1
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Sanz CR, Sarquis J, Daza MÁ, Miró G. Exploring the impact of epidemiological and clinical factors on the progression of canine leishmaniosis by statistical and whole genome analyses: from breed predisposition to comorbidities. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:401-414. [PMID: 38570155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is a complex disease of growing importance in Europe. Clinical manifestations result from the down-modulation of the host immune response through multiple host-parasite interactions. Although several factors might influence CanL progression, this is the first known study evaluating risk factors for its different clinical stages in a large referral hospital population (n = 35.669) from an endemic area, over a 20 year period. Genome-wide scans for selection signatures were also conducted to explore the genomic component of clinical susceptibility to L. infantum infection. The prevalence of CanL was 3.2% (16.7% stage I; 43.6% stage II; 32.1% stage III; 7.6% stage IV). Dog breed (crossbreed), bodyweight (<10 kg), living conditions (indoors), regular deworming treatment, and being vaccinated against Leishmania significantly decreased the transmission risk and the risk for developing severe clinical forms. Conversely, the detection of comorbidities was associated with advanced clinical forms, particularly chronic kidney disease, neoplasia, cryptorchidism, infectious tracheobronchitis and urate urolithiasis, although those did not impact the clinical outcome. Significant associations between an increased risk of severe clinical stages and findings in the anamnesis (renal or skin-related manifestations) and physical examination (ocular findings) were also detected, highlighting their diagnostic value in referred cases of CanL. Sixteen breeds were found to be significantly more susceptible to developing severe stages of leishmaniosis (e.g. Great Dane, Rottweiler, English Springer Spaniel, Boxer, American Staffordshire Terrier, Golden Retriever), while 20 breeds displayed a clinical resistantance phenotype and, thus, are more likely to mount an efficient immune response against L. infantum (e.g. Pointer, Samoyed, Spanish Mastiff, Spanish Greyhound, English Setter, Siberian Husky). Genomic analyses of these breeds retrieved 12 regions under selection, 63 candidate genes and pinpointed multiple biological pathways such as the IRE1 branch of the unfolded protein response, which could play a critical role in clinical susceptibility to L. infantum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Sanz
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Juliana Sarquis
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Daza
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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2
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Gupta D, Singh PK, Yadav PK, Narender T, Patil UK, Jain SK, Chourasia MK. Emerging strategies and challenges of molecular therapeutics in antileishmanial drug development. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109649. [PMID: 36603357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular therapy refers to targeted therapies based on molecules which have been intelligently directed towards specific biomolecular structures and include small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, proteins and peptides, DNA or RNA-based strategies, targeted chemotherapy and nanomedicines. Molecular therapy is emerging as the most effective strategy to combat the present challenges of life-threatening visceral leishmaniasis, where the successful human vaccine is currently unavailable. Moreover, current chemotherapy-based strategies are associated with the issues of ineffective targeting, unavoidable toxicities, invasive therapies, prolonged treatment, high treatment costs and the development of drug-resistant strains. Thus, the rational approach to antileishmanial drug development primarily demands critical exploration and exploitation of biochemical differences between host and parasite biology, immunocharacteristics of parasite homing, and host-parasite interactions at the molecular/cellular level. Following this, the novel technology-based designing and development of host and/or parasite-targeted therapeutics having leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activity is utmost essential to improve treatment efficacy. Thus, the present review is focused on immunological and molecular checkpoint targets in host-pathogen interaction, and molecular therapeutic prospects for Leishmania intervention, and the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Umesh K Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
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3
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Teixeira MV, Soares SAE, Souza VA, de Souza Marques AM, de Almeida Soares CM, Baeza LC, de Oliveira MAP. Murine macrophages do not support the proliferation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis amastigotes even in absence of nitric oxide and presence of high arginase activity. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2891-2899. [PMID: 35939146 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main species responsible for American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil. Nevertheless, the use of this parasite species to study Leishmania infection in the murine model has been less conducted when compared with other Leishmania species. The control of murine infection with Leishmania has been associated with nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) from M1 macrophages, while arginase expressed by M2 macrophages is related to Leishmania proliferation. Here we use three different strains of L. (V.) braziliensis and one strain of L. (L.) major to study a 9-day infection of macrophages in vitro. Wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) supported the proliferation of L. (L) major amastigotes from the 3rd day after infection, while all strains of L. (V.) braziliensis did not proliferate even inside IL-4-treated or iNOS knockout (KO) macrophages. The arginase activity was higher in iNOS KO than IL-4-treated macrophage showing that the absence of proliferation is independent of arginase. Importantly, L. (V.) braziliensis was able to cause uncontrolled disease in iNOS KO mice in vivo demonstrating that murine macrophages present at the site of infection have additional changes beyond inhibition of NO production or stimulation of arginase activity to support parasite proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Vieira Teixeira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N - Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Santiago Aguiar Espellet Soares
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N - Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Vagniton Amélio Souza
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N - Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - André Murilo de Souza Marques
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N - Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Rua Universitária, 2069 - Jardim Universitário, Cascavel, PR, 85819-110, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli de Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N - Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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4
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The Ecto-5
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nucleotidase/CD73 Mediates Leishmania amazonensis Survival in Macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9928362. [PMID: 35187176 PMCID: PMC8856795 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9928362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous nucleotides produced by various group of cells under inflammatory conditions act as potential danger signals in vivo. Extracellularly released nucleotides such as ATP are rapidly hydrolyzed to adenosine by the coordinated ectonucleotidase activities of CD39 and CD73. Leishmania is an obligate intracellular parasite of macrophages and capable of modulating host immune response in order to survive and multiply within host cells. In this study, the activity of CD73 induced by Leishmania amazonensis in infected macrophages has been investigated and correlated with parasite survival and infection in vitro. For this, the expression of CD39 and CD73, by flow cytometry, in murine peritoneal macrophages infected with metacyclic promastigotes of L. amazonensis has been analyzed. Our results showed that L. amazonensis-infected macrophages, unlike LPS-treated macrophages, increased CD73 expression. It was also noted that when CD73 enzymatic activity was blocked by α, β-methyleneadenosine 5′-diphosphate sodium salt (APCP), macrophage parasitism was significantly decreased. Interestingly, these effects were not associated with the production of TNF-α, IL-10, or nitric oxide (NO). Together, these data demonstrate that L. amazonensis induces a regulatory phenotype in macrophages, which by activating the CD39/CD73 pathway allows parasite survival through the action of immunomodulatory adenosine receptors.
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5
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Smirlis D, Dingli F, Sabatet V, Roth A, Knippschild U, Loew D, Späth GF, Rachidi N. Identification of the Host Substratome of Leishmania-Secreted Casein Kinase 1 Using a SILAC-Based Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Assay. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:800098. [PMID: 35047509 PMCID: PMC8762337 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a severe public health problem, caused by the protozoan Leishmania. This parasite has two developmental forms, extracellular promastigote in the insect vector and intracellular amastigote in the mammalian host where it resides inside the phagolysosome of macrophages. Little is known about the virulence factors that regulate host-pathogen interactions and particularly host signalling subversion. All the proteomes of Leishmania extracellular vesicles identified the presence of Leishmania casein kinase 1 (L-CK1.2), a signalling kinase. L-CK1.2 is essential for parasite survival and thus might be essential for host subversion. To get insights into the functions of L-CK1.2 in the macrophage, the systematic identification of its host substrates is crucial, we thus developed an easy method to identify substrates, combining phosphatase treatment, in vitro kinase assay and Stable Isotope Labelling with Amino acids in Cell (SILAC) culture-based mass spectrometry. Implementing this approach, we identified 225 host substrates as well as a potential novel phosphorylation motif for CK1. We confirmed experimentally the enrichment of our substratome in bona fide L-CK1.2 substrates and showed they were also phosphorylated by human CK1δ. L-CK1.2 substratome is enriched in biological processes such as "viral and symbiotic interaction," "actin cytoskeleton organisation" and "apoptosis," which are consistent with the host pathways modified by Leishmania upon infection, suggesting that L-CK1.2 might be the missing link. Overall, our results generate important mechanistic insights into the signalling of host subversion by these parasites and other microbial pathogens adapted for intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Smirlis
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France.,Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Florent Dingli
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique (LSMP), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Sabatet
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique (LSMP), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Aileen Roth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Centre of Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Centre of Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Damarys Loew
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique (LSMP), Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Institut National de Santé et Recherche Médicale INSERM U1201, Unité de parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
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6
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Paes-Vieira L, Gomes-Vieira AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. E-NTPDases: Possible Roles on Host-Parasite Interactions and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:769922. [PMID: 34858878 PMCID: PMC8630654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.769922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Belonging to the GDA1/CD39 protein superfamily, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP to the monophosphate form (AMP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Several NTPDase isoforms have been described in different cells, from pathogenic organisms to animals and plants. Biochemical characterization of nucleotidases/NTPDases has revealed the existence of isoforms with different specificities regarding divalent cations (such as calcium and magnesium) and substrates. In mammals, NTPDases have been implicated in the regulation of thrombosis and inflammation. In parasites, such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., Schistosoma spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, NTPDases were found on the surface of the cell, and important processes like growth, infectivity, and virulence seem to depend on their activity. For instance, experimental evidence has indicated that parasite NTPDases can regulate the levels of ATP and Adenosine (Ado) of the host cell, leading to the modulation of the host immune response. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review showing the involvement of the nucleotidases/NTPDases in parasites infectivity and virulence, and how inhibition of NTPDases contributes to parasite clearance and the development of new antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Ferla M, Tasca T. The Role of Purinergic Signaling in Trichomonas vaginalis Infection. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:181-192. [PMID: 32888270 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620999200904122212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections worldwide, is caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. The pathogen colonizes the human urogenital tract, and the infection is associated with complications such as adverse pregnancy outcomes, cervical cancer, and an increase in HIV transmission. The mechanisms of pathogenicity are multifactorial, and controlling immune responses is essential for infection maintenance. Extracellular purine nucleotides are released by cells in physiological and pathological conditions, and they are hydrolyzed by enzymes called ecto-nucleotidases. The cellular effects of nucleotides and nucleosides occur via binding to purinoceptors, or through the uptake by nucleoside transporters. Altogether, enzymes, receptors and transporters constitute the purinergic signaling, a cellular network that regulates several effects in practically all systems including mammals, helminths, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi. In this context, this review updates the data on purinergic signaling involved in T. vaginalis biology and interaction with host cells, focusing on the characterization of ecto-nucleotidases and on purine salvage pathways. The implications of the final products, the nucleosides adenosine and guanosine, for human neutrophil response and vaginal epithelial cell damage reveal the purinergic signaling as a potential new mechanism for alternative drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Ferla
- Research Team on Trichomonas, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduation Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Research Team on Trichomonas, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduation Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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8
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da Silva W, da Rocha Torres N, de Melo Agripino J, da Silva VHF, de Souza ACA, Ribeiro IC, de Oliveira TA, de Souza LA, Andrade LKR, de Moraes JVB, Diogo MA, de Castro RB, Polêto MD, Afonso LCC, Fietto JLR. ENTPDases from Pathogenic Trypanosomatids and Purinergic Signaling: Shedding Light towards Biotechnological Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:213-226. [PMID: 33019932 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201005125146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ENTPDases are enzymes known for hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides and playing an essential role in controlling the nucleotide signaling via nucleotide/purinergic receptors P2. Moreover, ENTPDases, together with Ecto-5´-nucleotidase activity, affect the adenosine signaling via P1 receptors. These signals control many biological processes, including the immune system. In this context, ATP is considered as a trigger to inflammatory signaling, while adenosine (Ado) induces anti-inflammatory response. The trypanosomatids Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic agents of Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease, respectively, have their own ENTPDases named "TpENTPDases," which can affect the nucleotide signaling, adhesion and infection, in order to favor the parasite. Besides, TpENTPDases are essential for the parasite nutrition, since the Purine De Novo synthesis pathway is absent in them, which makes these pathogens dependent on the intake of purines and nucleopurines for the Salvage Pathway, in which TpENTPDases also take place. Here, we review information regarding TpNTPDases, including their known biological roles and their effect on the purinergic signaling. We also highlight the roles of these enzymes in parasite infection and their biotechnological applications, while pointing to future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmir da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nancy da Rocha Torres
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joice de Melo Agripino
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Anna Cláudia Alves de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isadora Cunha Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Angelo de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcel Arruda Diogo
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Barbosa de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Depolo Polêto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Nucleo de Pesquisa em Ciencias Biologicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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Haas CB, Lovászi M, Braganhol E, Pacher P, Haskó G. Ectonucleotidases in Inflammation, Immunity, and Cancer. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:1983-1990. [PMID: 33879578 PMCID: PMC10037530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a family of enzymes that hydrolyze nucleotides such as ATP, UTP, ADP, and UDP to monophosphates derivates such as AMP and UMP. The NTPDase family consists of eight enzymes, of which NTPDases 1, 2, 3, and 8 are expressed on cell membranes thereby hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides. Cell membrane NTPDases are expressed in all tissues, in which they regulate essential physiological tissue functions such as development, blood flow, hormone secretion, and neurotransmitter release. They do so by modulating nucleotide-mediated purinergic signaling through P2 purinergic receptors. NTPDases 1, 2, 3, and 8 also play a key role during infection, inflammation, injury, and cancer. Under these conditions, NTPDases can contribute and control the pathophysiology of infectious, inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of NTPDases, focusing on the less understood NTPDases 2-8, in regulating inflammation and immunity during infectious, inflammatory diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY;
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10
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Regulation of macrophage subsets and cytokine production in leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155309. [PMID: 33334669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are host cells for parasites of the genus Leishmania where they multiply inside parasitophorous vacuoles. Paradoxically, macrophages are also the cells responsible for killing or controlling parasite growth, if appropriately activated. In this review, we will cover the patterns of macrophage activation and the mechanisms used by the parasite to circumvent being killed. We will highlight the impacts of the vector bite on macrophage activation. Finally, we will discuss the ontogeny of macrophages that are infected by Leishmania spp.
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11
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Shakya AK, Naik RR, Almasri IM, Kaur A. Role and Function of Adenosine and its Receptors in Inflammation, Neuroinflammation, IBS, Autoimmune Inflammatory Disorders, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriasis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2875-2891. [PMID: 31333103 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716145206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The physiological effects of endogenous adenosine on various organ systems are very complex and numerous which are elicited upon activation of any of the four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) denoted as A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). Several fused heterocyclic and non-xanthine derivatives are reported as a possible target for these receptors due to physiological problems and lack of selectivity of xanthine derivatives. In the present review, we have discussed the development of various new chemical entities as a target for these receptors. In addition, compounds acting on adenosine receptors can be utilized in treating diseases like inflammation, neuroinflammation, autoimmune and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shakya
- Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al- Ahliyya Amman University, PO Box 263, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Rajashri R Naik
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Ihab M Almasri
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestinian Territory, Occupied
| | - Avneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, New Delhi-110017, India
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12
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dos Santos Meira C, Gedamu L. Protective or Detrimental? Understanding the Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120695. [PMID: 31847221 PMCID: PMC6956275 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease of major public health concern, estimated to affect 12 million people worldwide. The clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis are highly variable and can range from self-healing localized cutaneous lesions to life-threatening disseminated visceral disease. Once introduced into the skin by infected sandflies, Leishmania parasites interact with a variety of immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. The resolution of infection requires a finely tuned interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, culminating with the activation of microbicidal functions and parasite clearance within host cells. However, several factors derived from the host, insect vector, and Leishmania spp., including the presence of a double-stranded RNA virus (LRV), can modulate the host immunity and influence the disease outcome. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms underlying the main forms of leishmaniasis, some of the factors involved with the establishment of infection and disease severity, and potential approaches for vaccine and drug development focused on host immunity.
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13
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Maia ACRG, Porcino GN, Faria-Pinto P, Mendes TV, Antinarelli LMR, Coimbra ES, Reis AB, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Marques MJ, Vasconcelos EG. Leishmania infantum nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase 1) B-domain: Antibody antiproliferative effect on the promastigotes and IgG subclass responses in canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 271:38-44. [PMID: 31303201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase 1) was identified on the surface, flagellum and kinetoplast from L. infantum promastigotes by immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, using immune sera that recognized specifically the B domain of NTPDase 1 and produced against synthetic peptides (LbB1LJ and LbB2LJ) derived from this domain. The polyclonal antibodies had effective antileishmanial effect, reducing significantly in vitro promastigotes growth (21-25%), an antiproliferative effect also demonstrated by immune sera produced against recombinant r-pot B domain, and two other synthetic peptides (potB1LJ and potB2LJ). In addition, using these biomolecules in ELISA technique, IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses reactivities of either healthy dogs or infected by L. infantum and classified clinically as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic were tested. Analysis of distinct IgG1 and IgG2 seropositivities patterns suggested antibody subclasses binding epitopes along B domain for protection against infection, indicating this domain as a new tool for prophylactic and immunotherapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Ribeiro Gomes Maia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratório de Estrutura e Função de Proteínas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Gabriane Nascimento Porcino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratório de Estrutura e Função de Proteínas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscila Faria-Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratório de Estrutura e Função de Proteínas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Túlio Vieira Mendes
- Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias, Marinha do Brasil, Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maria Ribeiro Antinarelli
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas & Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Marques
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Eveline Gomes Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Laboratório de Estrutura e Função de Proteínas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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14
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Maia ACRG, Porcino GN, Detoni ML, Quellis LR, Emídio NB, Marconato DG, Messias WF, Soldati LL, Faria-Pinto P, Capriles PVDSZ, Coimbra ES, Marques MJ, Vasconcelos EG. Leishmania infantum amastigote nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase 1): Its inhibition as a new insight into mode of action of pentamidine. Exp Parasitol 2019; 200:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Sinha R, C MM, Raghwan, Das S, Das S, Shadab M, Chowdhury R, Tripathy S, Ali N. Genome Plasticity in Cultured Leishmania donovani: Comparison of Early and Late Passages. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1279. [PMID: 30018594 PMCID: PMC6037818 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani possesses a complex heteroxenic life cycle where infective metacyclic promastigotes are pre-adapted to infect their host and cope up with intracellular stress. Exploiting the similarities between cultured and sandfly derived promastigotes, we used early and late passage cultured promastigotes to show specific changes at genome level which compromise pathogen fitness reflected in gene expression and infection studies. The pathogen loses virulence mostly via transcriptional and translational regulations and long-time cultivation makes them struggle to convert to virulent metacyclics. At the genomic level very subtle plasticity was observed between the early and the late passages mostly in defense-related, nutrient acquisition and signal transduction genes. Chromosome Copy number variation is seen in the early and late passages involving several genes that may be playing a role in pathogenicity. Our study highlights the importance of ABC transporters and calpain like cysteine proteases in parasite virulence in cultured promastigotes. Interestingly, these proteins are emerging as important patho-adaptive factors in clinical isolates of Leishmania. We found that the currently available genome of Leishmania in the NCBI database are from late passages. Our early passage genome can act as a reference for future studies on virulent isolates of Leishmania. The annotated leads from this study can be used for virulence surveillance and therapeutic studies in the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Sinha
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mathu Malar C
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Raghwan
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhadeep Das
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohammad Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sucheta Tripathy
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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16
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Adenosine binds predominantly to adenosine receptor A1 subtype in astrocytes and mediates an immunosuppressive effect. Brain Res 2018; 1700:47-55. [PMID: 29935155 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The four kinds of adenosine receptor subtypes (ARs), named as ARA1, ARA2A, ARA2B and ARA3, have multiple biological functions. ARs are differently distributed across the body and have distinguished ability of binding adenosine. We try to figure out how these ARs were expressed in astrocytes and which one has the first priority of utilizing adenosine. Firstly, mRNA expressions and membrane localization of all ARs were evaluated by qPCR and western blot. After the membrane localization of all ARs in astrocytes was being confirmed their individual adenosine binding ability was determined by radio-active ligand binding assay respectively. It was revealed that ARA1 had much superior adenosine binding ability than other AR subtypes. Functional study demonstrated that ARA1 potentially mediated an immune suppressive effect in astrocytes. The activation of ARA1 signaling lead to decreased IL-12 and IL-23 production, and decreased chemokine production, including CCL2, CXCL8 and IP-10. When interacted with CD4 cells ARA1 agonist pre-treated astrocytes showed hindered ability of stimulating CD4 cells to secret IL-17 and IFN-γ and inducing CD4 cells' chemo taxi. Finally, in vivo experiment confirmed that local administration of ARA1agonist ameliorated EAE in wild type B6 recipients, but not Ara1-/- recipients. As a conclusion, this paper suggested that adenosine receptor A1 subtype predominantly binds adenosine in astrocytes and mediates an immunosuppressive effect.
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17
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Pacheco PAF, Dantas LP, Ferreira LGB, Faria RX. Purinergic receptors and neglected tropical diseases: why ignore purinergic signaling in the search for new molecular targets? J Bioenerg Biomembr 2018; 50:307-313. [PMID: 29882206 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic receptors are widespread in the human organism and are involved in several physiological functions like neurotransmission, nociception, platelet aggregation, etc. In the immune system, they may regulate the expression and release of pro-inflammatory factors as well as the activation and death of several cell types. It is already described the participation of some purinergic receptors in the inflammation and pathological processes, such as a few neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) which affect more than 1 billion people in the world. Although the high social influence those diseases represent endemic countries, most of them do not have an efficient, safe or affordable drug treatment. In that way, this review aims to discuss the current literature involving purinergic receptor and immune response to NTDs pathogens, which may contribute in the search for new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A F Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - L P Dantas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - L G B Ferreira
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratory of Toxoplasmosis and other Protozoans, FIOCRUZ, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, sala 32; Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil.
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18
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Paes-Vieira L, Gomes-Vieira AL, Meyer-Fernandes JR. NTPDase activities: possible roles onLeishmania sppinfectivity and virulence. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:670-682. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-590 Brazil
| | - André Luiz Gomes-Vieira
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Seropédica RJ Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-590 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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19
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Peres NTDA, Cunha LCS, Barbosa MLA, Santos MB, de Oliveira FA, de Jesus AMR, de Almeida RP. Infection of Human Macrophages by Leishmania infantum Is Influenced by Ecto-Nucleotidases. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1954. [PMID: 29379503 PMCID: PMC5770793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidase activity is involved in the infection process of Leishmania and various other parasites that enables modulation of host immune responses to promote disease progression. One of the enzymes responsible for this activity is the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase). The enzyme hydrolyzes nucleotides tri- and/or di-phosphate into monophosphate products, which are subsequently hydrolyzed into adenosine. These nucleotides can serve as purinergic signaling molecules involved in diverse cellular processes that govern immune responses. Given the importance of the extracellular metabolism of these nucleotides during intracellular pathogen infections, this study evaluates the role of ecto-nucleotidase activity during Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) infection in human macrophages. E-NTPDase protein expression and activity was evaluated in L. infantum during purine starvation, adenosine-enriched medium, or in the presence of an inhibitor of ecto-nucleotidases. Results show that E-NTPDase is expressed in L. infantum parasites, including on the cell membrane. Furthermore, functional activity of the enzyme was modulated according to the availability of adenosine in the medium. Purine starvation increased the hydrolytic capacity of nucleotides leading to higher infectivity, while growth in adenosine-enriched medium led to lower infectivity. Moreover, inhibiting E-NTPDase function decreased L. infantum infection in macrophages, suggesting the enzyme may serve as a ligand. Taken together, the ability of L. infantum to hydrolyze nucleotides is directly associated with increased infectivity in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalu Teixeira de Aguiar Peres
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Biological and Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Luana Celina Seraphim Cunha
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Meirielly Lima Almeida Barbosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Márcio Bezerra Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Health Science, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Alvise de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Amélia Maria Ribeiro de Jesus
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil
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20
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Burnstock G. Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:661. [PMID: 28993732 PMCID: PMC5622197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling, i.e., the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised, which includes four subtypes of the P1 (adenosine) receptor, seven subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of the P2Y G protein-coupled receptor. Early studies were largely concerned with the physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry of purinergic signalling. More recently, the focus has been on the pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. There was early recognition of the use of P1 receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and A2A receptor antagonists are promising for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke, blocking P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Diquafosol, a long acting P2Y2 receptor agonist, is being used for the treatment of dry eye. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been developed that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic cough, bladder incontinence, visceral pain and hypertension. Antagonists to P2X7 receptors are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Other investigations are in progress for the use of purinergic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, depression, autism, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical SchoolLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, MelbourneVIC, Australia
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21
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Lima MHF, Sacramento LA, Quirino GFS, Ferreira MD, Benevides L, Santana AKM, Cunha FQ, Almeida RP, Silva JS, Carregaro V. Leishmania infantum Parasites Subvert the Host Inflammatory Response through the Adenosine A2 A Receptor to Promote the Establishment of Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:815. [PMID: 28775724 PMCID: PMC5517451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenously released purine nucleoside that signals through four widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Of these, A2AR is recognized as mediating major adenosine anti-inflammatory activity. During cutaneous leishmaniasis, adenosine induces immunosuppression, which promotes the establishment of infection. Herein, we demonstrated that A2AR signaling is exploited by Leishmania infantum parasites, the etiologic agent that causes Visceral Leishmaniasis, to successfully colonize the vertebrate host. A2AR gene-deleted mice exhibited a well-developed cellular reaction with a strong Th1 immune response in the parasitized organs. An intense infiltration of activated neutrophils into the disease-target organs was observed in A2AR−/− mice. These cells were characterized by high expression of CXCR2 and CD69 on their cell surfaces and increased cxcl1 expression. Interestingly, this phenotype was mediated by IFN-γ on the basis that a neutralizing antibody specific to this cytokine prevented neutrophilic influx into parasitized organs. In evaluating the immunosuppressive effects, we identified a decreased number of CD4+ FOXP3+ T cells and reduced il10 expression in A2AR−/− infected mice. During ex vivo cell culture, A2AR−/− splenocytes produced smaller amounts of IL-10. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the A2AR signaling pathway is detrimental to development of Th1-type adaptive immunity and that this pathway could be associated with the regulatory process. In particular, it promotes parasite surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhael H F Lima
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lais A Sacramento
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F S Quirino
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela D Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Benevides
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alynne K M Santana
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Biology and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Inflammation and Pain, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Biology and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Walton EL. Perturbing purinergic signaling: A pathogen's guidebook to counteracting inflammatory responses. Biomed J 2016; 39:229-233. [PMID: 27793264 PMCID: PMC6138819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we learn how bacteria and parasites alike counteract inflammatory signaling by manipulating purinergic signaling. We also focus on an original article shedding light on the role of an Epstein–Barr virus encoded gene in metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Finally, we learn about a possible link between Trichomonas vaginalis and recurrent urinary tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Walton
- Staff Writer at the Biomedical Journal, 56 Dronningens Gate, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
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23
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Abstract
In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we take a look at the still somewhat perplexing role of the inflammasome in Chlamydia infection. We also highlight findings suggesting a link between structural changes to arteries in the brain and the onset of depression. Finally, we learn about some of the implications of co-morbidity between diabetes and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Louise Walton
- Staff Writer at the Biomedical Journal, 56 Dronningens Gate, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
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