1
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Rudge ES, Chan AHY, Leeper FJ. Prodrugs of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates: disguising phosphorus oxyanions. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:375-391. [PMID: 35647550 PMCID: PMC9020613 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphates have important functions in living systems and thus pyrophosphate-containing molecules and their more stable bisphosphonate analogues have the potential to be used as drugs for treating many diseases including cancer and viral infections. Both pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates are polyanionic at physiological pH and, whilst this is essential for their biological activity, it also limits their use as therapeutic agents. In particular, the high negative charge density of these compounds prohibits cell entry other than by endocytosis, prevents transcellular oral absorption and causes sequestration to bone. Therefore, prodrug strategies have been developed to temporarily disguise the charges of these compounds. This review examines the various systems that have been used to mask the phosphorus-containing moieties of pyrophosphates and bisphosphonates and also illustrates the utility of such prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Rudge
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Alex H Y Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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2
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Abstract
Phosphonates, often used as isosteric replacements for phosphates, can provide important interactions with an enzyme. Due to their high charge at physiological pH, however, permeation into cells can be a challenge. Protecting phosphonates as prodrugs has shown promise in drug delivery. Thus, a variety of structures and cleavage/activation mechanisms exist, enabling release of the active compound. This review describes the structural diversity of these pro-moieties, relevant cleavage mechanisms and recent advances in the design of phosphonate prodrugs.
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3
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Zhou S, Huang G, Chen G. Synthesis and biological activities of drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 197:112313. [PMID: 32335412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an asymptomatic progressive disease. With the improvement of people's living standard and the aging of population, osteoporosis and its fracture have become one of the main diseases threatening the aging society. The serious medical and social burden caused by this has aroused wide public concern. Osteoporosis is listed as one of the three major diseases of the elderly. At present, the drugs for osteoporosis include bone resorption inhibitors and bone formation promoters. The purpose of these anti-osteoporosis drugs is to balance osteoblast bone formation and osteoclast bone resorption. With the development of anti-osteoporosis drugs, new anti osteoporosis drugs have been designed and synthesized. There are many kinds of new compounds with anti osteoporosis activity, but most of them are concentrated on the original drugs with anti osteoporosis activity, or the natural products with anti-osteoporosis activity are extracted from the natural products for structural modification to obtain the corresponding derivatives or analogues. These target compounds showed good ALP activity in vitro and in vivo, promoted osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, or had anti TRAP activity, inhibited osteoclast absorption. This work attempts to systematically review the studies on the synthesis and bioactivity of anti-osteoporosis drugs in the past 10 years. The structure-activity relationship was discussed, which provided a reasonable idea for the design and development of new anti-osteoporosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Gangliang Huang
- Active Carbohydrate Research Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Application, College of Chemistry, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Guangying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China.
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4
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Manaswiyoungkul P, de Araujo ED, Gunning PT. Targeting prenylation inhibition through the mevalonate pathway. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:51-71. [PMID: 33479604 PMCID: PMC7485146 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00442d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a critical mediator in several diseases including cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therapeutic intervention has focused primarily on directly targeting the prenyltransferase enzymes, FTase and GGTase I and II. To date, several drugs have advanced to clinical trials and while promising, they have yet to gain approval in a medical setting due to off-target effects and compensatory mechanisms activated by the body which results in drug resistance. While the development of dual inhibitors has mitigated undesirable side effects, potency remains sub-optimal for clinical development. An alternative approach involves antagonizing the upstream mevalonate pathway enzymes, FPPS and GGPPS, which mediate prenylation as well as cholesterol synthesis. The development of these inhibitors presents novel opportunities for dual inhibition of cancer-driven prenylation as well as cholesterol accumulation. Herein, we highlight progress towards the development of inhibitors against the prenylation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimyupa Manaswiyoungkul
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Elvin D de Araujo
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Rd N. , Mississauga , Ontario L5L 1C6 , Canada .
| | - Patrick T Gunning
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences , University of Toronto Mississauga , 3359 Mississauga Rd N. , Mississauga , Ontario L5L 1C6 , Canada .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
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5
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A new motif for inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3734-41. [PMID: 27338660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) is believed to receive the substrate farnesyl diphosphate through one lipophilic channel and release the product geranylgeranyl diphosphate through another. Bisphosphonates with two isoprenoid chains positioned on the α-carbon have proven to be effective inhibitors of this enzyme. Now a new motif has been prepared with one isoprenoid chain on the α-carbon, a second included as a phosphonate ester, and the potential for a third at the α-carbon. The pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs of several compounds based on this motif have been prepared and the resulting compounds have been tested for their ability to disrupt protein geranylgeranylation and induce cytotoxicity in myeloma cells. The initial biological studies reveal activity consistent with GGDPS inhibition, and demonstrate a structure-function relationship which is dependent on the nature of the alkyl group at the α-carbon.
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6
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Wiemer AJ, Shippy RR, Kilcollins AM, Li J, Hsiao CHC, Barney RJ, Geng ML, Wiemer DF. Evaluation of a 7-Methoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic Acid Ester Derivative as a Fluorescent, Cell-Cleavable, Phosphonate Protecting Group. Chembiochem 2015; 17:52-5. [PMID: 26503489 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cleavable protecting groups often enhance cellular delivery of species that are charged at physiological pH. Although several phosphonate protecting groups have achieved clinical success, it remains difficult to use these prodrugs in live cells to clarify biological mechanisms. Here, we present a strategy that uses a 7-methoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid ester as a fluorescent protecting group. This strategy was applied to synthesis of an (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) analogue to assess cellular uptake and human Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation. The fluorescent ester displayed low cellular toxicity (IC50 >100 μm) and strong T cell activation (EC50 =0.018 μm) relative to the unprotected anion (EC50 =23 μm). The coumarin-derived analogue allowed no-wash analysis of biological deprotection, which revealed rapid internalization of the prodrug. These results demonstrate that fluorescent groups can be applied both as functional drug delivery tools and useful biological probes of drug uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rebekah R Shippy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, E531 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ashley M Kilcollins
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Rd Unit 3156, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Rocky J Barney
- Department of Chemistry, Western Wyoming Community College, 1204-A, Rock Springs, WY, 82901, USA
| | - M Lei Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Optical Science and Technology Center, University of Iowa, 330 IATL, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, E531 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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7
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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8
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Ohtake K, Saito N, Shibuya S, Kobayashi W, Amano R, Hirai T, Sasaki S, Nakano C, Hoshino T. Biochemical characterization of the water-soluble squalene synthase fromMethylococcus capsulatusand the functional analyses of its two DXXD(E)D motifs and the highly conserved aromatic amino acid residues. FEBS J 2014; 281:5479-97. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ohtake
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
| | - Naoki Saito
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
| | - Satoshi Shibuya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
| | - Wakako Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
| | - Ryosuke Amano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
| | - Takumi Hirai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
| | - Shinji Sasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hoshino
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry; Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Science and Technology; Niigata University; Japan
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9
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Chen M, Knifley T, Subramanian T, Spielmann HP, O’Connor KL. Use of synthetic isoprenoids to target protein prenylation and Rho GTPases in breast cancer invasion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89892. [PMID: 24587105 PMCID: PMC3935959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Ras and Rho family small GTPases drives the invasion and metastasis of multiple cancers. For their biological functions, these GTPases require proper subcellular localization to cellular membranes, which is regulated by a series of post-translational modifications that result in either farnesylation or geranylgeranylation of the C-terminal CAAX motif. This concept provided the rationale for targeting farnesyltransferase (FTase) and geranylgeranyltransferases (GGTase) for cancer treatment. However, the resulting prenyl transferase inhibitors have not performed well in the clinic due to issues with alternative prenylation and toxicity. As an alternative, we have developed a unique class of potential anti-cancer therapeutics called Prenyl Function Inhibitors (PFIs), which are farnesol or geranyl-geraniol analogs that act as alternate substrates for FTase or GGTase. Here, we test the ability of our lead PFIs, anilinogeraniol (AGOH) and anilinofarnesol (AFOH), to block the invasion of breast cancer cells. We found that AGOH treatment effectively decreased invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in a two-dimensional (2D) invasion assay at 100 µM while it blocked invasive growth in three-dimensional (3D) culture model at as little as 20 µM. Notably, the effect of AGOH on 3D invasive growth was phenocopied by electroporation of cells with C3 exotransferase. To determine if RhoA and RhoC were direct targets of AGOH, we performed Rho activity assays in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells and found that AGOH blocked RhoA and RhoC activation in response to LPA and EGF stimulation. Notably, the geranylgeraniol analog AFOH was more potent than AGOH in inhibiting RhoA and RhoC activation and invasive growth. Interestingly, neither AGOH nor AFOH impacted 3D growth of MCF10A cells. Collectively, this study demonstrates that AGOH and AFOH dramatically inhibit breast cancer invasion, at least in part by blocking Rho function, thus, suggesting that targeting prenylation by using PFIs may offer a promising mechanism for treatment of invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Teresa Knifley
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Thangaiah Subramanian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - H. Peter Spielmann
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kathleen L. O’Connor
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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10
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Pradere U, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of 5'-methylene-phosphonate furanonucleoside prodrugs: application to D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl nucleosides. Org Lett 2012; 14:4426-9. [PMID: 22917194 PMCID: PMC3470451 DOI: 10.1021/ol301937v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new and facile synthetic pathway to metabolically stable 5'-methylene-bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)(POM)phosphonate furanonucleoside prodrugs is reported. The key step involves a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of a tetra(pivaloyloxymethyl) bisphosphonate salt with appropriately protected 5'-aldehydic nucleosides. This efficient approach was applied for the synthesis HCV related 2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methyl nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA, and RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA, and RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Steven J. Coats
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA, and RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA, and RFS Pharma, LLC, 1860 Montreal Road, Tucker, GA 30084, USA
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11
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Lu TL, Hu HJ, Zhao W, Chen T. Synthesis andin vivobioactivity of lipophilic alendronate derivatives against osteoporosis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:656-63. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.535210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Placzek AT, Krzysiak AJ, Gibbs RA. Chemical Probes of Protein Prenylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415922-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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13
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Clark MK, Scott SA, Wojtkowiak J, Chirco R, Mathieu P, Reiners JJ, Mattingly RR, Borch RF, Gibbs RA. Synthesis, biochemical, and cellular evaluation of farnesyl monophosphate prodrugs as farnesyltransferase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3274-82. [PMID: 17555307 DOI: 10.1021/jm0701829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) analogs are potent inhibitors of the potential anticancer drug target protein farnesyltransferase (FTase), but these compounds are not suitable as drug candidates. Thus, phosphoramidate prodrug derivatives of the monophosphate precursors of FPP-based FTase inhibitors have been synthesized. The monophosphates themselves were significantly more potent inhibitors of FTase than the corresponding FPP analogs. The effects of the prodrug 5b (a derivative of 3-allylfarnesyl monophosphate) have been evaluated on prenylation of RhoB and on the cell cycle in a human malignant schwannoma cell line (STS-26T). In combination treatments, 1-3 microM 5b plus 1 microM lovastatin induced a significant inhibition of RhoB prenylation, and a combination of these drugs at 1 microM each also resulted in significant cell cycle arrest in G1. Indeed, combinations as low as 50 nM lovastatin + 1 microM 5c or 250 nM lovastatin + 50 nM 5c were highly cytostatic in STS-26T cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Clark
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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14
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Brunsveld L, Kuhlmann J, Alexandrov K, Wittinghofer A, Goody RS, Waldmann H. Lipidated ras and rab peptides and proteins--synthesis, structure, and function. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:6622-46. [PMID: 17031879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology can be defined as the study of biological phenomena from a chemical approach. Based on the analysis of relevant biological phenomena and their structural foundation, unsolved problems are identified and tackled through a combination of chemistry and biology. Thus, new synthetic methods and strategies are developed and employed for the construction of compounds that are used to investigate biological procedures. Solid-phase synthesis has emerged as the preferred method for the synthesis of lipidated peptides, which can be chemoselectively ligated to proteins of the Ras superfamily. The generated peptides and proteins have solved biological questions in the field of the Ras-superfamily GTPases that are not amendable to chemical or biological techniques alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Brunsveld
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Hwang Y, Ganguly S, Ho AK, Klein DC, Cole PA. Enzymatic and cellular study of a serotonin N-acetyltransferase phosphopantetheine-based prodrug. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2147-55. [PMID: 17258461 PMCID: PMC1831523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT) regulates the daily rhythm in the production of melatonin and is therefore an attractive target for pharmacologic modulation of the synthesis of this hormone. Previously prepared bisubstrate analogs show potent inhibition of AANAT but have unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties due to the presence of phosphate groups which prevents transfer across the plasma membrane. Here, we examine a bis-pivaloyloxymethylene (POM)-tryptamine-phosphopantetheine prodrug (2) and its biotransformations in vitro by homogenates and pineal cells. Compound 2 is an efficient porcine liver esterase substrate for POM cleavage in vitro although cyclization of the phosphate moiety is a potential side product. Tryptamine phosphopantetheine (3) is converted to tryptamine-coenzyme A (CoA) bisubstrate analog (1) by human phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT) and dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (DPCK) in vitro. Compound 2 was found to inhibit melatonin production in rat pineal cell culture. It was also found that the POM groups are readily removed to generate 3; however, further processing to tryptamine-CoA (1) is much slower in pineal extracts or cell culture. Implications for CoA prodrug development based on the strategy used here are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousang Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Surajit Ganguly
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Section on Neuroendocrinology, Office of Scientific Director, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony K. Ho
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - David C. Klein
- Section on Neuroendocrinology, Office of Scientific Director, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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16
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Brunsveld L, Kuhlmann J, Alexandrov K, Wittinghofer A, Goody RS, Waldmann H. Lipidierte Ras- und Rab-Peptide und -Proteine: Synthese, Struktur und Funktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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