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Brennan PJ, Saunders RE, Spanou M, Serafini M, Sun L, Heger GP, Konopacka A, Beveridge RD, Gordon L, Bunally SB, Saudemont A, Benowitz AB, Martinez-Fleites C, Queisser MA, An H, Deane CM, Hann MM, Brayshaw LL, Conway SJ. Orthogonal IMiD-Degron Pairs Induce Selective Protein Degradation in Cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.15.585309. [PMID: 38559242 PMCID: PMC10979945 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) including thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, can be used to induce degradation of a protein of interest that is fused to a short zinc finger (ZF) degron motif. These IMiDs, however, also induce degradation of endogenous neosubstrates, including IKZF1 and IKZF3. To improve degradation selectivity, we took a bump-and-hole approach to design and screen bumped IMiD analogs against 8380 ZF mutants. This yielded a bumped IMiD analog that induces efficient degradation of a mutant ZF degron, while not affecting other cellular proteins, including IKZF1 and IKZF3. In proof-of-concept studies, this system was applied to induce efficient degradation of TRIM28, a disease-relevant protein with no known small molecule binders. We anticipate that this system will make a valuable addition to the current arsenal of degron systems for use in target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Brennan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | - Marta Serafini
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | - Liang Sun
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan D. Beveridge
- Virus Screening Facility, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heeseon An
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stuart J. Conway
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, USA
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2
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Röth S, Kocaturk NM, Sathyamurthi PS, Carton B, Watt M, Macartney TJ, Chan KH, Isidro-Llobet A, Konopacka A, Queisser MA, Sapkota GP. Identification of KLHDC2 as an efficient proximity-induced degrader of K-RAS, STK33, β-catenin, and FoxP3. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1261-1276.e7. [PMID: 37591251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD), induced by enforcing target proximity to an E3 ubiquitin ligase using small molecules has become an important drug discovery approach for targeting previously undruggable disease-causing proteins. However, out of over 600 E3 ligases encoded by the human genome, just over 10 E3 ligases are currently utilized for TPD. Here, using the affinity-directed protein missile (AdPROM) system, in which an anti-GFP nanobody was linked to an E3 ligase, we screened over 30 E3 ligases for their ability to degrade 4 target proteins, K-RAS, STK33, β-catenin, and FoxP3, which were endogenously GFP-tagged. Several new E3 ligases, including CUL2 diGly receptor KLHDC2, emerged as effective degraders, suggesting that these E3 ligases can be taken forward for the development of small-molecule degraders, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that a KLHDC2-recruiting peptide-based PROTAC connected to chloroalkane is capable of degrading HALO-GFP protein in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Röth
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nur Mehpare Kocaturk
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Preethi S Sathyamurthi
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Bill Carton
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Matthew Watt
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas J Macartney
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kwok-Ho Chan
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Albert Isidro-Llobet
- Chemical Biology, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Markus A Queisser
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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Polumackanycz M, Petropoulos SA, Śledziński T, Goyke E, Konopacka A, Plenis A, Viapiana A. Withania somnifera L.: Phenolic Compounds Composition and Biological Activity of Commercial Samples and Its Aqueous and Hydromethanolic Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030550. [PMID: 36978798 PMCID: PMC10045402 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the chemical composition and bioactive properties of commercially available Withania somnifera samples were evaluated. The hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts of the tested samples were analyzed in terms of phenolic compound composition, ascorbic acid content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Polyphenols and ascorbic acid content, as well as the antioxidant activity, were higher in the aqueous extracts than in the hydromethanolic extracts. Generally, aqueous extracts presented higher antioxidant activity than the hydromethanolic ones, especially in the case of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Moreover, higher amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were found in the hydromethanolic extracts compared to the aqueous ones. Regarding the antibacterial properties, samples 4, 6, and 10 showed the best overall performance with growth-inhibitory activities against all the examined bacteria strains. Finally, the aqueous and hydromethanolic extracts were the most efficient extracts in terms of AChE and BChE inhibitory activities, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that W. somnifera possesses important bioactive properties which could be attributed to the high amounts of phenolic compounds. However, a great variability was recorded in commercially available products, suggesting significant differences in the origin of product and the processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Polumackanycz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Tomasz Śledziński
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Goyke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alina Plenis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Viapiana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (A.V.)
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Panasiuk M, Chraniuk M, Zimmer K, Hovhannisyan L, Krapchev V, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Narajczyk M, Węsławski J, Konopacka A, Gromadzka B. Characterization of surface-exposed structural loops as insertion sites for foreign antigen delivery in calicivirus-derived VLP platform. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1111947. [PMID: 36922971 PMCID: PMC10010390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric virus-like particles (cVLPs) show great potential in improving public health as they are safe and effective vaccine candidates. The capsid protein of caliciviruses has been described previously as a self-assembling, highly immunogenic delivery platform. The ability to significantly induce cellular and humoral immunity can be used to boost the immune response to low immunogenic foreign antigens displayed on the surface of VLPs. Capsid proteins of caliciviruses despite sequence differences share similar architecture with structural loops that can be genetically modified to present foreign epitopes on the surface of cVLPs. Here, based on the VP1 protein of norovirus (NoV), we investigated the impact of the localization of the epitope in different structural loops of the P domain on the immunogenicity of the presented epitope. In this study, three distinct loops of NoV VP1 protein were genetically modified to present a multivalent influenza virus epitope consisting of a tandem repeat of M2/NP epitopes. cVLPs presenting influenza virus-conserved epitopes in different localizations were produced in the insect cells and used to immunize BALB/c mice. Specific reaction to influenza epitopes was compared in sera from vaccinated mice to determine whether the localization of the foreign epitope has an impact on the immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Panasiuk
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland.,Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Milena Chraniuk
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vasil Krapchev
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Peszyńska-Sularz
- Tri-City Central Animal Laboratory Research and Service Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Węsławski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Gromadzka
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland.,Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Bárez-López S, Konopacka A, Cross SJ, Greenwood M, Skarveli M, Murphy D, Greenwood MP. Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Oxytocin and Vasopressin Gene Expression by CREB3L1 and CAPRIN2. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:1058-1077. [PMID: 35051932 DOI: 10.1159/000522088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Water homoeostasis is achieved by secretion of the peptide hormones arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) that are synthesized by separate populations of magnocellular neurones (MCNs) in the supraoptic and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the hypothalamus. To further understand the molecular mechanisms that facilitate biosynthesis of AVP and OXT by MCNs, we have explored the spatiotemporal dynamic, both mRNA and protein expression, of two genes identified by our group as being important components of the osmotic defence response: Caprin2 and Creb3l1. METHODS By RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we have characterized the expression of Caprin2 and Creb3l1 in MCNs in the basal state, in response to dehydration, and during rehydration in the rat. RESULTS We found that Caprin2 and Creb3l1 are expressed in AVP and OXT MCNs and in response to dehydration expression increases in both MCN populations. Protein levels mirror the increase in transcript levels for both CREB3L1 and CAPRIN2. In view of increased CREB3L1 and CAPRIN2 expression in OXT neurones by dehydration, we explored OXT-specific functions for these genes. By luciferase assays, we demonstrate that CREB3L1 may be a transcription factor regulating Oxt gene expression. By RNA immunoprecipitation assays and Northern blot analysis of Oxt mRNA poly(A) tails, we have found that CAPRIN2 binds to Oxt mRNA and regulates its poly(A) tail length. Moreover, in response to dehydration, Caprin2 mRNA is subjected to nuclear retention, possibly to regulate Caprin2 mRNA availability in the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION The exploration of the spatiotemporal dynamics of Creb3l1- and Caprin2-encoded mRNAs and proteins has provided novel insights beyond the AVP-ergic system, revealing novel OXT-ergic system roles of these genes in the osmotic defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen J Cross
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mingkwan Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Marina Skarveli
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael P Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, UK
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6
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Stacey P, Lithgow H, Lewell X, Konopacka A, Besley S, Green G, Whatling R, Law R, Röth S, Sapkota GP, Smith IED, Burley GA, Harling J, Benowitz AB, Queisser MA, Muelbaier M. A Phenotypic Approach for the Identification of New Molecules for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications. SLAS Discov 2021; 26:885-895. [PMID: 34041938 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211017517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is an emerging new strategy for the modulation of intracellular protein levels with applications in chemical biology and drug discovery. One approach to enable this strategy is to redirect the ubiquitin-proteasome system to mark and degrade target proteins of interest (POIs) through the use of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). Although great progress has been made in enabling PROTACs as a platform, there are still a limited number of E3 ligases that have been employed for PROTAC design. Herein we report a novel phenotypic screening approach for the identification of E3 ligase binders. The key concept underlying this approach is the high-throughput modification of screening compounds with a chloroalkane moiety to generate HaloPROTACs in situ, which were then evaluated for their ability to degrade a GFP-HaloTag fusion protein in a cellular context. As proof of concept, we demonstrated that we could generate and detect functional HaloPROTACs in situ, using a validated Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) binder that successfully degraded the GFP-HaloTag fusion protein in living cells. We then used this method to prepare and screen a library of approximately 2000 prospective E3 ligase-recruiting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Lithgow
- Medicine Design, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Xiao Lewell
- Medicine Design, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Law
- Medicine Design, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Sascha Röth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit (PPU), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit (PPU), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Glenn A Burley
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Chung CW, Dai H, Fernandez E, Tinworth CP, Churcher I, Cryan J, Denyer J, Harling JD, Konopacka A, Queisser MA, Tame CJ, Watt G, Jiang F, Qian D, Benowitz AB. Structural Insights into PROTAC-Mediated Degradation of Bcl-xL. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2316-2323. [PMID: 32697072 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family of proteins, such as Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, play key roles in cancer cell survival. Structural studies of Bcl-xL formed the foundation for the development of the first Bcl-2 family inhibitors and FDA approved drugs. Recently, Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) that degrade Bcl-xL have been proposed as a therapeutic modality with the potential to enhance potency and reduce toxicity versus antagonists. However, no ternary complex structures of Bcl-xL with a PROTAC and an E3 ligase have been successfully determined to guide this approach. Herein, we report the design, characterization, and X-ray structure of a VHL E3 ligase-recruiting Bcl-xL PROTAC degrader. The 1.9 Å heterotetrameric structure, composed of (ElonginB:ElonginC:VHL):PROTAC:Bcl-xL, reveals an extensive network of neo-interactions, between the E3 ligase and the target protein, and between noncognate parts of the PROTAC and partner proteins. This work illustrates the challenges associated with the rational design of bifunctional molecules where interactions involve composite interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-wa Chung
- Protein, Cellular & Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Han Dai
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Esther Fernandez
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P. Tinworth
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Churcher
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Jenni Cryan
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Denyer
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Harling
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Markus A. Queisser
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Tame
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Watt
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Jiang
- Viva Biotech, Ltd., 334 Aidisheng Rd., Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongming Qian
- Viva Biotech, Ltd., 334 Aidisheng Rd., Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Andrew B. Benowitz
- Protein Degradation Group, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
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8
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Szewczyk A, Skwira A, Konopacka A, Sądej R, Walker G, Prokopowicz M. Mesoporous silica pellets as bifunctional bone drug delivery system for cefazolin. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119718. [PMID: 32750441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, bone drug delivery systems dedicated for osteomyelitis treatment have been investigated as bifunctional materials that exhibit prolonged drug release and mineralization potential. Herein, composite-type pellets based on cefazolin-loaded amino-modified mesoporous silica SBA-15 and microwave-assisted hydroxyapatite were investigated as potential bone drug delivery system in vitro. Pellets were obtained by granulation, extrusion and spheronization methods in laboratory scale and studied in terms of physical properties, drug release, mineralization potential, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity towards human osteoblasts. The obtained pellets were characterized for hardness and friability which indicated the pellets durability during further investigations. Prolonged (5-day) release of cefazolin from pellets was observed. The pellets exhibited mineralization potential in simulated body fluid, i.e., a continuous layer of bone-like apatite was formed on the surface of pellets after 28 days of incubation. An antimicrobial assay of pellets revealed an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus strain during 6 days. No cytotoxic effects of pellets towards human osteoblasts were observed. The obtained results proved that proposed pellets appear to have potential applications as bone drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Szewczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adrianna Skwira
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Sądej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Gavin Walker
- Bernal Institute and Department of Chemical Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Prokopowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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9
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Röth S, Macartney TJ, Konopacka A, Chan KH, Zhou H, Queisser MA, Sapkota GP. Targeting Endogenous K-RAS for Degradation through the Affinity-Directed Protein Missile System. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1151-1163.e6. [PMID: 32668202 PMCID: PMC7505679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
K-RAS is known as the most frequently mutated oncogene. However, the development of conventional K-RAS inhibitors has been extremely challenging, with a mutation-specific inhibitor reaching clinical trials only recently. Targeted proteolysis has emerged as a new modality in drug discovery to tackle undruggable targets. Our laboratory has developed a system for targeted proteolysis using peptidic high-affinity binders, called “AdPROM.” Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock in a GFP tag on the native K-RAS gene in A549 adenocarcinoma (A549GFPKRAS) cells and constructed AdPROMs containing high-affinity GFP or H/K-RAS binders. Expression of GFP-targeting AdPROM in A549GFPKRAS led to robust proteasomal degradation of endogenous GFP-K-RAS, while expression of anti-HRAS-targeting AdPROM in different cell lines resulted in the degradation of both GFP-tagged and untagged K-RAS, and untagged H-RAS. Our findings imply that endogenous RAS proteins can be targeted for proteolysis, supporting the idea of an alternative therapeutic approach to these undruggable targets. Generation of A549 cells with a homozygous knockin of GFP tag on the KRAS gene Proteasomal degradation of endogenous GFP-K-RAS using a VHL-GFP-nanobody fusion Proteasomal degradation of endogenous H/K-RAS using VHL-H/K-RAS-monobody fusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Röth
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas J Macartney
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- GlaxoSmithKline, Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Kwok-Ho Chan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Houjiang Zhou
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Markus A Queisser
- GlaxoSmithKline, Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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10
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Roth SOM, Macartney TJ, Konopacka A, Queisser M, Sapkota GP. Abstract B34: Targeted destruction of endogenous K-RAS using an Affinity directed PROtein Missile (AdPROM). Mol Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.ras18-b34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
K-RAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancer. Yet there are no effective strategies to target K-RAS for inhibition. Our laboratory has developed an Affinity-directed PROtein Missile (AdPROM) system for targeted proteolysis of endogenous proteins. Here, we show that we can achieve a robust degradation of endogenous K-RAS and mutant K-RAS from different cell lines in a targeted manner using our AdPROM system. We are currently assessing the impact of the targeted destruction of K-RAS and mutant K-RAS in cell signaling and proliferation.
Citation Format: Sascha O. M. Roth, Thomas J. Macartney, Agnieszka Konopacka, Markus Queisser, Gopal P. Sapkota. Targeted destruction of endogenous K-RAS using an Affinity directed PROtein Missile (AdPROM) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr B34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha O. M. Roth
- 1MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom,
| | - Thomas J. Macartney
- 1MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom,
| | | | | | - Gopal P. Sapkota
- 1MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom,
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11
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Skwira A, Szewczyk A, Konopacka A, Górska M, Majda D, Sądej R, Prokopowicz M. Silica-Polymer Composites as the Novel Antibiotic Delivery Systems for Bone Tissue Infection. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:E28. [PMID: 31905860 PMCID: PMC7022428 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue inflammation, osteomyelitis, is commonly caused by bacterial invasion and requires prolonged antibiotic therapy for weeks or months. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop novel silica-polymer local bone antibiotic delivery systems characterized by a sustained release of ciprofloxacin (CIP) which remain active against Staphylococcus aureus for a few weeks, and do not have a toxic effect towards human osteoblasts. Four formulations composed of ethylcellulose (EC), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), freeze-dried CIP, and CIP-adsorbed mesoporous silica materials (MCM-41-CIP) were prepared via solvent-evaporation blending method. All obtained composites were characterized in terms of molecular structure, morphological, and structural properties by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and in vitro antibiotic release. The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) as well as the in vitro cytocompatibility to human osteoblasts of obtained composites were also examined. Physicochemical results confirmed the presence of particular components (FTIR), formation of continuous polymer phase onto the surface of freeze-dried CIP or MCM-41-CIP (SEM/EDX), and semi-crystalline (composites containing freeze-dried CIP) or amorphous (composites containing MCM-41-CIP) structure (XRD). TGA and DSC analysis indicated the high thermal stability of CIP adsorbed onto the MCM-41, and higher after MCM-41-CIP coating with polymer blend. The release study revealed the significant reduction in initial burst of CIP for the composites which contained MCM-41-CIP instead of freeze-dried CIP. These composites were also characterized by the 30-day activity against S. aureus and the highest cytocompatibility to human osteoblasts in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Skwira
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Adrian Szewczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Monika Górska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Dorota Majda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Rafał Sądej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Magdalena Prokopowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.S.); (A.S.)
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Fedorowicz J, Sączewski J, Konopacka A, Waleron K, Lejnowski D, Ciura K, Tomašič T, Skok Ž, Savijoki K, Morawska M, Gilbert-Girard S, Fallarero A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid quinolone-based quaternary ammonium antibacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:576-590. [PMID: 31279292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel fluoroquinolone-Safirinium dye hybrids was synthesized by means of tandem Mannich-electrophilic amination reactions from profluorophoric isoxazolones and antibiotics bearing a secondary amino group at position 7 of the quinoline ring. The obtained fluorescent spiro fused conjugates incorporating quaternary nitrogen atoms were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, MS, and elemental analysis. All the synthetic analogues (3a-h and 4a-h) were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial, bactericidal, and antibiofilm activities against a panel of Gram positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The most active Safirinium Q derivatives of lomefloxacin (4d) and ciprofloxacin (4e) exhibited molar-based antibacterial activities comparable to the unmodified drugs and displayed considerable inhibitory potencies in E. coli DNA gyrase supercoiling assays with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Zwiterionic hybrids were noticeably less lipophilic than the parent quinolones in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECK) experiments. The tests performed in the presence of phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN) or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) revealed that the conjugates are to some extent subject to bacterial efflux and cellular accumulation, respectively. Moreover, the hybrids did not exhibit notable cytotoxicity towards the HEK 293 control cell line and demonstrated low propensity for resistance development, as exemplified for compounds 3g and 4b. Finally, molecular docking experiments revealed that the synthesized compounds were able to bind in the fluoroquinolone-binding mode at S. aureus DNA gyrase and S. pneumoniae topoisomerase IV active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fedorowicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dawid Lejnowski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Skok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Małgorzata Morawska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shella Gilbert-Girard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100, Helsinki, Finland
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Kuchta A, Konopacka A, Waleron K, Viapiana A, Wesołowski M, Dąbkowski K, Ćwiklińska A, Mickiewicz A, Śledzińska A, Wieczorek E, Gliwińska A, Kortas-Stempak B, Jankowski M. The effect of Cistus incanus herbal tea supplementation on oxidative stress markers and lipid profile in healthy adults. Cardiol J 2019; 28:534-542. [PMID: 30912576 DOI: 10.5603/cj.a2019.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and dyslipidemia play a critical role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Regular intake of polyphenol-rich diets is associated with a reduced risk of CVDs. METHODS The present study was a pilot study with 24 healthy volunteers and was designed to determine if a 12-week administration of Cistus incanus herbal tea, containing phenolic acids and flavonoids, reduces cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in healthy adults. Phenolic compounds profile and antibacterial activity of Cistus incanus infusion were also measured. RESULTS Herbal infusion led to improvement in lipid profile by increase (D4%, p = 0.033) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and decrease triglyceride (D14%, p = 0.013) concentrations. In addition, the Cistus incanus diet was associated with decreased serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (D16%, p < 0.01) and advanced oxidation protein products (D18%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cistus incanus administration decreases cardiovascular risk factors including oxidative stress and dyslipidemia and this action supports the idea of using Cistus incanus tea on a daily basis as an effective dietary component for prevention of atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Viapiana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Wesołowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamil Dąbkowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Anna Śledzińska
- Department of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacogenetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Wieczorek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Gliwińska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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14
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Cho LTY, Alexandrou AJ, Torella R, Knafels J, Hobbs J, Taylor T, Loucif A, Konopacka A, Bell S, Stevens EB, Pandit J, Horst R, Withka JM, Pryde DC, Liu S, Young GT. An Intracellular Allosteric Modulator Binding Pocket in SK2 Ion Channels Is Shared by Multiple Chemotypes. Structure 2018; 26:533-544.e3. [PMID: 29576321 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Small conductance potassium (SK) ion channels define neuronal firing rates by conducting the after-hyperpolarization current. They are key targets in developing therapies where neuronal firing rates are dysfunctional, such as in epilepsy, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we characterize a binding pocket situated at the intracellular interface of SK2 and calmodulin, which we show to be shared by multiple small-molecule chemotypes. Crystallization of this complex revealed that riluzole (approved for ALS) and an analog of the anti-ataxic agent (4-chloro-phenyl)-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine (CyPPA) bind to and allosterically modulate via this site. Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrates that riluzole, NS309, and CyPPA analogs bind at this bipartite pocket. We demonstrate, by patch-clamp electrophysiology, that both classes of ligand interact with overlapping but distinct residues within this pocket. These data define a clinically important site, laying the foundations for further studies of the mechanism of action of riluzole and related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily T-Y Cho
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Aristos J Alexandrou
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Rubben Torella
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - John Knafels
- Pfizer Structural Biology and Biophysics, Groton, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jake Hobbs
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Toni Taylor
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Alex Loucif
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Sigourney Bell
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Edward B Stevens
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Jay Pandit
- Pfizer Structural Biology and Biophysics, Groton, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Reto Horst
- Pfizer Structural Biology and Biophysics, Groton, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jane M Withka
- Pfizer Structural Biology and Biophysics, Groton, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - David C Pryde
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Shenping Liu
- Pfizer Structural Biology and Biophysics, Groton, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Gareth T Young
- Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK.
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15
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Konopacka A, Greenwood M, Loh SY, Paton J, Murphy D. RNA binding protein Caprin-2 is a pivotal regulator of the central osmotic defense response. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26559902 PMCID: PMC4641828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to an osmotic challenge, the synthesis of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) increases in the hypothalamus, and this is accompanied by extension of the 3′ poly(A) tail of the AVP mRNA, and the up-regulation of the expression of RNA binding protein Caprin-2. Here we show that Caprin-2 binds to AVP mRNAs, and that lentiviral mediated shRNA knockdown of Caprin-2 in the osmotically stimulated hypothalamus shortens the AVP mRNA poly(A) tail at the same time as reducing transcript abundance. In a recapitulated in vitro system, we confirm that Caprin-2 over-expression enhances AVP mRNA abundance and poly(A) tail length. Importantly, we show that Caprin-2 knockdown in the hypothalamus decreases urine output and fluid intake, and increases urine osmolality, urine sodium concentration, and plasma AVP levels. Thus Caprin-2 controls physiological mechanisms that are essential for the body's response to osmotic stress. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09656.001 Cells are only able to work properly if they maintain a more or less constant balance of water and salts. In mammals, a hormone called arginine vasopressin regulates water and salt levels in the whole body. This hormone is made by cells in a region of the brain called the hypothalamus, and is then transported to the pituitary gland. When the level of water relative to the level of salts in the blood starts to drop (i.e., during dehydration), arginine vasopressin is released into the blood and travels to the kidneys where it acts as a signal to retain more water in the body. However, if water levels continue to remain low, the stores of arginine vasopressin in the pituitary gland may run out and so more protein needs to be made in the hypothalamus. Like all proteins, arginine vasopressin is made by first copying a template encoded in a particular gene into a molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). During dehydration, the cells in the hypothalamus produce more of these corresponding mRNA molecules. Also, the mRNAs are slightly larger than normal because they have longer ‘polyA tails’ (structures added to the ends of all newly-made mRNAs). However, it was not clear how or why this happens. Here, Konopacka et al. studied the production of arginine vasopressin in rats. The experiments show that a protein called Caprin-2 accumulates in hypothalamic neurons when rats are dehydrated. Furthermore, Caprin-2 is able to directly bind to the mRNA that encodes arginine vasopressin and is responsible for increasing the length of the polyA tail. To test whether this interaction is important for regulating the balance of water and salts, Konopacka et al. decreased the levels of Caprin-2 protein in the hypothalamus of live rats. When these rats became dehydrated, they had lower levels of the arginine vasopressin mRNA and these mRNAs had shorter polyA tails. Furthermore, the rats drank less water and urinated less than normal rats. Further experiments show that Caprin-2 helps to stabilize the structure of these mRNAs so that they accumulate in cells. Together, Konopacka et al.'s findings show that Caprin-2 regulates the production of arginine vasopressin by interacting with and modifying its corresponding mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. The next challenge is to find out which other mRNAs in the hypothalamus are regulated by Caprin-2, and to determine their roles in the body. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09656.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingkwan Greenwood
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Su-Yi Loh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Julian Paton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Murphy
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Konopacka A, Finger T, Sternchos J, Chang-Jackson SC, Nezhat F. Assessing Adnexal Masses for Malignancy: A Comparison of Four Diagnostic Modalities. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2012.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Murphy D, Konopacka A, Hindmarch C, Paton JFR, Sweedler JV, Gillette MU, Ueta Y, Grinevich V, Lozic M, Japundzic-Zigon N. The hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system: from genome to physiology. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:539-53. [PMID: 22448850 PMCID: PMC3315060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the genomes of a large number of mammalian species has produced a huge amount of data on which to base physiological studies. These endeavours have also produced surprises, not least of which has been the revelation that the number of protein coding genes needed to make a mammal is only 22 333 (give or take). However, this small number belies an unanticipated complexity that has only recently been revealed as a result of genomic studies. This complexity is evident at a number of levels: (i) cis-regulatory sequences; (ii) noncoding and antisense mRNAs, most of which have no known function; (iii) alternative splicing that results in the generation of multiple, subtly different mature mRNAs from the precursor transcript encoded by a single gene; and (iv) post-translational processing and modification. In this review, we examine the steps being taken to decipher genome complexity in the context of gene expression, regulation and function in the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system (HNS). Five unique stories explain: (i) the use of transcriptomics to identify genes involved in the response to physiological (dehydration) and pathological (hypertension) cues; (ii) the use of mass spectrometry for single-cell level identification of biological active peptides in the HNS, and to measure in vitro release; (iii) the use of transgenic lines that express fusion transgenes enabling (by cross-breeding) the generation of double transgenic lines that can be used to study vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) neurones in the HNS, as well as their neuroanatomy, electrophysiology and activation upon exposure to any given stimulus; (iv) the use of viral vectors to demonstrate that somato-dendritically released AVP plays an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis by binding to V1a receptors on local somata and dendrites; and (v) the use of virally-mediated optogenetics to dissect the role of OXT and AVP in the modulation of a wide variety of behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Murphy
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Fortuniak W, Mizerska U, Chojnowski J, Basinska T, Slomkowski S, Chehimi MM, Konopacka A, Turecka K, Werel W. Polysiloxanes With Quaternary Ammonium Salt Biocidal Functions and Their Behavior When Incorporated Into a Silicone Elastomer Network. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-011-9485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mizerska U, Fortuniak W, Chojnowski J, Turecka K, Konopacka A, Werel W. Antimicrobial Siloxane Statistical and Graft Copolymers Substituted with t-Butylamine and t-Butylammonium Biocidal Functions. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-010-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Ammonia-induced swelling of astrocytes is a primary cause of brain edema associated with acute hepatic encephalopathy. Previous studies have shown that ammonia transiently increases cGMP in brain in vivo and in cultured astrocytes in vitro. We hypothesized that protein kinase G (PKG), an enzyme activated by cGMP and implicated in regulation of cell shape, size, and/or volume in peripheral and CNS cells, may play a role in the ammonia-induced astrocytic volume increase. Treatment of cultured rat cortical astrocytes with 1 or 5 mM NH4Cl (ammonia) for 24 h increased their cell volume by 50% and 80% above control, respectively, as measured by confocal imaging followed by 3D computational analysis. A cGMP analog, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP, increased the cell volume in control cells and potentiated the increase in 1 mM ammonia-treated cells. A soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one) abrogated, and a PKG inhibitor [8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP-thioate, Rp-isomer] dose-dependently reduced the cell volume-increasing effect of 5 mM ammonia. The results suggest that (i) PKG may play a permissive role in ammonia-induced astrocytic swelling and (ii) elevation of brain cGMP associated with acute exposure to ammonia in vivo may aggravate the ensuing brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Mizerska U, Fortuniak W, Chojnowski J, Hałasa R, Konopacka A, Werel W. Polysiloxane cationic biocides with imidazolium salt (ImS) groups, synthesis and antibacterial properties. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Konopacka A, Zielińska M, Albrecht J. Ammonia inhibits the C-type natriuretic peptide-dependent cyclic GMP synthesis and calcium accumulation in a rat brain endothelial cell line. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:1160-6. [PMID: 18222015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported a decrease of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)-dependent, natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2)-mediated cyclic GMP (cGMP) synthesis in a non-neuronal compartment of cerebral cortical slices of hyperammonemic rats [Zielińska, M., Fresko, I., Konopacka, A., Felipo, V., Albrecht, J., 2007. Hyperammonemia inhibits the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2)-mediated cyclic GMP synthesis in the astrocytic compartment of rat cerebral cortex slices. Neurotoxicology 28, 1260-1263]. Here we accounted for the possible involvement of cerebral capillary endothelial cells in this response by measuring the effect of ammonia on the CNP-mediated cGMP formation and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) accumulation in a rat cerebral endothelial cell line (RBE-4). We first established that stimulation of cGMP synthesis in RBE-4 cells was coupled to protein kinase G (PKG)-mediated Ca2+ influx from the medium which was inhibited by an L-type channel blocker nimodipine. Ammonia treatment (1h, 5mM NH4Cl) evoked a substantial decrease of CNP-stimulated cGMP synthesis which was related to a decreased binding of CNP to NPR2 receptors, and depressed the CNP-dependent [Ca2+]i accumulation in these cells. Ammonia also abolished the CNP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation in the absence of Na+. In cells incubated with ammonia in the absence of Ca2+ a slight CNP-dependent increase of [Ca2+]i was observed, most likely representing Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Depression of CNP-dependent cGMP-mediated [Ca2+]i accumulation may contribute to cerebral vascular endothelial dysfunction associated with hyperammonemia or hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Konopacka A, Pawełka Z. A theoretical and experimental study of the conformational behavior of methyl 3-nitrobenzoate in vacuum, in various solvents, and in solid state. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zielińska M, Fresko I, Konopacka A, Felipo V, Albrecht J. Hyperammonemia inhibits the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR-2)-mediated cyclic GMP synthesis in the astrocytic compartment of rat cerebral cortex slices. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28:1260-3. [PMID: 17629948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The decrease of cyclic GMP (cGMP) level in the brain, contributing to cognitive and memory deficit in hyperammonemia (HA), has been attributed to the interference of ammonia with the NMDA/nitric oxide/soluble guanylate cyclase (GC)/cGMP pathway in neurons. The present study tested the hypotheses that (a) HA also affects cGMP synthesis elicited by stimulation of the natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR-2) with its natural ligand, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and (b) the latter effect may involve astrocytes, the ammonia-sensitive cells. In the cerebral cortical slices of control rats, CNP stimulated cGMP synthesis in a degree comparable to the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) used at an optimal concentration. Fluoroacetate (FA), a metabolic inhibitor specifically affecting astrocytic mitochondria, inhibited the CNP-dependent cGMP synthesis by about 50%. Ammonium acetate-induced HA decreased by 68% the CNP-dependent cGMP generation in slices incubated in the absence of FA. In slices incubated in the presence of FA, cGMP synthesis in slices derived from HA rats did not differ from that in control slices. The results indicate that HA inhibits CNP-dependent cGMP synthesis in the FA-vulnerable, astrocytic compartment, but not in the FA-resistant compartment(s) of the brain. HA did not affect the expression of NPR-2 mRNA in the cerebral cortex tissue as tested using real-time PCR, indicating that the effect of ammonia involves as yet unidentified events occurring posttranscriptionally. Deregulation of NPR-2 function in astrocytes by ammonia may contribute to neurophysiological symptoms of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Konopacka A, Freśko I, Piaskowski S, Albrecht J, Zielińska M. Ammonia affects the activity and expression of soluble and particulate GC in cultured rat astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:553-8. [PMID: 16517024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic effects of ammonia are mediated by increased accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), which combines with free radicals to form a highly toxic compound, peroxynitrite. Previous experiments in vivo and in vitro have suggested that this phenomenon engages neuron-derived NO and is coupled to changes in the accumulation of cGMP. The present study accounted for the facts that: (i) astrocytes, not neurons are the morphological target of ammonia, and (ii) both NO-dependent, soluble (sGC) and NO-independent, particulate guanylate cyclase (pGC) mediate cGMP production in the cells. Neocortical rat astrocytes were treated for 1 or 24 h with 5 mM ammonium chloride ("ammonia") and then subjected to: (i) cGMP measurement, and (ii) mRNA and/or protein expression analysis of alpha1 and beta1 subunits of sGC and two pGC forms: pGC-A and pGC-B. Treatment with ammonia for 1h increased accumulation of cGMP and sGCbeta1 mRNA expression, without producing significant changes in the protein expression. This was followed by a decrease of cGMP level at 24 h treatment, associated with a decreased expression of sGCbeta1 and sGCalpha1 mRNA and sGCbeta1 protein. Expression of pGC-A and pGC-B mRNA was elevated in ammonia-treated astrocytes after 24 h. Accordingly, increased cGMP accumulation was noted in the presence of a specific sGC inhibitor (ODQ). The results show that ammonia affects cGMP production in astrocytes, and that this may involve not only sGC but also pGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Pawińskiego St. 5, Poland
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