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Chakraborty S, Deshmukh A, Kesari P, Bhaumik P. Toxoplasma gondii aspartic protease 5: structural basis of substrate binding and inhibition mechanism. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38424737 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2322625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, a worldwide prevalent parasite is responsible for causing toxoplasmosis in almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Golgi-resident T. gondii aspartic protease 5 (TgASP5) plays an essential role in the maturation and export of the effector proteins those modulate the host immune system to establish a successful infection. Hence, inhibiting this enzyme can be a possible therapeutic strategy against toxoplasmosis. This is the first report of the detailed structural investigations of the TgASP5 mature enzyme using molecular modeling and an all-atom simulation approach which provide in-depth knowledge of the active site architecture of TgASP5. The analysis of the binding mode of the TEXEL (Toxoplasma EXport Element) substrate to TgASP5 highlighted the importance of the active site residues. Ser505, Ala776 and Tyr689 in the S2 binding pocket are responsible for the specificity towards Arg at the P2 position of TEXEL substrate. The molecular basis of inhibition by the only known inhibitor RRLStatine has been identified, and our results show that it blocks the active site by forming a hydrogen bond with a catalytic aspartate. Besides that, known aspartic protease inhibitors were screened against TgASP5 using docking, MD simulations and MM-PBSA binding energy calculations. The top-ranked inhibitors (SC6, ZY1, QBH) showed higher binding energy than RRLStatine. Understanding the structural basis of substrate recognition and the binding mode of these inhibitors will help to develop potent mechanistic inhibitors against TgASP5. This study will also provide insights into the structural features of pepsin-like aspartic proteases from other apicomplexan parasites for developing antiparasitic agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satadru Chakraborty
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuradha Deshmukh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Pooja Kesari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasenjit Bhaumik
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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2
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Raghuvanshi R, Jamwal A, Nandi U, Bharate SB. Multitargeted C9-substituted ester and ether derivatives of berberrubine for Alzheimer's disease: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:121-140. [PMID: 36461610 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Berberrubine is a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid and a bioactive metabolite of berberine. Berberine exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including cholinesterase inhibition. The cholinesterase inhibitors provide symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease; however, multitarget-directed ligands have the potential as disease-modifying therapeutics. Herein, we prepared a series of C9-substituted berberrubine derivatives intending to discover dual cholinesterase and beta-site amyloid-precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors. Most synthesized derivatives possessed balanced dual inhibition (AChE and BChE) activity in the submicromolar range and a moderate inhibition against BACE-1. Two most active ester derivatives, 12a and 11d, display inhibition of AChE, BChE, and BACE-1. The 3-methoxybenzoyl ester derivative, 12a, inhibits electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EeAChE), equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (eqBChE), and human hBACE-1 with IC50 values of 0.5, 4.3, and 11.9 μM, respectively and excellent BBB permeability (Pe = 8 × 10-6 cm/s). The ester derivative 12a is metabolically unstable; however, its ether analog 13 is stable in HLM and exhibits inhibition of AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 with IC50 values of 0.44, 3.8, and 17.9 μM, respectively. The ether analog also inhibits self-aggregation of Aβ and crosses BBB (Pe = 7.3 × 10-6 cm/s). Administration of 13 at 5 mg/kg (iv) in Wistar rats showed excellent plasma exposure with AUC0-∞ of 28,834 ng min/ml. In conclusion, the multitargeted berberrubine ether derivative 13 is CNS permeable and has good ADME properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinky Raghuvanshi
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashiya Jamwal
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.,Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India.,Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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3
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Palchykov V. 2-Amino-4,6,7,8-tetrahydrothiopyrano[3,2-b]pyran-3-carbonitrile 5,5-dioxide VP-4535 as an antimicrobial agent selective toward methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ukr Biochem J 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj94.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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4
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Machauer R, Lueoend R, Hurth K, Veenstra SJ, Rueeger H, Voegtle M, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Rondeau JM, Jacobson LH, Laue G, Beltz K, Neumann U. Discovery of Umibecestat (CNP520): A Potent, Selective, and Efficacious β-Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitor for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15262-15279. [PMID: 34648711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
After identification of lead compound 6, 5-amino-1,4-oxazine BACE1 inhibitors were optimized in order to improve potency, brain penetration, and metabolic stability. Insertion of a methyl and a trifluoromethyl group at the 6-position of the 5-amino-1,4-oxazine led to 8 (NB-360), an inhibitor with a pKa of 7.1, a very low P-glycoprotein efflux ratio, and excellent pharmacological profile, enabling high central nervous system penetration and exposure. Fur color changes observed with NB-360 in efficacy studies in preclinical animal models triggered further optimization of the series. Herein, we describe the steps leading to the discovery of 3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid [6-((3R,6R)-5-amino-3,6-dimethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-[1,4]oxazin-3-yl)-5-fluoro-pyridin-2-yl]amide 15 (CNP520, umibecestat), an inhibitor with superior BACE1/BACE2 selectivity and pharmacokinetics. CNP520 reduced significantly Aβ levels in mice and rats in acute and chronic treatment regimens without any side effects and thus qualified for Alzheimer's disease prevention studies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Machauer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Lueoend
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstanze Hurth
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Siem J Veenstra
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Rueeger
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Voegtle
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Michel Rondeau
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Structural Biology Platform, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grit Laue
- Pharmacokinetic-Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Beltz
- Pharmacokinetic-Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Szałaj N, Godyń J, Jończyk J, Pasieka A, Panek D, Wichur T, Więckowski K, Zaręba P, Bajda M, Pislar A, Malawska B, Sabate R, Więckowska A. Multidirectional in vitro and in cellulo studies as a tool for identification of multi-target-directed ligands aiming at symptoms and causes of Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1944-1952. [PMID: 33092411 PMCID: PMC7594877 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1835882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires treatment with a combination of drugs that modulate various pathomechanisms contributing to the disease. In our research, we have focused on the development of multi-target-directed ligands - 5-HT6 receptor antagonists and cholinesterase inhibitors - with disease-modifying properties. We have performed extended in vitro (FRET assay) and in cellulo (Escherichia coli model of protein aggregation) studies on their β-secretase, tau, and amyloid β aggregation inhibitory activity. Within these multifunctional ligands, we have identified compound 17 with inhibitory potency against tau and amyloid β aggregation in in cellulo assay of 59% and 56% at 10 µM, respectively, hBACE IC50=4 µM, h5TH6 K i=94 nM, hAChE IC50=26 nM, and eqBuChE IC50=5 nM. This study led to the development of multifunctional ligands with a broad range of biological activities crucial not only for the symptomatic but also for the disease-modifying treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szałaj
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Godyń
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Jończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Pasieka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Panek
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wichur
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Więckowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paula Zaręba
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anja Pislar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Raimon Sabate
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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6
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Volloch V, Olsen BR, Rits S. AD "Statin": Alzheimer's Disorder is a "Fast" Disease Preventable by Therapeutic Intervention Initiated Even Late in Life and Reversible at the Early Stages. Ann Integr Mol Med 2020; 2:75-89. [PMID: 32201863 PMCID: PMC7083596 DOI: 10.33597/aimm.02-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study posits that Alzheimer's disorder is a "fast" disease. This is in sharp contrast to a view, prevailing until now, that Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a quintessential "slow" disease that develops throughout the life as one prolonged process. According to this view, beta-amyloid (Aβ) is produced and secreted solely by the beta-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) proteolytic/secretory pathway. As its extracellular levels increase, it triggers neurodegeneration starting relatively early in life. Damages accumulate and manifest, late in life in sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (SAD) cases, as AD symptoms. In familial AD (FAD) cases, where mutations in βAPP gene or in presenilins increase production of either common Aβ isoform or of its more toxic isoforms, neurodegeneration reaches critical threshold sooner and AD symptoms occur earlier in life, mostly in late 40s and 50s. There are currently no preventive AD therapies but if they were available, according to this viewpoint it would be largely futile to intervene late in life in case of potential SAD or at mid-age in cases of FAD because, although AD symptoms have not yet manifested, the damage has already occurred during the preceding decades. In this paradigm, to be effective, preventive therapeutic intervention should be initiated early in life. The outlook suggested by the present study is radically different. According to it, Alzheimer's disease evolves in two stages. The first stage is a slow process of intracellular beta-amyloid accumulation. It occurs via βAPP proteolytic/secretory pathway and cellular uptake of secreted Aβ common to Homo sapiens, including healthy humans, and to non-human mammals, and results neither in significant damage, nor in manifestation of the disease. The second stage occurs exclusively in humans, commences shortly before symptomatic onset of the disease, sharply accelerates the production and increases intracellular levels of Aβ that is not secreted but is retained intracellularly, generates significant damages, triggers AD symptoms, and is fast. It is driven by an Aβ generation pathway qualitatively and quantitatively different from βAPP proteolytic process and entirely independent of beta-amyloid precursor protein, and results in rapid and substantial intracellular accumulation of Aβ, consequent significant neurodegeneration, and symptomatic AD. In this paradigm, a preventive therapy for AD, an AD "statin", would be effective when initiated at any time prior to commencement of the second stage. Moreover, there are good reasons to believe that with a drug blocking βAPP-independent Aβ production pathway in the second stage, it would be possible not only to preempt the disease but also to stop and to reverse it even when early AD symptoms have already manifested. The present study posits a notion of AD as a Fast Disease, offers evidence for the occurrence of the AD-specific Aβ production pathway, describes cellular and molecular processes constituting an engine that drives Alzheimer's disease, and explains why non-human mammals are not susceptible to AD and why only a subset of humans develop the disease. It establishes that Alzheimer's disease is preventable by therapeutic intervention initiated even late in life, details a powerful mechanism underlying the disease, suggests that Aβ produced in the βAPP-independent pathway is retained intracellularly, elaborates why neither BACE inhibition nor Aβ immunotherapy are effective in treatment of AD and why intracellularly retained beta-amyloid could be the primary agent of neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease, necessitates generation of a novel animal AD model capable of producing Aβ via βAPP-independent pathway, proposes therapeutic targets profoundly different from previously pursued components of the βAPP proteolytic pathway, and provides conceptual rationale for design of drugs that could be used not only preemptively but also for treatment and reversal of the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Volloch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Bjorn R Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Sophia Rits
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, USA
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7
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Volloch V, Olsen B, Rits S. Alzheimer's Disease is Driven by Intraneuronally Retained Beta-Amyloid Produced in the AD-Specific, βAPP-Independent Pathway: Current Perspective and Experimental Models for Tomorrow. Ann Integr Mol Med 2020; 2:90-114. [PMID: 32617536 PMCID: PMC7331974 DOI: 10.33597/aimm.02-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A view of the origin and progression of Alzheimer's disease, AD, prevailing until now and formalized as the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis theory, maintains that the disease is initiated by overproduction of beta-amyloid, Aβ, which is generated solely by the Aβ precursor protein, βAPP, proteolytic pathway and secreted from the cell. Consequent extracellular accumulation of Aβ triggers a cascade of molecular and cellular events leading to neurodegeneration that starts early in life, progresses as one prolonged process, builds up for decades, and culminates in symptomatic manifestations of the disease late in life. In this paradigm, a time window for commencement of therapeutic intervention is small and accessible only early in life. The outlook introduced in the present study is fundamentally different. It posits that the βAPP proteolytic/secretory pathway of Aβ production causes AD in humans no more than it does in either short- or long-lived non-human mammals that share this pathway with humans, accumulate beta-amyloid as they age, but do not develop the disease. Alzheimer's disease, according to this outlook, is driven by an additional powerful AD-specific pathway of Aβ production that operates in affected humans, is completely independent of the βAPP precursor, and is not available in non-human mammals. The role of the βAPP proteolytic pathway in the disease in humans is activation of this additional AD-specific Aβ production pathway. This occurs through accumulation of intracellular Aβ, primarily via ApoE-assisted cellular uptake of secreted beta-amyloid, but also through retention of a fraction of Aβ produced in the βAPP proteolytic pathway. With time, accumulated intracellular Aβ triggers mitochondrial dysfunction. In turn, cellular stresses associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, including ER stress, activate a second, AD-specific, Aβ production pathway: Asymmetric RNA-dependent βAPP mRNA amplification; animal βAPP mRNA is ineligible for this process. In this pathway, every conventionally produced βAPP mRNA molecule serves potentially as a template for production of severely 5'-truncated mRNA encoding not the βAPP but its C99 fragment (hence "asymmetric"), the immediate precursor of Aβ. Thus produced, N-terminal signal peptide-lacking C99 is processed not in the secretory pathway on the plasma membrane, but at the intracellular membrane sites, apparently in a neuron-specific manner. The resulting Aβ is, therefore, not secreted but is retained intraneuronally and accumulates rapidly within the cell. Increased levels of intracellular Aβ augment mitochondrial dysfunction, which, in turn, sustains the activity of the βAPP mRNA amplification pathway. These self-propagating mutual Aβ overproduction/mitochondrial dysfunction feedback cycles constitute a formidable two-stroke engine, an engine that drives Alzheimer's disease. The present outlook envisions Alzheimer's disorder as a two-stage disease. The first stage is a slow process of intracellular beta-amyloid accumulation. It results neither in significant neurodegenerative damage, nor in manifestation of the disease. The second stage commences with the activation of the βAPP mRNA amplification pathway shortly before symptomatic onset of the disease, sharply increases the rate of Aβ generation and the extent of its intraneuronal accumulation, produces significant damages, triggers AD symptoms, and is fast. In this paradigm, the time window of therapeutic intervention is wide open, and preventive treatment can be initiated any time, even late in life, prior to commencement of the second stage of the disease. Moreover, there are good reasons to believe that with a drug blocking the βAPP mRNA amplification pathway, it would be possible not only to preempt the disease but also to stop and to reverse it even when early AD symptoms have already manifested. There are numerous experimental models of AD, all based on a notion of the exceptionality of βAPP proteolytic/secretory pathway in Aβ production in the disease. However, with no drug even remotely effective in Alzheimer's disease, a long list of candidate drugs that succeeded remarkably in animal models, yet failed utterly in human clinical trials of potential AD drugs, attests to the inadequacy of currently employed AD models. The concept of a renewable supply of beta-amyloid, produced in the βAPP mRNA amplification pathway and retained intraneuronally in Alzheimer's disease, explains spectacular failures of both BACE inhibition and Aβ-immunotherapy in human clinical trials. This concept also forms the basis of a new generation of animal and cell-based experimental models of AD, described in the present study. These models incorporate Aβ- or C99-encoding mRNA amplification pathways of Aβ production, as well as intracellular retention of their product, and can support not only further investigation of molecular mechanisms of AD but also screening for and testing of candidate drugs aimed at therapeutic targets suggested by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Volloch
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Bjorn Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA
| | - Sophia Rits
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, USA
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8
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Neumann U, Ufer M, Jacobson LH, Rouzade-Dominguez ML, Huledal G, Kolly C, Lüönd RM, Machauer R, Veenstra SJ, Hurth K, Rueeger H, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Staufenbiel M, Shimshek DR, Perrot L, Frieauff W, Dubost V, Schiller H, Vogg B, Beltz K, Avrameas A, Kretz S, Pezous N, Rondeau JM, Beckmann N, Hartmann A, Vormfelde S, David OJ, Galli B, Ramos R, Graf A, Lopez Lopez C. The BACE-1 inhibitor CNP520 for prevention trials in Alzheimer's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201809316. [PMID: 30224383 PMCID: PMC6220303 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme‐1 (BACE‐1) initiates the generation of amyloid‐β (Aβ), and the amyloid cascade leading to amyloid plaque deposition, neurodegeneration, and dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical failures of anti‐Aβ therapies in dementia stages suggest that treatment has to start in the early, asymptomatic disease states. The BACE‐1 inhibitor CNP520 has a selectivity, pharmacodynamics, and distribution profile suitable for AD prevention studies. CNP520 reduced brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ in rats and dogs, and Aβ plaque deposition in APP‐transgenic mice. Animal toxicology studies of CNP520 demonstrated sufficient safety margins, with no signs of hair depigmentation, retina degeneration, liver toxicity, or cardiovascular effects. In healthy adults ≥ 60 years old, treatment with CNP520 was safe and well tolerated and resulted in robust and dose‐dependent Aβ reduction in the cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, long‐term, pivotal studies with CNP520 have been initiated in the Generation Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Neumann
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mike Ufer
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gunilla Huledal
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carine Kolly
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer M Lüönd
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Machauer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Siem J Veenstra
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstanze Hurth
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Rueeger
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Derya R Shimshek
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Perrot
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Frieauff
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Dubost
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hilmar Schiller
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Vogg
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Beltz
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Avrameas
- Biomarker Discovery, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Kretz
- Biomarker Discovery, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Pezous
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Rondeau
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolau Beckmann
- Musculoskeletal Diseases, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Vormfelde
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruno Galli
- Global Drug Development, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rita Ramos
- Global Drug Development, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Graf
- Global Drug Development, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Neumann U, Machauer R, Shimshek DR. The β-secretase (BACE) inhibitor NB-360 in preclinical models: From amyloid-β reduction to downstream disease-relevant effects. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3435-3446. [PMID: 30657591 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of β-secretase 1 (BACE-1; also known as β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme-1) is a current approach to fight the amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and a number of BACE-1 inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials. The BACE-1 inhibitor NB-360, although not a clinical compound, turned out to be a valuable pharmacological tool to investigate the effects of BACE-1 inhibition on the deposition of different Aβ species in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. Furthermore, chronic animal studies with NB-360 revealed relationships between BACE-1 inhibition, Aβ deposition, and Aβ-related downstream effects on neuroinflammation, neuronal function, and markers of neurodegeneration. NB-360 effects on the processing of physiological BACE-1 substrates as well as on nonenzymatic BACE-1 functions have been investigated, complementing studies in BACE-1 knockout mice. Because NB-360 is also an inhibitor for BACE-2, nonclinical studies in adult animals revealed physiological effects of BACE-2 inhibition. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Neumann
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Machauer
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
BACE1 is a key aspartic protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein to generate of the amyloid peptide that is believed to be responsible for the Alzheimer's disease amyloid cascade. It is thus recognized as a promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease treatment, and large efforts have been made in the discovery of novel BACE1 inhibitors. This Review presents a systematic mining of BACE1 inhibitors based on 354 crystal structures of the BACE1 catalytic domain in complex with ligands in the Protein Data Bank. A thorough exploration on the frequency as well as the patterns of residue-ligand interactions enables us to subdivide the ligand binding pocket into 10 subsites and then identify favorable substructures of ligands for each subsite. In addition, it is found that the assembly of subsites with an 8-like shape is responsible to bind all inhibitors and four major ligand binding modes are revealed. Thus, such a systematic survey deepens our understanding of the structural requirements for establishment of BACE1-ligand interactions that determine the affinity of a ligand to BACE1, which is pivotal for structure-based lead optimization and design of novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangchen Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Veenstra SJ, Rueeger H, Voegtle M, Lueoend R, Holzer P, Hurth K, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Frederiksen M, Rondeau JM, Jacobson L, Staufenbiel M, Neumann U, Machauer R. Discovery of amino-1,4-oxazines as potent BACE-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2195-2200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Volloch V, Rits S. Results of Beta Secretase-Inhibitor Clinical Trials Support Amyloid Precursor Protein-Independent Generation of Beta Amyloid in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6020045. [PMID: 29865246 PMCID: PMC6024788 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review analyzes the results of recent clinical trials of β secretase inhibition in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (SAD), considers the striking dichotomy between successes in tests of β-site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme (BACE) inhibitors in healthy subjects and familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) models versus persistent failures of clinical trials and interprets it as a confirmation of key predictions for a mechanism of amyloid precursor protein (APP)-independent, β secretase inhibition-resistant production of β amyloid in SAD, previously proposed by us. In light of this concept, FAD and SAD should be regarded as distinctly different diseases as far as β-amyloid generation mechanisms are concerned, and whereas β secretase inhibition would be neither applicable nor effective in the treatment of SAD, the β-site APP-Cleaving Enzyme (BACE) inhibitor(s) deemed failed in SAD trials could be perfectly suitable for the treatment of FAD. Moreover, targeting the aspects of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) other than cleavages of the APP by β and α secretases should have analogous impacts in both FAD and SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Volloch
- Deptartment of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Sophia Rits
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Deptartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Panek D, Więckowska A, Jończyk J, Godyń J, Bajda M, Wichur T, Pasieka A, Knez D, Pišlar A, Korabecny J, Soukup O, Sepsova V, Sabaté R, Kos J, Gobec S, Malawska B. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1-Benzylamino-2-hydroxyalkyl Derivatives as New Potential Disease-Modifying Multifunctional Anti-Alzheimer's Agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1074-1094. [PMID: 29345897 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitarget approach is a promising paradigm in drug discovery, potentially leading to new treatment options for complex disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Herein, we present the discovery of a unique series of 1-benzylamino-2-hydroxyalkyl derivatives combining inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase, β-secretase, β-amyloid, and tau protein aggregation, all related to mechanisms which underpin Alzheimer's disease. Notably, diphenylpropylamine derivative 10 showed balanced activity against both disease-modifying targets, inhibition of β-secretase (IC50 hBACE-1 = 41.60 μM), inhibition of amyloid β aggregation (IC50 Aβ = 3.09 μM), inhibition of tau aggregation (55% at 10 μM); as well as against symptomatic targets, butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 hBuChE = 7.22 μM). It might represent an encouraging starting point for development of multifunctional disease-modifying anti-Alzheimer's agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Panek
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Jończyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Godyń
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wichur
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Pasieka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Damijan Knez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Sepsova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av Joan XXIII, S/N, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Ambure P, Bhat J, Puzyn T, Roy K. Identifying natural compounds as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease: an in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1282-1306. [PMID: 29578387 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1456975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-factorial disease, which can be simply outlined as an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an unclear root cause. It is a major cause of dementia in old aged people. In the present study, utilizing the structural and biological activity information of ligands for five important and mostly studied vital targets (i.e. cyclin-dependant kinase 5, β-secretase, monoamine oxidase B, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, acetylcholinesterase) that are believed to be effective against AD, we have developed five classification models using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) technique. Considering the importance of data curation, we have given more attention towards the chemical and biological data curation, which is a difficult task especially in case of big data-sets. Thus, to ease the curation process we have designed Konstanz Information Miner (KNIME) workflows, which are made available at http://teqip.jdvu.ac.in/QSAR_Tools/ . The developed models were appropriately validated based on the predictions for experiment derived data from test sets, as well as true external set compounds including known multi-target compounds. The domain of applicability for each classification model was checked based on a confidence estimation approach. Further, these validated models were employed for screening of natural compounds collected from the InterBioScreen natural database ( https://www.ibscreen.com/natural-compounds ). Further, the natural compounds that were categorized as 'actives' in at least two classification models out of five developed models were considered as multi-target leads, and these compounds were further screened using the drug-like filter, molecular docking technique and then thoroughly analyzed using molecular dynamics studies. Finally, the most potential multi-target natural compounds against AD are suggested.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ACh, acetylcholine
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ADME, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- AUROC, area under the ROC curve
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Aβ, amyloid beta
- BACE1, beta-APP-cleaving enzyme 1
- CDK5, cyclin-dependant kinase 5
- FDA, food and drug administration
- FN, false negative
- FP, false positive
- GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- HTVS, high-throughput virtual screening
- InChI, International Chemical Identifier
- KNIME, Konstanz Information Miner
- LBDD, ligand-based drug design
- LDA, linear discriminant analysis
- MAO-B, monoamine oxidase B
- MMGBSA, molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area
- MMPBSA, molecular mechanics/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area
- MMPs, matched molecular pairs
- MSA, molecular spectrum analysis
- MTDLs, multi-target-directed ligands
- NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate
- PDB, protein data bank
- PP, posterior probability
- QSAR, quantitative structure–activity relationship
- RMSD, root-mean-square deviation
- ROC, receiver operating curve
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SBDD, structure-based drug design
- SDF, structure data format
- SMILES, simplified molecular-input line-entry system
- TN, true negative
- TP, true positive
- big data
- data curation
- linear discriminant analysis
- molecular docking
- molecular dynamics
- multi-target drug design
- natural compounds
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Ambure
- a Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata 700 032 , India
| | - Jyotsna Bhat
- b Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Gdańsk , ul. Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk 80-308 , Poland
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- b Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Gdańsk , ul. Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk 80-308 , Poland
| | - Kunal Roy
- a Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata 700 032 , India
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15
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Panek D, Więckowska A, Pasieka A, Godyń J, Jończyk J, Bajda M, Knez D, Gobec S, Malawska B. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2-(Benzylamino-2-Hydroxyalkyl)Isoindoline-1,3-Diones Derivatives as Potential Disease-Modifying Multifunctional Anti-Alzheimer Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:E347. [PMID: 29414887 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex nature of Alzheimer’s disease calls for multidirectional treatment. Consequently, the search for multi-target-directed ligands may lead to potential drug candidates. The aim of the present study is to seek multifunctional compounds with expected activity against disease-modifying and symptomatic targets. A series of 15 drug-like various substituted derivatives of 2-(benzylamino-2-hydroxyalkyl)isoindoline-1,3-diones was designed by modification of cholinesterase inhibitors toward β-secretase inhibition. All target compounds have been synthesized and tested against eel acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE), equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE), human β-secretase (hBACE-1), and β-amyloid (Aβ-aggregation). The most promising compound, 12 (2-(5-(benzylamino)-4-hydroxypentyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione), displayed inhibitory potency against eeAChE (IC50 = 3.33 μM), hBACE-1 (43.7% at 50 μM), and Aβ-aggregation (24.9% at 10 μM). Molecular modeling studies have revealed possible interaction of compound 12 with the active sites of both enzymes—acetylcholinesterase and β-secretase. In conclusion: modifications of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors led to the discovery of a multipotent anti-Alzheimer’s agent, with moderate and balanced potency, capable of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, a symptomatic target, and disease-modifying targets: β-secretase and Aβ-aggregation.
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16
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Abstract
Proteases play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their activities are essential for all living organisms-from viruses to humans. Since their functions are closely associated with many pathogenic mechanisms, their inhibitors or activators are important molecular targets for developing treatments for various diseases. Here, we describe drugs/drug candidates that target proteases, such as malarial plasmepsins, β-secretase, virus proteases, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Previously, we reported inhibitors of aspartic proteases, such as renin, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, human T-lymphotropic virus type I protease, plasmepsins, and β-secretase, as drug candidates for hypertension, adult T-cell leukaemia, human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease. Our inhibitors are also described in this review article as examples of drugs that target proteases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 563-579, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryKobe Pharmaceutical University, MotoyamakitaHigashinada‐kuKobe658‐8558Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio‐Science and TechnologyTamura‐choNagahama526‐0829Japan
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17
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Ambure P, Roy K. Understanding the structural requirements of cyclic sulfone hydroxyethylamines as hBACE1 inhibitors against Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease: a predictive QSAR approach. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta (β)-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is one of the most important targets in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is responsible for production and accumulation of beta amyloid (Aβ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Ambure
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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18
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Knight JL, Krilov G, Borrelli KW, Williams J, Gunn JR, Clowes A, Cheng L, Friesner RA, Abel R. Leveraging Data Fusion Strategies in Multireceptor Lead Optimization MM/GBSA End-Point Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 10:3207-20. [PMID: 26588291 DOI: 10.1021/ct500189s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and efficient affinity calculations are critical to enhancing the contribution of in silico modeling during the lead optimization phase of a drug discovery campaign. Here, we present a large-scale study of the efficacy of data fusion strategies to leverage results from end-point MM/GBSA calculations in multiple receptors to identify potent inhibitors among an ensemble of congeneric ligands. The retrospective analysis of 13 congeneric ligand series curated from publicly available data across seven biological targets demonstrates that in 90% of the individual receptor structures MM/GBSA scores successfully identify subsets of inhibitors that are more potent than a random selection, and data fusion strategies that combine MM/GBSA scores from each of the receptors significantly increase the robustness of the predictions. Among nine different data fusion metrics based on consensus scores or receptor rankings, the SumZScore (i.e., converting MM/GBSA scores into standardized Z-Scores within a receptor and computing the sum of the Z-Scores for a given ligand across the ensemble of receptors) is found to be a robust and physically meaningful metric for combining results across multiple receptors. Perhaps most surprisingly, even with relatively low to modest overall correlations between SumZScore and experimental binding affinities, SumZScore tends to reliably prioritize subsets of inhibitors that are at least as potent as those that are prioritized from a "best" single receptor identified from known compounds within the congeneric series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Knight
- Schrödinger, 120 West 45th Street, 17th Floor, Tower 45, New York, New York 10036-4041, United States
| | - Goran Krilov
- Schrödinger, 120 West 45th Street, 17th Floor, Tower 45, New York, New York 10036-4041, United States
| | - Kenneth W Borrelli
- Schrödinger, 120 West 45th Street, 17th Floor, Tower 45, New York, New York 10036-4041, United States
| | - Joshua Williams
- Schrödinger, 120 West 45th Street, 17th Floor, Tower 45, New York, New York 10036-4041, United States
| | - John R Gunn
- Schrödinger, 120 West 45th Street, 17th Floor, Tower 45, New York, New York 10036-4041, United States
| | - Alec Clowes
- Schrödinger, 120 West 45th Street, 17th Floor, Tower 45, New York, New York 10036-4041, United States
| | - Luciano Cheng
- Schrödinger, 120 West 45th Street, 17th Floor, Tower 45, New York, New York 10036-4041, United States
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Columbia University , Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, MC 3110, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Robert Abel
- Schrödinger, 120 West 45th Street, 17th Floor, Tower 45, New York, New York 10036-4041, United States
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19
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Abstract
BACE1 (β-secretase, memapsin 2, Asp2) has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. BACE1 is an aspartic protease which functions in the first step of the pathway leading to the production and deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Its gene deletion showed only mild phenotypes. BACE1 inhibition has direct implications in the Alzheimer's disease pathology without largely affecting viability. However, inhibiting BACE1 selectively in vivo has presented many challenges to medicinal chemists. Since its identification in 2000, inhibitors covering many different structural classes have been designed and developed. These inhibitors can be largely classified as either peptidomimetic or non-peptidic inhibitors. Progress in these fields resulted in inhibitors that contain many targeted drug-like characteristics. In this review, we describe structure-based design strategies and evolution of a wide range of BACE1 inhibitors including compounds that have been shown to reduce brain Aβ, rescue the cognitive decline in transgenic AD mice and inhibitor drug candidates that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Hossain T, Mukherjee A, Saha A. Chemometric design to explore pharmacophore features of BACE inhibitors for controlling Alzheimer's disease. Mol BioSyst 2015; 11:549-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00540f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacophoric features of potent BACE inhibitors derived from multi-chemometric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Hossain
- Department of Chemical Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Arup Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
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21
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Caldwell JP, Mazzola RD, Durkin J, Chen J, Chen X, Favreau L, Kennedy M, Kuvelkar R, Lee J, McHugh N, McKittrick B, Orth P, Stamford A, Strickland C, Voigt J, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Zhu Z. Discovery of potent iminoheterocycle BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5455-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Epstein O, Bryan MC, Cheng AC, Derakhchan K, Dineen TA, Hickman D, Hua Z, Human JB, Kreiman C, Marx IE, Weiss MM, Wahl RC, Wen PH, Whittington DA, Wood S, Zheng XM, Fremeau RT, White RD, Patel VF. Lead optimization and modulation of hERG activity in a series of aminooxazoline xanthene β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9796-810. [PMID: 25389560 DOI: 10.1021/jm501266w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of a series of aminooxazoline xanthene inhibitors of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is described. An early lead compound showed robust Aβ lowering activity in a rat pharmacodynamic model, but advancement was precluded by a low therapeutic window to QTc prolongation in cardiovascular models consistent with in vitro activity on the hERG ion channel. While the introduction of polar groups was effective in reducing hERG binding affinity, this came at the expense of higher than desired Pgp-mediated efflux. A balance of low Pgp efflux and hERG activity was achieved by lowering the polar surface area of the P3 substituent while retaining polarity in the P2' side chain. The introduction of a fluorine in position 4 of the xanthene ring improved BACE1 potency (5-10-fold). The combination of these optimized fragments resulted in identification of compound 40, which showed robust Aβ reduction in a rat pharmacodynamic model (78% Aβ reduction in CSF at 10 mg/kg po) and also showed acceptable cardiovascular safety in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Epstein
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, §Molecular Structure and Characterization, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Kalászi
- ChemAxon Ltd., Graphisoft park, Zahony
u. 7, Budapest, Hungary, 1037
| | - Dániel Szisz
- ChemAxon Ltd., Graphisoft park, Zahony
u. 7, Budapest, Hungary, 1037
| | - Gábor Imre
- ChemAxon Ltd., Graphisoft park, Zahony
u. 7, Budapest, Hungary, 1037
| | - Tímea Polgár
- ChemAxon Ltd., Graphisoft park, Zahony
u. 7, Budapest, Hungary, 1037
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24
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by progressive intellectual deterioration, is the most common cause of dementia. β-Secretase (or BACE1) expression is a trigger for amyloid β peptide formation, a cause of AD, and thus is a molecular target for the development of drugs against AD. Many BACE1 inhibitors have been identified by academic and pharmaceutical research groups and a number of advanced technologies in drug discovery have been applied to the drug discovery. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the methodologies used for BACE1 inhibitor drug discovery via substrate- and structure-based design, high-throughput screening and fragment-based drug design. The authors also review the advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies. EXPERT OPINION Many BACE1 inhibitors have been designed using X-ray crystal structure-based drug design as well as through in silico screening. Nevertheless, there are serious problems with regards to deciding the best X-ray crystal structure for designing BACE1 inhibitors through computational approaches. There are two prominent configurations of BACE1 but there is still room for improvement. Future developments may make it possible to identify BACE1 inhibitors as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Kobe Gakuin University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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25
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Ghemtio L, Muzet N. Retrospective molecular docking study of WY-25105 ligand to β-secretase and bias of the three-dimensional structure flexibility. J Mol Model 2013; 19:2971-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Yuan J, Venkatraman S, Zheng Y, McKeever BM, Dillard LW, Singh SB. Structure-based design of β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4156-80. [PMID: 23509904 DOI: 10.1021/jm301659n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis asserts that excess production or reduced clearance of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain initiates a sequence of events that ultimately lead to Alzheimer's disease and dementia. The Aβ hypothesis has identified BACE1 as a therapeutic target to treat Alzheimer's and led to medicinal chemistry efforts to design its inhibitors both in the pharmaceutical industry and in academia. This review summarizes two distinct categories of inhibitors designed based on conformational states of "closed" and "open" forms of the enzyme. In each category the inhibitors are classified based on the core catalytic interaction group or the aspartyl binding motif (ABM). This review covers the description of inhibitors in each ABM class with X-ray crystal structures of key compounds, their binding modes, related structure-activity data highlighting potency advances, and additional properties such as selectivity profile, P-gp efflux, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 W. Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, USA
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27
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Butini S, Brogi S, Novellino E, Campiani G, Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Gemma S. The structural evolution of β-secretase inhibitors: a focus on the development of small-molecule inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 13:1787-807. [PMID: 23931442 PMCID: PMC6034716 DOI: 10.2174/15680266113139990137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a critical unmet need in medicine. The lack of useful treatment for AD led to an intense search for novel therapies based on the amyloid hypothesis, which states that amyloid β-42 (Aβ42) plays an early and crucial role in all cases of AD. β-Secretase (also known as BACE-1 β-site APP-cleaving enzyme, Asp-2 or memapsin-2) is an aspartyl protease representing the rate limiting step in the generation of Aβ peptide fragments, therefore it could represent an important target in the steady hunt for a disease-modifying treatment. Generally, β-secretase inhibitors are grouped into two families: peptidomimetic and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors. However, irrespective of the class, serious challenges with respect to blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and selectivity still remain. Discovering a small molecule inhibitor of β-secretase represents an unnerving challenge but, due to its significant potential as a therapeutic target, growing efforts in this task are evident from both academic and industrial laboratories. In this frame, the rising availability of crystal structures of β-secretase-inhibitor complexes represents an invaluable opportunity for optimization. Nevertheless, beyond the inhibitory activity, the major issue of the current research approaches is about problems associated with BBB penetration and pharmacokinetic properties. This review follows the structural evolution of the early β-secretase inhibitors and gives a snap-shot of the hottest chemical templates in the literature of the last five years, showing research progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
| | - Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena, Italy
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Stamford AW, Scott JD, Li SW, Babu S, Tadesse D, Hunter R, Wu Y, Misiaszek J, Cumming JN, Gilbert EJ, Huang C, McKittrick B, Hong L, Guo T, Zhu Z, Strickland C, Orth P, Voigt J, Kennedy ME, Chen X, Kuvelkar R, Hodgson R, Hyde L, Cox K, Favreau L, Parker EM, Greenlee WJ. Discovery of an Orally Available, Brain Penetrant BACE1 Inhibitor that Affords Robust CNS Aβ Reduction. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:897-902. [PMID: 23412139 PMCID: PMC3568987 DOI: 10.1021/ml3001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of BACE1 to prevent brain Aβ peptide formation is a potential disease-modifying approach to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Despite over a decade of drug discovery efforts, the identification of brain-penetrant BACE1 inhibitors that substantially lower CNS Aβ levels following systemic administration remains challenging. In this report we describe structure-based optimization of a series of brain-penetrant BACE1 inhibitors derived from an iminopyrimidinone scaffold. Application of structure-based design in tandem with control of physicochemical properties culminated in the discovery of compound 16, which potently reduced cortex and CSF Aβ40 levels when administered orally to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Stamford
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jack D. Scott
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sarah W. Li
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Suresh Babu
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3000 Eastpark Boulevard Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, United States
| | - Dawit Tadesse
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3000 Eastpark Boulevard Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, United States
| | - Rachael Hunter
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3000 Eastpark Boulevard Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, United States
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey Misiaszek
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared N. Cumming
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric J. Gilbert
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Chunli Huang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian
A. McKittrick
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Liwu Hong
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tao Guo
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
3000 Eastpark Boulevard Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Corey Strickland
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes
H. Voigt
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xia Chen
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn
A. Hyde
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Leonard Favreau
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William J. Greenlee
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurobiology, Drug Metabolism, and Global Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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29
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder for which no disease-modifying therapy exists. The amyloid hypothesis, which implicates Aβ as the toxin initiating a biological cascade leading to neurodegeneration, is the most prominent theory concerning the underlying cause of the disease. BACE1 is one of two aspartyl proteinases that generate Aβ, thus inhibition of BACE1 has the potential to ameliorate the progression of Alzheimer's disease by abating the production of Aβ. AREAS COVERED This review chronicles small-molecule BACE1 inhibitors as described in the patent literature between 2006 and 2011 and their potential use as disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Over the past half a dozen years, numerous BACE1 inhibitors have been published in the patent applications, but often these contain a paltry amount of pertinent biological data (e.g. potency, selectivity, and efficacy). Fortunately, numerous relevant publications containing important data have appeared in the journal literature during this period. The goal in this effort was to create an amalgam of the two records to add value to this review. EXPERT OPINION The pharmaceutical industry has made tremendous progress in the development of small-molecule BACE1 inhibitors that lower Aβ in the central nervous system. Assuming the amyloid hypothesis is veracious, we anticipate a disease-modifying therapy to combat Alzheimer's disease is near.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Probst
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, Molecular Design, 180 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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30
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Rueeger H, Lueoend R, Rogel O, Rondeau JM, Möbitz H, Machauer R, Jacobson L, Staufenbiel M, Desrayaud S, Neumann U. Discovery of Cyclic Sulfone Hydroxyethylamines as Potent and Selective β-Site APP-Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitors: Structure-Based Design and in Vivo Reduction of Amyloid β-Peptides. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3364-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300069y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Rueeger
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Lueoend
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Rogel
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Rondeau
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Möbitz
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Machauer
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Jacobson
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Staufenbiel
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Desrayaud
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Neumann
- Department
of Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Structural Biology Platform, §Department of Neuroscience, and ∥Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Murai N, Yonaga M, Tanaka K. Palladium-catalyzed direct hydroxymethylation of aryl halides and triflates with potassium acetoxymethyltrifluoroborate. Org Lett 2012; 14:1278-81. [PMID: 22320424 DOI: 10.1021/ol300149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides and triflates with potassium acetoxymethyltrifluoroborate afforded the corresponding aryl and heteroaryl methanol products in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Murai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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