1
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Hsu TW, Fang JM. Advances and prospects of analytic methods for bacterial transglycosylation and inhibitor discovery. Analyst 2024; 149:2204-2222. [PMID: 38517346 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01968c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall is essential for bacteria to maintain structural rigidity and withstand external osmotic pressure. In bacteria, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. Lipid II is the basic unit for constructing highly cross-linked peptidoglycan scaffolds. Transglycosylase (TGase) is the initiating enzyme in peptidoglycan synthesis that catalyzes the ligation of lipid II moieties into repeating GlcNAc-MurNAc polysaccharides, followed by transpeptidation to generate cross-linked structures. In addition to the transglycosylases in the class-A penicillin-binding proteins (aPBPs), SEDS (shape, elongation, division and sporulation) proteins are also present in most bacteria and play vital roles in cell wall renewal, elongation, and division. In this review, we focus on the latest analytical methods including the use of radioactive labeling, gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, fluorescence labeling, probing undecaprenyl pyrophosphate, fluorescence anisotropy, ligand-binding-induced tryptophan fluorescence quenching, and surface plasmon resonance to evaluate TGase activity in cell wall formation. This review also covers the discovery of TGase inhibitors as potential antibacterial agents. We hope that this review will give readers a better understanding of the chemistry and basic research for the development of novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Wei Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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2
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Ramírez AS, Locher KP. Structural and mechanistic studies of the N-glycosylation machinery: from lipid-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis to glycan transfer. Glycobiology 2023; 33:861-872. [PMID: 37399117 PMCID: PMC10859629 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
N-linked protein glycosylation is a post-translational modification that exists in all domains of life. It involves two consecutive steps: (i) biosynthesis of a lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO), and (ii) glycan transfer from the LLO to asparagine residues in secretory proteins, which is catalyzed by the integral membrane enzyme oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). In the last decade, structural and functional studies of the N-glycosylation machinery have increased our mechanistic understanding of the pathway. The structures of bacterial and eukaryotic glycosyltransferases involved in LLO elongation provided an insight into the mechanism of LLO biosynthesis, whereas structures of OST enzymes revealed the molecular basis of sequon recognition and catalysis. In this review, we will discuss approaches used and insight obtained from these studies with a special emphasis on the design and preparation of substrate analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar P Locher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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3
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Wang Y, Liang Z, Zheng Y, Leung ASL, Yan SC, So PK, Leung YC, Wong WL, Wong KY. Rational structural modification of the isatin scaffold to develop new and potent antimicrobial agents targeting bacterial peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18122-18130. [PMID: 35480164 PMCID: PMC9033243 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of isatin derivatives bearing three different substituent groups at the N-1, C-3 and C-5 positions of the isatin scaffold were systematically designed and synthesized to study the structure-activity relationship of their inhibition of bacterial peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase (PGT) activity and antimicrobial susceptibility against S. aureus, E. coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA (BAA41)) strains. The substituents at these sites are pointing towards three different directions from the isatin scaffold to interact with the amino acid residues in the binding pocket of PGT. Comparative studies of their structure-activity relationship allow us to gain better understanding of the direction of the substituents that contribute critical interactions leading to inhibition activity against the bacterial enzyme. Our results indicate that the modification of these sites is able to maximize the antimicrobial potency and inhibitory action against the bacterial enzyme. Two compounds show good antimicrobial potency (MIC = 3 μg mL-1 against S. aureus and MRSA; 12-24 μg mL-1 against E. coli). Results of the inhibition study against the bacterial enzyme (E. coli PBP 1b) reveal that some compounds are able to achieve excellent in vitro inhibitions of bacterial enzymatic activity (up to 100%). The best half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) observed among the new compounds is 8.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Alan Siu-Lun Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Siu-Cheong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Pui-Kin So
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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4
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Choutka J, Kratochvíl M, Zýka J, Pohl R, Parkan K. Straightforward synthesis of protected 2-hydroxyglycals by chlorination-dehydrochlorination of carbohydrate hemiacetals. Carbohydr Res 2020; 496:108086. [PMID: 32828008 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward and scalable method for the synthesis of protected 2-hydroxyglycals is described. The approach is based on the chlorination of carbohydrate-derived hemiacetals, followed by an elimination reaction to establish the glycal moiety. 1,2-dehydrochlorination reactions were studied on a range of glycosyl chlorides to provide suitable reaction conditions for this transformation. Benzyl ether, isopropylidene and benzylidene protecting groups, as well as interglycosidic linkage, were found to be compatible with this protocol. The described method is operationally simple and allows for the quick preparation of 2-hydroxyglycals with other than ester protecting groups, providing a feasible alternative to existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Choutka
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kratochvíl
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Zýka
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Flemingovo Nám. 2, 166 10, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Parkan
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Chen X, Wong CH, Ma C. Targeting the Bacterial Transglycosylase: Antibiotic Development from a Structural Perspective. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1493-1504. [PMID: 31283163 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the major threats to human life nowadays is widespread antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections by targeting their essential pathways, such as the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls. Bacterial transglycosylase, particularly glycosyltransferase family 51 (GT51), is one critical player in the cell wall biosynthesis and has long been known as a promising yet challenging target for antibiotic development. Here, we review the structural studies of this protein and summarize recent progress in developing its specific inhibitors, including synthetic substrate analogs and novel compounds identified from high-throughput screens. A detailed analysis of the protein-ligand interface has also provided us with valuable insights into the future antibiotic development against the bacterial transglycosylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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6
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Wang X, Krasnova L, Wu KB, Wu WS, Cheng TJ, Wong CH. Towards new antibiotics targeting bacterial transglycosylase: Synthesis of a Lipid II analog as stable transition-state mimic inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2708-2712. [PMID: 29602680 PMCID: PMC6182773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Described here is the asymmetric synthesis of iminosugar 2b, a Lipid II analog, designed to mimic the transition state of transglycosylation catalyzed by the bacterial transglycosylase. The high density of functional groups, together with a rich stereochemistry, represents an extraordinary challenge for chemical synthesis. The key 2,6-anti- stereochemistry of the iminosugar ring was established through an iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination. The developed synthetic route is suitable for the synthesis of focused libraries to enable the structure-activity relationship study and late-stage modification of iminosugar scaffold with variable lipid, peptide and sugar substituents. Compound 2b showed 70% inhibition of transglycosylase from Acinetobacter baumannii, providing a basis for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Larissa Krasnova
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Kevin Binchia Wu
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Wei-Shen Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan.
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7
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Ramírez AS, Boilevin J, Biswas R, Gan BH, Janser D, Aebi M, Darbre T, Reymond JL, Locher KP. Characterization of the single-subunit oligosaccharyltransferase STT3A from Trypanosoma brucei using synthetic peptides and lipid-linked oligosaccharide analogs. Glycobiology 2018; 27:525-535. [PMID: 28204532 PMCID: PMC5421464 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial transfer of a complex glycan in protein N-glycosylation is catalyzed by oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), which is generally a multisubunit membrane protein complex in the endoplasmic reticulum but a single-subunit enzyme (ssOST) in some protists. To investigate the reaction mechanism of ssOST, we recombinantly expressed, purified and characterized the STT3A protein from Trypanosoma brucei (TbSTT3A). We analyzed the in vitro activity of TbSTT3A by synthesizing fluorescently labeled acceptor peptides as well as lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) analogs containing a chitobiose moiety coupled to oligoprenyl carriers of distinct lengths (C10, C15, C20 and C25) and with different double bond stereochemistry. We found that in addition to proline, charged residues at the +1 position of the sequon inhibited glycan transfer. An acidic residue at the −2 position significantly increased catalytic turnover but was not essential, in contrast to the bacterial OST. While all synthetic LLO analogs were processed by TbSTT3A, the length of the polyprenyl tail, but not the stereochemistry of the double bonds, determined their apparent affinity. We also synthesized phosphonate analogs of the LLOs, which were found to be competitive inhibitors of the reaction, although with lower apparent affinity to TbSTT3A than the active pyrophosphate analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Ramírez
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Boilevin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Rasomoy Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bee Ha Gan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Janser
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamis Darbre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar P Locher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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1-C-phosphonomethyl- and 1-C-difluorophosphonomethyl-1,4-imino-l-arabinitols as Galf transferase inhibitors: A comparison. Carbohydr Res 2018; 461:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Yu JY, Cheng HJ, Wu HR, Wu WS, Lu JW, Cheng TJ, Wu YT, Fang JM. Structure-based design of bacterial transglycosylase inhibitors incorporating biphenyl, amine linker and 2-alkoxy-3-phosphorylpropanoate moieties. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:729-741. [PMID: 29574202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transglycosylase (TGase) is essential to biosynthesis of peptidoglycan for formation of bacterial cell wall. Moenomycin is a potent TGase inhibitor, but not used in clinic treatment due to its poor pharmacokinetics. The E-F disaccharide, phosphoglycerate and lipid tail in moenomycin are crucial elements for TGase inhibition and antibacterial activity. Based on this scaffold, a series of truncated mimics comprising biphenyl, amine linker and 2-alkoxy-3-phosphorylpropanoate moieties were designed to test their TGase inhibitory activity. In this design, the phosphorylpropanoate group is a surrogate of phosphoglycerate with improved stability. A library of lipid tails can be constructed by a straightforward approach using Cu(I)-catalyzed (3 + 2) cycloaddition reactions, and the as-synthesized triazole ring can provide additional hydrogen bonds in the TGase active site. Our molecular docking experiments reveal that the biphenyl group provides π-π and π-cation interactions to act as a simplified alternative of the C-E disaccharide in moenomycin. To play the role of the oxonium transition state in transglycosylation, the amine linker exists as a positively charged species in physiological condition to attain electrostatic interactions with acidic residues. In this study, two biphenyl-linked 2-alkoxy-3-phosphorylpropanoate compounds (8 and 10) are found to exhibit modest inhibitory activity (IC50 ≈ 150 μM) against the TGase of Acinetobacter baumannii and good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 6.3 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huei-Ru Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Shen Wu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jui-Wen Lu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Jen Cheng
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ta Wu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC; The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC.
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10
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Hamon N, Mouline CC, Travert M. Synthesis of Mannosylglycerate Derivatives as Immunostimulating Agents. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Hamon
- Kercells Biosciences; 45 rue Clemenceau - CS 30300 29403 Landivisiau CEDEX France
| | - Caroline C. Mouline
- Kercells Biosciences; 45 rue Clemenceau - CS 30300 29403 Landivisiau CEDEX France
| | - Marion Travert
- Kercells Biosciences; 45 rue Clemenceau - CS 30300 29403 Landivisiau CEDEX France
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11
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Watson AJA, Alexander SR, Cox DJ, Fairbanks AJ. Protecting Group Dependence of Stereochemical Outcome of Glycosylation of 2-O-(Thiophen-2-yl)methyl Ether Protected Glycosyl Donors. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Farrán A, Cai C, Sandoval M, Xu Y, Liu J, Hernáiz MJ, Linhardt RJ. Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry: from raw materials to fine chemicals. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6811-53. [PMID: 26121409 DOI: 10.1021/cr500719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Farrán
- †Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao Cai
- ‡Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Manuel Sandoval
- §Escuela de Química, Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica, Post Office Box 86, 3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Yongmei Xu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - María J Hernáiz
- ▽Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz/Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Lin CK, Chen KT, Hu CM, Yun WY, Cheng WC. Synthesis of 1-C-Glycoside-Linked Lipid II Analogues Toward Bacterial Transglycosylase Inhibition. Chemistry 2015; 21:7511-9. [PMID: 25820317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of Lipid II analogues containing an enzymatically uncleavable 1-C-glycoside linkage between the disaccharide moiety and the pyrophosphate- or pyrophosphonate-lipid moiety is described. The synthesis of a common 1-C-vinyl disaccharide intermediate has been developed that allows easy preparation of both an elongated sugar-phosphate bond and a sugar-phosphonate moiety, which are coupled with the polyprenyl phosphate to give the desired molecules. Inhibition studies show how a subtle structural modification results in dramatically different potency toward bacterial transglycosylase (TGase), and the results identify Lipid II-C-O-PP (IC50 =25 μM) as a potential TGase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kun Lin
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529 (Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 2-27899931
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14
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Galley NF, O'Reilly AM, Roper DI. Prospects for novel inhibitors of peptidoglycan transglycosylases. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:16-26. [PMID: 24924926 PMCID: PMC4126109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We examine key aspects of transglycosylase inhibitor design. Low to high throughput assays suitable for transglycosylase drug discovery. Existing chemical start points for transglycosylase active site targeting.
The lack of novel antimicrobial drugs under development coupled with the increasing occurrence of resistance to existing antibiotics by community and hospital acquired infections is of grave concern. The targeting of biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan component of the bacterial cell wall has proven to be clinically valuable but relatively little therapeutic development has been directed towards the transglycosylase step of this process. Advances towards the isolation of new antimicrobials that target transglycosylase activity will rely on the development of the enzymological tools required to identify and characterise novel inhibitors of these enzymes. Therefore, in this article, we review the assay methods developed for transglycosylases and review recent novel chemical inhibitors discovered in relation to both the lipidic substrates and natural product inhibitors of the transglycosylase step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Galley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Amy M O'Reilly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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15
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Bacterial cell division proteins as antibiotic targets. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:27-38. [PMID: 24755375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins involved in bacterial cell division often do not have a counterpart in eukaryotic cells and they are essential for the survival of the bacteria. The genetic accessibility of many bacterial species in combination with the Green Fluorescence Protein revolution to study localization of proteins and the availability of crystal structures has increased our knowledge on bacterial cell division considerably in this century. Consequently, bacterial cell division proteins are more and more recognized as potential new antibiotic targets. An international effort to find small molecules that inhibit the cell division initiating protein FtsZ has yielded many compounds of which some are promising as leads for preclinical use. The essential transglycosylase activity of peptidoglycan synthases has recently become accessible to inhibitor screening. Enzymatic assays for and structural information on essential integral membrane proteins such as MraY and FtsW involved in lipid II (the peptidoglycan building block precursor) biosynthesis have put these proteins on the list of potential new targets. This review summarises and discusses the results and approaches to the development of lead compounds that inhibit bacterial cell division.
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16
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Synthesis of a C-phosphonate mimic of maltose-1-phosphate and inhibition studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis GlgE. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1404-11. [PMID: 24461562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) necessitates the need to identify new anti-tuberculosis drug targets as well as to better understand essential biosynthetic pathways. GlgE is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encoded maltosyltransferase involved in α-glucan biosynthesis. Deletion of GlgE in Mtb results in the accumulation of M1P within cells leading to rapid death of the organism. To inhibit GlgE a maltose-C-phosphonate (MCP) 13 was designed to act as an isosteric non-hydrolysable mimic of M1P. MCP 13, the only known inhibitor of Mtb GlgE, was successfully synthesized using a Wittig olefination as a key step in transforming maltose to the desired product. MCP 13 inhibited Mtb GlgE with an IC₅₀=230 ± 24 μM determined using a coupled enzyme assay which measures orthophosphate release. The requirement of M1P for the assay necessitated the development of an expedited synthetic route to M1P from an intermediate used in the MCP 13 synthesis. In conclusion, we designed a substrate analogue of M1P that is the first to exhibit Mtb GlgE inhibition.
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Komarova BS, Orekhova MV, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Is an acyl group at O-3 in glucosyl donors able to control α-stereoselectivity of glycosylation? The role of conformational mobility and the protecting group at O-6. Carbohydr Res 2013; 384:70-86. [PMID: 24368161 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stereodirecting effect of a 3-O-acetyl protecting group, which is potentially capable of the remote anchimeric participation, and other protecting groups in 2-O-benzyl glucosyl donors with flexible and rigid conformations has been investigated. To this aim, an array of N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidoyl and sulfoxide donors bearing either 3-O-acetyl or 3-O-benzyl groups in combination with 4,6-di-O-benzyl, 6-O-acyl-4-O-benzyl, or 4,6-O-benzylidene protecting groups was prepared. The conformationally flexible 3-O-acetylated glucosyl donor protected at other positions with O-benzyl groups demonstrated very low or no α-stereoselectivity upon glycosylation of primary or secondary acceptors. On the contrary, 3,6-di-O-acylated glucosyl donors proved to be highly α-stereoselective as well as the donor having a single potentially participating acetyl group at O-6. The 3,6-di-O-acylated donor was shown to be the best α-glucosylating block for the primary acceptor, whereas the best α-selectivity of glycosylation of the secondary acceptor was achieved with the 6-O-acylated donor. Glycosylation of the secondary acceptor with the conformationally constrained 3-O-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-protected donor displayed under standard conditions (-35°C) even lower α-selectivity as compared to the 3-O-benzyl analogue. However, increasing the reaction temperature essentially raised the α-stereoselectivities of glycosylation with both 3-O-acetyl and 3-O-benzyl donors and made them almost equal. The stereodirecting effects of protecting groups observed for N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidoyl donors were also generally proven for sulfoxide donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhena S Komarova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Orekhova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury E Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Koch S, Schollmeyer D, Löwe H, Kunz H. C-Glycosyl Amino Acids through Hydroboration-Cross-Coupling ofexo-Glycals and Their Application in Automated Solid-Phase Synthesis. Chemistry 2013; 19:7020-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Derouaux A, Sauvage E, Terrak M. Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase substrate mimics as templates for the design of new antibacterial drugs. Front Immunol 2013; 4:78. [PMID: 23543824 PMCID: PMC3608906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential net-like macromolecule that surrounds bacteria, gives them their shape, and protects them against their own high osmotic pressure. PG synthesis inhibition leads to bacterial cell lysis, making it an important target for many antibiotics. The final two reactions in PG synthesis are performed by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Their glycosyltransferase (GT) activity uses the lipid II precursor to synthesize glycan chains and their transpeptidase (TP) activity catalyzes the cross-linking of two glycan chains via the peptide side chains. Inhibition of either of these two reactions leads to bacterial cell death. β-lactam antibiotics target the transpeptidation reaction while antibiotic therapy based on inhibition of the GTs remains to be developed. Ongoing research is trying to fill this gap by studying the interactions of GTs with inhibitors and substrate mimics and utilizing the latter as templates for the design of new antibiotics. In this review we present an updated overview on the GTs and describe the structure-activity relationship of recently developed synthetic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Derouaux
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
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20
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Bellesia F, Choi SR, Felluga F, Fiscaletti G, Ghelfi F, Menziani MC, Parsons AF, Poulter CD, Roncaglia F, Sabbatini M, Spinelli D. Novel route to chaetomellic acid A and analogues: serendipitous discovery of a more competent FTase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:348-58. [PMID: 23182215 PMCID: PMC3761967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new practical route to chaetomellic acid A (ACA), based on the copper catalysed radical cyclization (RC) of (Z)-3-(2,2-dichloropropanoyl)-2-pentadecylidene-1,3-thiazinane, is described. Remarkably, the process entailed: (i) a one-pot preparation of the intermediate N-α-perchloroacyl-2-(Z)-alkyliden-1,3-thiazinanes starting from N-(3-hydroxypropyl)palmitamide, (ii) a two step smooth transformation of the RC products into ACA and (iii) only one intermediate chromatographic purification step. The method offers a versatile approach to the preparation of ACA analogues, through the synthesis of an intermediate maleic anhydride with a vinylic group at the end of the aliphatic tail, a function that can be transformed through a thiol-ene coupling. Serendipitously, the disodium salt of 2-(9-(butylthio)nonyl)-3-methylmaleic acid, that we prepared as a representative sulfurated ACA analogue, was a more competent FTase inhibitor than ACA. This behaviour was analysed by a molecular docking study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Bellesia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Seoung-ryoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fulvia Felluga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L. Giorgeri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italia
| | - Giuliano Fiscaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Franco Ghelfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Andrew F. Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fabrizio Roncaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Massimo Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sistematica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Napoli, Italia
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italia
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21
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Choi SH, Mansoorabadi SO, Liu YN, Chien TC, Liu HW. Analysis of UDP-D-apiose/UDP-D-xylose synthase-catalyzed conversion of UDP-D-apiose phosphonate to UDP-D-xylose phosphonate: implications for a retroaldol-aldol mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13946-9. [PMID: 22830643 DOI: 10.1021/ja305322x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UDP-D-apiose/UDP-D-xylose synthase (AXS) catalyzes the conversion of UDP-D-glucuronic acid to UDP-D-apiose and UDP-D-xylose. An acetyl-protected phosphonate analogue of UDP-D-apiose was synthesized and used in an in situ HPLC assay to demonstrate for the first time the ability of AXS to interconvert the two reaction products. Density functional theory calculations provided insight into the energetics of this process and the apparent inability of AXS to catalyze the conversion of UDP-D-xylose to UDP-D-apiose. The data suggest that this observation is unlikely to be due to an unfavorable equilibrium but rather results from substrate inhibition by the most stable chair conformation of UDP-D-xylose. The detection of xylose cyclic phosphonate as the turnover product reveals significant new details about the AXS-catalyzed reaction and supports the proposed retroaldol-aldol mechanism of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-hyun Choi
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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22
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Dumbre S, Derouaux A, Lescrinier E, Piette A, Joris B, Terrak M, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of Modified Peptidoglycan Precursor Analogues for the Inhibition of Glycosyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9343-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302099u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrinivas Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adeline Derouaux
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - André Piette
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Bernard Joris
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Mohammed Terrak
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Borbás A, Herczegh P. Synthesis of lipid II phosphonate analogues. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1628-32. [PMID: 21600568 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple analogues of lipid II were synthesized from 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranose using conjugate addition onto ethylidene bisphosphonate and subsequent Wadsworth-Horner-Emmons reaction with long chain aliphatic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Borbás
- Research Group for Carbohydrates of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, PO Box 94, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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24
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Maury J, Feray L, Bertrand MP. Unprecedented Noncatalyzed anti-Carbozincation of Diethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate through Alkylzinc Group Radical Transfer. Org Lett 2011; 13:1884-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200419x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Maury
- Laboratoire Chimie Provence, UMR 6264, Equipe CMO, case 562, Université Aix-Marseille, FST Saint-Jérôme, av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Laurence Feray
- Laboratoire Chimie Provence, UMR 6264, Equipe CMO, case 562, Université Aix-Marseille, FST Saint-Jérôme, av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Michèle P. Bertrand
- Laboratoire Chimie Provence, UMR 6264, Equipe CMO, case 562, Université Aix-Marseille, FST Saint-Jérôme, av. Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
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25
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Ostash B, Walker S. Moenomycin family antibiotics: chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1594-617. [PMID: 20730219 PMCID: PMC2987538 DOI: 10.1039/c001461n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The review (with 214 references cited) is devoted to moenomycins, the only known group of antibiotics that directly inhibit bacterial peptidoglycan glycosytransferases. Naturally occurring moenomycins and chemical and biological approaches to their derivatives are described. The biological properties of moenomycins and plausible mechanisms of bacterial resistance to them are also covered here, portraying a complete picture of the chemistry and biology of these fascinating natural products
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Armenise Bldg. 2, Rm 630, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Csuk R, Prell E, Korb C, Kluge R, Ströhl D. Total synthesis of 3,3-difluorinated 1-deoxynojirimycin analogues. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Shih HW, Chen KT, Chen SK, Huang CY, Cheng TJR, Ma C, Wong CH, Cheng WC. Combinatorial approach toward synthesis of small molecule libraries as bacterial transglycosylase inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2586-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c000622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Yoshimitsu T, Tanaka T, Arano Y, Kaji T, Ino T, Nagaoka H. Synthesis of Chaetomellic Anhydride A, a Potent Inhibitor of Ras Protein Farnesyltransferase. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(f)16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Structural details of the glycosyltransferase step of peptidoglycan assembly. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2008; 18:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Nishimura H, Tsuda S, Shimizu H, Ohashi Y, Watanabe T, Honda Y, Watanabe T. De novo synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-7-hexadecenylitaconic acids by a selective lignin-degrading fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2593-2602. [PMID: 18835612 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ceriporic acids are a class of alk(en)ylitaconic acids produced by a selective lignin-degrading fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Their structural units have similarity with biologically important lichen acids, such as chaetomellic and protolichesterinic acids. The unique function of alkylitaconic acid is the redox silencing of the Fenton reaction system by inhibiting reduction of Fe(3+). As estimated by the catalytic function of Delta9-desaturases, 7-hexadecenyl derivatives bearing a trans configuration have not been reported in the family of alk(en)ylitaconic acids, i.e. the structurally similar lichen acids-alk(en)ylcitraconic and paraconic acids. In this paper, we discuss the isolation of an itaconic acid derivative with an (E)-7-hexadecenyl chain from cultures of C. subvermispora. To identify the natural metabolite, (E)- and (Z)-7-hexadecenylitaconic acids were chemically synthesised. The isolated metabolite was identical to the synthetic (E)-hexadecenylitaconic acid and was designated as ceriporic acid D. Administration of (13)C-[U]-glucose demonstrated that ceriporic acid C and trans-7-hexadecenylitaconic acid (ceriporic acid D) were biosynthesised de novo by C. subvermispora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishimura
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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31
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Abstract
This review is an attempt to bring together and critically evaluate the now-abundant but dispersed data concerning the lipid intermediates of the biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Lipid I, lipid II, and their modified forms play a key role not only as the specific link between the intracellular synthesis of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and the extracytoplasmic polymerization reactions but also in the attachment of proteins to the bacterial cell wall and in the mechanisms of action of antibiotics with which they form specific complexes. The survey deals first with their detection, purification, structure, and preparation by chemical and enzymatic methods. The recent important advances in the study of transferases MraY and MurG, responsible for the formation of lipids I and II, are reported. Various modifications undergone by lipids I and II are described, especially those occurring in gram-positive organisms. The following section concerns the cellular location of the lipid intermediates and the translocation of lipid II across the cytoplasmic membrane. The great efforts made since 2000 in the study of the glycosyltransferases catalyzing the glycan chain formation with lipid II or analogues are analyzed in detail. Finally, examples of antibiotics forming complexes with the lipid intermediates are presented.
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32
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Bongat AFG, Demchenko AV. Recent trends in the synthesis of O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:374-406. [PMID: 17125757 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new methods for stereoselective glycoside synthesis and convergent oligosaccharide assembly has been critical for the area of glycosciences. At the heart of this account is the discussion of the approaches for stereoselective synthesis of glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars that have emerged during the past two decades. The introductory part provides general background information and describes the key features and challenges for the synthesis of this class of compounds. Subsequently, major approaches to the synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxyglycosides are categorized and discussed. Each subsection elaborates on the introduction (or protection) of the amino functionality, synthesis of glycosyl donors by introduction of a suitable leaving group, and glycosidation. Wherever applicable, the deprotection of a temporary amino group substituent and the conversion onto the natural acetamido functionality is described. The conclusions part evaluates the current standing in the field and provides a perspective for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen F G Bongat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri--St. Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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33
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Boudreau MA, Vederas JC. Synthesis and biological evaluation of nucleoside dicarboxylates as potential mimics of nucleoside diphosphates. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:627-35. [PMID: 17285171 DOI: 10.1039/b615230a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of nucleotide analogues wherein the diphosphate moiety has been replaced by a dicarboxylate were synthesized and tested for inhibitory activity against nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase as well as several pathogenic bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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34
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Halliday J, McKeveney D, Muldoon C, Rajaratnam P, Meutermans W. Targeting the forgotten transglycosylases. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:957-67. [PMID: 16298347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forty years ago, moenomycin was reported as a representative of a novel natural product class with strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive organisms. Moenomycin was developed as an antimicrobial growth promoter in animal feeds. Mechanistically, moenomycin acts via inhibition of the transglycosylation process at the final stage of the peptidoglycan biosynthesis, in particular through binding directly to the transglycosylase enzymes, thereby preventing polymerisation of lipid II into linear peptidoglycan. Despite moenomycin's success, no developments of direct transglycosylase enzyme inhibitors were reported for over 30 years, probably due to the complexities and uncertainties surrounding the transglycosylation process, in particular the number of enzymes involved in the process and their specific roles. The development of better research tools and an improved understanding of the transglycosylation process, together with the increasing threat presented by multidrug-resistant bacteria, have led to a resurfacing of interest in targeting the forgotten transglycosylases. In addition, several new generation glycopeptides in clinical development inhibit the transglycosylation process, adding further value to the approach. In this paper, we summarise some of the developments in the area of transglycosylase inhibitors over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Halliday
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld 4113, Australia
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Welzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
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36
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Ostash B, Walker S. Bacterial transglycosylase inhibitors. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006; 9:459-66. [PMID: 16118062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The spread of bacterial resistance to known antibiotics has inspired interest in previously under-exploited drug targets. The transglycosylation reaction remains a 'black box' in the generally well-studied process of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which is a very attractive target for chemotherapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize recent progress in the study of bacterial transglycosylases and the compounds that inhibit them. The transglycosylation reaction is readily targeted by several different classes of natural products, implying that it should be possible to develop drugs that inhibit this process once efficient high-throughput screens and appropriate compound libraries have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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37
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A short approach to chaetomellic anhydride A from 2,2-dichloropalmitic acid: elucidation of the mechanism governing the functional rearrangement of the chlorinated pyrrolidin-2-one intermediate. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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