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Jaromin A, Czopek A, Parapini S, Basilico N, Misiak E, Gubernator J, Zagórska A. Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Novel Bioinspired Imidazolidinedione Derivatives. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010033. [PMID: 33383906 PMCID: PMC7823712 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an enormous threat to public health, due to the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to widely-used antimalarials, such as chloroquine (CQ). Current antimalarial drugs are aromatic heterocyclic derivatives, most often containing a basic component with an added alkyl chain in their chemical structure. While these drugs are effective, they have many side effects. This paper presents the synthesis and preliminary physicochemical characterisation of novel bioinspired imidazolidinedione derivatives, where the imidazolidinedione core was linked via the alkylene chain and the basic piperazine component to the bicyclic system. These compounds were tested against the asexual stages of two strains of P. falciparum—the chloroquine-sensitive (D10) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains. In parallel, in vitro cytotoxicity was investigated on a human keratinocyte cell line, as well as their hemolytic activity. The results demonstrated that the antiplasmodial effects were stronger against the W2 strain (IC50 between 2424.15–5648.07 ng/mL (4.98–11.95 µM)), compared to the D10 strain (6202.00–9659.70 ng/mL (12.75–19.85 µM)). These molecules were also non-hemolytic to human erythrocytes at a concentration active towards the parasite, but with low toxicity to mammalian cell line. The synthetized derivatives, possessing enhanced antimalarial activity against the CQ-resistant strain of P. falciparum, appear to be interesting antimalarial drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-3756203
| | - Anna Czopek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 str, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ernest Misiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 str, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.Z.)
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 str, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (A.C.); (E.M.); (A.Z.)
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Rodrigues T, Prudêncio M, Moreira R, Mota MM, Lopes F. Targeting the liver stage of malaria parasites: a yet unmet goal. J Med Chem 2011; 55:995-1012. [PMID: 22122518 DOI: 10.1021/jm201095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
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Zhang L, Sathunuru R, Caridha D, Pybus B, O’Neil MT, Kozar MP, Lin AJ. Antimalarial Activities of New Guanidylimidazole and Guanidylimidazoline Derivatives. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6634-46. [PMID: 21848332 DOI: 10.1021/jm200503s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Ramadas Sathunuru
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Diana Caridha
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Brandon Pybus
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Michael T. O’Neil
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Michael P. Kozar
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Ai J. Lin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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Vacondio F, Silva C, Mor M, Testa B. Qualitative structure-metabolism relationships in the hydrolysis of carbamates. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 42:551-89. [PMID: 20441444 DOI: 10.3109/03602531003745960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this review were 1) to compile a large number of reliable literature data on the metabolic hydrolysis of medicinal carbamates and 2) to extract from such data a qualitative relation between molecular structure and lability to metabolic hydrolysis. The compounds were classified according to the nature of their substituents (R³OCONR¹R²), and a metabolic lability score was calculated for each class. A trend emerged, such that the metabolic lability of carbamates decreased (i.e., their metabolic stability increased), in the following series: Aryl-OCO-NHAlkyl >> Alkyl-OCO-NHAlkyl ~ Alkyl-OCO-N(Alkyl)₂ ≥ Alkyl-OCO-N(endocyclic) ≥ Aryl-OCO-N(Alkyl)₂ ~ Aryl-OCO-N(endocyclic) ≥ Alkyl-OCO-NHAryl ~ Alkyl-OCO-NHAcyl >> Alkyl-OCO-NH₂ > Cyclic carbamates. This trend should prove useful in the design of carbamates as drugs or prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Liu X, Wang X, Li Q, Kozar MP, Melendez V, O’Neil MT, Lin AJ. Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of 2-Guanidino-4-oxoimidazoline Derivatives. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4523-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Liu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Xihong Wang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Qigui Li
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Michael P. Kozar
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Victor Melendez
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Michael T. O’Neil
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Ai J. Lin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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Zhang L, Sathunuru R, Luong T, Melendez V, Kozar MP, Lin AJ. New imidazolidinedione derivatives as antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1541-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang X, Sathunuru R, Melendez V, Kozar MP, Lin AJ. Facile synthesis of 2,4-diamino-6-alkyl- or 6-aryl-pyrimidine derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The guanidine group defines chemical and physicochemical properties of many compounds of medical interest and guanidine-containing derivatives constitute a very important class of therapeutic agents suitable for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. OBJECTIVE To review the most important pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of simple guanidine derivatives, cyclic analogues of guanidines as well as peptides, peptidomimetics and peptoids incorporating arginine. METHODS The review presents both the recent patent literature and original papers dealing with guanidine derivatives that show interesting biological activity and emphasizes the newest developing drugs. CONCLUSION Recent achievements in the synthesis of guanidine-containing molecules with diverse chemical, biochemical and pharmacological properties make them of great importance to the design and development of novel drugs acting at CNS, anti-inflammatory agents, inhibitors of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, inhibitors of NO synthase, antithrombotic, antidiabetic and chemotherapeutic agents as well as guanidinium-based transporters and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek Saczewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, Gdansk, Poland.
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Huttunen KM, Mannila A, Laine K, Kemppainen E, Leppänen J, Vepsäläinen J, Järvinen T, Rautio J. The first bioreversible prodrug of metformin with improved lipophilicity and enhanced intestinal absorption. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4142-8. [PMID: 19522462 DOI: 10.1021/jm900274q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is a potent antidiabetic agent and currently used as a first-line treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, the moderate absorption and uncomfortable gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with metformin therapy impair its use. In this study, two novel prodrugs of a biguanidine functionality containing antidiabetic agent, metformin, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo to accomplish improved lipophilicity and, consequently, enhanced oral absorption of this highly water-soluble drug. These results represent that the more lipophilic prodrug 2a biotransformed quantitatively to metformin mainly after absorption. The enhanced oral absorption consequently promoted the bioavailability of metformin from 43% to 65% in rats. Thus, this novel prodrug may offer a solution to reduce the required daily doses of metformin, which may decrease the uncomfortable adverse effects associated with metformin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Arafa RK, Ismail MA, Munde M, Wilson WD, Wenzler T, Brun R, Boykin DW. Novel linear triaryl guanidines, N-substituted guanidines and potential prodrugs as antiprotozoal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2901-8. [PMID: 18455271 PMCID: PMC3815585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of triaryl guanidines and N-substituted guanidines designed to target the minor groove of DNA were synthesized and evaluated as antiprotozoal agents. Selected carbamate prodrugs of these guanidines were assayed for their oral efficacy. The linear triaryl bis-guanidines 6a,b were prepared from their corresponding diamines 4a,b through the intermediate BOC protected bis-guanidines 5a,b followed by acid catalyzed deprotection. The N-substituted guanidino analogues 9c-f were obtained in three steps starting by reacting the diamines 4a,b with ethyl isothiocyanatoformate to give the carbamoyl thioureas 7a,b. Subsequent condensation of 7a,b with various amines in the presence of EDCI provided the carbamoyl N-substituted guanidine intermediates 8a-f which can also be regarded as potential prodrugs for the guanidino derivatives. Compounds 9c-f were obtained via the base catalyzed decarbamoylation of 8a-f. The DNA binding affinities for the target dicationic bis-guanidines were assessed by DeltaT(m) values. In vitro antiprotozoal screening of the new compounds showed that derivatives 6a, 9c and 9e possess high to moderate activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.) and Plasmodium falciparum (P.f.). While the prodrugs did not yield cures upon oral administration in the antitrypanosomal STIB900 mouse model, compounds 8a and 8c prolonged the survival of the treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem K. Arafa
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - Manoj Munde
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - W. David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Parasite Chemotherapy, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel CH4002, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Parasite Chemotherapy, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel CH4002, Switzerland
| | - David W. Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
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Sathunuru R, Melendez V, Kozar MP, Lin AJ. A facile one pot synthesis of 2, 4-diamino-6-substituted s-triazine derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570450618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Berlinck RGS, Burtoloso ACB, Kossuga MH. The chemistry and biology of organic guanidine derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:919-54. [DOI: 10.1039/b507874c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Guan J, Wang X, Smith K, Ager A, Gettayacamin M, Kyle DE, Milhous WK, Kozar MP, Magill AJ, Lin AJ. Malaria Causal Prophylactic Activity of Imidazolidinedione Derivatives. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6226-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7009815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carraz M, Jossang A, Franetich JF, Siau A, Ciceron L, Hannoun L, Sauerwein R, Frappier F, Rasoanaivo P, Snounou G, Mazier D. A plant-derived morphinan as a novel lead compound active against malaria liver stages. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e513. [PMID: 17194195 PMCID: PMC1716192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global spread of multidrug-resistant malaria parasites has led to an urgent need for new chemotherapeutic agents. Drug discovery is primarily directed to the asexual blood stages, and few drugs that are effective against the obligatory liver stages, from which the pathogenic blood infection is initiated, have become available since primaquine was deployed in the 1950s. METHODS AND FINDINGS Using bioassay-guided fractionation based on the parasite's hepatic stage, we have isolated a novel morphinan alkaloid, tazopsine, from a plant traditionally used against malaria in Madagascar. This compound and readily obtained semisynthetic derivatives were tested for inhibitory activity against liver stage development in vitro (P. falciparum and P. yoelii) and in vivo (P. yoelii). Tazopsine fully inhibited the development of P. yoelii (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] 3.1 muM, therapeutic index [TI] 14) and P. falciparum (IC50 4.2 muM, TI 7) hepatic parasites in cultured primary hepatocytes, with inhibition being most pronounced during the early developmental stages. One derivative, N-cyclopentyl-tazopsine (NCP-tazopsine), with similar inhibitory activity was selected for its lower toxicity (IC50 3.3 muM, TI 46, and IC50 42.4 muM, TI 60, on P. yoelii and P. falciparum hepatic stages in vitro, respectively). Oral administration of NCP-tazopsine completely protected mice from a sporozoite challenge. Unlike the parent molecule, the derivative was uniquely active against Plasmodium hepatic stages. CONCLUSIONS A readily obtained semisynthetic derivative of a plant-derived compound, tazopsine, has been shown to be specifically active against the liver stage, but inactive against the blood forms of the malaria parasite. This unique specificity in an antimalarial drug severely restricts the pressure for the selection of drug resistance to a parasite stage limited both in numbers and duration, thus allowing researchers to envisage the incorporation of a true causal prophylactic in malaria control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Carraz
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Akino Jossang
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Siau
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Liliane Ciceron
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Hannoun
- AP HP, Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépato-Bilio-Pancréatique et Transplantation Hépatique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- University Medical Center St. Radboud, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - François Frappier
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie des Substances Naturelles, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rasoanaivo
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Georges Snounou
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Comparée et Modèles Expérimentaux, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Inserm U511, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Zhang Q, Guan J, Sacci J, Ager A, Ellis W, Milhous W, Kyle D, Lin AJ. Unambiguous synthesis and prophylactic antimalarial activities of imidazolidinedione derivatives. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6472-81. [PMID: 16190773 DOI: 10.1021/jm0504252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WR182393, a guanidinoimidazolidinedione derivatives with potent causal prophylactic antimalarial activity by intramuscular injection, was previously prepared by treatment of chloroproguanil and diethyl oxalate, yielding a mixture of two closely related isomers. Poor solubility of the mixture made the separation and purification impossible. To overcome the separation problem, new and facile unambiguous syntheses of the two active components were reported. The new synthetic methods facilitate the synthesis of not only the active components, but also their derivatives. To search for compounds with good oral efficacy, a series of carbamate derivatives of the active components were prepared by the new procedure, many of which showed profound causal prophylactic antimalarial activity against Plasmodium yoelii in mouse by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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Arafa RK, Brun R, Wenzler T, Tanious FA, Wilson WD, Stephens CE, Boykin DW. Synthesis, DNA affinity, and antiprotozoal activity of fused ring dicationic compounds and their prodrugs. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5480-8. [PMID: 16107146 DOI: 10.1021/jm058190h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dicationic guanidine, N-alkylguanidine, and reversed amidine derivatives of fused ring systems have been synthesized from their corresponding bis-amines. DNA binding studies suggest that the diguanidines and the N-alkyl diguanidines fluorenes bind in the minor groove in a manner similar to that of the previously reported dicationic carbazole derivatives. The diguanidines and the N-alkyl diguanidines showed promising in vitro activity against both Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Plasmodium falciparum. Promising in vivo biological results were obtained for the dicationic N-isopropylguanidino-9H-fluorene, giving 4/4 cures of the treated animals in the STIB900 animal model for African trypanosomiasis. The N-methyl analogue showed high activity as well. In addition, with the goal of enhancing the oral bioavailability, two novel classes of potential guanidine prodrugs were prepared. The N-alkoxyguanidine derivatives were not effective as prodrugs. In contrast, a number of the carbamates showed promising activity. The value of the carbamate prodrugs was clearly demonstrated by the results, which gave 4/4 cures on oral administration in the STIB900 mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem K Arafa
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3083, USA
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