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Xu X, Qiu H. BRD4 promotes gouty arthritis through MDM2-mediated PPARγ degradation and pyroptosis. Mol Med 2024; 30:67. [PMID: 38773379 PMCID: PMC11110350 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gouty arthritis (GA) is characterized by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal accumulation that instigates NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. The present research endeavors to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underpinning this MSU-induced pyroptotic cascade in GA. METHODS J774 cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide and MSU crystals to establish in vitro GA models, whereas C57BL/6 J male mice received MSU crystal injections to mimic in vivo GA conditions. Gene and protein expression levels were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical assays. Inflammatory markers were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Pyroptosis was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining for caspase-1 and flow cytometry with caspase-1/propidium iodide staining. The interaction between MDM2 and PPARγ was analyzed through co-immunoprecipitation assays, whereas the interaction between BRD4 and the MDM2 promoter was examined using chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Mouse joint tissues were histopathologically evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS In GA, PPARγ was downregulated, whereas its overexpression mitigated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. MDM2, which was upregulated in GA, destabilized PPARγ through the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway, whereas its silencing attenuated NLRP3 activation by elevating PPARγ levels. Concurrently, BRD4 was elevated in GA and exacerbated NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis by transcriptionally upregulating MDM2, thereby promoting PPARγ degradation. In vivo experiments showed that BRD4 silencing ameliorated GA through this MDM2-PPARγ-pyroptosis axis. CONCLUSION BRD4 promotes inflammation and pyroptosis in GA through MDM2-mediated PPARγ degradation, underscoring the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway in GA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, 154000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, 154000, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Misleading Name but a Promising Opportunity for Biomedical Research. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081084. [PMID: 36008978 PMCID: PMC9406211 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the very large number of phytocannabinoids isolated from Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), bioactivity studies have long remained focused on the so called “Big Four” [Δ9-THC (1), CBD (2), CBG (3) and CBC (4)] because of their earlier characterization and relatively easy availability via isolation and/or synthesis. Bioactivity information on the chemical space associated with the remaining part of the cannabinome, a set of ca 150 compounds traditionally referred to as “minor phytocannabinoids”, is scarce and patchy, yet promising in terms of pharmacological potential. According to their advancement stage, we sorted the bioactivity data available on these compounds, better referred to as the “dark cannabinome”, into categories: discovery (in vitro phenotypical and biochemical assays), preclinical (animal models), and clinical. Strategies to overcome the availability issues associated with minor phytocannabinoids are discussed, as well as the still unmet challenges facing their development as mainstream drugs.
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3
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Walsh KB, McKinney AE, Holmes AE. Minor Cannabinoids: Biosynthesis, Molecular Pharmacology and Potential Therapeutic Uses. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:777804. [PMID: 34916950 PMCID: PMC8669157 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.777804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal use of Cannabis sativa L. can be traced back thousands of years to ancient China and Egypt. While marijuana has recently shown promise in managing chronic pain and nausea, scientific investigation of cannabis has been restricted due its classification as a schedule 1 controlled substance. A major breakthrough in understanding the pharmacology of cannabis came with the isolation and characterization of the phytocannabinoids trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). This was followed by the cloning of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors in the 1990s and the subsequent discovery of the endocannabinoid system. In addition to the major phytocannabinoids, Δ9-THC and CBD, cannabis produces over 120 other cannabinoids that are referred to as minor and/or rare cannabinoids. These cannabinoids are produced in smaller amounts in the plant and are derived along with Δ9-THC and CBD from the parent cannabinoid cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). While our current knowledge of minor cannabinoid pharmacology is incomplete, studies demonstrate that they act as agonists and antagonists at multiple targets including CB1 and CB2 receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), serotonin 5-HT1a receptors and others. The resulting activation of multiple cell signaling pathways, combined with their putative synergistic activity, provides a mechanistic basis for their therapeutic actions. Initial clinical reports suggest that these cannabinoids may have potential benefits in the treatment of neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, cancer and skin disorders. This review focuses on the molecular pharmacology of the minor cannabinoids and highlights some important therapeutic uses of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Amanda E McKinney
- Institute for Human and Planetary Health, Crete, NE, United States.,School of Integrative Learning, Doane University, Crete, NE, United States
| | - Andrea E Holmes
- School of Integrative Learning, Doane University, Crete, NE, United States.,Precision Plant Molecules, Denver, CO, United States
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4
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Hidalgo-Figueroa S, Rodríguez-Luévano A, Almanza-Pérez JC, Giacoman-Martínez A, Ortiz-Andrade R, León-Rivera I, Navarrete-Vázquez G. Synthesis, molecular docking, dynamic simulation and pharmacological characterization of potent multifunctional agent (dual GPR40-PPARγ agonist) for the treatment of experimental type 2 diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174244. [PMID: 34116041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current manuscript describes two molecules that were designed against PPARγ and GPR40 receptors. The preparation of the compounds was carried out following a synthetic route of multiple steps. Then, the mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, GLUT4, and GPR40 induced by compounds were measured and quantified in adipocyte and β-pancreatic cell cultures. The synthesized compound 1 caused an increase in the 4-fold expression of mRNA of PPARγ regarding the control and had a similar behavior to the pioglitazone, while compound 2 only increased 2-fold the expression. Also, the compound 1 increased to 7-fold the GLUT4 expression levels, respect to the control and twice against the pioglitazone. On the other hand, the 1 increase 3-fold GPR40 expression, and compound 2 had a minor activity. Besides, 1 and 2 showed a moderated increase on insulin secretion and calcium mobilization versus the glibenclamide. Based on the molecular docking studies, the first compound had a similar conformation to co-crystal ligands into the binding site of both receptors. The poses were docked keeping the most important interactions and maintaining the interaction along the Molecular Dynamics simulation (20 ns). Finally, compound (1) showed an antihyperglycemic effect at 5 mg/kg, however at higher doses of 25 mg/kg it controlled blood glucose levels associated with feeding intake and without showing the adverse effects associated with insulin secretagogues (hypoglycemia). For these reasons, we have concluded that molecule 1 acts as a dual PPARγ and GPR40 agonist offering a better glycemic control than current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa
- CONACyT, IPICYT/Consorcio de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para Las Zonas Áridas, San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico.
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Luévano
- Posgrado en Biología Molecular, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí, 78216, Mexico
| | - Julio C Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de La Salud, D.C.B.S, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, México, CP 09340, CDMx, Mexico
| | - Abraham Giacoman-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados Del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede Sur, CDMx, Mexico
| | - Rolffy Ortiz-Andrade
- Área de Farmacología Experimental, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 X Calle 90, Colonia Inalámbrica, Mérida, Yucatán, 97069, Mexico
| | - Ismael León-Rivera
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, Mexico
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Zhu Y, Zhao J, Luo L, Gao Y, Bao H, Li P, Zhang H. Research progress of indole compounds with potential antidiabetic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113665. [PMID: 34192642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
New types of antidiabetic agents are continually needed with diabetes becoming the epidemic in the world. Indole alkaloids play an important role in natural products owing to their variable structures and versatile biological activities like anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, which are a promising source of novel antidiabetic drugs discovery. The synthesized indole derivatives possess similar properties to natural indole alkaloids. In the last two decades, more and more indole derivatives have been designed and synthesized for searching their bioactivities. This present review describes comprehensive structures of indole compounds with the potential antidiabetic activity including natural indole alkaloids and the synthetic indole derivatives based on the structure classification, summarizes their approaches isolated from natural sources or by synthetic methods, and discusses the antidiabetic effects and the mechanisms of action. Furthermore, this review also provides briefly synthetic procedures of some important indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jinran Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Longbiao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - He Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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6
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Exploring the Chemical Space of Macro- and Micro-Algae Using Comparative Metabolomics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020311. [PMID: 33546180 PMCID: PMC7913273 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With more than 156,000 described species, eukaryotic algae (both macro- and micro-algae) are a rich source of biological diversity, however their chemical diversity remains largely unexplored. Specialised metabolites with promising biological activities have been widely reported for seaweeds, and more recently extracts from microalgae have exhibited activity in anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant screens. However, we are still missing critical information on the distinction of chemical profiles between macro- and microalgae, as well as the chemical space these metabolites cover. This study has used an untargeted comparative metabolomics approach to explore the chemical diversity of seven seaweeds and 36 microalgal strains. A total of 1390 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) features were detected, representing small organic algal metabolites, with no overlap between the seaweeds and microalgae. An in-depth analysis of four Dunaliella tertiolecta strains shows that environmental factors may play a larger role than phylogeny when classifying their metabolomic profiles.
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7
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Abstract
Abstract
C11H10N4O2, monoclinic P21/c (no. 14), a = 6.6161(7) Å, b = 24.064(2) Å, c = 7.1768(9) Å, β = 115.463(15)°, Z = 4, V = 1031.6(2) Å3, R
gt(F) = 0.0412, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0953, T = 173(2) K.
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8
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Molecular docking, 3D-QSAR and structural optimization on imidazo-pyridine derivatives dually targeting AT1 and PPARg. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25612-25627. [PMID: 28445965 PMCID: PMC5421955 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telmisartan, a bifunctional agent of blood pressure lowering and glycemia reduction, was previously reported to antagonize angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor and partially activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) simultaneously. Through the modification to telmisartan, researchers designed and obtained imidazo-\pyridine derivatives with the IC50s of 0.49∼94.1 nM against AT1 and EC50s of 20∼3640 nM towards PPARγ partial activation. For minutely inquiring the interaction modes with the relevant receptor and analyzing the structure-activity relationships, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR (Quantitative structure-activity relationships) analysis of these imidazo-\pyridines on dual targets were conducted in this work. Docking approaches of these derivatives with both receptors provided explicit interaction behaviors and excellent matching degree with the binding pockets. The best CoMFA (Comparative Molecular Field Analysis) models exhibited predictive results of q2=0.553, r2=0.954, SEE=0.127, r2pred=0.779 for AT1 and q2=0.503, r2=1.00, SEE=0.019, r2pred=0.604 for PPARγ, respectively. The contour maps from the optimal model showed detailed information of structural features (steric and electrostatic fields) towards the biological activity. Combining the bioisosterism with the valuable information from above studies, we designed six molecules with better predicted activities towards AT1 and PPARγ partial activation. Overall, these results could be useful for designing potential dual AT1 antagonists and partial PPARγ agonists.
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9
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Jia WQ, Jing Z, Liu X, Feng XY, Liu YY, Wang SQ, Xu WR, Liu JW, Cheng XC. Virtual identification of novel PPARα/γ dual agonists by scaffold hopping of saroglitazar. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3496-3512. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1392363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Jing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya-Ya Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Ren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Chao Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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10
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Hidalgo-Figueroa S, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Estrada-Soto S, Giles-Rivas D, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, León-Rivera I, Giacoman-Martínez A, Miranda Pérez E, Almanza-Pérez JC. Discovery of new dual PPARγ-GPR40 agonists with robust antidiabetic activity: Design, synthesis and in combo drug evaluation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:53-61. [PMID: 28342366 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of compounds 1 and 2 was based on the similar scaffold of pharmacophoric groups for PPARγ and GPR40 agonists. In order to find new compounds with improved biological activity, the current manuscript describes a new dual PPARγ-GPR40 agonist. We synthesized two compounds, which were prepared following a multistep synthetic route, and the relative mRNA expression levels of PPARγ, GLUT4, and GPR40 were quantified in cell culture, as well as insulin secretion and [Ca2+] intracellular levels. Compound 1 showed a 7-times increase in the mRNA expression of PPARγ, which in turn enhanced the expression levels of GLUT4 respect to control and pioglitazone. It also showed an increase of 2-fold in the [Ca2+]i level allowing an increment on insulin release, being as active as the positive control (glibenclamide), causing also an increase of 2-fold in mRNA expression of GPR40. Furthermore, the compound 2 showed lower activity than the compound 1. The ester of 1 showed antidiabetic activity at a 50mg/kg single dose in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic mice model. In addition, we achieved a molecular docking study of compound 1 on PPARγ and GPR40 receptors, showing a great affinity for both targets. We observed important polar interactions between the carboxylic group and main residues into the binding pocket. Therefore, the compound 1 has a potential for the development of antidiabetic agents with newfangled dual action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Samuel Estrada-Soto
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Diana Giles-Rivas
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Alarcón-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Ismael León-Rivera
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62209, Mexico
| | - Abraham Giacoman-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Miranda Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Julio C Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, D.C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Iztapalapa, Apdo.-Postal 55-535, CP 09340, México, D.F., Mexico.
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11
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Zhang J, Liu X, Wang SQ, Liu GY, Xu WR, Cheng XC, Wang RL. Identification of dual ligands targeting angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ by core hopping of telmisartan. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2665-2680. [PMID: 27602589 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1227726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported previously that some angiotensin II receptor blockers not only antagonize angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), but also exert stimulation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) partial activation, among which telmisartan displays the best. Telmisartan has been tested as a bifunctional ligand with antihypertensive and hypoglycemic activity. Aiming at more potent leads with selective AT1R antagonism and PPARγ partial agonism, the three parts of telmisartan including the distal benzimidazole ring, the biphenyl moiety, and the carboxylic acid group experienced modification by core hopping method in our study. The central benzimidazole ring, however, remained intact considering its great affinity toward AT1R and PPARγ. We utilized computational techniques for the sake of details on the binding interactions and conformational stability. Standard precision docking analysis and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity prediction received 10 molecules with higher Glide scores, similar interactions, and improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to telmisartan. Comp#91 with highest scores for AT1R (-11.92 kcal/mol) and PPARγ (-13.88 kcal/mol) exhibited excellent binding modes and pharmacokinetic parameters. Molecular dynamics trajectories on best docking pose of comp#91 confirmed the docking results and verified the conformational stability with both receptors throughout the course of 20-ns simulations. Thus, comp#91 could be identified as a promising lead in the development of dual AT1R antagonist and PPARγ partial agonist against hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Xin Liu
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Gui-You Liu
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Wei-Ren Xu
- b Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery , Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research , Tianjin 300193 , China
| | - Xian-Chao Cheng
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
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12
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Du C, Wu M, Liu H, Ren Y, Du Y, Wu H, Wei J, Liu C, Yao F, Wang H, Zhu Y, Duan H, Shi Y. Thioredoxin-interacting protein regulates lipid metabolism via Akt/mTOR pathway in diabetic kidney disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:1-13. [PMID: 27497988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism contributes to the renal lipid accumulation, which is associated with diabetic kidney disease, but its precise mechanism remains unclear. The growing evidence demonstrates that thioredoxin-interacting protein is involved in regulating cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of thioredoxin-interacting protein on lipid accumulation in diabetic kidney disease. In contrast to the diabetic wild-type mice, the physical and biochemical parameters were improved in the diabetic thioredoxin-interacting protein knockout mice. The increased renal lipid accumulation, expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, and phosphorylated Akt and mTOR associated with diabetes in wild-type mice was attenuated in diabetic thioredoxin-interacting protein knockout mice. Furthermore, thioredoxin-interacting protein knockout significantly increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferaser 1 in diabetic kidneys. In vitro experiments, using HK-2 cells, revealed that knockdown of thioredoxin-interacting protein inhibited high glucose-mediated lipid accumulation, expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, as well as activation of Akt and mTOR. Moreover, knockdown of thioredoxin-interacting protein reversed high glucose-induced reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferaser 1 expression in HK-2 cells. Importantly, blockade of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway with LY294002, a specific PI3K inhibitor, replicated these effects of thioredoxin-interacting protein silencing. Taken together, these data suggest that thioredoxin-interacting protein deficiency alleviates diabetic renal lipid accumulation through regulation of Akt/mTOR pathway, thioredoxin-interacting protein may be a potential therapeutic target for diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunzhuo Ren
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yunxia Du
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haijiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinying Wei
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chuxin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Laboratorical Center for Electron Microscopy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijun Duan
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Zhang J, Liu X, Xie XB, Cheng XC, Wang RL. Multitargeted bioactive ligands for PPARs discovered in the last decade. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:635-663. [PMID: 27317624 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes took insulin resistance as the main clinical manifestation. PPARs have been reported to be the therapeutic targets of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Previously, PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone was restricted in clinic due to cardiomyocytes infarction, weight gain, and other serious side-effects, which were mainly due to the single and selective PPARγ agonism. In recent years, multitarget-directed PPAR agonists with synergistic reaction as well as fewer side-effect have been the hot topic in designing promising agents. In this review, we updated and generalized the development of PPARγ partial agonists, PPARγ antagonists, PPARα/γ dual agonists, PPARδ partial agonists, PPARδ antagonists, PPARα/δ dual agonists, PPARγ/δ dual agonists, and PPARα/γ/δ pan-agonists published in recent decade. Most of these molecules were modified from known structures or came from high-throughput screening. Among these molecules, some were expected to be promising drugs against metabolic disorders, while others seemed to provide new insight for designing novel PPAR agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xian-Bin Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xian-Chao Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Run-Ling Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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