Antibacterial and anticancer activity of a series of novel peptides incorporating cyclic tetra-substituted Cα amino acids

Peptide-based drugs in immunotherapy: current advances and future prospects

In immunotherapy, peptide-based medications are showing great promise as a new class of therapies that can be used to treat autoimmune diseases, cancer, and other immune-related conditions. Peptides are being created for use in immunotherapy as vaccines, immunological modulators, and adjuvants because of their capacity to precisely alter immune responses. They can imitate endogenous signals or interact with immune cells, improving the body's capacity to identify and combat malignancies or reestablishing immunological tolerance in autoimmune disorders. Notably, peptide-based treatments have demonstrated promise in promoting tumor-specific immune responses and improving the effectiveness of already available immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Notwithstanding its potential, peptide-based medications' clinical translation is fraught with difficulties, such as those pertaining to immunogenicity, bioavailability, and peptide stability. Overcoming these obstacles has been made possible by developments in peptide engineering, including pharmacokinetic optimization, receptor-binding affinity enhancement, and the creation of innovative delivery systems. The targeted distribution and effectiveness of peptide medications can be improved by using liposomes, nanoparticles, and other delivery methods, increasing their therapeutic utility. With an emphasis on recent scientific developments, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses, this review examines the present status of peptide-based medications in immunotherapy. We also look at the obstacles that still need to be overcome in order to get peptide-based treatments from the lab to the clinic and offer suggestions for future research initiatives. By tackling these important problems, we hope to demonstrate how peptide-based medications have the ability to revolutionize immunotherapeutic treatment approaches.

Chemical Strategies towards the Development of Effective Anticancer Peptides

Cancer is increasingly recognized as one of the primary causes of death and has become a multifaceted global health issue. Modern medical science has made significant advancements in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer over the past decade. The detrimental side effects, lack of efficacy, and multidrug resistance of conventional cancer therapies have created an urgent need for novel anticancer therapeutics or treatments with low cytotoxicity and drug resistance. The pharmaceutical groups have recognized the crucial role that peptide therapeutic agents can play in addressing unsatisfied healthcare demands and how these become great supplements or even preferable alternatives to biological therapies and small molecules. Anticancer peptides, as a vibrant therapeutic strategy against various cancer cells, have demonstrated incredible anticancer potential due to high specificity and selectivity, low toxicity, and the ability to target the surface of traditional "undruggable" proteins. This review will provide the research progression of anticancer peptides, mainly focusing on the discovery and modifications along with the optimization and application of these peptides in clinical practice.

Fatty acid modification of casein bioactive peptides nano-assemblies, synthesis, characterization and anticarcinogenic effect

In this study, the nano-assemblies of bovine casein hydrolyzed peptides (HP) modified by fatty acids with various alkyl chain lengths (C8, C10, C12 and C14) were synthesized. The physicochemical properties of HP-C8-HP-C14 nano-assemblies were characterized using spectra, laser particle size analyzer, contact angle meter, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and cryo-transmission electron microscope (Cryo-TEM). HP-C8 and HP-C10 self-assembled into a hollow cube cage with an average size of ~500 nm, and the assembly of HP-C12 showed a flower-shaped morphology with more dispersed behavior, and droplet size was observed as ~20 nm. The in vitro cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cells MCF-7 was tested using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis. HP-C12 showed the highest cytotoxicity for MCF-7 cells with an inhibition rate of 66.03 % ± 0.35 % with an IC50 value of 7.4 μM among HP-Cn. HP-C8, HP-C10 and HP-C12 significantly affected on the migration, invasion and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. The apoptosis mechanism may depend on the upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 as well as pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-8. The dead MCF-7 cells were analyzed with UHPLC-MS/MS using untargeted metabolomics, revealing key metabolic pathways.

Role of Anti-Cancer Peptides as Immunomodulatory Agents: Potential and Design Strategy

The usage of peptide-based drugs to combat cancer is gaining significance in the pharmaceutical industry. The collateral damage caused to normal cells due to the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. has given an impetus to the search for alternative methods of cancer treatment. For a long time, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been shown to display anticancer activity. However, the immunomodulatory activity of anti-cancer peptides has not been researched very extensively. The interconnection of cancer and immune responses is well-known. Hence, a search and design of molecules that can show anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity can be lead molecules in this field. A large number of anti-cancer peptides show good immunomodulatory activity by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory responses that assist cancer progression. Here, we thoroughly review both the naturally occurring and synthetic anti-cancer peptides that are reported to possess both anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity. We also assess the structural and biophysical parameters that can be utilized to improve the activity. Both activities are mostly reported by different groups, however, we discuss them together to highlight their interconnection, which can be used in the future to design peptide drugs in the field of cancer therapeutics.

Study of Biological Activities and ADMET-Related Properties of Salicylanilide-Based Peptidomimetics

A series of eleven benzylated intermediates and eleven target compounds derived from salicylanilide were tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 as reference strains and against three clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and three isolates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis. In addition, the compounds were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and M. smegmatis ATCC 700084. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed using the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. The lipophilicity of the prepared compounds was experimentally determined and correlated with biological activity. The benzylated intermediates were found to be completely biologically inactive. Of the final eleven compounds, according to the number of amide groups in the molecule, eight are diamides, and three are triamides that were inactive. 5-Chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S)- 4-(methylsulfanyl)-1-oxo-1-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino}butan-2-yl]benzamide (3e) and 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S)-(4-methyl-1-oxo-1-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino)pentan-2-yl)benzamide (3f) showed the broadest spectrum of activity against all tested species/isolates comparable to the used standards (ampicillin and isoniazid). Six diamides showed high antistaphylococcal activity with MICs ranging from 0.070 to 8.95 μM. Three diamides showed anti-enterococcal activity with MICs ranging from 4.66 to 35.8 μM, and the activities of 3f and 3e against M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis were MICs of 18.7 and 35.8 μM, respectively. All the active compounds were microbicidal. It was observed that the connecting linker between the chlorsalicylic and 4-CF3-anilide cores must be substituted with a bulky and/or lipophilic chain such as isopropyl, isobutyl, or thiabutyl chain. Anticancer activity on THP-1 cells IC50 ranged from 1.4 to >10 µM and increased with increasing lipophilicity.

Anti-cancer peptides: their current trends in the development of peptide-based therapy and anti-tumor drugs

Human cancer remains a cause of high mortality throughout the world. The conventional methods and therapies currently employed for treatment are followed by moderate-to-severe side effects. They have not generated curative results due to the ineffectiveness of treatments. Besides, the associated high costs, technical requirements, and cytotoxicity further characterize their limitations. Due to relatively higher presidencies, bioactive peptides with anti-cancer attributes have recently become treatment choices within the therapeutic arsenal. The peptides act as potential anti-cancer agents explicitly targeting tumor cells while being less toxic to normal cells. The anti-cancer peptides are isolated from various natural sources, exhibit high selectivity and high penetration efficiency, and could be quickly restructured. The therapeutic benefits of compatible anti-cancer peptides have contributed to the significant expansion of cancer treatment; albeit, the mechanisms by which bioactive peptides inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells remain unclear. This review will provide a framework for assessing anti-cancer peptides' structural and functional aspects. It shall provide appropriate information on their mode of action to support and strengthen efforts to improve cancer prevention. The article will mention the therapeutic health benefits of anti-cancer peptides. Their importance in clinical studies is elaborated for reducing cancer incidences and developing sustainable treatment models.

Biomedical applications of L-alanine produced by Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+)

L-alanine possesses extensive physiological functionality and tremendous pharmacological significance, therefore could be considered as potential ingredient for food, pharmaceutical, and personal care products. However, therapeutic properties of L-alanine still need to be addressed in detail to further strengthen its utilization as a viable ingredient for developing natural therapeutics with minimum side effects. Thus, the present study was aimed to explore the anticipated therapeutic potential of L-alanine, produced microbially using a lactic acid bacterial strain Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD⁺) expressing L-alanine dehydrogenase enzyme. The anticipated therapeutic potential of L-alanine was assessed in terms of anti-proliferative, anti-bacterial, and anti-urolithiatic properties. Anti-bacterial assays revealed that L-alanine successfully inhibited growth and in vitro proliferation of important human pathogens including Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Vibrio cholerae in a concentration-dependent manner. Current investigation has also revealed its significant anti-proliferative potential against human lung adenocarcinoma (A549; IC₅₀ 7.32 μM) and mammary gland adenocarcinoma (MCF-7; IC₅₀ 8.81 μM) cells. The anti-urolithiatic potential of L-alanine was augmented over three different phases, viz., nucleation inhibition, aggregation inhibition, and oxalate depletion. Further, an in vitro cell culture-based kidney stone dissolution model using HEK293-T cells was also established to further strengthen its anti-urolithiatic potential. This is probably the first in vitro cell culture-based model which experimentally validates the immense therapeutic efficacy of L-alanine in treating urolithiasis disease. KEY POINTS: • Assessment of therapeutic potential of L-alanine produced by LAB. • L-alanine exhibited significant anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial activities. • L-alanine as potential anti-urolithiatic agent.

Antimicrobial/anticancer peptides: bioactive molecules and therapeutic agents

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been known as host-defense peptides. These cationic and amphipathic peptides are relatively short (∼5-50 L-amino acids) with molecular weight less than 10 kDa. AMPs have various roles including immunomodulatory, angiogenic and antitumor activities. Anticancer peptides (ACPs) are a main subset of AMPs as a novel therapeutic approach against tumor cells. The physicochemical properties of the ACPs influence their cell penetration, stability and efficiency of targeting. Up to now, several databases and web servers for in silico prediction of AMPs/ACPs have been established prior to the lab analysis. The present review focuses on the recent advancement about AMPs/ACPs activities including their in silico prediction by computational tools and their potential applications as therapeutic agents especially in cancer.

Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Tubercular Leads: A Concise Review

Despite being considered a public health emergency for the last 25 years, tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the deadliest infectious diseases, responsible for over a million deaths every year. The length and toxicity of available treatments and the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis renders standard regimens increasingly inefficient and emphasizes the urgency to develop new approaches that are not only cost- and time-effective but also less toxic. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are small cationic and amphipathic molecules that play a vital role in the host immune system by acting as a first barrier against invading pathogens. The broad spectrum of properties that peptides possess make them one of the best possible alternatives for a new “post-antibiotic” era. In this context, research into AMP as potential anti-tubercular agents has been driven by the increasing danger revolving around the emergence of extremely-resistant strains, the innate resistance that mycobacteria possess and the low compliance of patients towards the toxic anti-TB treatments. In this review, we will focus on AMP from various sources, such as animal, non-animal and synthetic, with reported inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Anti-cancer peptides: classification, mechanism of action, reconstruction and modification

Anti-cancer peptides (ACPs) are a series of short peptides composed of 10-60 amino acids that can inhibit tumour cell proliferation or migration, or suppress the formation of tumour blood vessels, and are less likely to cause drug resistance. The aforementioned merits make ACPs the most promising anti-cancer candidate. However, ACPs may be degraded by proteases, or result in cytotoxicity in many cases. To overcome these drawbacks, a plethora of research has focused on reconstruction or modification of ACPs to improve their anti-cancer activity, while reducing their cytotoxicity. The modification of ACPs mainly includes main chain reconstruction and side chain modification. After summarizing the classification and mechanism of action of ACPs, this paper focuses on recent development and progress about their reconstruction and modification. The information collected here may provide some ideas for further research on ACPs, in particular their modification.

Anticancer peptide: Physicochemical property, functional aspect and trend in clinical application (Review)

Cancer is currently ineffectively treated using therapeutic drugs, and is also able to resist drug action, resulting in increased side effects following drug treatment. A novel therapeutic strategy against cancer cells is the use of anticancer peptides (ACPs). The physicochemical properties, amino acid composition and the addition of chemical groups on the ACP sequence influences their conformation, net charge and orientation of the secondary structure, leading to an effect on targeting specificity and ACP-cell interaction, as well as peptide penetrating capability, stability and efficacy. ACPs have been developed from both naturally occurring and modified peptides by substituting neutral or anionic amino acid residues with cationic amino acid residues, or by adding a chemical group. The modified peptides lead to an increase in the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Due to this effectiveness, ACPs have recently been improved to form drugs and vaccines, which have sequentially been evaluated in various phases of clinical trials. The development of the ACPs remains focused on generating newly modified ACPs for clinical application in order to decrease the incidence of new cancer cases and decrease the mortality rate. The present review could further facilitate the design of ACPs and increase efficacious ACP therapy in the near future.

Antimicrobial Peptides as Anticancer Agents: Functional Properties and Biological Activities

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), or host defense peptides, are small cationic or amphipathic molecules produced by prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that play a key role in the innate immune defense against viruses, bacteria and fungi. AMPs have either antimicrobial or anticancer activities. Indeed, cationic AMPs are able to disrupt microbial cell membranes by interacting with negatively charged phospholipids. Moreover, several peptides are capable to trigger cytotoxicity of human cancer cells by binding to negatively charged phosphatidylserine moieties which are selectively exposed on the outer surface of cancer cell plasma membranes. In addition, some AMPs, such as LTX-315, have shown to induce release of tumor antigens and potent damage associated molecular patterns by causing alterations in the intracellular organelles of cancer cells. Given the recognized medical need of novel anticancer drugs, AMPs could represent a potential source of effective therapeutic agents, either alone or in combination with other small molecules, in oncology. In this review we summarize and describe the properties and the mode of action of AMPs as well as the strategies to increase their selectivity toward specific cancer cells.

Photo-induced synthesis, structure and in vitro bioactivity of a natural cyclic peptide Yunnanin A analog

A cyclic analog of natural peptide Yunnanin A was synthesized via photoinduced single electron transfer reaction (SET) in the paper. The resulting compound exhibited potent bioactivity (with IC50 values 29.25 μg mL-1 against HepG-2 cell lines and 65.01 μg mL-1 against HeLa cell lines), but almost have no toxicity to normal cells (with IC50 values 203.25 μg mL-1 against L929 cell lines), which may be served as a potential antitumor drug for medical treatment. The spatial structure was examined by experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and quantum chemistry calculations. Moreover, the theoretical study suggested that special intramolecular hydrogen bonds and γ, β-turn secondary structures may be possible sources affecting cyclic peptide's bioactivity.

Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides for Tuberculosis: A Mini-Review

Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) can be considered as new potential therapeutic agents for Tuberculosis treatment with a specific amino acid sequence. New studies can be developed in the future to improve the pharmacological properties of CAMPs and also understand possible resistance mechanisms. This review discusses the principal properties of natural and/or synthetic CAMPs, and how these new peptides have a significant specificity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Also, we propose some alternative strategies to enhance the therapeutic activity of these CAMPs that include coadministration with nanoparticles and/or classic drugs.

Potent cationic antimicrobial peptides against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro

BACKGROUND

Tuberculosis (TB) is known to be one of the 10 causes of global death by infectious agents. The increasing numbers of multiple antibiotic resistance (MDR-TB) and cases of extensive resistance to antibiotics (XDR-TB) have led to the development of new and effective TB therapy. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) have emerged in the research as a safe and effective treatment against a variable range of bacterial and fungi pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis).

METHOD

This study developed a new CAMP coupled with cinnamic acid derivatives, and studied the antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv) and MDR-TB.

RESULTS

All modified CAMPs showed enhanced activity against both M. tuberculosis strains and were capable of disrupting heavy clumping of mycobacteria in culture. In addition, all modified CAMPs were able to substantially inhibit the intracellular growth of both strains at low concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

The characteristic proprieties of cinnamic acid+CAMP(n) successfully inhibited the growth of both clinical isolates M. tuberculosis and MDR-TB in vitro and have, for now, promising use as a drug adjuvant due to their effect on mycobacteria growth.

Expanding the Genetic Code of Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli to Incorporate Non-canonical Amino Acids for Production of Modified Lantibiotics

The incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, e.g., nisin from the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis, bears great potential to expand the chemical space of various antimicrobials. The ncAA N_ε-Boc-L-lysine (BocK) was chosen for incorporation into nisin using the archaeal pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase–tRNA^Pyl pair to establish orthogonal translation in L. lactis for read-through of in-frame amber stop codons. In parallel, recombinant nisin production and orthogonal translation were combined in Escherichia coli cells. Both organisms synthesized bioactive nisin(BocK) variants. Screening of a nisin amber codon library revealed suitable sites for ncAA incorporation and two variants displayed high antimicrobial activity. Orthogonal translation in E. coli and L. lactis presents a promising tool to create new-to-nature nisin derivatives.

A convenient synthesis of novel amino acid derivatives with potential antibacterial activity using sustainable materials

Following the principles of green chemistry, cardanol derivatives have been used as renewable, low-cost and easily available natural starting materials to construct a variety of protected and unprotected amino acid derivatives. The reaction of cardanol derivatives with different phthalylamino acids including glycine, alanine, phenylalanine and valine in the presence of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as coupling reagent yielded the target compounds in high yields. Deprotection of phthalylamino acid derivatives was achieved by heating with hydrazine hydrate. The chemical structures of all products were confirmed by spectral (FTIR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) and elemental analyses. The synthesised products were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, and the compounds exhibited potent to weak activity in comparison with a standard drug.

Peptides with Dual Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities

In recent years, the number of people suffering from cancer and multi-resistant infections has increased, such that both diseases are already seen as current and future major causes of death. Moreover, chronic infections are one of the main causes of cancer, due to the instability in the immune system that allows cancer cells to proliferate. Likewise, the physical debility associated with cancer or with anticancer therapy itself often paves the way for opportunistic infections. It is urgent to develop new therapeutic methods, with higher efficiency and lower side effects. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in the innate immune system of a wide range of organisms. Identified as the most promising alternative to conventional molecules used nowadays against infections, some of them have been shown to have dual activity, both as antimicrobial and anticancer peptides (ACPs). Highly cationic and amphipathic, they have demonstrated efficacy against both conditions, with the number of nature-driven or synthetically designed peptides increasing year by year. With similar properties, AMPs that can also act as ACPs are viewed as future chemotherapeutic drugs, with the advantage of low propensity to resistance, which started this paradigm in the pharmaceutical market. These peptides have already been described as molecules presenting killing mechanisms at the membrane level, but also acting toward intracellular targets, which increases their success compartively to one-target specific drugs. This review will approach the desirable characteristics of small peptides that demonstrated dual activity against microbial infections and cancer, as well as the peptides engaged in clinical trials.

Prospects of In vivo Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids for the Chemical Diversification of Antimicrobial Peptides

The incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAA) is an elegant way for the chemical diversification of recombinantly produced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Residue- and site-specific installation methods in several bacterial production hosts hold great promise for the generation of new-to-nature AMPs, and can contribute to tackle the ongoing emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. Especially from a pharmacological point of view, desirable improvements span pH and protease resistance, solubility, oral availability and circulation half-life. Although the primary focus of this report is on ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), we have included selected cases of peptides produced by solid phase peptide synthesis to comparatively show the potential and impact of ncAA introduction. Generally speaking, the introduction of ncAAs in recombinant AMPs delivers novel levels of chemical diversification. Cotranslationally incorporated, they can take part in AMP biogenesis either through direction interaction with elements of the post-translational modification (PTM) machinery or as untargeted sites with unique physicochemical properties and chemical handles for further modification. Together with genetic libraries, genome mining and processing by PTM machineries, ncAAs present not a mere addition to this process, but a highly diverse pool of building blocks to significantly broaden the chemical space of this valuable class of molecules. This perspective summarizes new developments of ncAA containing peptides. Challenges to be resolved in order to reach large-scale pharmaceutical production of these promising compounds and prospects for future developments are discussed.