1
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Shtyrlin NV, Kayumov AR, Agafonova MN, Garipov MR, Gatina AE, Pugachev MV, Bulatova ES, Grishaev DY, Iksanova AG, Khaziev RM, Ganiev IM, Aimaletdinov AM, Gnezdilov OI, Shtyrlin YG. Synthesis and biological evaluation of fluoroquinolones containing a pyridoxine derivatives moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115798. [PMID: 37729692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of series of 7-substituted fluoroquinolones with pyridoxine derivatives. In vitro screening of antibacterial activity and toxicity of 39 synthesized fluoroquinolones defined compounds 7 and 28 as lead compounds for further investigations. On various clinical isolates lead compounds 7 and 28 exhibited antibacterial activity comparable with reference fluoroqinolones. Mutagenic effects haven't been observed for these compounds in SOS-chromotest. Compound 7 are non-toxic in vivo on mice (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg, oral) and rats (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg, oral). Compound 28 was more toxic (LD50 = 474 mg/kg, oral, mice). Moreover compound 7 showed greater in vivo efficacy compared to ciprofloxacin in a murine model of staphylococcal sepsis. Taken together the described active compound are promising candidate for preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Shtyrlin
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.
| | - Airat R Kayumov
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Maria N Agafonova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Marsel R Garipov
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Alina E Gatina
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Pugachev
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Bulatova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Y Grishaev
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Alfiya G Iksanova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Rail M Khaziev
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Ilnur M Ganiev
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M Aimaletdinov
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg I Gnezdilov
- Kazan E. K. Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", 10/7 ul. Sibirskiy trakt, Kazan, 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Yurii G Shtyrlin
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.
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2
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Liu P, Jiang Y, Jiao L, Luo Y, Wang X, Yang T. Strategies for the Discovery of Oxazolidinone Antibacterial Agents: Development and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13860-13873. [PMID: 37807849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxazolidinones represent a significant class of synthetic bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors that are primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria. The commercial success of linezolid, the first FDA-approved oxazolidinone antibiotic, has motivated researchers to develop more potent oxazolidinones by employing various drug development strategies to fight against antimicrobial resistance, some of which have shown promising results. Thus, this Perspective aims to discuss the strategies employed in constructing oxazolidinone-based antibacterial agents and summarize recent advances in discovering oxazolidinone antibiotics to provide valuable insights for potentially developing next-generation oxazolidinone antibacterial agents or other pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxian Liu
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunhan Jiang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Jiao
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Mohammed HHH, Ali DME, Badr M, Habib AGK, Mahmoud AM, Farhan SM, Gany SSHAE, Mohamad SA, Hayallah AM, Abbas SH, Abuo-Rahma GEDA. Synthesis and molecular docking of new N4-piperazinyl ciprofloxacin hybrids as antimicrobial DNA gyrase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023; 27:1751-1765. [PMID: 36152132 PMCID: PMC10415461 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-4 piperazinyl ciprofloxacin derivatives as urea-tethered ciprofloxacin-chalcone hybrids 2a-j and thioacetyl-linked ciprofloxacin-pyrimidine hybrids 5a-i were synthesized. The target compounds were investigated for their antibacterial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans strains, respectively. Ciprofloxacin derivatives 2a-j and 5a-i revealed broad antibacterial activity against either Gram positive or Gram negative strains, with MIC range of 0.06-42.23 µg/mL compared to ciprofloxacin with an MIC range of 0.15-3.25 µg/mL. Among the tested compounds, hybrids 2b, 2c, 5a, 5b, 5h, and 5i exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity with MIC range of 0.06-1.53 µg/mL against the tested bacterial strains. On the other hand, compounds 2c, 2e, 5c, and 5e showed comparable antifungal activity to ketoconazole against candida albicans with MIC range of 2.03-3.89 µg/mL and 2.6 µg/mL, respectively. Further investigations showed that some ciprofloxacin hybrids have inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase as potential molecular target compared to ciprofloxacin with IC50 range of 0.231 ± 0.01-7.592 ± 0.40 µM and 0.323 ± 0.02 µM, respectively. Docking studies of compounds 2b, 2c, 5b, 5c, 5e, 5h, and 5i on the active site of DNA gyrase (PDB: 2XCT) confirmed their ability to form stable complex with the target enzyme like that of ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada H H Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, 61768, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohamed Badr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G K Habib
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Abobakr Mohamed Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, 61768, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Farhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, 61768, Egypt
| | | | - Soad A Mohamad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Minya, 61768, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Hayallah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, El Fateh, 71526, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Egypt
| | - Samar H Abbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, 61768, Egypt.
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4
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Koh AJJ, Thombare V, Hussein M, Rao GG, Li J, Velkov T. Bifunctional antibiotic hybrids: A review of clinical candidates. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1158152. [PMID: 37397488 PMCID: PMC10313405 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1158152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a top threat to human health and a priority across the globe. This problematic issue is accompanied by the decline of new antibiotics in the pipeline over the past 30 years. In this context, an urgent need to develop new strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance is in great demand. Lately, among the possible approaches used to deal with antimicrobial resistance is the covalent ligation of two antibiotic pharmacophores that target the bacterial cells through a dissimilar mode of action into a single hybrid molecule, namely hybrid antibiotics. This strategy exhibits several advantages, including better antibacterial activity, overcoming the existing resistance towards individual antibiotics, and may ultimately delay the onset of bacterial resistance. This review sheds light on the latest development of the dual antibiotic hybrids pipeline, their potential mechanisms of action, and challenges in their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Jing Jie Koh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Varsha Thombare
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Maytham Hussein
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Gauri G. Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIP, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
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5
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Uygun Cebeci Y, Ceylan Ş, Altun M, Alpay Karaoğlu Ş. Synthesis and Characterization of Some Azole Derivatives as Potential Biological and Anticancer Agents. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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6
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Yuan S, Shen DD, Bai YR, Zhang M, Zhou T, Sun C, Zhou L, Wang SQ, Liu HM. Oxazolidinone: A promising scaffold for the development of antibacterial drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115239. [PMID: 36893700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the long-term and widespread use of antibiotics in clinic, the problem of bacterial resistance is increasingly serious, and the development of new drugs to treat drug-resistant bacteria has gradually become the mainstream direction of antibiotic research. The oxazolidinone-containing drugs linezolid, tedizolid phosphate and contezolid have been approved to the market, which are effective against a variety of Gram-positive bacterium infections. Moreover, there are also many antibiotics containing oxazolidinone fragment under clinical investigation that show good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties with unique mechanism of action against resistant bacteria. In this review, we summarized the oxazolidinone-based antibiotics already on the market or in clinical trials and the representative bioactive molecules, and mainly focused on their structural optimizations, development strategies and structure-activity relationships in hope of insight into the reasonable design for medical chemists to develop new oxazolidinone antibiotics with highly potency and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment Zhengzhou China, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yi-Ru Bai
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chong Sun
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Fluoroquinolones Hybrid Molecules as Promising Antibacterial Agents in the Fight against Antibacterial Resistance. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081749. [PMID: 36015376 PMCID: PMC9414178 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial resistance has motivated researchers to discover new antibacterial agents. Nowadays, fluoroquinolones keep their status as one of the essential classes of antibacterial agents. The new generations of fluoroquinolones are valuable therapeutic tools with a spectrum of activity, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. This review article surveys the design of fluoroquinolone hybrids with other antibacterial agents or active compounds and underlines the new hybrids' antibacterial properties. Antibiotic fluoroquinolone hybrids have several advantages over combined antibiotic therapy. Thus, some challenges related to joining two different molecules are under study. Structurally, the obtained hybrids may contain a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, an essential element for their pharmacokinetic properties and mechanism of action. The design of hybrids seems to provide promising antibacterial agents helpful in the fight against more virulent and resistant strains. These hybrid structures have proven superior antibacterial activity and less susceptibility to bacterial resistance than the component molecules. In addition, fluoroquinolone hybrids have demonstrated other biological effects such as anti-HIV, antifungal, antiplasmodic/antimalarial, and antitumor activity. Many fluoroquinolone hybrids are in various phases of clinical trials, raising hopes that new antibacterial agents will be approved shortly.
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8
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Wang K, Chen Y, Wang S, Zhang Q. A convenient synthesis of linezolid through Buchwald-Hartwig amination. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Aziz HA, El-Saghier AMM, Badr M, Abuo-Rahma GEDA, Shoman ME. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione-linked ciprofloxacin derivatives with broad-spectrum antibacterial, MRSA and topoisomerase inhibitory activities. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1743-1759. [PMID: 34455532 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of ciprofloxacin/thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids 3a-m were prepared and identified by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and elemental analysis. The antibacterial activity results of the designed hybrids revealed a shift of spectrum toward Gram-positive bacteria. They exhibited excellent activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538, with the most potent compounds being 3a, 3e, 3g, 3i, 3k, 3l and 3m possessing MICs of 0.02, 2.03, 0.64, 0.35, 1.04, 0.22 and 0.36 µM, respectively, compared to their parent compound ciprofloxacin (MIC: 5.49 µM). They also showed interesting activity against MRSA AUMC 261 with 3a, 3e and 3l showing MIC values of 5 nM. Reduced activity was observed against Gram-negative bacteria with compound 3l exhibiting a slightly higher activity against K. pneumoniae ATCC10031 with a MIC value of 0. 08 µM. Mechanistically, the incorporation of thiazolidine-2,4-dione ring into ciprofloxacin retained its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis via inhibiting both topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase of S. aureus. Compounds 3a, 3l and 3m were more potent than ciprofloxacin for topoisomerase IV (IC50 = 0.3-1.9 μM) and gyrase (IC50 = 0.22-0.31 µM) inhibition, which coincide with their antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538. Docking against DNA gyrase active site confirmed the ability of the tested compounds to form stable complexes with the enzyme; like that of ciprofloxacin, 3a, 3i, 3k, 3m and 3l reconsidered promising broad-spectrum antibacterial agents targeting topoisomerase IV and gyrase enzymes and have good activity against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossameldin A Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.,Sohag Cancer Center, Sohag, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Badr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Deraya University, New Minia, Minia, Egypt.
| | - Mai E Shoman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
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Rusu A, Lungu IA, Moldovan OL, Tanase C, Hancu G. Structural Characterization of the Millennial Antibacterial (Fluoro)Quinolones-Shaping the Fifth Generation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081289. [PMID: 34452252 PMCID: PMC8399897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the class of antibacterial quinolones includes the introduction in therapy of highly successful compounds. Although many representatives were withdrawn due to severe adverse reactions, a few representatives have proven their therapeutical value over time. The classification of antibacterial quinolones into generations is a valuable tool for physicians, pharmacists, and researchers. In addition, the transition from one generation to another has brought new representatives with improved properties. In the last two decades, several representatives of antibacterial quinolones received approval for therapy. This review sets out to chronologically outline the group of approved antibacterial quinolones since 2000. Special attention is given to eight representatives: besifloxacin, delafoxacin, finafloxacin, lascufloxacin, nadifloxacin and levonadifloxacin, nemonoxacin, and zabofloxacin. These compounds have been characterized regarding physicochemical properties, formulations, antibacterial activity spectrum and advantageous structural characteristics related to antibacterial efficiency. At present these new compounds (with the exception of nadifloxacin) are reported differently, most often in the fourth generation and less frequently in a new generation (the fifth). Although these new compounds' mechanism does not contain essential new elements, the question of shaping a new generation (the fifth) arises, based on higher potency and broad spectrum of activity, including resistant bacterial strains. The functional groups that ensured the biological activity, good pharmacokinetic properties and a safety profile were highlighted. In addition, these new representatives have a low risk of determining bacterial resistance. Several positive aspects are added to the fourth fluoroquinolones generation, characteristics that can be the basis of the fifth generation. Antibacterial quinolones class continues to acquire new compounds with antibacterial potential, among other effects. Numerous derivatives, hybrids or conjugates are currently in various stages of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Rusu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.R.); (G.H.)
| | - Ioana-Andreea Lungu
- The Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.-A.L.); (O.-L.M.)
| | - Octavia-Laura Moldovan
- The Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.-A.L.); (O.-L.M.)
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Pharmaceutical Botany Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-215-543
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (A.R.); (G.H.)
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Kowalczuk D, Gładysz A, Pitucha M, Kamiński DM, Barańska A, Drop B. Spectroscopic Study of the Molecular Structure of the New Hybrid with a Potential Two-Way Antibacterial Effect. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051442. [PMID: 33799954 PMCID: PMC7961860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial strains become resistant to almost all classes of antibiotics, which makes it necessary to look for new substitutes. The non-absorbable ciprofloxacin–biguanide bismuth complex, used locally, may be a good alternative to a conventional therapy. The purpose of this study was to study the structure of the proposed ciprofloxacin (CIP) -bismuth(III)—chlorhexidine (CHX) composite (CIP-Bi-CHX). The spectroscopic techniques such as UV-VIS (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy were used for structure characterization of the hybrid compound. The performed analysis confirmed the presence of the two active components—CIP and CHX and revealed the possible coordination sites of the ligands with bismuth ion in the metallo-organic structure. Spectroscopic study showed that the complexation between Bi(III) and CIP occurs through the carboxylate and ketone groups of the quinolone ring, while CHX combines with the central ion via the biguanide moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kowalczuk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-448-7388
| | - Agata Gładysz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Pitucha
- Independent Radiopharmacy Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Daniel M. Kamiński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Barańska
- Department of Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (B.D.)
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Design and Applications of Bifunctional Small Molecules in Biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140534. [PMID: 32871274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Fedorowicz J, Sączewski J, Konopacka A, Waleron K, Lejnowski D, Ciura K, Tomašič T, Skok Ž, Savijoki K, Morawska M, Gilbert-Girard S, Fallarero A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid quinolone-based quaternary ammonium antibacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:576-590. [PMID: 31279292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel fluoroquinolone-Safirinium dye hybrids was synthesized by means of tandem Mannich-electrophilic amination reactions from profluorophoric isoxazolones and antibiotics bearing a secondary amino group at position 7 of the quinoline ring. The obtained fluorescent spiro fused conjugates incorporating quaternary nitrogen atoms were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, MS, and elemental analysis. All the synthetic analogues (3a-h and 4a-h) were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial, bactericidal, and antibiofilm activities against a panel of Gram positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The most active Safirinium Q derivatives of lomefloxacin (4d) and ciprofloxacin (4e) exhibited molar-based antibacterial activities comparable to the unmodified drugs and displayed considerable inhibitory potencies in E. coli DNA gyrase supercoiling assays with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Zwiterionic hybrids were noticeably less lipophilic than the parent quinolones in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECK) experiments. The tests performed in the presence of phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN) or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) revealed that the conjugates are to some extent subject to bacterial efflux and cellular accumulation, respectively. Moreover, the hybrids did not exhibit notable cytotoxicity towards the HEK 293 control cell line and demonstrated low propensity for resistance development, as exemplified for compounds 3g and 4b. Finally, molecular docking experiments revealed that the synthesized compounds were able to bind in the fluoroquinolone-binding mode at S. aureus DNA gyrase and S. pneumoniae topoisomerase IV active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fedorowicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dawid Lejnowski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Skok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Małgorzata Morawska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shella Gilbert-Girard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
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Gao F, Wang P, Yang H, Miao Q, Ma L, Lu G. Recent developments of quinolone-based derivatives and their activities against Escherichia coli. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1223-1248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Ezelarab HAA, Abbas SH, Hassan HA, Abuo-Rahma GEDA. Recent updates of fluoroquinolones as antibacterial agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800141. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hend A. A. Ezelarab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Minia University; Minia Egypt
| | - Samar H. Abbas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Minia University; Minia Egypt
| | - Heba A. Hassan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Minia University; Minia Egypt
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16
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Jiang D. 4-Quinolone Derivatives and Their Activities Against Gram-negative Pathogens. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology; Hubei University of Science and Technology; Xianning Hubei China
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17
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Zhang GF, Liu X, Zhang S, Pan B, Liu ML. Ciprofloxacin derivatives and their antibacterial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:599-612. [PMID: 29407984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections represent a significant health threat globally, and are responsible for the majority of hospital-acquired infections, leading to extensive mortality and burden on global healthcare systems. The second generation fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin which exhibits excellent antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetic properties as well as few side effects is introduced into clinical practice for the treatment of various bacterial infections for around 3 decades. The emergency and widely spread of drug-resistant pathogens making ciprofloxacin more and more ineffective, so it's imperative to develop novel antibacterials. Numerous of ciprofloxacin derivatives have been synthesized for seeking for new antibacterials, and some of them exhibited promising potency. This review aims to summarize the recent advances made towards the discovery of ciprofloxacin derivatives as antibacterial agents and the structure-activity relationship of these derivatives was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fu Zhang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xianju, Zhejiang, 317300, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, PR China.
| | - Shu Zhang
- Pony Testing International Group (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China.
| | - Baofeng Pan
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xianju, Zhejiang, 317300, PR China
| | - Ming-Liang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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18
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4-Quinolone hybrids and their antibacterial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:335-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Zhang GF, Zhang S, Pan B, Liu X, Feng LS. 4-Quinolone derivatives and their activities against Gram positive pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:710-723. [PMID: 29220792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are responsible for a broad range of infectious diseases, and the emergency and wide spread of drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens including MRSA and MRSE has caused great concern throughout the world. 4-Quinolones which are exemplified by fluoroquinolones are mainstays of chemotherapy against various bacterial infections including Gram-positive pathogen infections, and their value and role in the treatment of bacterial infections continues to expand. However, the resistance of Gram-positive organisms to 4-quinolones develops rapidly and spreads widely, making them more and more ineffective. To overcome the resistance and reduce the toxicity, numerous of 4-quinolone derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro and in vivo activities against Gram-positive pathogens, and some of them exhibited excellent potency. This review aims to outlines the recent advances made towards the discovery of 4-quinolone-based derivatives as anti-Gram-positive pathogens agents and the critical aspects of design as well as the structure-activity relationship of these derivatives. The enriched SAR paves the way to the further rational development of 4-quinolones with a unique mechanism of action different from that of the currently used drugs to overcome the resistance, well-tolerated and low toxic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fu Zhang
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Life Science, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Pony Testing International Group (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China
| | - Baofeng Pan
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xianju, Zhejiang, 317300, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Zhejiang Xianju Junye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xianju, Zhejiang, 317300, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430081, PR China.
| | - Lian-Shun Feng
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
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20
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Klahn P, Brönstrup M. Bifunctional antimicrobial conjugates and hybrid antimicrobials. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:832-885. [PMID: 28530279 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2016Novel antimicrobial drugs are continuously needed to counteract bacterial resistance development. An innovative molecular design strategy for novel antibiotic drugs is based on the hybridization of an antibiotic with a second functional entity. Such conjugates can be grouped into two major categories. In the first category (antimicrobial hybrids), both functional elements of the hybrid exert antimicrobial activity. Due to the dual targeting, resistance development can be significantly impaired, the pharmacokinetic properties can be superior compared to combination therapies with the single antibiotics, and the antibacterial potency is often enhanced in a synergistic manner. In the second category (antimicrobial conjugates), one functional moiety controls the accumulation of the other part of the conjugate, e.g. by mediating an active transport into the bacterial cell or blocking the efflux. This approach is mostly applied to translocate compounds across the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria through membrane-embedded transporters (e.g. siderophore transporters) that provide nutrition and signalling compounds to the cell. Such 'Trojan Horse' approaches can expand the antibacterial activity of compounds against Gram-negative pathogens, or offer new options for natural products that could not be developed as standalone antibiotics, e.g. due to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klahn
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. and Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - M Brönstrup
- Department for Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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22
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Jones JA, Virga KG, Gumina G, Hevener KE. Recent Advances in the Rational Design and Optimization of Antibacterial Agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 7:1694-1715. [PMID: 27642504 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses next-generation antibacterial agents developed using rational, or targeted, drug design strategies. The focus of this review is on small-molecule compounds that have been designed to bypass developing bacterial resistance, improve the antibacterial spectrum of activity, and/or to optimize other properties, including physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Agents are discussed that affect known antibacterial targets, such as the bacterial ribosome, nucleic acid binding proteins, and proteins involved in cell-wall biosynthesis; as well as some affecting novel bacterial targets which do not have currently marketed agents. The discussion of the agents focuses on the rational design strategies employed and the synthetic medicinal chemistry and structure-based design techniques utilized by the scientists involved in the discoveries, including such methods as ligand- and structure-based strategies, structure-activity relationship (SAR) expansion strategies, and novel synthetic organic chemistry methods. As such, the discussion is limited to small-molecule therapeutics that have confirmed macromolecular targets and encompasses only a fraction of all antibacterial agents recently approved or in late-stage clinical trials. The antibacterial agents selected have been recently approved for use on the U.S. or European markets or have shown promising results in phase 2 or phase 3 U.S. CLINICAL TRIALS
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, 1311 E. Central Drive, Meridian, ID 83642-7991 (USA)
| | - Kristopher G Virga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 North Broad Street, Clinton, SC 29325 (USA)
| | - Giuseppe Gumina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, 307 North Broad Street, Clinton, SC 29325 (USA)
| | - Kirk E Hevener
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Idaho State University, 1311 E. Central Drive, Meridian, ID 83642-7991 (USA)
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Pavlović D, Mutak S. Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 4″-glycyl linked quinolyl-azithromycins with potent activity against macrolide-resistant pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1255-67. [PMID: 26860929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new azithromycin-based series of antibacterial macrolones is reported, which features the use of a 4″-ester linked glycin for tethering the quinolone side chain to the macrolide scaffold. Among the analogs prepared, compounds 9e and 22f with a quinolon-6-yl moiety were found to have potent and well-balanced activity against clinically important respiratory tract pathogens, including erythromycin-susceptible and MLSB resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae. In addition, potential lead compounds 9e and 22f demonstrated outstanding levels of activity against Moraxella catarrhalis and inducibly MLSB resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The best member of this series 22f rivals or exceeds, in potency, some of the most active ketolide antibacterial agents known today, such as telithromycin and cethromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dražen Pavlović
- PLIVA Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Stjepan Mutak
- PLIVA Research Institute, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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24
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Tevyashova AN, Olsufyeva EN, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Design of dual action antibiotics as an approach to search for new promising drugs. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Darehkordi A, Ramezani M, Rahmani F, Ramezani M. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Antibacterial Effects of a New Class of Piperazinylquinolone Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Darehkordi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan; Rafsanjan 77176 Iran
| | - Mahin Ramezani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan; Rafsanjan 77176 Iran
| | - Fariba Rahmani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan; Rafsanjan 77176 Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ramezani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Kerman Iran
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Rashid MU, Dalhoff A, Bäckström T, Björkhem-Bergman L, Panagiotidis G, Weintraub A, Nord CE. Ecological impact of MCB3837 on the normal human microbiota. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:125-30. [PMID: 24931053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MCB3837 is a novel, water-soluble, injectable prodrug that is rapidly converted to the active substance MCB3681 in vivo following intravenous (i.v.) administration. Both MCB3837 and MCB3681 are oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid molecules. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of MCB3681 on the human skin, nose, oropharyngeal and intestinal microbiota following administration of MCB3837. Twelve healthy male subjects received i.v. MCB3837 (6 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 5 days. Skin, nose, saliva and faecal samples were collected on Day -1 (pre dose), during administration on Days 2 and 5, and post dose on Days 8, 12 and 19. Micro-organisms were identified to genus level. No measurable concentrations of MCB3681 were found in any saliva samples or in the faecal samples on Day -1. On Day 2, 10 volunteers had faecal MCB3681 concentrations between 16.5 mg/kg faeces and 275.1mg/kg faeces; no MCB3681 in faeces could be detected in two of the volunteers. On Day 5, all volunteers had faecal concentrations of MCB3681 ranging from 98.9 to 226.3 mg/kg. MCB3681 caused no ecological changes in the skin, nasal and oropharyngeal microbiota. The numbers of enterococci, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and clostridia decreased in the intestinal microbiota during administration of the drug. Numbers of Escherichia coli, other enterobacteria and Candida were not affected during the study. There was no impact on the number of Bacteroides. The faecal microbiota was normalised on Day 19. No new colonising aerobic or anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria with MCB3681 minimum inhibitory concentrations of ≥4 mg/L were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun-Ur Rashid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel Dalhoff
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Institute for Infection Medicine, Brunswiker Str. 4, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäckström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Björkhem-Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios Panagiotidis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrej Weintraub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Erik Nord
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Ball AP, Bartlett JG, Craig WA, Drusano GL, Felmingham D, Garau JA, Klugman KP, Low DE, Mandell LA, Rubinstein E, Tillotson GS. Future Trends in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Expert Opinion on the 43rdICAAC. J Chemother 2013; 16:419-36. [PMID: 15565907 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.5.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The current document bestows an expert synopsis of key new information presented at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC) meeting in 2003. Data is presented on the socio-political aspects of and policies on antimicrobial prescribing, novel mechanisms of resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, and current epidemiological trends in global resistance. Novel information on new (and existing) antimicrobial agents--new penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and oxipenem inhibitors, ketolides, glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones (and hybrids), peptides, daptomycin, aminomethylcyclines, glycylcyclines, and newer formulations of agents such as amoxycillin-clavulanate--provides renewed hope that resistant pathogens can be controlled through use of more potent agents. Improved strategies for the use of existing antimicrobial agents, such as the use of high-dose regimens, short-course therapy, also may delay or reduce the development of resistance and preserve the value of our antibiotic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Ball
- University of St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
Three new series of 4-substituted-5-alkylidene-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-ones were synthesized. The in vitro activity test results showed that some of them exhibited good antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Among them compound5cshowed the most potent antibacterial activity againstEscherichia coliwith the MIC value of 20.00 μg/mL. Compound9cshowed good cytotoxic activity against Ec9706 cells withIC50value of 19.39 μM, better than that of the reference compound fluorouracil (IC50=37.74 μM).
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Robinson A, Causer RJ, Dixon NE. Architecture and conservation of the bacterial DNA replication machinery, an underexploited drug target. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:352-72. [PMID: 22206257 PMCID: PMC3290774 DOI: 10.2174/138945012799424598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New antibiotics with novel modes of action are required to combat the growing threat posed by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Over the last decade, genome sequencing and other high-throughput techniques have provided tremendous insight into the molecular processes underlying cellular functions in a wide range of bacterial species. We can now use these data to assess the degree of conservation of certain aspects of bacterial physiology, to help choose the best cellular targets for development of new broad-spectrum antibacterials. DNA replication is a conserved and essential process, and the large number of proteins that interact to replicate DNA in bacteria are distinct from those in eukaryotes and archaea; yet none of the antibiotics in current clinical use acts directly on the replication machinery. Bacterial DNA synthesis thus appears to be an underexploited drug target. However, before this system can be targeted for drug design, it is important to understand which parts are conserved and which are not, as this will have implications for the spectrum of activity of any new inhibitors against bacterial species, as well as the potential for development of drug resistance. In this review we assess similarities and differences in replication components and mechanisms across the bacteria, highlight current progress towards the discovery of novel replication inhibitors, and suggest those aspects of the replication machinery that have the greatest potential as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Robinson
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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30
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of clinafloxacin triazole hybrids as a new type of antibacterial and antifungal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5363-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
There is a clear and urgent need for novel antibacterial agents that can address the concerns of growing resistance. This article details recent patent activity within the antibiotic field based on the emerging strategy of a multivalent approach to drug discovery. A range of heterodimer antibiotics are discussed, which consist of two antibacterial chemical classes covalently linked to afford compounds with the potential to engage multiple mechanisms of action. The possible benefits of such compounds include activity against drug-resistant bacteria, enhanced efficacy and duration, an expanded spectrum of activity and reduced potential for generating bacterial resistance. This exciting approach towards novel heterodimer antibiotics holds significant promise, but must overcome a range of challenges before yielding a successful medicine. Progress to date is encouraging and has resulted in three compounds entering clinical trials.
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32
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Darehkordi A, Javanmiri M, Ghazi S, Assar S. Synthesis of N-aryl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetimidoyl piperazinylquinolone derivatives and their antibacterial evaluations. J Fluor Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bruinsma IB, Karawajczyk A, Schaftenaar G, de Waal RMW, Verbeek MM, van Delft FL. A rational design to create hybrid β-sheet breaker peptides to inhibit aggregation and toxicity of amyloid-β. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wiles JA, Bradbury BJ, Pucci MJ. New quinolone antibiotics: a survey of the literature from 2005 to 2010. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1295-319. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.505922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Boteva AA, Krasnykh OP. The methods of synthesis, modification, and biological activity of 4-quinolones (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-009-0360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jörg G, Hémery T, Bertau M. Effects of cell stress protectant glutathione on the whole-cell biotransformation of ethyl 2-chloro-acetoacetate withSaccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500068231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Phillips OA, Sharaf LH. 5-Hydroxymethyl-oxazolidin-2-one antibacterials. Actelion Pharmaceuticals: WO2008062379. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:529-40. [PMID: 19441931 DOI: 10.1517/17530050902800142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The application, WO2008062379, claims chimeric compounds comprising chemically linked 5-hydroxymethyl-oxazolidinone and tetracyclic-quinolone moieties. The claimed compounds are potent expanded-range antibacterial agents against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which may exhibit dual mode of action as inhibitors of topoisomarases IV and protein synthesis. The structures of the compounds suggest that the linkers are chemically and biochemically stable. This application represents part of recently initiated research efforts at Actelion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludotun A Phillips
- Kuwait University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
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Drlica K, Hiasa H, Kerns R, Malik M, Mustaev A, Zhao X. Quinolones: action and resistance updated. Curr Top Med Chem 2009; 9:981-98. [PMID: 19747119 PMCID: PMC3182077 DOI: 10.2174/156802609789630947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The quinolones trap DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV on DNA as complexes in which the DNA is broken but constrained by protein. Early studies suggested that drug binding occurs largely along helix-4 of the GyrA (gyrase) and ParC (topoisomerase IV) proteins. However, recent X-ray crystallography shows drug intercalating between the -1 and +1 nucleotides of cut DNA, with only one end of the drug extending to helix-4. These two models may reflect distinct structural steps in complex formation. A consequence of drug-enzyme-DNA complex formation is reversible inhibition of DNA replication; cell death arises from subsequent events in which bacterial chromosomes are fragmented through two poorly understood pathways. In one pathway, chromosome fragmentation stimulates excessive accumulation of highly toxic reactive oxygen species that are responsible for cell death. Quinolone resistance arises stepwise through selective amplification of mutants when drug concentrations are above the MIC and below the MPC, as observed with static agar plate assays, dynamic in vitro systems, and experimental infection of rabbits. The gap between MIC and MPC can be narrowed by compound design that should restrict the emergence of resistance. Resistance is likely to become increasingly important, since three types of plasmid-borne resistance have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Robertson GT, Bonventre EJ, Doyle TB, Du Q, Duncan L, Morris TW, Roche ED, Yan D, Lynch AS. In vitro evaluation of CBR-2092, a novel rifamycin-quinolone hybrid antibiotic: studies of the mode of action in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2313-23. [PMID: 18443108 PMCID: PMC2443886 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01649-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifamycins have proven efficacy in the treatment of persistent bacterial infections. However, the frequency with which bacteria develop resistance to rifamycin agents restricts their clinical use to antibiotic combination regimens. In a program directed toward the synthesis of rifamycins with a lower propensity to elicit resistance development, a series of compounds were prepared that covalently combine rifamycin and quinolone pharmacophores to form stable hybrid antibacterial agents. We describe mode-of-action studies with Staphylococcus aureus of CBR-2092, a novel hybrid that combines the rifamycin SV and 4H-4-oxo-quinolizine pharmacophores. In biochemical studies, CBR-2092 exhibited rifampin-like potency as an inhibitor of RNA polymerase, was an equipotent (balanced) inhibitor of DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV, and retained activity against a prevalent quinolone-resistant variant. Macromolecular biosynthesis studies confirmed that CBR-2092 has rifampin-like effects on RNA synthesis in rifampin-susceptible strains and quinolone-like effects on DNA synthesis in rifampin-resistant strains. Studies of mutant strains that exhibited reduced susceptibility to CBR-2092 further substantiated RNA polymerase as the primary cellular target of CBR-2092, with DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV being secondary and tertiary targets, respectively, in strains exhibiting preexisting rifampin resistance. In contrast to quinolone comparator agents, no strains with altered susceptibility to CBR-2092 were found to exhibit changes consistent with altered efflux properties. The combined data indicate that CBR-2092 may have potential utility in monotherapy for the treatment of persistent S. aureus infections.
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Barbachyn MR. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Hybrid Antibacterial Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Srivastava BK, Soni R, Patel JZ, Solanki M, Valani D, Gupta S, Mishra B, Takale V, Pandya P, Jain MR, Patel PR. Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of novel methylamino piperidinyl oxazolidinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5227-32. [PMID: 17624776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of a few novel methylamino piperidinyl substituted oxazolidinones are reported. Their antibacterial activities have been evaluated in a MIC assay against broader panel of both susceptible and resistant Gram-positive strains. (S)-N-{3-[3-Fluoro-4-(methyl-{1-[3-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)-acryloyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-amino)-phenyl]-2-oxo-oxazolidin-5-ylmethyl}-acetamide 4i has shown comparable antibacterial activity to linezolid and eperezolid in the MIC assay, additionally compound 4i showed good antibacterial activity with an in vitro MIC value of 2-4 microg/mL against linezolid resistant Staphylococcus aureus (linezolid 16 microg/mL).
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Butler MM, Lamarr WA, Foster KA, Barnes MH, Skow DJ, Lyden PT, Kustigian LM, Zhi C, Brown NC, Wright GE, Bowlin TL. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of a novel anilinouracil-fluoroquinolone hybrid compound. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:119-27. [PMID: 17074800 PMCID: PMC1797695 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01311-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anilinouracils (AUs) such as 6-(3-ethyl-4-methylanilino)uracil (EMAU) are a novel class of gram-positive, selective, bactericidal antibacterials which inhibit pol IIIC, the gram-positive-specific replicative DNA polymerase. We have linked various fluoroquinolones (FQs) to the N-3 position of EMAU to generate a variety of AU-FQ "hybrids" offering the potential for targeting two distinct steps in DNA replication. In this study, the properties of a hybrid, "251D," were compared with those of representative AUs and FQs in a variety of in vitro assays, including pol IIIC and topoisomerase/gyrase enzyme assays, antibacterial, bactericidal, and mammalian cytotoxicity assays. Compound 251D potently inhibited pol IIIC and topoisomerase/gyrase, displayed gram-positive antibacterial potency at least 15 times that of the corresponding AU compound, and as expected, acted selectively on bacterial DNA synthesis. Compound 251D was active against a broad panel of antibiotic-resistant gram-positive pathogens as well as several gram-negative organisms and was also active against both AU- and FQ-resistant gram-positive organisms, demonstrating its capacity for attacking both of its potential targets in the bacterium. 251D also was bactericidal for gram-positive organisms and lacked toxicity in vitro. Although we obtained strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the individual parent compounds, spontaneous resistance to 251D was not observed. We obtained 251D resistance in multiple-passage experiments, but resistance developed at a pace comparable to those for the parent compounds. This class of AU-FQ hybrids provides a promising new pharmacophore with an unusual dual mechanism of action and potent activity against antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant gram-positive pathogens.
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McKee EE, Ferguson M, Bentley AT, Marks TA. Inhibition of mammalian mitochondrial protein synthesis by oxazolidinones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2042-9. [PMID: 16723564 PMCID: PMC1479116 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01411-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a variety of oxazolidinones, with different antibacterial potencies, including linezolid, on mitochondrial protein synthesis were determined in intact mitochondria isolated from rat heart and liver and rabbit heart and bone marrow. The results demonstrate that a general feature of the oxazolidinone class of antibiotics is the inhibition of mammalian mitochondrial protein synthesis. Inhibition was similar in mitochondria from all tissues studied. Further, oxazolidinones that were very potent as antibiotics were uniformly potent in inhibiting mitochondrial protein synthesis. These results were compared to the inhibitory profiles of other antibiotics that function by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Of these, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were significant inhibitors of mammalian mitochondrial protein synthesis while the macrolides, lincosamides, and aminoglycosides were not. Development of future antibiotics from the oxazolidinone class will have to evaluate potential mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E McKee
- Indiana University School of Medicine--South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
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Renslo AR, Luehr GW, Gordeev MF. Recent developments in the identification of novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4227-40. [PMID: 16527486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The oxazolidinones are a promising new class of synthetic antibacterial agents. Here, we review recent efforts directed at the discovery of new antibacterial compounds of this class. New structures and structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed in the context of earlier work in the field. Key issues of potency, spectrum, selectivity, in vivo efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of the new analogs are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Renslo
- Vicuron Pharmaceuticals, 34790 Ardentech Ct., Fremont, CA 94555, USA.
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Lohray BB, Lohray VB, Srivastava BK, Gupta S, Solanki M, Pandya P, Kapadnis P. Novel 4-N-substituted aryl pent-2-ene-1,4-dione derivatives of piperazinyloxazolidinones as antibacterials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1557-61. [PMID: 16386420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A few substituted piperazinylphenyloxazolidinone compounds 6-13 having substitution on the distant nitrogen atom of piperazine ring scaffold have been synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity in Gram-positive bacteria. A few compounds showed superior in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes than linezolid and eperezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braj Bhushan Lohray
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H 8A Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382210, India.
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Abstract
The development of new antibiotics is crucial to controlling current and future infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Increased development costs, the difficulty in identifying new drug classes, unanticipated drug toxicities, the ease by which bacteria develop resistance to new antibiotics and the failure of many agents to address antibiotic resistance specifically, however, have all led to an overall decline in the number of antibiotics that are being introduced into clinical practice. Although there are few, if any, advances likely in the immediate future, there are agents in both clinical and preclinical development that can address some of the concerns of the infectious disease community. Many of these antibiotics will be tailored to specific infections caused by a relatively modest number of susceptible and resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Alekshun
- Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 75 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Mukhtar TA, Wright GD. Streptogramins, oxazolidinones, and other inhibitors of bacterial protein synthesis. Chem Rev 2005; 105:529-42. [PMID: 15700955 DOI: 10.1021/cr030110z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Mukhtar
- Antimicrobial Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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48
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Liu B, Yang CH, Xu GY, Zhu YH, Cui JR, Wu XH, Xie YY. Syntheses of quinolone hydrochloride enantiomers from synthons (R)- and (S)-2-methylpiperazine. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2451-8. [PMID: 15755647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of R and S enantiomers of 7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl) quinolone derivatives were synthesized from (R)- and (S)-tert-butyl 2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate and tested for their antibacterial activities on 14 kinds of bacteria. Although no distinct difference in in vitro antibacterial activities was observed, 2-64-fold difference between R and S enantiomers was observed in approximately 52% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Meteria Medica, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the CAS, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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50
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Liu B, Xu G, Yang C, Wu X, Xie Y. A Novel and Facile Method to Synthesize (R)‐ and (S)‐2‐methylpiperazine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200036590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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