trace glucose, with excellent linear range (8.5-1830.5 μM), low limit of detection (0.264 μM), high sensitivity of 0.00646 μA mM-1 cm-2, and outstanding repeatability. More importantly, the sensor has been successfully applied to the determination of blood glucose in human serum with good recoveries (95.64-104.3 %). This work provides a novel scheme for blood glucose detection and expands the application of transition metal oxides / hydroxides in the field of electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China
| | - Lin Hao
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, PR China
| | - Ruixuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China.
| | - Jiangxue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China.
| | - Yufan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, PR China.
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2
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Bisirri EA, Wright TA, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Tuning Polymer Composition Leads to Activity-Stability Tradeoff in Enzyme-Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4033-4041. [PMID: 37610792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugation provides an opportune means to adjust the local environment of proteins and enhance protein stability, performance, and solubility. Although much attention has been focused on tuning protein-polymer interactions, the properties of polymer-modified proteins may also be altered by polymer-polymer interactions. Herein, we sought to better understand the influence of polymer-polymer interactions on Candida rugosa lipase, which was modified with random co-polymers composed of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA). Our findings suggest that there is an apparent activity-stability tradeoff as a function of polymer composition. Specifically, as the ratio of SBMA to PEGMA increased, lipase stability was enhanced, whereas activity decreased. By tuning the monomer ratio, we showed that lipase productivity could be optimized. These findings are discussed in the context of complex enzyme-polymer and polymer-polymer interactions and ultimately may enable more informed conjugate designs and improved enzyme productivity in industrial biotransformations under harsh or extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Bisirri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joel L Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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3
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Theyagarajan K, Kim YJ. Recent Developments in the Design and Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors Using Functional Materials and Molecules. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040424. [PMID: 37185499 PMCID: PMC10135976 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors are superior technologies that are used to detect or sense biologically and environmentally significant analytes in a laboratory environment, or even in the form of portable handheld or wearable electronics. Recently, imprinted and implantable biosensors are emerging as point-of-care devices, which monitor the target analytes in a continuous environment and alert the intended users to anomalies. The stability and performance of the developed biosensor depend on the nature and properties of the electrode material or the platform on which the biosensor is constructed. Therefore, the biosensor platform plays an integral role in the effectiveness of the developed biosensor. Enormous effort has been dedicated to the rational design of the electrode material and to fabrication strategies for improving the performance of developed biosensors. Every year, in the search for multifarious electrode materials, thousands of new biosensor platforms are reported. Moreover, in order to construct an effectual biosensor, the researcher should familiarize themself with the sensible strategies behind electrode fabrication. Thus, we intend to shed light on various strategies and methodologies utilized in the design and fabrication of electrochemical biosensors that facilitate sensitive and selective detection of significant analytes. Furthermore, this review highlights the advantages of various electrode materials and the correlation between immobilized biomolecules and modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Theyagarajan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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Habibi MM, Mousavi M, Shadman Z, Ghasemi JB. Preparation of a nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor based on g-C3N4/MWO4 (M: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni) composite for the determination of H2O2. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a significant effect on physiological proceedings. In the present research, a g-C3N4-based nanocomposite g-C3N4/MWO4(M: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni) was prepared via the precipitation-calcination method. A...
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Ramonas E, Shafaat A, Dagys M, Ruzgas T, Ratautas D. Revising catalytic “acceleration” of enzymes on citrate-capped gold nanoparticles. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Walker NL, Roshkolaeva AB, Chapoval AI, Dick JE. Recent Advances in Potentiometric Biosensing. CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021; 28:100735. [PMID: 34056144 PMCID: PMC8162913 DOI: 10.1016/j.coelec.2021.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potentiometric biosensors are incredibly versatile tools with budding uses in industry, security, environmental safety, and human health. This mini-review on recent (2018-2020) advances in the field of potentiometric biosensors is intended to give a general overview of the main types of potentiometric biosensors for novices while still providing a brief but thorough summary of the novel advances and trends for experienced practitioners. These trends include the incorporation of nanomaterials, graphene, and novel immobilization materials, as well as a strong push towards miniaturized, flexible, and self-powered devices for in-field or at-home use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Andrei I Chapoval
- Russian-American Anti-Cancer Center, Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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7
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Janmee N, Preechakasedkit P, Rodthongkum N, Chailapakul O, Potiyaraj P, Ruecha N. A non-enzymatic disposable electrochemical sensor based on surface-modified screen-printed electrode CuO-IL/rGO nanocomposite for a single-step determination of glucose in human urine and electrolyte drinks. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2796-2803. [PMID: 34114570 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00676b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A non-enzymatic disposable electrochemical sensor coupled with an automated sample pretreatment paper-based device was developed to avoid an additional sample preparation step for glucose determination in human urine and electrolyte drinks. The automated sample pretreatment paper-based device was successfully fabricated by the simple coating of a strong alkaline solution on a patterned wax paper, and then attached on an electrochemical sensor. The nanocomposite of copper oxide nanoparticles, ionic liquid and reduced graphene oxide (CuO-IL/rGO) modified on the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was created and used as a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. The presence of the CuO-IL/rGO nanocomposite on the screen-printed electrode surface was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Under optimal conditions, glucose was measured by dropping 100 μL sample solution on the device and detected via chronoamperometry (CA) using a smartphone potentiostat controlled by Android app., providing a rapid current response within 20 s and linearity in a range of 0.03-7.0 mM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.14 μM. Furthermore, this developed device was successfully applied for determining glucose levels in human urine and electrolyte drinks, exporting satisfying results correlated with a commercial enzymatic glucose biosensor and labeled values of the commercial products. Therefore, this device could be an alternative device for a non-enzymatic glucose sensor with single-step sample loading, allowing for real-time analysis, low cost, portability, disposability, and on-field measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopparat Janmee
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Teišerskytė V, Urbonavičius J, Ratautas D. A direct electron transfer formaldehyde dehydrogenase biosensor for the determination of formaldehyde in river water. Talanta 2021; 234:122657. [PMID: 34364466 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the construction of a direct electron transfer (DET) biosensor based on NAD-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. (FDH) immobilized on the gold nanoparticle-modified gold electrode. To the best of our knowledge, a DET for FDH was achieved for the first time - the oxidation of formaldehyde started at a low electrode potential of -190 mV vs. Ag/AgCl and reached a maximum current density of 1100 nA cm-2 at 200 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Also, the designed electrode was insensitive to substrate inhibition (in comparison to the free enzyme) and operated in solutions with formaldehyde concentrations up to 10 mM. The electrode was used and characterized as a mediatorless biosensor for the detection of formaldehyde. The biosensor demonstrated a limit of detection (0.05 mM), linear range from 0.25 to 2.0 mM, the sensitivity of 178.9 nA mM cm-2, high stability and selectivity. The biosensor has been successfully tested for the determination of added formaldehyde concentration in river water samples, thus the developed electrode could be applied for a fast, inexpensive and simple measurement of formaldehyde in various media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Teišerskytė
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jaunius Urbonavičius
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Ratautas
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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9
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Pulugu P, Ghosh S, Rokade S, Choudhury K, Arya N, Kumar P. A perspective on implantable biomedical materials and devices for diagnostic applications. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Walker NL, Dick JE. Oxidase-loaded hydrogels for versatile potentiometric metabolite sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:112997. [PMID: 33535157 PMCID: PMC7919600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of biological metabolites of interest necessitates sensors that are robust, versatile, miniaturizable, and reliable. Electrochemical biosensors have dominated the field of biosensors for decades due to their robust and inexpensive nature. Classically, these sensors use amperometric and voltammetric methods as the sensing modality. One of the greatest limitations with these methods is the dependence of the signal (current, i) on the electrode size, which can change with respect to time due to fouling. Here, we present open circuit potential, an electrochemical technique that is relatively insensitive to electrode size, as a reliable alternative to amperometric and voltammetric techniques for monitoring metabolites of interest. The sensor operates by trapping an oxidase enzyme in a chitosan hydrogel. The oxidase enzyme is required for metabolite specificity. When the oxidase enzyme meets its substrate, oxygen is consumed, and hydrogen peroxide is generated. Hydrogen peroxide generation dominates a half reaction at the platinum surface, resulting in a change in potential. Using the above criteria, we demonstrate the efficacy, long lifetime, sensitivity, and ease of fabrication of glucose sensors, and miniaturize the sensors from macro- to microelectrodes. Additionally, we demonstrate the ease with which this platform can be extended to detect other analytes in the form of a galactose sensor. Our results set a foundation for the generalized use of potentiometric sensors for a broad range of metabolites and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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11
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Electrochemiluminescence sensor based on cyclic peptides-recognition and Au nanoparticles assisted graphitic carbon nitride for glucose determination. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:151. [PMID: 33813618 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A glucose (Glu) sensor was designed by introducing synthetic cyclic peptides (CPs) as recognition receptors and Au nanoparticles assisted graphitic carbon nitride (AuNPs/g-C3N4) for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) enhancement. The synthetic CP receptor (cyclo-[-CNDNHCRDNDC-]) with natural active center of Glu binding protein can mimic the interactions between Glu and Glu binding protein to specifically capture Glu. The AuNPs were reduced on g-C3N4 and formed a new nanohybrid that can be applied as an ECL emitter. The AuNPs/g-C3N4 effectively ameliorated the ECL response of bare g-C3N4. The ECL enhancement mechanism was theoretically speculated through computer simulation. Glu quantification was conducted by recording ECL shifts induced by the binding of Glu to CPs. The linear detection range of the fabricated CPs-based ECL sensor was 1 to 100 mmol L-1, and the detection limit (LOD) was 0.57 nmol L-1 (S / N = 3). The CP-based ECL sensor also showed good specificity, repeatability, stability, and favorable recoveries in sample analysis. This work offer a promising analytical method for Glu assay in clinical diagnostics and bioprocess monitoring.
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12
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Huang M, Feng S, Yang C, Wen F, He D, Jiang P. Construction of an MnO 2 nanosheet array 3D integrated electrode for sensitive enzyme-free glucose sensing. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1247-1254. [PMID: 33615320 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MnO2 based electrochemical enzyme-free glucose sensors remain significantly limited by their low electronic conductivity and associated complex preparation. In this paper, an MnO2 nanosheet array supported on nickel foam (MnO2 NS/NF) was prepared using a simple hydrothermal synthesis and employed as a 3D integrated electrode for enzyme-free glucose detection. It was found that MnO2 NS/NF shows high performance with a wide linear range from 1 μM to 1.13 mM, a high sensitivity of 6.45 mA mM-1 cm-2, and a low detection limit of 0.5 μM (S/N = 3). Besides, MnO2 NS/NF shows high selectivity against common interferences and good reliability for glucose detection in human serum. This work demonstrates the promising role of MnO2 NS/NF as an efficient integrated electrode in enzyme-free glucose detection with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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13
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Sun Q, Ding J, Chen D, Han C, Jiang M, Li T, Hu Y, Qian J, Huang S. Silica‐Templated Metal Organic Framework‐Derived Hierarchically Porous Cobalt Oxide in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Glucose Sensing. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Junyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Han
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Minghua Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory Centre The Second Affiliated Hospital and Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Ting‐Ting Li
- Research Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 P. R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Jinjie Qian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325035 P. R. China
| | - Shaoming Huang
- School of Materials and Energy Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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14
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Glucose-Oxygen Biofuel Cell with Biotic and Abiotic Catalysts: Experimental Research and Mathematical Modeling. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13215630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The demand for alternative sources of clean, sustainable, and renewable energy has been a focus of research around the world for the past few decades. Microbial/enzymatic biofuel cells are one of the popular technologies for generating electricity from organic substrates. Currently, one of the promising fuel options is based on glucose due to its multiple advantages: high energy intensity, environmental friendliness, low cost, etc. The effectiveness of biofuel cells is largely determined by the activity of biocatalytic systems applied to accelerate electrode reactions. For this work with aerobic granular sludge as a basis, a nitrogen-fixing community of microorganisms has been selected. The microorganisms were immobilized on a carbon material (graphite foam, carbon nanotubes). The bioanode was developed from a selected biological material. A membraneless biofuel cell glucose/oxygen, with abiotic metal catalysts and biocatalysts based on a microorganism community and enzymes, has been developed. Using methods of laboratory electrochemical studies and mathematical modeling, the physicochemical phenomena and processes occurring in the cell has been studied. The mathematical model includes equations for the kinetics of electrochemical reactions and the growth of microbiological population, the material balance of the components, and charge balance. The results of calculations of the distribution of component concentrations over the thickness of the active layer and over time are presented. The data obtained from the model calculations correspond to the experimental ones. Optimization for fuel concentration has been carried out.
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