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Dvorakova J, Wiesnerova L, Chocholata P, Kulda V, Landsmann L, Cedikova M, Kripnerova M, Eberlova L, Babuska V. Human cells with osteogenic potential in bone tissue research. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:33. [PMID: 37013601 PMCID: PMC10069154 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration after injury or after surgical bone removal due to disease is a serious medical challenge. A variety of materials are being tested to replace a missing bone or tooth. Regeneration requires cells capable of proliferation and differentiation in bone tissue. Although there are many possible human cell types available for use as a model for each phase of this process, no cell type is ideal for each phase. Osteosarcoma cells are preferred for initial adhesion assays due to their easy cultivation and fast proliferation, but they are not suitable for subsequent differentiation testing due to their cancer origin and genetic differences from normal bone tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells are more suitable for biocompatibility testing, because they mimic natural conditions in healthy bone, but they proliferate more slowly, soon undergo senescence, and some subpopulations may exhibit weak osteodifferentiation. Primary human osteoblasts provide relevant results in evaluating the effect of biomaterials on cellular activity; however, their resources are limited for the same reasons, like for mesenchymal stem cells. This review article provides an overview of cell models for biocompatibility testing of materials used in bone tissue research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dvorakova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Wiesnerova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Chocholata
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Kulda
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Landsmann
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Cedikova
- Biomedical Center, Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kripnerova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lada Eberlova
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Babuska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
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2
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Villapun Puzas VM, Carter LN, Schröder C, Colavita PE, Hoey DA, Webber MA, Addison O, Shepherd DET, Attallah MM, Grover LM, Cox SC. Surface Free Energy Dominates the Biological Interactions of Postprocessed Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4311-4326. [PMID: 36127820 PMCID: PMC9554875 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a disruptive
technique
within healthcare because of its ability to provide personalized devices;
however, printed metal parts still present surface and microstructural
defects, which may compromise mechanical and biological interactions.
This has made physical and/or chemical postprocessing techniques essential
for metal AM devices, although limited fundamental knowledge is available
on how alterations in physicochemical properties influence AM biological
outcomes. For this purpose, herein, powder bed fusion Ti-6Al-4V samples
were postprocessed with three industrially relevant techniques: polishing,
passivation, and vibratory finishing. These surfaces were thoroughly
characterized in terms of roughness, chemistry, wettability, surface
free energy, and surface ζ-potential. A significant increase
in Staphylococcus epidermidis colonization
was observed on both polished and passivated samples, which was linked
to high surface free energy donor γ– values
in the acid–base, γAB component. Early osteoblast
attachment and proliferation (24 h) were not influenced by these properties,
although increased mineralization was observed for both these samples.
In contrast, osteoblast differentiation on stainless steel was driven
by a combination of roughness and chemistry. Collectively, this study
highlights that surface free energy is a key driver between AM surfaces
and cell interactions. In particular, while low acid–base components
resulted in a desired reduction in S. epidermidis colonization, this was followed by reduced mineralization. Thus,
while surface free energy can be used as a guide to AM device development,
optimization of bacterial and mammalian cell interactions should be
attained through a combination of different postprocessing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke N Carter
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Christian Schröder
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 D02 PN4, Ireland
| | - Paula E Colavita
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 D02 PN4, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin D02 DK07, Ireland
| | - Mark A Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7UQ, U.K.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Owen Addison
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | | | - Moataz M Attallah
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, U.K
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3
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Noroozi R, Shamekhi MA, Mahmoudi R, Zolfagharian A, Asgari F, Mousavizadeh A, Bodaghi M, Hadi A, Haghighipour N. In vitro static and dynamic cell culture study of novel bone scaffolds based on 3D-printed PLA and cell-laden alginate hydrogel. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35609602 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to design and fabricate a novel composite scaffold based on the combination of 3D-printed PLA-based triply minimal surface structures (TPMS) and cell-laden alginate hydrogel. This novel scaffold improves the low mechanical properties of alginate hydrogel and can also provide a scaffold with a suitable pore size, which can be used in bone regeneration applications. In this regard, an implicit function was used to generate some Gyroid TPMS scaffolds. Then the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process was employed to print the scaffolds. Moreover, the micro-CT technique was employed to assess the microstructure of 3D-printed TPMS scaffolds and obtain the real geometries of printed scaffolds. The mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were investigated under compression tests experimentally. It was shown that different mechanical behaviors could be obtained for different implicit function parameters. In this research, to assess the mechanical behavior of printed scaffolds in terms of the strain-stress curves on, two approaches were presented: equivalent volume and finite element-based volume. Results of strain-stress curves showed that the finite-element based approach predicts a higher level of stress. Moreover, the biological response of composite scaffolds in terms of cell viability, cell proliferation, and cell attachment was investigated. In this vein, a dynamic cell culture system was designed and fabricated, which improves mass transport through the composite scaffolds and applies mechanical loading to the cells, which helps cell proliferation. Moreover, the results of the novel composite scaffolds were compared to those without Alginate, and it was shown that the composite scaffold could create more viability and cell proliferation in both dynamic and static cultures. Also, it was shown that scaffolds in dynamic cell culture have a better biological response than in static culture. In addition, Scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the cell adhesion on the composite scaffolds, which showed excellent attachment between the scaffolds and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Noroozi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, tehran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohammad Amin Shamekhi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Sarvestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarvestan, Shiraz, Shiraz, 19585-466, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, yasuj, Yasuj, 000, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Engineering, Deakin University Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, AUSTRALIA
| | - Fatemeh Asgari
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, tehran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Ali Mousavizadeh
- Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, yasuj, Yasuj, 00000, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahdi Bodaghi
- Engineering , Nottingham Trent University - Clifton Campus, Nottingham, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Amin Hadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Yasuj, 00000, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Nooshin Haghighipour
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Ledda M, Merco M, Sciortino A, Scatena E, Convertino A, Lisi A, Del Gaudio C. Biological Response to Bioinspired Microporous 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105383. [PMID: 35628195 PMCID: PMC9140815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The scaffold is a key element in the field of tissue engineering, especially when large defects or substitutions of pathological tissues or organs need to be clinically addressed. The expected outcome is strongly dependent on the cell–scaffold interaction and the integration with the surrounding biological tissue. Indeed, mimicking the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue to be healed represents a further optimization that can limit a possible morphological mismatch between the scaffold and the tissue itself. For this aim, and referring to bone tissue engineering, polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds were 3D printed with a microstructure inspired by the trabecular architecture and biologically evaluated by means of human osteosarcoma SAOS-2 cells. The cells were seeded on two types of scaffolds differing for the designed pore size (i.e., 400 and 600 µm), showing the same growth exponential trend found in the control and no significant alterations in the actin distribution. The microporous structure of the two tested samples enhanced the protein adsorption capability and mRNA expression of markers related to protein synthesis, proliferation, and osteoblast differentiation. Our findings demonstrate that 3D-printed scaffolds support the adhesion, growth, and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells and the microporous architecture, mimicking the natural bone hierarchical structure, and favoring greater bioactivity. These bioinspired scaffolds represent an interesting new tool for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ledda
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Miriam Merco
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonio Sciortino
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Elisa Scatena
- Hypatia Research Consortium, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- E. Amaldi Foundation, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Convertino
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Lisi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Costantino Del Gaudio
- Hypatia Research Consortium, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- E. Amaldi Foundation, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (C.D.G.)
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5
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McAlinden A, Hudson DM, Fernandes AA, Ravindran S, Fernandes RJ. Biochemical and immuno-histochemical localization of type IIA procollagen in annulus fibrosus of mature bovine intervertebral disc. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100077. [PMID: 34337380 PMCID: PMC8313739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For next generation tissue-engineered constructs and regenerative medicine to succeed clinically, the basic biology and extracellular matrix composition of tissues that these repair techniques seek to restore have to be fully determined. Using the latest reagents coupled with tried and tested methodologies, we continue to uncover previously undetected structural proteins in mature intervertebral disc. In this study we show that the “embryonic” type IIA procollagen isoform (containing a cysteine-rich amino propeptide) was biochemically detectable in the annulus fibrosus of both calf and mature steer caudal intervertebral discs, but not in the nucleus pulposus where the type IIB isoform was predominantly localized. Specifically, the triple-helical type IIA procollagen isoform immunolocalized in the outer margins of the inner annulus fibrosus. Triple helical processed type II collagen exclusively localized within the inter-lamellae regions and with type IIA procollagen in the intra-lamellae regions. Mass spectrometry of the α1(II) collagen chains from the region where type IIA procollagen localized showed high 3-hydroxylation of Proline-944, a post-translational modification that is correlated with thin collagen fibrils as in the nucleus pulposus. The findings implicate small diameter fibrils of type IIA procollagen in select regions of the annulus fibrosus where it likely contributes to the organization of collagen bundles and structural properties within the type I-type II collagen transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children- St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aysel A Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Alper M, Aydemir T, Köçkar F. USF1 Suppresses Expression of Fibrillar Type I, II, and III Collagen and pNP Adamts-3 in Osteosarcoma Cells. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Cui J, Dean D, Hornicek FJ, Chen Z, Duan Z. The role of extracelluar matrix in osteosarcoma progression and metastasis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:178. [PMID: 32887645 PMCID: PMC7650219 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01685-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy and responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality due to its high rates of pulmonary metastasis. Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy has improved 5-year survival rates for patients with localized OS from 20% to over 65%, outcomes for those with metastasis remain dismal. In addition, therapeutic regimens have not significantly improved patient outcomes over the past four decades, and metastases remains a primary cause of death and obstacle in curative therapy. These limitations in care have given rise to numerous works focused on mechanisms and novel targets of OS pathogenesis, including tumor niche factors. OS is notable for its hallmark production of rich extracellular matrix (ECM) of osteoid that goes beyond simple physiological growth support. The aberrant signaling and structural components of the ECM are rich promoters of OS development, and very recent works have shown the specific pathogenic phenotypes induced by these macromolecules. Here we summarize the current developments outlining how the ECM contributes to OS progression and metastasis with supporting mechanisms. We also illustrate the potential of tumorigenic ECM elements as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the evolving clinical management of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dylan Dean
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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8
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Wilkesmann S, Fellenberg J, Nawaz Q, Reible B, Moghaddam A, Boccaccini AR, Westhauser F. Primary osteoblasts, osteoblast precursor cells or osteoblast‐like cell lines: Which human cell types are (most) suitable for characterizing 45S5‐bioactive glass? J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:663-674. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wilkesmann
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jörg Fellenberg
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
| | - Qaisar Nawaz
- Institute of Biomaterials University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Bruno Reible
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
| | - Arash Moghaddam
- ATORG—Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopedic Research Group, Center for Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics, and Sports Medicine Klinikum Aschaffenburg‐Alzenau Aschaffenburg Germany
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Fabian Westhauser
- Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology, and Spinal Cord Injury Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
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9
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Mussano F, Genova T, Corsalini M, Schierano G, Pettini F, Di Venere D, Carossa S. Cytokine, Chemokine, and Growth Factor Profile Characterization of Undifferentiated and Osteoinduced Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6202783. [PMID: 28572824 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6202783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is the second most manipulated tissue after blood. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) may become a convenient source of MSC for bone regenerative protocols. Surprisingly, little is known about the most significant biomolecules these cells produce and release after being osteoinduced. Therefore, the present study aimed at dosing 13 candidates chosen among the most representative cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors within the conditioned media of osteodifferentiated and undifferentiated ASCs. Two acknowledged osteoblastic cell models, that is, MG-63 and SaOs-2 cells, were compared. Notably, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF were highly produced and detectable in ASCs. In addition, while IL-6 and IL-8 seemed to be significantly induced by the osteogenic medium, no such effect was seen for MCP-1 and VEGF. Overall SaOS-2 had a poor expression profile, which may be consistent with the more differentiated phenotype of SaOs-2 compared to ASCs and MG-63. Instead, in maintaining medium, MG-63 displayed a very rich production of IL-12, MCP-1, IP-10, and VEGF, which were significantly reduced in osteogenic conditions, with the only exception of MCP-1. The high expression of MCP-1 and VEGF, even after the osteogenic commitment, may support the usage of ASCs in bone regenerative protocols by recruiting both osteoblasts and osteoclasts of the host.
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10
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Zhang D, Wong CS, Wen C, Li Y. Cellular responses of osteoblast-like cells to 17 elemental metals. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:148-158. [PMID: 27601355 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Elemental metals have been widely used to alloy metallic orthopedic implants. However, there is still insufficient research data elucidating the cell responses of osteoblastic cells to alloying elemental metals, which impedes the development of new metallic implant materials. In this study, the cellular responses of osteoblast-like cells (SaOS2) to 17 pure alloying elemental metals, that is, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), silicon (Si), and tin (Sn) were comparatively investigated in vitro. Cellular responses including intracellular total protein synthesis and collagen content, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on these elemental metals were systematically assessed and compared. It was found that these elemental metals could be categorized into three groups based on the cellular functions on them. Group 1, including Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Cr, Ru, and Si, showed excellent cell proliferation and varied ALP activity for SaOS2 cells. Cells exposed to Group 2, including Mo and Sn, although initially attached and grew, did not proliferate over time. In contrast, Group 3, including V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, showed severe cytotoxicity toward SaOS2 cells. It is vital to consider the cell responses to the elemental metals when designing a new metallic implant material and the findings of this study provide insights into the biological performance of the elemental metals. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 148-158, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, Australia
| | - Cynthia S Wong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3217, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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11
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Wang X, Huang J, Wang K, Neufurth M, Schröder HC, Wang S, Müller WE. The morphogenetically active polymer, inorganic polyphosphate complexed with GdCl 3 , as an inducer of hydroxyapatite formation in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 102:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Genova T, Munaron L, Carossa S, Mussano F. Overcoming physical constraints in bone engineering: ‘the importance of being vascularized’. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:940-51. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328215616749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone plays several physiological functions and is the second most commonly transplanted tissue after blood. Since the treatment of large bone defects is still unsatisfactory, researchers have endeavoured to obtain scaffolds able to release growth and differentiation factors for mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts and endothelial cells in order to obtain faster mineralization and prompt a reliable vascularization. Nowadays, the application of osteoblastic cultures spans from cell physiology and pharmacology to cytocompatibility measurement and osteogenic potential evaluation of novel biomaterials. To overcome the simple traditional monocultures in vitro, co-cultures of osteogenic and vasculogenic precursors were introduced with very interesting results. Increasingly complex culture systems have been developed, where cells are seeded on proper scaffolds and stimulated so as to mimic the physiological conditions more accurately. These bioreactors aim at enabling bone regeneration by incorporating different cells types into bio-inspired materials within a surveilled habitat. This review is focused on the most recent developments in the organomimetic cultures of osteoblasts and vascular endothelial cells for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Italy
- C.I.R. Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - L Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - S Carossa
- C.I.R. Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - F Mussano
- C.I.R. Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
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13
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Murdoch AD, Hardingham TE, Eyre DR, Fernandes RJ. The development of a mature collagen network in cartilage from human bone marrow stem cells in Transwell culture. Matrix Biol 2015; 50:16-26. [PMID: 26523516 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Damaged hyaline cartilage shows a limited capacity for innate repair. Potential sources of cells to augment the clinical repair of cartilage defects include autologous chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. We have reported that culture of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with specific growth and differentiation factors as shallow multilayers on Transwell permeable membranes provided ideal conditions for chondrogenesis. Rigid translucent cartilaginous disks formed and expressed cartilage-specific structural proteins aggrecan and type II collagen. We report here the analysis of the collagen network assembled in these cartilage constructs and identify key features of the network as it became mature during 28 days of culture. The type II collagen was co-polymerized with types XI and IX collagens in a fibrillar network stabilized by hydroxylysyl pyridinoline cross-links as in epiphyseal and hyaline cartilages. Tandem ion-trap mass-spectrometry identified 3-hydroxylation of Proline 986 and Proline 944 of the α1(II) chains, a post-translational feature of human epiphyseal cartilage type II collagen. The formation of a type II collagen based hydroxy-lysyl pyridinoline cross-linked network typical of cartilage in 28 days shows that the Transwell system not only produces, secretes and assembles cartilage collagens, but also provides all the extracellular mechanisms to modify and generate covalent cross-links that determine a robust collagen network. This organized assembly explains the stiff, flexible nature of the cartilage constructs developed from hMSCs in this culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Murdoch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E Hardingham
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David R Eyre
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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Martins CA, Leyhausen G, Volk J, Geurtsen W. Curcumin in Combination with Piperine Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro. J Endod 2015; 41:1638-45. [PMID: 26300429 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dietary pigment curcumin is a natural polyphenol extracted from the Curcuma longa rhizomes native to South Asia. The antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities besides its unknown side effects suggest that curcumin could be a promising antiresorptive agent to prevent replacement resorption in replanted teeth after traumatic avulsion. Piperine, an alkaloid present in black pepper, seems to enhance the bioavailability and activity of curcumin. Therefore, this study evaluated the biocompatibility of curcumin and piperine in cultures of periodontal ligament cells as well as their effects in an in vitro osteoclastogenesis model of RAW 264.7 macrophages. METHODS The cytotoxicity in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, human osteogenic sarcoma cells (SAOS-2), and murine osteoclastic precursors (RAW 264.7) was analyzed by using cell number determination and proliferation assays. The ability of curcumin and its conjugate to suppress the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis was assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and activity as well as real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Curcumin at concentrations ≥ 10 μmol/L was cytotoxic in all cell types tested, whereas piperine showed only slight cytotoxicity at 30 μmol/L in RAW and SAOS cultures. Although curcumin caused already significant effects, the combination with piperine completely suppressed the osteoclastogenesis by decreasing the TRAP activity and inhibiting the expression of the specific osteoclast markers TRAP, cathepsin K, and calcitonin receptor. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that curcumin combined with piperine suppressed the osteoclastogenesis in vitro without causing cytotoxic effects in periodontal ligament cells. These findings suggest its potential therapeutic application for the prevention and treatment of replacement resorption in replanted avulsed teeth.
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Liskova J, Babchenko O, Varga M, Kromka A, Hadraba D, Svindrych Z, Burdikova Z, Bacakova L. Osteogenic cell differentiation on H-terminated and O-terminated nanocrystalline diamond films. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:869-84. [PMID: 25670900 PMCID: PMC4315565 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s73628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films are promising materials for bone implant coatings because of their biocompatibility, chemical resistance, and mechanical hardness. Moreover, NCD wettability can be tailored by grafting specific atoms. The NCD films used in this study were grown on silicon substrates by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and grafted by hydrogen atoms (H-termination) or oxygen atoms (O-termination). Human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells were used for biological studies on H-terminated and O-terminated NCD films. The adhesion, growth, and subsequent differentiation of the osteoblasts on NCD films were examined, and the extracellular matrix production and composition were quantified. The osteoblasts that had been cultivated on the O-terminated NCD films exhibited a higher growth rate than those grown on the H-terminated NCD films. The mature collagen fibers were detected in Saos-2 cells on both the H-terminated and O-terminated NCD films; however, the quantity of total collagen in the extracellular matrix was higher on the O-terminated NCD films, as were the amounts of calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity. Nevertheless, the expression of genes for osteogenic markers – type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin – was either comparable on the H-terminated and O-terminated films or even lower on the O-terminated films. In conclusion, the higher wettability of the O-terminated NCD films is promising for adhesion and growth of osteoblasts. In addition, the O-terminated surface also seems to support the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and extracellular matrix mineralization, and this is promising for better osteoconductivity of potential bone implant coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Liskova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Babchenko
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Varga
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Hadraba
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Svindrych
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Burdikova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bacakova
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Yamada S, Nagaoka H, Terajima M, Tsuda N, Hayashi Y, Yamauchi M. Effects of fish collagen peptides on collagen post-translational modifications and mineralization in an osteoblastic cell culture system. Dent Mater J 2014; 32:88-95. [PMID: 23370875 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2012-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is one of the most widely used biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Fish collagen peptides (FCP) have been used as a dietary supplement, but their effects on the cellular function are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of FCP on collagen synthesis, quality and mineralization using an osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell culture system. Cells treated with FCP significantly upregulated the gene expression of several collagen modifying enzymes and more collagen was deposited in the cultures. Collagen in the treated group showed a greater extent of lysine hydroxylation, higher levels of hydroxylysine-aldehyde derived cross-links and accelerated cross-link maturation compared with the untreated group. Furthermore, the treated group showed accelerated matrix mineralization. These results indicate that FCP exerts a positive effect on osteoblastic cells in terms of collagen synthesis, quality and mineralization, thereby suggesting the potential utility of FCP for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Yamada
- NC Oral Health Institute, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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McAlinden A, Traeger G, Hansen U, Weis MA, Ravindran S, Wirthlin L, Eyre DR, Fernandes RJ. Molecular properties and fibril ultrastructure of types II and XI collagens in cartilage of mice expressing exclusively the α1(IIA) collagen isoform. Matrix Biol 2013; 34:105-13. [PMID: 24113490 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Until now, no biological tools have been available to determine if a cross-linked collagen fibrillar network derived entirely from type IIA procollagen isoforms, can form in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage. Recently, homozygous knock-in transgenic mice (Col2a1(+ex2), ki/ki) were generated that exclusively express the IIA procollagen isoform during post-natal development while type IIB procollagen, normally present in the ECM of wild type mice, is absent. The difference between these Col2a1 isoforms is the inclusion (IIA) or exclusion (IIB) of exon 2 that is alternatively spliced in a developmentally regulated manner. Specifically, chondroprogenitor cells synthesize predominantly IIA mRNA isoforms while differentiated chondrocytes produce mainly IIB mRNA isoforms. Recent characterization of the Col2a1(+ex2) mice has surprisingly shown that disruption of alternative splicing does not affect overt cartilage formation. In the present study, biochemical analyses showed that type IIA collagen extracted from ki/ki mouse rib cartilage can form homopolymers that are stabilized predominantly by hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) cross-links at levels that differed from wild type rib cartilage. The findings indicate that mature type II collagen derived exclusively from type IIA procollagen molecules can form hetero-fibrils with type XI collagen and contribute to cartilage structure and function. Heteropolymers with type XI collagen also formed. Electron microscopy revealed mainly thin type IIA collagen fibrils in ki/ki mouse rib cartilage. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry of purified type XI collagen revealed a heterotrimeric molecular composition of α1(XI)α2(XI)α1(IIA) chains where the α1(IIA) chain is the IIA form of the α3(XI) chain. Since the N-propeptide of type XI collagen regulates type II collagen fibril diameter in cartilage, the retention of the exon 2-encoded IIA globular domain would structurally alter the N-propeptide of type XI collagen. This structural change may subsequently affect the regulatory function of type XI collagen resulting in the collagen fibril and cross-linking differences observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA
| | - Geoffrey Traeger
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Mary Ann Weis
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA
| | - Louisa Wirthlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis MO, USA
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA.
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Hrabe NW, Heinl P, Bordia RK, Körner C, Fernandes RJ. Maintenance of a bone collagen phenotype by osteoblast-like cells in 3D periodic porous titanium (Ti-6Al-4 V) structures fabricated by selective electron beam melting. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:351-60. [PMID: 23869614 PMCID: PMC3864771 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2013.822864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Regular 3D periodic porous Ti-6Al-4 V structures were fabricated by the selective electron beam melting method (EBM) over a range of relative densities (0.17-0.40) and pore sizes (500-1500 µm). Structures were seeded with human osteoblast-like cells (SAOS-2) and cultured for four weeks. Cells multiplied within these structures and extracellular matrix collagen content increased. Type I and type V collagens typically synthesized by osteoblasts were deposited in the newly formed matrix with time in culture. High magnification scanning electron microscopy revealed cells attached to surfaces on the interior of the structures with an increasingly fibrous matrix. The in-vitro results demonstrate that the novel EBM-processed porous structures, designed to address the effect of stress-shielding, are conducive to osteoblast attachment, proliferation and deposition of a collagenous matrix characteristic of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas W. Hrabe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Heinl
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Science and Technology of Metals, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rajendra K. Bordia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carolin Körner
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Science and Technology of Metals, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Russell J. Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Fernandes RJ, Farnand AW, Traeger GR, Weis MA, Eyre DR. A role for prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 in post-translational modification of fibril-forming collagens. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30662-30669. [PMID: 21757687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrillar collagen types I, II, and V/XI have recently been shown to have partially 3-hydroxylated proline (3Hyp) residues at sites other than the established primary Pro-986 site in the collagen triple helical domain. These sites showed tissue specificity in degree of hydroxylation and a pattern of D-periodic spacing. This suggested a contributory role in fibril supramolecular assembly. The sites in clade A fibrillar α1(II), α2(V), and α1(I) collagen chains share common features with known prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 (P3H2) substrate sites in α1(IV) chains implying a role for this enzyme. We pursued this possibility using the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma cell line (RCS-LTC) found to express high levels of P3H2 mRNA. Mass spectrometry determined that all the additional candidate 3Hyp substrate sites in the pN type II collagen made by these cells were highly hydroxylated. In RNA interference experiments, P3H2 protein synthesis was suppressed coordinately with prolyl 3-hydroxylation at Pro-944, Pro-707, and the C-terminal GPP repeat of the pNα1(II) chain, but Pro-986 remained fully hydroxylated. Furthermore, when P3H2 expression was turned off, as seen naturally in cultured SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells, full 3Hyp occupancy at Pro-986 in α1(I) chains was unaffected, whereas 3-hydroxylation of residue Pro-944 in the α2(V) chain was largely lost, and 3-hydroxylation of Pro-707 in α2(V) and α2(I) chains were sharply reduced. The results imply that P3H2 has preferred substrate sequences among the classes of 3Hyp sites in clade A collagen chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Fernandes
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6500.
| | - Alex W Farnand
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6500
| | - Geoffrey R Traeger
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6500
| | - Mary Ann Weis
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6500
| | - David R Eyre
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6500
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Jaisson S, Sartelet H, Perreau C, Blanchevoye C, Garnotel R, Gillery P. Involvement of lysine 1047 in type I collagen-mediated activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. FEBS J 2008; 275:3226-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fernandes RJ, Weis M, Scott MA, Seegmiller RE, Eyre DR. Collagen XI chain misassembly in cartilage of the chondrodysplasia (cho) mouse. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:597-603. [PMID: 17683922 PMCID: PMC2697923 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms controlling the assembly of cartilage-specific types II, IX and XI collagens into a heteropolymeric network of uniformly thin, unbanded fibrils are not well understood, but collagen XI has been implicated. The present study on cartilage from the homozygous chondrodysplasia (cho/cho) mouse adds support to this concept. In the absence of alpha1(XI) collagen chains, thick, banded collagen fibrils are formed in the extracellular matrix of cho/cho cartilage. A functional knock-out of the type XI collagen molecule has been assumed. We have re-examined this at the protein level to see if, rather than a complete knock-out, alternative type XI chain assemblies were formed. Mass spectrometry of purified triple-helical collagen from the rib cartilage of cho/cho mice identified alpha1(V) and alpha2(XI) chains. These chains were recovered in roughly equal amounts based on Coomassie Blue staining of SDS-PAGE gels, in addition to alpha1(II)/alpha3(XI) collagen chains. Using telopeptide-specific antibodies and Western blot analysis, it was further shown that type V/XI trimers were present in the matrix cross-linked to each other and to type II collagen molecules to form heteropolymers. Cartilage from heterozygous (cho/+) mice contained a mix of alpha1(V) and alpha1(XI) chains and a mix of thin and thick fibrils on transmission electron microscopy. In summary, the results imply that native type XI collagen molecules containing an alpha1(XI) chain are required to form uniformly thin fibrils and support a role for type XI collagen as the template for the characteristic type II collagen fibril network of developing cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Fernandes
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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