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Abujubara H, Hintzen JCJ, Rahimi S, Mijakovic I, Tietze D, Tietze AA. Substrate-derived Sortase A inhibitors: targeting an essential virulence factor of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6975-6985. [PMID: 37389257 PMCID: PMC10306101 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01209c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial transpeptidase Sortase A (SrtA) is a surface enzyme of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. It has been shown to be an essential virulence factor for the establishment of various bacterial infections, including septic arthritis. However, the development of potent Sortase A inhibitors remains an unmet challenge. Sortase A relies on a five amino acid sorting signal (LPXTG), by which it recognizes its natural target. We report the synthesis of a series of peptidomimetic inhibitors of Sortase A based on the sorting signal, supported by computational binding analysis. By employing a FRET-compatible substrate, our inhibitors were assayed in vitro. Among our panel, we identified several promising inhibitors with IC50 values below 200 μM, with our strongest inhibitor - LPRDSar - having an IC50 of 18.9 μM. Furthermore, it was discovered that three of our compounds show an effect on growth and biofilm inhibition of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, with the inclusion of a phenyl ring seemingly key to this effect. The most promising compound in our panel, BzLPRDSar, could inhibit biofilm formation at concentrations as low as 32 μg mL-1, manifesting it as a potential future drug lead. This could lead to treatments for MRSA infections in clinics and diseases such as septic arthritis, which has been directly linked with SrtA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helal Abujubara
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jordi C J Hintzen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Shadi Rahimi
- Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Division of Systems & Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Daniel Tietze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Alesia A Tietze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 4 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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2
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Barthels F, Meyr J, Hammerschmidt SJ, Marciniak T, Räder HJ, Ziebuhr W, Engels B, Schirmeister T. 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines as Privileged Warheads for the Development of S. aureus Sortase A Inhibitors. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:804970. [PMID: 35047562 PMCID: PMC8763382 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.804970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, with emerging multiresistant isolates causing a significant burden to public health systems. We identified 2-sulfonylpyrimidines as a new class of potent inhibitors against S. aureus sortase A acting by covalent modification of the active site cysteine 184. Series of derivatives were synthesized to derive structure-activity relationship (SAR) with the most potent compounds displaying low micromolar KI values. Studies on the inhibition selectivity of homologous cysteine proteases showed that 2-sulfonylpyrimidines reacted efficiently with protonated cysteine residues as found in sortase A, though surprisingly, no reaction occurred with the more nucleophilic cysteine residue from imidazolinium-thiolate dyads of cathepsin-like proteases. By means of enzymatic and chemical kinetics as well as quantum chemical calculations, it could be rationalized that the SNAr reaction between protonated cysteine residues and 2-sulfonylpyrimidines proceeds in a concerted fashion, and the mechanism involves a ternary transition state with a conjugated base. Molecular docking and enzyme inhibition at variable pH values allowed us to hypothesize that in sortase A this base is represented by the catalytic histidine 120, which could be substantiated by QM model calculation with 4-methylimidazole as histidine analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Barthels
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Meyr
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Sapra R, Rajora AK, Kumar P, Maurya GP, Pant N, Haridas V. Chemical Biology of Sortase A Inhibition: A Gateway to Anti-infective Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13097-13130. [PMID: 34516107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. The enzyme sortase A, present on the cell surface of S. aureus, plays a key role in bacterial virulence without affecting the bacterial viability. Inhibition of sortase A activity offers a powerful but clinically less explored therapeutic strategy, as it offers the possibility of not inducing any selective pressure on the bacteria to evolve drug-resistant strains. In this Perspective, we offer a chemical space narrative for the design of sortase A inhibitors, as delineated into three broad domains: peptidomimetics, natural products, and synthetic small molecules. This provides immense opportunities for medicinal chemists to alleviate the ever-growing crisis of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Sapra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Amit K Rajora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Govind P Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Nalin Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
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4
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Exploiting pilus-mediated bacteria-host interactions for health benefits. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100998. [PMID: 34294411 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface pili (or fimbriae) are an important but conspicuous adaptation of several genera and species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These long and non-flagellar multi-subunit adhesins mediate the initial contact that a bacterium has with a host or environment, and thus have come to be regarded as a key colonization factor for virulence activity in pathogens or niche adaptation in commensals. Pili in pathogenic bacteria are well recognized for their roles in the adhesion to host cells, colonization of tissues, and establishment of infection. As an 'anti-adhesive' ploy, targeting pilus-mediated attachment for disruption has become a potentially effective alternative to using antibiotics. In this review, we give a description of the several structurally distinct bacterial pilus types thus far characterized, and as well offer details about the intricacy of their individual structure, assembly, and function. With a molecular understanding of pilus biogenesis and pilus-mediated host interactions also provided, we go on to describe some of the emerging new approaches and compounds that have been recently developed to prevent the adhesion, colonization, and infection of piliated bacterial pathogens.
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5
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Design and Synthesis of Small Molecules as Potent Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A Inhibitors. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100706. [PMID: 33081148 PMCID: PMC7602840 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread and uncontrollable emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, has promoted a wave of efforts to discover a new generation of antibiotics that prevent or treat bacterial infections neither as bactericides nor bacteriostats. Due to its crucial role in virulence and its nonessentiality in bacterial survival, sortase A has been considered as a great target for new antibiotics. Sortase A inhibitors have emerged as promising alternative antivirulence agents against bacteria. Herein, the structural and preparative aspects of some small synthetic organic compounds that block the pathogenic action of sortase A have been described.
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6
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Yang T, Zhang T, Guan XN, Dong Z, Lan L, Yang S, Yang CG. Tideglusib and Its Analogues As Inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus SrtA. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8442-8457. [PMID: 32639734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sortase A (SrtA) anchors surface proteins to the cell wall envelope, and it has attracted increasing interesting as a potential antivirulence target. Several small-molecule inhibitors for SrtA have been developed, but target validation remains largely underexplored. Herein, we report a new class of SrtA inhibitors that supports antivirulence therapy through small-molecule targeting of SrtA. Tideglusib (TD), a drug candidate for myotonic dystrophy, was outstanding in high-throughput screening. A concise synthetic route quickly provided TD analogues, and the structure-activity relationships for SrtA inhibition have been established from those analogues. Several compounds largely retained the in vitro potency and exhibited a better solubility than TD. Additionally, TD attenuated virulence-related phenotypes in vitro and protected mice against lethal S. aureus USA300 bacteremia. Our study indicates that TD and its analogues could be new candidates as SrtA inhibitors with potential in the development of new antivirulence agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiang-Na Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ze Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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7
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Abdou MM. Synopsis of recent synthetic methods and biological applications of phosphinic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Gosschalk JE, Chang C, Sue CK, Siegel SD, Wu C, Kattke MD, Yi SW, Damoiseaux R, Jung ME, Ton-That H, Clubb RT. A Cell-based Screen in Actinomyces oris to Identify Sortase Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8520. [PMID: 32444661 PMCID: PMC7244523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortase enzymes are attractive antivirulence drug targets that attach virulence factors to the surface of Staphylococcus aureus and other medically significant bacterial pathogens. Prior efforts to discover a useful sortase inhibitor have relied upon an in vitro activity assay in which the enzyme is removed from its native site on the bacterial surface and truncated to improve solubility. To discover inhibitors that are effective in inactivating sortases in vivo, we developed and implemented a novel cell-based screen using Actinomyces oris, a key colonizer in the development of oral biofilms. A. oris is unique because it exhibits sortase-dependent growth in cell culture, providing a robust phenotype for high throughput screening (HTS). Three molecules representing two unique scaffolds were discovered by HTS and disrupt surface protein display in intact cells and inhibit enzyme activity in vitro. This represents the first HTS for sortase inhibitors that relies on the simple metric of cellular growth and suggests that A. oris may be a useful platform for discovery efforts targeting sortase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Gosschalk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Chungyu Chang
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher K Sue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sara D Siegel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chenggang Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michele D Kattke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sung Wook Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medicinal Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hung Ton-That
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Medicinal Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Robert T Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. .,UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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9
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Structural studies of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase inhibiton via Conus venom peptides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:87-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Hou X, Wang M, Wen Y, Ni T, Guan X, Lan L, Zhang N, Zhang A, Yang CG. Quinone skeleton as a new class of irreversible inhibitors against Staphylococcus aureus sortase A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1864-1869. [PMID: 29650293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sortase A (SrtA) anchors surface proteins to the cell wall and aids biofilm formation during infection, which functions as a key virulence factor of important Gram-positive pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus. At present researchers need a way in which to validate whether or not SrtA is a druggable target alternative to the conventional antibiotic targets in the mechanism. In this study, we performed a high-throughput screening and identified a new class of potential inhibitors of S. aureus SrtA, which are derived from natural products and contain the quinone skeleton. Compound 283 functions as an irreversible inhibitor that covalently alkylates the active site Cys184 of SrtA. NMR analysis confirms the direct interaction of the small-molecule inhibitor towards SrtA protein. The anchoring of protein A (SpA) to the cell wall and the biofilm formation are significantly attenuated when the S. aureus Newman strain is cultured in the presence of inhibitor. Our study indicates that compound 283 could be a potential hit for the development of new anti-virulence agents against S. aureus infections by covalently targeting SrtA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meining Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tengfeng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangna Guan
- Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 ZhangHeng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 ZuChongZhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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11
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Wang J, Li H, Pan J, Dong J, Zhou X, Niu X, Deng X. Oligopeptide Targeting Sortase A as Potential Anti-infective Therapy for Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:245. [PMID: 29491861 PMCID: PMC5817083 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortase A (SrtA)-catalyzed anchorage of surface proteins in most Gram-positive bacteria is indispensable for their virulence, suggesting that this transpeptidase is a promising target for antivirulence therapy. Here, an oligopeptide, LPRDA, was identified as an effective inhibitor of SrtA via virtual screening based on the LPXTG substrate sequence, and it was found to inhibit SrtA activity in vitro and in vivo (IC50 = 10.61 μM) by competitively occupying the active site of SrtA. Further, the oligopeptide treatment had no anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity, but it provided protection against S. aureus-induced mastitis in a mouse model. These findings indicate that the oligopeptide could be used as an effective anti-infective agent for the treatment of infection caused by S. aureus or other Gram-positive bacteria via the targeting of SrtA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Center of Infection and Immunity, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongen Li
- Center of Infection and Immunity, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Pan
- Tianjin International Travel Healthcare Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Center of Infection and Immunity, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Innovative Solutions to Sticky Situations: Antiadhesive Strategies for Treating Bacterial Infections. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27227305 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0023-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adherence to host tissue is an essential process in pathogenesis, necessary for invasion and colonization and often required for the efficient delivery of toxins and other bacterial effectors. As existing treatment options for common bacterial infections dwindle, we find ourselves rapidly approaching a tipping point in our confrontation with antibiotic-resistant strains and in desperate need of new treatment options. Bacterial strains defective in adherence are typically avirulent and unable to cause infection in animal models. The importance of this initial binding event in the pathogenic cascade highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic target. This article seeks to highlight a variety of strategies being employed to treat and prevent infection by targeting the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion. Advancements in this area include the development of novel antivirulence therapies using small molecules, vaccines, and peptides to target a variety of bacterial infections. These therapies target bacterial adhesion through a number of mechanisms, including inhibition of pathogen receptor biogenesis, competition-based strategies with receptor and adhesin analogs, and the inhibition of binding through neutralizing antibodies. While this article is not an exhaustive description of every advancement in the field, we hope it will highlight several promising examples of the therapeutic potential of antiadhesive strategies.
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13
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A Novel Yeast Surface Display Method for Large-Scale Screen Inhibitors of Sortase A. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4010006. [PMID: 28952485 PMCID: PMC5590430 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrates of sortase A are too expensive to be used to roughly screen high-throughput sortase A inhibitors. This makes therapeutic strategies difficult to realize in a clinical therapeutic use. Instead, we design here an LPETG-EGFP (leucine, proline, glutamic, threonine and glycine-enhanced green fluorescence) protein displayed on a yeast surface as a substrate by adaptively reducing the cost. We do this by optimizing the induction conditions of sortase A expression in Escherichia coli DE3(BL21) and catalyzing LPETG proteins, which are displayed on surface of Pichia pastoris. Different expression conditions of sortase A include: induction temperature (22 °C, 28 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C), induction time (4 h, 5 h, 6 h and 7 h) and induction concentration of isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside IPTG (0.25 mmol/L, 0.5 mmol/L, 1 mmol/L, and 2 mmol/L). The fluorescence change of the LPETG-EGFP protein on the surface of P. pastoris over time was detected by flow cytometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry, and then the sensitivities of the two methods were compared. Using berberine chloride as an inhibitor, the activity of sortase A was investigated with the substrates of LPETG-EGFP protein, and compared to Dabcyl-QALPETGEE-Edans. A high yield of sortase A was achieved by inducing 1.0 mmol/L IPTG at 28 °C for 6 h. The intensity of green fluorescence of substrates displayed on the yeast surface was increased over time, while the stability was decreased slightly. Both fluorescence spectrophotometery and flow cytometry were fit for detection because of their high sensitivity. We utilized two different substrates of sortase A to investigate sortase A activity, which resulted in the increase of fluorescence intensity with respect to the increased time of growth. However, the method with Dabcyl-QALPETGEE-Edans as its substrate was more robust. Thus, the method described in this paper is a simple and cheap method which is very suitable for high-throughput analysis, but the conventional method is much more sensitive. The method described in this paper is expected to lead to large-scale screening of sortase A inhibitors which can be used to decrease the risk of drug resistance development.
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14
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Exploration of multiple Sortase A protein conformations in virtual screening. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20413. [PMID: 26846342 PMCID: PMC4742773 DOI: 10.1038/srep20413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major health concern which has brought about an urgent need for new therapeutic agents. As the S. aureus Sortase A (SrtA) enzyme contributes to the adherence of the bacteria to the host cells, inhibition thereof by small molecules could be employed as potential antivirulence agents, also towards resistant strains. Albeit several virtual docking SrtA campaigns have been reported, no strongly inhibitatory non-covalent binders have as yet emerged therefrom. In order to better understand the binding modes of small molecules, and the effect of different receptor structures employed in the screening, we herein report on an exploratory study employing 10 known binders and 500 decoys on 100 SrtA structures generated from regular or steered molecular dynamics simulations on four different SrtA crystal/NMR structures. The results suggest a correlation between the protein structural flexibility and the virtual screening performance, and confirm the noted immobilization of the β6/β7 loop upon substrate binding. The NMR structures reported appear to perform slightly better than the Xray-crystal structures, but the binding modes fluctuate tremendously, and it might be suspected that the catalytic site is not necessarily the preferred site of binding for some of the reported active compounds.
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15
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Raj KK, Ganesh Kumar V, Leela Madhuri C, Mathi P, Durga Lakshmi R, Ravi M, Sri Ramudu B, Venkata Rao SV, Ramachandran D. Designing of potential inhibitors against Staphylococcus aureus sortase A: Combined analogue and structure based approach with in vitro validation. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:89-97. [PMID: 26119984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus sortase A is an attractive target of Gram-positive bacteria that plays a crucial role in anchoring of surface proteins to peptidoglycan present in bacterial cell wall. Inhibiting sortase A is an elementary and essential effort in preventing the pathogenesis. In this context, in silico virtual screening of in-house database was performed using ligand based pharmacophore model as a filter. The developed pharmacophore model AAHR 11 consists of two acceptors, one hydrophobic and one ring aromatic feature. Top ranked molecule KKR1 was docked into the active site of the target. After profound analysis, it was analyzed and optimized based on the observations from its binding pose orientation. Upgraded version of KKR1 was KKR2 and has improved docking score, binding interactions and best fit in the binding pocket. KKR1 along with KKR2 were further validated using 100 ns molecular dynamic studies. Both KKR1 and KKR2 contain Indole-thiazolidine moiety and were synthesized. The disk diffusion assay has good initial results (ZI of KKR1, KKR2 were 24, 38 mm at 10 μg/mL and ZI of Ampicillin was 22 at 10 μg/mL) and calculated MICs of the molecules (KKR1 5.56±0.28 μg/mL, KKR2 1.32±0.12 μg/mL, Ampicillin 8±1.1 μg/mL) were in good agreement with standard drug Ampicillin. KKR1 has shown IC50 of 1.23±0.14 μM whereas the optimized lead molecule KKR2 show IC50 of 0.008±0.07 μM. Results from in silico were validated by in vitro studies and proved that indole-thiazolidine molecules would be useful for future development as lead molecules against S. aureus sortase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kranthi Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522 510, India
| | - Veeramachaneni Ganesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dt.), 522 502 Guntur, AP, India
| | - Chalasani Leela Madhuri
- Department of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dt.), 522 502 Guntur, AP, India
| | - Pardhasaradhi Mathi
- Department of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dt.), 522 502 Guntur, AP, India
| | - Ravulapati Durga Lakshmi
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, K L E F University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dt.), 522 502 Guntur, AP, India
| | - M Ravi
- Bioinformatics Division, Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B Sri Ramudu
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522 510, India
| | - S V Venkata Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Nuzvid 521 201 AP, India
| | - D Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522 510, India.
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16
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Bradshaw WJ, Davies AH, Chambers CJ, Roberts AK, Shone CC, Acharya KR. Molecular features of the sortase enzyme family. FEBS J 2015; 282:2097-114. [PMID: 25845800 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess complex and varying cell walls with many surface exposed proteins. Sortases are responsible for the covalent attachment of specific proteins to the peptidoglycan of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Sortase A of Staphylococcus aureus, which is seen as the archetypal sortase, has been shown to be essential for pathogenesis and has therefore received much attention as a potential target for novel therapeutics. Being widely present in Gram-positive bacteria, it is likely that other Gram-positive pathogens also require sortases for their pathogenesis. Sortases have also been shown to be of significant use in a range of industrial applications. We review current knowledge of the sortase family in terms of their structures, functions and mechanisms and summarize work towards their use as antibacterial targets and microbiological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Bradshaw
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK.,Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Chambers
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK.,Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | | | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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17
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Structure and function of a Clostridium difficile sortase enzyme. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9449. [PMID: 25801974 PMCID: PMC4371152 DOI: 10.1038/srep09449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortase enzymes are responsible for covalent anchoring of specific proteins to the peptidoglycan of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. In some gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus), sortases have been found to be essential for pathogenesis and their inhibitors are under development as potential novel therapeutics. Here we provide the first report on the structural characterisation of the C. difficile sortase. An active site mutant was crystallised and its structure determined to 2.55 Å by X-ray diffraction to provide structural insight into its catalytic mechanism. In order to elucidate the role of the sortase in the cell wall biogenesis, a C. difficile sortase knockout strain was constructed by intron mutagenesis. Characterisation of this mutant led to the discovery that the putative adhesin CD0386 is anchored to the peptidoglycan of C. difficile by the sortase SrtB and that an SPKTG peptide motif is involved in the transpeptidation reaction with the C. difficile peptidoglycan. In an animal model for C. difficile infection, the SrtB mutant caused disease at a similar rate of onset as the wild type strain. In conclusion, our detailed study shows that the SrtB enzyme from C. difficile does not play an essential role in pathogenesis.
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18
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Guo Y, Cai S, Gu G, Guo Z, Long Z. Recent progress in the development of sortase A inhibitors as novel anti-bacterial virulence agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07568h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the development of sortase A inhibitors as novel anti-virulence drugs for antibacterial therapy has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Guo
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Shuihong Cai
- Qidong Dongyue Pharmaceutical Company
- Qidong
- China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
- Qidong Dongyue Pharmaceutical Company
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19
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Cascioferro S, Totsika M, Schillaci D. Sortase A: An ideal target for anti-virulence drug development. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Antiinfective therapy with a small molecule inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus sortase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13517-22. [PMID: 25197057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408601111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most frequent cause of hospital-acquired infection, which manifests as surgical site infections, bacteremia, and sepsis. Due to drug-resistance, prophylaxis of MRSA infection with antibiotics frequently fails or incites nosocomial diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection. Sortase A is a transpeptidase that anchors surface proteins in the envelope of S. aureus, and sortase mutants are unable to cause bacteremia or sepsis in mice. Here we used virtual screening and optimization of inhibitor structure to identify 3-(4-pyridinyl)-6-(2-sodiumsulfonatephenyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole and related compounds, which block sortase activity in vitro and in vivo. Sortase inhibitors do not affect in vitro staphylococcal growth yet protect mice against lethal S. aureus bacteremia. Thus, sortase inhibitors may be useful as antiinfective therapy to prevent hospital-acquired S. aureus infection in high-risk patients without the side effects of antibiotics.
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21
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Abstract
Bioorthogonal, chemoselective ligation methods are an essential part of the tools utilized to investigate biochemical pathways. Specifically enzymatic approaches are valuable methods in this context due to the inherent specificity of the deployed enzymes and the mild conditions of the modification reactions. One of the most common strategies is based on the transpeptidation catalyzed by sortase A derived from Staphylococcus aureus. The procedure is well established and a wide variety of applications have been published to date. Here, implementations of sortase A, which range from protein labeling using fluorescence dyes and the preparation of cyclic proteins to the modification of entire cells, are summarized. Furthermore, there is a focus on the optimization approaches established to solve the drawbacks of sortase-mediated transpeptidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritzefeld
- Bielefeld University, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry (OCIII), Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld (Germany).
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22
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Chan AH, Wereszczynski J, Amer BR, Yi SW, Jung ME, McCammon JA, Clubb RT. Discovery of Staphylococcus aureus sortase A inhibitors using virtual screening and the relaxed complex scheme. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 82:418-28. [PMID: 23701677 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in the United States. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of S. aureus has created an urgent need for new antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus uses the sortase A enzyme to display surface virulence factors suggesting that compounds that inhibit its activity will function as potent anti-infective agents. Here, we report the identification of several inhibitors of sortase A using virtual screening methods that employ the relaxed complex scheme, an advanced computer-docking methodology that accounts for protein receptor flexibility. Experimental testing validates that several compounds identified in the screen inhibit the activity of sortase A. A lead compound based on the 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine scaffold is particularly promising, and its binding mechanism was further investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and conducting preliminary structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert H Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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23
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Bunschoten A, Welling MM, Termaat MF, Sathekge M, van Leeuwen FWB. Development and Prospects of Dedicated Tracers for the Molecular Imaging of Bacterial Infections. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1971-89. [DOI: 10.1021/bc4003037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bunschoten
- Department
of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. M. Welling
- Department
of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. F. Termaat
- Department
of Trauma Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F. W. B. van Leeuwen
- Department
of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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25
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Oh KB, Nam KW, Ahn H, Shin J, Kim S, Mar W. Therapeutic effect of (Z)-3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) acrylonitrile (DMMA) against Staphylococcus aureus infection in a murine model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:440-4. [PMID: 20433810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Clancy KW, Melvin JA, McCafferty DG. Sortase transpeptidases: insights into mechanism, substrate specificity, and inhibition. Biopolymers 2010; 94:385-96. [PMID: 20593474 PMCID: PMC4648256 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria pose a serious healthcare threat. The growing antibiotic resistance epidemic creates a dire need for new antibiotic targets. The sortase family of enzymes is a promising target for antimicrobial therapy. This review covers the current knowledge of the mechanism, substrate specificity, and inhibitory studies of the Gram-positive bacterial [corrected] enzyme sortase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dewey G. McCafferty
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC
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27
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Suree N, Yi SW, Thieu W, Marohn M, Damoiseaux R, Chan A, Jung ME, Clubb RT. Discovery and structure-activity relationship analysis of Staphylococcus aureus sortase A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7174-85. [PMID: 19781950 PMCID: PMC2888031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major health problem that has created a pressing need for new antibiotics. Compounds that inhibit the S. aureus SrtA sortase may function as potent anti-infective agents as this enzyme attaches virulence factors to the cell wall. Using high-throughput screening, we have identified several compounds that inhibit the enzymatic activity of the SrtA. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis led to the identification of several pyridazinone and pyrazolethione analogs that inhibit SrtA with IC(50) values in the sub-micromolar range. Many of these molecules also inhibit the sortase enzyme from Bacillus anthracis suggesting that they may be generalized sortase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttee Suree
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
| | - Sung Wook Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
| | - William Thieu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
| | - Melanie Marohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Molecular Screening Shared Resource, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
| | - Robert T. Clubb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
- UCLA-Department of Energy Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, United States
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28
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Biological Activity of Aminophosphonic Acids and Their Short Peptides. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2008_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Queffelec C, Ribière P, Montchamp JL. Synthesis of P,N-heterocycles from omega-amino-H-phosphinates: conformationally restricted alpha-amino acid analogs. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8987-91. [PMID: 18855477 PMCID: PMC2670240 DOI: 10.1021/jo801768y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
P,N-heterocycles (3-hydroxy-1,3-azaphospholane and 3-hydroxy-1,3-azaphosphorinane-3-oxide) are synthesized in moderate yield from readily available omega-amino-H-phosphinates and aldehydes or ketones via an intramolecular Kabachnik-Fields reaction. The products are conformationally restricted phosphinic analogs of alpha-amino acids. The multigram-scale syntheses of the H2N(CH2)(n)PO2H2 phosphinic precursors (n = 1, 2, 3) and some derivatives are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Queffelec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
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30
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Antivirulence as a new antibacterial approach for chemotherapy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2008; 12:400-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major concern, in particular because it includes many different species of pathogenic microbes. These "superbugs" are further characterized by high levels of virulence and disease-associated mortality. There seems to be few new antibiotics in the drug discovery pipeline; recent work has sought to define and validate new drug targets. The assembly of surface proteins and pili in the cell wall envelope of Gram-positive bacteria is catalyzed by sortase. Sortase cleaves a conserved C-terminal sequence of these polypeptides to generate an acyl-enzyme intermediate. The acyl-enzyme is next resolved by nucleophilic attack by the amino groups within cell wall cross-bridges or pilin proteins, thereby covalently attaching the polypeptides to the cell wall or the next pilin subunit. Sortase substrates function as adhesins, internalins, blood clotting and immune evasion factors, and transporters for nutrients across the microbial cell wall envelope; without them, most pathogens cannot sustain an infection. Here we review what is known about sortase catalysis and surface protein function, how surface protein anchoring can be inhibited, and what prospects such inhibition may have for anti-infective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Maresso
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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32
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Maresso AW, Wu R, Kern JW, Zhang R, Janik D, Missiakas DM, Duban ME, Joachimiak A, Schneewind O. Activation of inhibitors by sortase triggers irreversible modification of the active site. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23129-39. [PMID: 17545669 PMCID: PMC3366505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701857200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortases anchor surface proteins to the cell wall of Gram-positive pathogens through recognition of specific motif sequences. Loss of sortase leads to large reductions in virulence, which identifies sortase as a target for the development of antibacterials. By screening 135,625 small molecules for inhibition, we report here that aryl (beta-amino)ethyl ketones inhibit sortase enzymes from staphylococci and bacilli. Inhibition of sortases occurs through an irreversible, covalent modification of their active site cysteine. Sortases specifically activate this class of molecules via beta-elimination, generating a reactive olefin intermediate that covalently modifies the cysteine thiol. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of Bacillus anthracis sortase B with and without inhibitor provides insights into the mechanism of inhibition and reveals binding pockets that can be exploited for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W. Maresso
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Ruiying Wu
- The Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Justin W. Kern
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- The Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Dorota Janik
- The Laboratory for the Design of Bioactive Molecules, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois 60628
| | | | - Mark-Eugene Duban
- The Laboratory for the Design of Bioactive Molecules, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois 60628
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- The Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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33
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Marraffini LA, Dedent AC, Schneewind O. Sortases and the art of anchoring proteins to the envelopes of gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:192-221. [PMID: 16524923 PMCID: PMC1393253 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.70.1.192-221.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall envelopes of gram-positive bacteria represent a surface organelle that not only functions as a cytoskeletal element but also promotes interactions between bacteria and their environment. Cell wall peptidoglycan is covalently and noncovalently decorated with teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. The sum of these molecular decorations provides bacterial envelopes with species- and strain-specific properties that are ultimately responsible for bacterial virulence, interactions with host immune systems, and the development of disease symptoms or successful outcomes of infections. Surface proteins typically carry two topogenic sequences, i.e., N-terminal signal peptides and C-terminal sorting signals. Sortases catalyze a transpeptidation reaction by first cleaving a surface protein substrate at the cell wall sorting signal. The resulting acyl enzyme intermediates between sortases and their substrates are then resolved by the nucleophilic attack of amino groups, typically provided by the cell wall cross bridges of peptidoglycan precursors. The surface protein linked to peptidoglycan is then incorporated into the envelope and displayed on the microbial surface. This review focuses on the mechanisms of surface protein anchoring to the cell wall envelope by sortases and the role that these enzymes play in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Marraffini
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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34
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Abstract
In the UK, 20,000 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia are reported each year, half of which are antibiotic resistant and approximately 4% are fatal, exemplifying a worldwide phenomenon of tremendous economic and human impact. Novel treatments and prophylaxis are urgently required to combat such a serious threat. A common goal in the postgenomic era is to identify new targets for drug intervention (using small molecules) and immunologicals. Several promising cellular targets are now being developed in the quest to control such a life-threatening pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK, S10 2TN
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