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Ugale V, Dhote A, Narwade R, Khadse S, Reddy PN, Shirkhedkar A. GluN2B/N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonists: Advances in Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation Studies. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:822-862. [PMID: 33687902 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210309141627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective GluN2B/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists have exposed their clinical effectiveness in a cluster of neurodegenerative diseases, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, pain, and depression. Hence, GluN2B/NMDARs are considered to be a prospective target for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we have discussed the current results and significance of subunit selective GluN2B/NMDAR antagonists to pave the way for the establishment of new, safe, and economical drug candidates in the near future. By using summarized data of selective GluN2B/NMDAR antagonists, medicinal chemists are certainly a step closer to the goal of improving the therapeutic and side effect profile of selective antagonists. Outlined summary of designing strategies, synthetic schemes, and pharmacological evaluation studies reinvigorate efforts to identify, modify, and synthesize novel GluN2B/NMDAR antagonists for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Ugale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist: Dhule (MS) 425405, India
| | - Ashish Dhote
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist: Dhule (MS) 425405, India
| | - Rushikesh Narwade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist: Dhule (MS) 425405, India
| | - Saurabh Khadse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist: Dhule (MS) 425405, India
| | - P Narayana Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Gitam School of Technology, Gitam University, Hyderabad (T.S), India
| | - Atul Shirkhedkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist: Dhule (MS) 425405, India
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Kim JH, Marton J, Ametamey SM, Cumming P. A Review of Molecular Imaging of Glutamate Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204749. [PMID: 33081223 PMCID: PMC7587586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a well-established and important in vivo technique to evaluate fundamental biological processes and unravel the role of neurotransmitter receptors in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Specific ligands are available for PET/SPECT studies of dopamine, serotonin, and opiate receptors, but corresponding development of radiotracers for receptors of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain, has lagged behind. This state of affairs has persisted despite the central importance of glutamate neurotransmission in brain physiology and in disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent years have seen extensive efforts to develop useful ligands for molecular imaging of subtypes of the ionotropic (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and AMPA/quisqualate receptors) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (types I, II, and III mGluRs). We now review the state of development of radioligands for glutamate receptor imaging, placing main emphasis on the suitability of available ligands for reliable in vivo applications. We give a brief account of the radiosynthetic approach for selected molecules. In general, with the exception of ligands for the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors, there has been little success in developing radiotracers for imaging ionotropic glutamate receptors; failure of ligands for the PCP/MK801 binding site in vivo doubtless relates their dependence on the open, unblocked state of the ion channel. Many AMPA and kainite receptor ligands with good binding properties in vitro have failed to give measurable specific binding in the living brain. This may reflect the challenge of developing brain-penetrating ligands for amino acid receptors, compounded by conformational differences in vivo. The situation is better with respect to mGluR imaging, particularly for the mGluR5 subtype. Several successful PET ligands serve for investigations of mGluRs in conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, substance abuse and aging. Considering the centrality and diversity of glutamatergic signaling in brain function, we have relatively few selective and sensitive tools for molecular imaging of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Further radiopharmaceutical research targeting specific subtypes and subunits of the glutamate receptors may yet open up new investigational vistas with broad applications in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (P.C.); Tel.: +41-31-664-0498 (P.C.); Fax: +41-31-632-7663 (P.C.)
| | - János Marton
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds, Biomedizinische Forschungsreagenzien GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-1454 Radeberg, Germany;
| | - Simon Mensah Ametamey
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 18, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (P.C.); Tel.: +41-31-664-0498 (P.C.); Fax: +41-31-632-7663 (P.C.)
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Ahmed H, Haider A, Ametamey SM. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor modulators: a patent review (2015-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:743-767. [PMID: 32926646 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1811234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION - The NMDA receptor is implicated in various diseases including neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and mood disorders. However, only a limited number of clinically approved NMDA receptor modulators are available. Today, apparent NMDA receptor drug development strategies entail 1) exploring the unknown chemical space to identify novel scaffolds; 2) using the clinically available NMDA receptor modulators to expand the therapeutic indication space; 3) and to trace physiological functions of the NMDA receptor. AREAS COVERED - The current review reflects on the functional and pharmacological facets of NMDA receptors and the current clinical status quo of NMDA receptor modulators. Patent literature covering 2015 till April 2020 is discussed with emphasis on new indications. EXPERT OPINION - Supporting evidence shows that subtype-selective NMDA receptor antagonists show an improved safety profile compared to broad-spectrum channel blockers. Although GluN2B-selective antagonists are by far the most extensively investigated subtype-selective modulators, they have shown only modest clinical efficacy so far. To overcome the limitations that have hampered the clinical development of previous subtype-selective NMDA receptor antagonists, future studies with improved animal models that better reflect human NMDA receptor pathophysiology are warranted. The increased availability of subtype-selective probes will allow target engagement studies and proper dose finding in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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Jakobsson J, Gourni E, Khanapur S, Brito B, Riss PJ. Synthesis and Characterization in Rodent Brain of the Subtype-Selective NR2B NMDA Receptor Ligand [ 11C]Ro04-5595 as a Potential Radiotracer for Positron Emission Tomography. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9925-9931. [PMID: 31460083 PMCID: PMC6648642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The NR2B subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in controlling synaptic plasticity, memory, and learning. Herein, we describe an 11C-labeled PET radiotracer based on 1-(4-chlorophenethyl)-6-methoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-ol, Ro04-5595. The radiotracer was evaluated in rats using PET. The PET study showed a good pharmacokinetic profile with rapid uptake and washout over 90 min. Complementary high-resolution autoradiographic images using [3H]Ro04-5595 demonstrated strong binding in NR2B receptor-rich regions and low binding in cerebellum where NR2B concentration is low. We conclude to have developed a selective NR2B receptor radioligand suitable for quantitative and qualitative imaging of a NR2B receptor distribution in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy
E. Jakobsson
- Realomics
SRI, Kjemisk Institutt, Universitetet i
Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, Kjemibygningen, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eleni Gourni
- Realomics
SRI, Kjemisk Institutt, Universitetet i
Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, Kjemibygningen, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shivashankar Khanapur
- Realomics
SRI, Kjemisk Institutt, Universitetet i
Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, Kjemibygningen, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Beatriz Brito
- Realomics
SRI, Kjemisk Institutt, Universitetet i
Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, Kjemibygningen, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Realomics
SRI, Kjemisk Institutt, Universitetet i
Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 26, Kjemibygningen, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Klinik
for Kirurgi og Nevrofag, Oslo Universitets
Sykehus HF-Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950
Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Norsk
Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Gaustad, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Fu H, Tang W, Chen Z, Belov VV, Zhang G, Shao T, Zhang X, Yu Q, Rong J, Deng X, Han W, Myers SJ, Giffenig P, Wang L, Josephson L, Shao Y, Davenport AT, Daunais JB, Papisov M, Yuan H, Li Z, Traynelis SF, Liang SH. Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluations of a Triazole-Cored Antagonist as a PET Imaging Probe ([ 18F]N2B-0518) for GluN2B Subunit in the Brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2263-2275. [PMID: 30698943 PMCID: PMC6727982 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
GluN2B is the most studied subunit of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and implicated in the pathologies of various central nervous system disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. As pan NMDAR antagonists often produce debilitating side effects, new approaches in drug discovery have shifted to subtype-selective NMDAR modulators, especially GluN2B-selective antagonists. While positron emission tomography (PET) studies of GluN2B-selective NMDARs in the living brain would enable target engagement in drug development and improve our understanding in the NMDAR signaling pathways between normal and disease conditions, a suitable PET ligand is yet to be identified. Herein we developed an 18F-labeled potent antagonist, 2-((1-(4-[18F]fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-5-methoxypyrimidine ([18F]13; also called [18F]N2B-0518) as a PET tracer for imaging the GluN2B subunit. The radiofluorination of [18F]13 was efficiently achieved by our spirocyclic iodonium ylide (SCIDY) method. In in vitro autoradiography studies, [18F]13 displayed highly region-specific binding in brain sections of rat and nonhuman primate, which was in accordance with the expression of GluN2B subunit. Ex vivo biodistribution in mice revealed that [18F]13 could penetrate the blood-brain barrier with moderate brain uptake (3.60% ID/g at 2 min) and rapid washout. Altogether, this work provides a GluN2B-selective PET tracer bearing a new chemical scaffold and shows high specificity to GluN2B subunit in vitro, which may pave the way for the development of a new generation of GluN2B PET ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Fu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Vasily V. Belov
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Genwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, P. R. China
| | - Scott J. Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Pilar Giffenig
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University & Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, P. R. China
| | - Lee Josephson
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - April T. Davenport
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - James B. Daunais
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Mikhail Papisov
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology, Molecular Diagnosis & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Stephen F. Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Fu H, Chen Z, Josephson L, Li Z, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Ligand Development for Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: Challenges and Opportunities for Radiotracer Targeting N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA), and Kainate Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:403-419. [PMID: 30110164 PMCID: PMC6393217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system. iGluRs exist as three main groups: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), and kainate receptors. The past decades have witnessed a remarkable development of PET tracers targeting different iGluRs including NMDARs and AMPARs, and several of the tracers have advanced to clinical imaging studies. Here, we assess the recent development of iGluR PET probes, focusing on tracer design, brain kinetics, and performance in PET imaging studies. Furthermore, this review will not only present challenges in the tracer development but also provide novel approaches in conjunction with most recent drug discovery efforts on these iGluRs, including subtype-selective NMDAR and transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein modulators and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of AMPARs. These approaches, if successful as PET tracers, may provide fundamental knowledge to understand the roles of iGluR receptors under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology, Molecular Diagnosis & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
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7
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Fuchigami T, Fujimoto N, Haradahira T, Nojiri Y, Okauchi T, Maeda J, Suhara T, Yamamoto F, Nakayama M, Maeda M, Mukai T. Synthesis and characterization of 11 C-labeled benzyl amidine derivatives as PET radioligands for GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:1095-1105. [PMID: 30375667 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play fundamental roles in learning and memory, although they are also associated with various brain disorders. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated three 11 C-labeled N-benzyl amidine derivatives 2-[11 C]methoxybenzyl) cinnamamidine ([11 C]CBA), N-(2-[11 C]methoxybenzyl)-2-naphthamidine ([11 C]NBA), and N-(2-[11 C]methoxybenzyl)quinoline-3-carboxamidine ([11 C]QBA) as PET radioligands for these receptors. The 11 C-benzyl amidines were synthesized via conventional methylation of corresponding des-methyl precursors with [11 C]CH3 I. In vitro binding characteristics were examined in brain sagittal sections using various GluN2B modulators and off-target ligands. Further, in vivo brain distribution studies were performed in normal mice. The 11 C-labeled benzyl amidines showed high-specific binding to the GluN2B subunit at in vitro. In particular, the quinoline derivative [11 C]QBA had the best binding properties in terms of high-brain localization to GluN2B-rich regions and specificity to the GluN2B subunit. Conversely, these 11 C-radioligands showed the brain distributions were inconsistent with GluN2B expression in biodistribution experiments. The majority of the radiolabeled compounds were identified as metabolized forms of which amido derivatives seemed to be the major species. Although these 11 C-ligands had high-specific binding to the GluN2B subunit, significant improvement in metabolic stability is necessary for successful positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fuchigami
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Terushi Haradahira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nojiri
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Okauchi
- Laboratory for Biofunction Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Morio Nakayama
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Mukai
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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8
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Krämer SD, Betzel T, Mu L, Haider A, Herde AM, Boninsegni AK, Keller C, Szermerski M, Schibli R, Wünsch B, Ametamey SM. Evaluation of 11C-Me-NB1 as a Potential PET Radioligand for Measuring GluN2B-Containing NMDA Receptors, Drug Occupancy, and Receptor Cross Talk. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:698-703. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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9
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Development of PET and SPECT probes for glutamate receptors. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:716514. [PMID: 25874256 PMCID: PMC4385697 DOI: 10.1155/2015/716514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Glutamate and its receptors (GluRs) play a key role in excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Impaired regulation of GluRs has also been implicated in various neurological disorders. GluRs are classified into two major groups: ionotropic GluRs (iGluRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels, and metabotropic GluRs (mGluRs), which are coupled to heterotrimeric guanosine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins). Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of GluRs could provide a novel view of CNS function and of a range of brain disorders, potentially leading to the development of new drug therapies. Although no satisfactory imaging agents have yet been developed for iGluRs, several PET ligands for mGluRs have been successfully employed in clinical studies. This paper reviews current progress towards the development of PET and SPECT probes for GluRs.
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Pérez-Medina C, Patel N, Robson M, Lythgoe MF, Årstad E. Synthesis and evaluation of a 125I-labeled iminodihydroquinoline-derived tracer for imaging of voltage-gated sodium channels. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5170-3. [PMID: 23910595 PMCID: PMC3764405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) can potentially provide insights into the activation of neuronal pathways and aid the diagnosis of a number of neurological diseases. The iminodihydroquinoline WIN17317-3 is one of the most potent sodium channel blockers reported to date and binds with high affinity to VGSCs throughout the rat brain. We have synthesized a 125I-labeled analogue of WIN17317-3 and evaluated the potential of the tracer for imaging of VGSCs with SPECT. Automated patch clamp studies with CHO cells expressing the Nav1.2 isoform and displacement studies with [3H]BTX yielded comparable results for the non-radioactive iodinated iminodihydroquinoline and WIN17317-3. However, the 125I-labeled tracer was rapidly metabolized in vivo, and suffered from low brain uptake and high accumulation of radioactivity in the intestines. The results suggest that iminodihydroquinolines are poorly suited for tracer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Niral Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Robson
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Årstad
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +44 (0)02076792344.
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11
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Pérez-Medina C, Patel N, Robson M, Badar A, Lythgoe MF, Årstad E. Evaluation of a 125I-labelled benzazepinone derived voltage-gated sodium channel blocker for imaging with SPECT. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9474-80. [PMID: 23117159 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26695d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that mediate fast neurotransmission, and are integral to sustain physiological conditions and higher cognitive functions. Imaging of VGSCs in vivo holds promise as a tool to elucidate operational functions in the brain and to aid the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases. To assess the suitability of 1-benzazepin-2-one derived VGSC blockers for imaging, we have prepared a (125)I-labelled analogue of BNZA and evaluated the tracer in vivo. In an automated patch-clamp assay, a diastereomeric mixture of the non-radioactive compound blocked the Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.7 VGSC isoforms with IC(50) values of 4.1 ± 1.5 μM and 0.25 ± 0.07 μM, respectively. [(3)H]BTX displacement studies revealed a three-fold difference in affinity between the two diastereomers. Iodo-destannylation of a tin precursor with iodine-125 afforded the two diastereomerically pure tracers, which were used to assess binding to VGSCs in vivo by comparing their tissue distributions in mice. Whilst the results point to a lack of VGSC binding in vivo, SPECT imaging revealed highly localized uptake in the interscapular region, an area typically associated with brown adipose tissue, which in addition to high metabolic stability of the iodinated tracer, demonstrate the potential of 1-benzazepin-2-ones for in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), NW1 2BU London, United Kingdom
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12
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Howes OD, Fusar-Poli P, Bloomfield M, Selvaraj S, McGuire P. From the prodrome to chronic schizophrenia: the neurobiology underlying psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:459-65. [PMID: 22239576 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799316217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder that remains a considerable cause of global disease burden. Cognitive impairments are common and contribute significantly to the morbidity of the disorder. Over the last two decades or so molecular imaging studies have refined understanding of the pathophysiology underlying the development of psychosis and cognitive impairments. Firstly they have consistently implicated presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in the disorder, finding that dopamine synthesis capacity, dopamine release and baseline dopamine levels are increased in the illness. Secondly recent findings show that dopamine synthesis capacity is elevated in those that go on to develop psychosis in the following year, but not in those that do not, and appears to increase further with the development of psychosis. Thirdly evidence links greater dopamine synthesis capacity to poorer cognitive performance and altered frontal cortical function measured using functional imaging during cognitive tasks. Finally they have provided data on the nature of other neurofunctional alterations in the disorder, in particular in the serotonergic system and neuroinflammation. We review these findings and discuss their implications for understanding the neurobiology of psychosis and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group Cyclotron Building Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
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13
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Zhao X, Jie Y, Rosenberg MR, Wan J, Zeng S, Cui W, Xiao Y, Li Z, Tu Z, Casarotto MG, Hu W. Design and synthesis of pinanamine derivatives as anti-influenza A M2 ion channel inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:91-9. [PMID: 22982118 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The adamantanes are a class of anti-influenza drugs that inhibit the M2 ion channel of the influenza A virus. However recently, the clinical effectiveness of these drugs has been called into question due to the emergence of adamantane-insensitive A/M2 mutants. Although we previously reported (1R,2R,3R,5S)-3-pinanamine 3 as a novel inhibitor of the wild type influenza A virus M2 protein (WT A/M2), limited inhibition was found for adamantane-resistant M2 mutants. In this study, we explored whether newly synthesized pinanamine derivatives were capable of inhibiting WT A/M2 and selected adamantane-resistant M2 mutants. Several imidazole and guanazole derivatives of pinanamine were found to inhibit WT A/M2 to a comparable degree as amantadine and one of these compounds 12 exhibits weak inhibition of A/M2-S31N mutant and it is marginally more effective in inhibiting S31NM2 than amantadine. This study provides a new insight into the structural nature of drugs required to inhibit WT A/M2 and its mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, People's Republic of China
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14
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Ali SF, Onaivi ES, Dodd PR, Cadet JL, Schenk S, Kuhar MJ, Koob GF. Understanding the Global Problem of Drug Addiction is a Challenge for IDARS Scientists. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:2-7. [PMID: 21886551 PMCID: PMC3137181 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795017245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IDARS is an acronym for the International Drug Abuse Research Society. Apart from our scientific and educational purposes, we communicate information to the general and scientific community about substance abuse and addiction science and treatment potential. Members of IDARS are research scientists and clinicians from around the world, with scheduled meetings across the globe. IDARS is developing a vibrant and exciting international mechanism not only for scientific interactions in the domain of addiction between countries but also ultimately as a resource for informing public policy across nations. Nonetheless, a lot more research needs to be done to better understand the neurobiological basis of drug addiction - A challenge for IDARS scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, NCTR/FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
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15
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Cumming P, Caprioli D, Dalley JW. What have positron emission tomography and 'Zippy' told us about the neuropharmacology of drug addiction? Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1586-604. [PMID: 20846139 PMCID: PMC3166689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and allied technologies offer unrivalled applications in the discovery of biomarkers and aetiological mechanisms relevant to human disease. Foremost among clinical PET findings during the past two decades of addiction research is the seminal discovery of reduced dopamine D(2/3) receptor expression in the striatum of drug addicts, which could indicate a predisposing factor and/or compensatory reaction to the chronic abuse of stimulant drugs. In parallel, recent years have witnessed significant improvements in the performance of small animal tomographs (microPET) and a refinement of animal models of addiction based on clinically relevant diagnostic criteria. This review surveys the utility of PET in the elucidation of neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying drug addiction. It considers the consequences of chronic drug exposure on regional brain metabolism and neurotransmitter function and identifies those areas where further research is needed, especially concerning the implementation of PET tracers targeting neurotransmitter systems other than dopamine, which increasingly have been implicated in the pathophysiology of drug addiction. In addition, this review considers the causal effects of behavioural traits such as impulsivity and novelty/sensation-seeking on the emergence of compulsive drug-taking. Previous research indicates that spontaneously high-impulsive rats--as exemplified by 'Zippy'--are pre-disposed to escalate intravenous cocaine self-administration, and subsequently to develop compulsive drug taking tendencies that endure despite concurrent adverse consequences of such behaviour, just as in human addiction. The discovery using microPET of pre-existing differences in dopamine D(2/3) receptor expression in the striatum of high-impulsive rats suggests a neural endophenotype that may likewise pre-dispose to stimulant addiction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
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16
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Labas R, Gilbert G, Nicole O, Dhilly M, Abbas A, Tirel O, Buisson A, Henry J, Barré L, Debruyne D, Sobrio F. Synthesis, evaluation and metabolic studies of radiotracers containing a 4-(4-[18F]-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl moiety for the PET imaging of NR2B NMDA receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2295-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Fuchigami T, Yamaguchi H, Ogawa M, Biao L, Nakayama M, Haratake M, Magata Y. Synthesis and biological evaluation of radio-iodinated benzimidazoles as SPECT imaging agents for NR2B subtype of NMDA receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7497-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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What has functional neuroimaging done for primary headache … and for the clinical neurologist? J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:547-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Labas R, Sobrio F, Bramoullé Y, Hérard AS, Guillermier M, Hantraye P, Dollé F, Barré L. Radiosynthesis of N-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]-Nâ²-(2-[11C]oxo-1,3-dihydrobenzimidazol-5-yl)oxamide, a NR2B-selective NMDA receptor antagonist. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Sprenger T, Henriksen G, Valet M, Platzer S, Berthele A, Tölle TR. Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) in der Schmerzforschung. Schmerz 2007; 21:503-13. [PMID: 17522897 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-007-0547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, functional imaging studies have fostered our knowledge of cerebral pain processing in humans. A lively interest has been focussing on possible opioidergic mechanisms of pain transmission and modulation. Today, reliable knowledge of the in vivo distribution of opioid receptors in healthy human subjects is available from positron emission tomography (PET) studies of opioidergic neurotransmission. Gender dependent differences in receptor distribution and ligand metabolism have been demonstrated. Moreover, an increasing number of studies are reporting alterations in receptor distribution patterns in states involving painful diseases. Various acute painful challenges have also been shown to induce measurable changes in receptor availability in multiple brain areas. The perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been identified as one brain region with a major impact on opioidergic pain modulation. Thereby, the ACC apparently executes cortical top-down control on brainstem structures in (exogenous) pharmacological opioid analgesia. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that non-pharmacological treatment approaches also utilize similar endogenous opioid dependent pathways to exert pain modulation. This article summarizes our current knowledge of PET studies of the opioidergic system and outlines future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sprenger
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Deutschland.
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21
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Gitto R, Caruso R, Pagano B, De Luca L, Citraro R, Russo E, De Sarro G, Chimirri A. Novel potent anticonvulsant agent containing a tetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5618-22. [PMID: 16942035 DOI: 10.1021/jm060411b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In our studies on the development of new anticonvulsants, we planned the synthesis of N-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines to explore the structure-activity relationships. All derivatives were evaluated against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice, and the 1-(4'-bromophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(piperidin-1-ylacetyl) derivative (26) showed the highest activity with a potency comparable to that of talampanel, the only noncompetitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonist in clinical trials as an anticonvulsant agent. Electrophysiological experiments indicated that 26 acts as noncompetitive AMPA receptor modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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