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Zweifler LE, Sinder BP, Stephan C, Koh AJ, Do J, Ulrich E, Grewal J, Woo C, Batoon L, Kozloff K, Roca H, Mishina Y, McCauley LK. Parathyroid hormone and trabectedin have differing effects on macrophages and stress fracture repair. Bone 2024; 179:116983. [PMID: 38013019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Stress fractures occur as a result of repeated mechanical stress on bone and are commonly found in the load-bearing lower extremities. Macrophages are key players in the immune system and play an important role in bone remodeling and fracture healing. However, the role of macrophages in stress fractures has not been adequately addressed. We hypothesize that macrophage infiltration into a stress fracture callus site promotes bone healing. To test this, a unilateral stress fracture induction model was employed in which the murine ulna of four-month-old, C57BL/6 J male mice was repeatedly loaded with a pre-determined force until the bone was displaced a distance below the threshold for complete fracture. Mice were treated daily with parathyroid hormone (PTH, 50 μg/kg/day) starting two days before injury and continued until 24 h before euthanasia either four or six days after injury, or treated with trabectedin (0.15 mg/kg) on the day of stress fracture and euthanized three or seven days after injury. These treatments were used due to their established effects on macrophages. While macrophages have been implicated in the anabolic effects of PTH, trabectedin, an FDA approved chemotherapeutic, compromises macrophage function and reduces bone mass. At three- and four-days post injury, callus macrophage numbers were analyzed histologically. There was a significant increase in macrophages with PTH treatment compared to vehicle in the callus site. By one week of healing, treatments differentially affected the bony callus as analyzed by microcomputed tomography. PTH enhanced callus bone volume. Conversely, callus bone volume was decreased with trabectedin treatment. Interestingly, concurrent treatment with PTH and trabectedin rescued the reduction observed in the callus with trabectedin treatment alone. This study reports on the key involvement of macrophages during stress fracture healing. Given these observed outcomes on macrophage physiology and bone healing, these findings may be important for patients actively receiving either of these FDA-approved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Zweifler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P Sinder
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Chris Stephan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Amy J Koh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Justin Do
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Emily Ulrich
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jobanpreet Grewal
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Woo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Lena Batoon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Kozloff
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Hernan Roca
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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2
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Hansen MS, Madsen K, Price M, Søe K, Omata Y, Zaiss MM, Gorvin CM, Frost M, Rauch A. Transcriptional reprogramming during human osteoclast differentiation identifies regulators of osteoclast activity. Bone Res 2024; 12:5. [PMID: 38263167 PMCID: PMC10806178 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhanced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity contribute to the development of osteoporosis, which is characterized by increased bone resorption and inadequate bone formation. As novel antiosteoporotic therapeutics are needed, understanding the genetic regulation of human osteoclastogenesis could help identify potential treatment targets. This study aimed to provide an overview of transcriptional reprogramming during human osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts were differentiated from CD14+ monocytes from eight female donors. RNA sequencing during differentiation revealed 8 980 differentially expressed genes grouped into eight temporal patterns conserved across donors. These patterns revealed distinct molecular functions associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis susceptibility genes based on RNA from iliac crest biopsies and bone mineral density SNPs. Network analyses revealed mutual dependencies between temporal expression patterns and provided insight into subtype-specific transcriptional networks. The donor-specific expression patterns revealed genes at the monocyte stage, such as filamin B (FLNB) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1, encoding LOX-1), that are predictive of the resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. The expression of differentially expressed G-protein coupled receptors was strong during osteoclast differentiation, and these receptors are associated with bone mineral density SNPs, suggesting that they play a pivotal role in osteoclast differentiation and activity. The regulatory effects of three differentially expressed G-protein coupled receptors were exemplified by in vitro pharmacological modulation of complement 5 A receptor 1 (C5AR1), somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), and free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4/GPR120). Activating C5AR1 enhanced osteoclast formation, while activating SSTR2 decreased the resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts, and activating FFAR4 decreased both the number and resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. In conclusion, we report the occurrence of transcriptional reprogramming during human osteoclast differentiation and identified SSTR2 and FFAR4 as antiresorptive G-protein coupled receptors and FLNB and LOX-1 as potential molecular markers of osteoclast activity. These data can help future investigations identify molecular regulators of osteoclast differentiation and activity and provide the basis for novel antiosteoporotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten S Hansen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kaja Madsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Maria Price
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Yasunori Omata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Morten Frost
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Alexander Rauch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark.
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3
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La Manna F, Hanhart D, Kloen P, van Wijnen AJ, Thalmann GN, Kruithof-de Julio M, Chouvardas P. Molecular profiling of osteoprogenitor cells reveals FOS as a master regulator of bone non-union. Gene 2023; 874:147481. [PMID: 37182560 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advances in bone fracture treatment, a significant fraction of fracture patients will develop non-union. Most non-unions are treated with surgery since identifying the molecular causes of these defects is exceptionally challenging. In this study, compared with marrow bone, we generated a transcriptional atlas of human osteoprogenitor cells derived from healing callus and non-union fractures. Detailed comparison among the three conditions revealed a substantial similarity of callus and nonunion at the gene expression level. Nevertheless, when assayed functionally, they showed different osteogenic potential. Utilizing longitudinal transcriptional profiling of the osteoprogenitor cells, we identified FOS as a putative master regulator of non-union fractures. We validated FOS activity by profiling a validation cohort of 31 tissue samples. Our work identified new molecular targets for non-union classification and treatment while providing a valuable resource to better understand human bone healing biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico La Manna
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hanhart
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kloen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - George N Thalmann
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Urology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Chouvardas
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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4
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Chen Z, Zhao H, Meng L, Yu S, Liu Z, Xue J. Microfibril-Associated Glycoprotein-2 Promoted Fracture Healing via Integrin αvβ3/PTK2/AKT Signaling. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100121. [PMID: 36934797 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fracture healing is a complex physiological process in which angiogenesis plays an essential role. Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-2 (MAGP2) has been reported to possess a proangiogenic activity via integrin αvβ3, yet its role in bone repair is unexplored. In this study, a critical-sized femoral defect (2 mm) was created in mice, followed by the delivery of an adenovirus-based MAGP2 overexpression vector or its negative control at the fracture site. At days 7, 14, 21, and 28 postfracture, bone fracture healing was evaluated by radiography, micro-computed tomography, and histopathologic analysis. Adenovirus-based MAGP2 overexpression vector-treated mice exhibited increased bone mineral density and bone volume fraction. MAGP2 overexpression contributed to an advanced stage of endochondral ossification and induced cartilage callus into the bony callus. Further analysis indicated that MAGP2 was associated with enhanced angiogenesis, as evidenced by marked MAGP2 and integrin αvβ3 costaining and increased endothelial cell markers such as endomucin and CD31 levls, as well as elevated phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2) and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT) in the callus. In vitro, recombinant human MAGP2 treatment enhanced the viability, migration, and tube formation ability of human microvascular endothelial cells, which was partially reversed by integrin αvβ3 inhibition or MK-2206, a specific AKT inhibitor. Inhibition of integrin αvβ3 abolished MAGP2-induced PTK2 and AKT activation. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that MAGP2 promotes angiogenesis and bone formation by activating the integrin αvβ3/PTK2/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingshuai Meng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengwei Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinqi Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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5
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Doherty L, Wan M, Peterson A, Youngstrom DW, King JS, Kalajzic I, Hankenson KD, Sanjay A. Wnt-associated adult stem cell marker Lgr6 is required for osteogenesis and fracture healing. Bone 2023; 169:116681. [PMID: 36708855 PMCID: PMC10015414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable regenerative capacity of skeletal tissues, nonunion of bone and failure of fractures to heal properly presents a significant clinical concern. Stem and progenitor cells are present in bone and become activated following injury; thus, elucidating mechanisms that promote adult stem cell-mediated healing is important. Wnt-associated adult stem marker Lgr6 is implicated in the regeneration of tissues with well-defined stem cell niches in stem cell-reliant organs. Here, we demonstrate that Lgr6 is dynamically expressed in osteoprogenitors in response to fracture injury. We used an Lgr6-null mouse model and found that Lgr6 expression is necessary for maintaining bone volume and efficient postnatal bone regeneration in adult mice. Skeletal progenitors isolated from Lgr6-null mice have reduced colony-forming potential and reduced osteogenic differentiation capacity due to attenuated cWnt signaling. Lgr6-null mice consist of a lower proportion of self-renewing stem cells. In response to fracture injury, Lgr6-null mice have a deficiency in the proliferation of periosteal progenitors and reduced ALP activity. Further, analysis of the bone regeneration phase and remodeling phase of fracture healing in Lgr6-null mice showed impaired endochondral ossification and decreased mineralization. We propose that in contrast to not being required for successful skeletal development, Lgr6-positive cells have a direct role in endochondral bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doherty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA; School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Anna Peterson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Daniel W Youngstrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Justin S King
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Kurt D Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA.
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6
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Paria N, Khalid A, Shen B, Lemoine B, Chan J, Kidane YH, Oxendine I, Cornelia R, Wise CA, Rios JJ. Molecular Dissection of Somatic Skeletal Disease in Neurofibromatosis Type 1. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:288-299. [PMID: 36459048 PMCID: PMC9898201 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a tumor predisposition syndrome caused by heterozygous NF1 gene mutations. Patients with NF1 present with pleiotropic somatic secondary manifestations, including development of bone pseudarthrosis after fracture. Somatic NF1 gene mutations were reproducibly identified in patient-derived pseudarthrosis specimens, suggesting a local mosaic cell population including somatic pathologic cells. The somatic cellular pathogenesis of NF1 pseudarthroses remains unclear, though defects in osteogenesis have been posited. Here, we applied time-series single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to patient-matched control and pseudarthrosis-derived primary bone stromal cells (BSCs). We show that osteogenic specification to an osteoblast progenitor cell population was evident for control bone-derived cells and haploinsufficient pseudarthrosis-derived cells. Similar results were observed for somatic patient fracture-derived NF1-/- cells; however, expression of genetic pathways associated with skeletal mineralization were significantly reduced in NF1-/- cells compared with fracture-derived NF1+/- cells. In mice, we show that Nf1 expressed in bone marrow osteoprogenitors is required for the maintenance of the adult skeleton. Results from our study implicate impaired Clec11a-Itga11-Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of NF1-associated skeletal disease. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandina Paria
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aysha Khalid
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bo Shen
- Children's Research Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ben Lemoine
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jinyan Chan
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Yared H Kidane
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ila Oxendine
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Reuel Cornelia
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carol A Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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7
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Lopas LA, Shen H, Zhang N, Jang Y, Tawfik VL, Goodman SB, Natoli RM. Clinical Assessments of Fracture Healing and Basic Science Correlates: Is There Room for Convergence? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 21:216-227. [PMID: 36534307 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the clinical and basic science methods used to assess fracture healing and propose a framework to improve the translational possibilities. RECENT FINDINGS Mainstays of fracture healing assessment include clinical examination, various imaging modalities, and assessment of function. Pre-clinical studies have yielded insight into biomechanical progression as well as the genetic, molecular, and cellular processes of fracture healing. Efforts are emerging to identify early markers to predict impaired healing and possibly early intervention to alter these processes. Despite of the differences in clinical and preclinical research, opportunities exist to unify and improve the translational efforts between these arenas to develop and optimize our ability to assess and predict fracture healing, thereby improving the clinical care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Lopas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1801 N. Senate Blvd Suite 535, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Huaishuang Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yohan Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1801 N. Senate Blvd Suite 535, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vivianne L Tawfik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Goodman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roman M Natoli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1801 N. Senate Blvd Suite 535, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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8
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Yu F, Li F, Yu P, Zhou B, Ye L. Identification and characterization of NFATc1+ skeletal stem cells in bone regeneration. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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9
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Tower RJ, Bancroft AC, Chowdary AR, Barnes S, Edwards NJ, Pagani CA, Dawson LA, Levi B. Single-cell mapping of regenerative and fibrotic healing responses after musculoskeletal injury. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2334-2348. [PMID: 36150381 PMCID: PMC9561541 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury, a cascade of events repairs the damaged tissue, including expansion and differentiation of the progenitor pool and redeposition of matrix. To guide future wound regeneration strategies, we compared single-cell sequencing of regenerative (third phalangeal element [P3]) and fibrotic (second phalangeal element [P2]) digit tip amputation (DTA) models as well as traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO; aberrant). Analyses point to a common initial response to injury, including expansion of progenitors, redeposition of matrix, and activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and WNT pathways. Surprisingly, fibrotic P2 DTA showed greater transcriptional similarity to HO than to regenerative P3 DTA, suggesting that gene expression more strongly correlates with healing outcome than with injury type or cell origin. Differential analysis and immunostaining revealed altered activation of inflammatory pathways, such as the complement pathway, in the progenitor cells. These data suggests that common pathways are activated in response to damage but are fine tuned within each injury. Modulating these pathways may shift the balance toward regenerative outcomes. Regenerative and fibrotic injuries share common early response mechanisms Transcriptomes correlate with healing outcome more than injury type or cell source Matrix composition after injury-induced tissue repair is highly injury type dependent Inflammatory cascades are activated in immune and mesenchymal cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Tower
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Alec C Bancroft
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ashish R Chowdary
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Spencer Barnes
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Bioinformatics Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nicole J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chase A Pagani
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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10
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Decoene I, Herpelinck T, Geris L, Luyten FP, Papantoniou I. Engineering bone-forming callus organoid implants in a xenogeneic-free differentiation medium. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.892190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering aspires to provide clinically relevant solutions for patients through the integration of developmental engineering principles with a bottom-up manufacturing approach. However, the manufacturing of cell-based advanced therapy medicinal products is hampered by protocol complexity, lack of non-invasive critical quality controls, and dependency on animal-derived components for tissue differentiation. We investigate a serum-free, chemically defined, xeno- and lipid-free chondrogenic differentiation medium to generate bone-forming callus organoids. Our results show an increase in microtissue homogeneity during prolonged differentiation and the high quality of in vivo bone-forming organoids. The low protein content of the culture medium potentially allows for the monitoring of relevant secreted biomarkers as (critical) quality attributes. Together, we envisage that this xeno- and lipid-free chondrogenic medium is compatible with industrial scale-up and automation while facilitating the implementation of non-invasive imaging and the use of quality control parameters based on secreted biomarkers.
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11
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Woloszyk A, Tuong ZK, Perez L, Aguilar L, Bankole AI, Evans CH, Glatt V. Fracture hematoma micro-architecture influences transcriptional profile and plays a crucial role in determining bone healing outcomes. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213027. [PMID: 35882120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hematoma that forms between broken fragments of bone serves as a natural fibrin scaffold, and its removal from the defect site delays bone healing. The hypothesis of this study is that the microarchitectural and mechanical properties of the initially formed hematoma has a significant effect on the regulation of the biological process, which ultimately determines the outcome of bone healing. To mimic three healing conditions in the rat femur (normal, delayed, and non-healing bone defects), three different defect sizes of 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 mm, are respectively used. The analysis of 3-day-old hematomas demonstrates clear differences in fibrin clot micro-architecture in terms of fiber diameter, fiber density, and porosity of the formed fibrin network, which result in different mechanical properties (stiffness) of the hematoma in each model. Those differences directly affect the biological processes involved. Specifically, RNA-sequencing reveals almost 700 differentially expressed genes between normally healing and non-healing defects, including significantly up-regulated essential osteogenic genes in normally healing defects, also differences in immune cell populations, activated osteogenic transcriptional regulators as well as potential novel marker genes. Most importantly, this study demonstrates that the healing outcome has already been determined during the hematoma phase of bone healing, three days post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Woloszyk
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229, TX, USA.
| | - Zewen K Tuong
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Louis Perez
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229, TX, USA.
| | - Leonardo Aguilar
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229, TX, USA.
| | - Abraham I Bankole
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229, TX, USA.
| | - Christopher H Evans
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester 55902, MN, USA.
| | - Vaida Glatt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229, TX, USA.
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12
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Zhang R, He Y, Tao B, Wu J, Hu X, Li X, Xia Z, Cai K. Multifunctional silicon calcium phosphate composite scaffolds promote stem cell recruitment and bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5218-5230. [PMID: 35737023 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A scaffold is one of the most significant implants for treating bone injury, while the precise control of stem cell proliferation and differentiation within a scaffold is still challenging. In this work, a composite scaffold was designed to be capable of recruiting endogenous stem cells, stimulating osteogenic differentiation and achieving significant bone repair function. The designed SiCP + SF@PFS silica-calcium phosphate composite scaffold was obtained by mixing the peptide PFS containing silk fibroin solution with the SiCP scaffold, and treating with horseradish peroxidase and H2O2. The results showed that the composite scaffold was able to release the PFS peptide continuously to induce the migration of mesenchymal stem cells. Meanwhile, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were also improved after being seeded on the scaffold. In the cranial defect rat model, the composite scaffold was able to recruit CD29+ and CD90+ cells one week after implantation around the injury sites. The results of Micro-CT, H&E staining, Masson's staining and immunohistochemical staining indicated that the composite scaffold was able to promote new bone formation significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Ye He
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Bailong Tao
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xinqiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Zengzilu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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13
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Sautchuk R, Kalicharan BH, Escalera-Rivera K, Jonason JH, Porter GA, Awad HA, Eliseev RA. Transcriptional regulation of cyclophilin D by BMP/Smad signaling and its role in osteogenic differentiation. eLife 2022; 11:e75023. [PMID: 35635445 PMCID: PMC9191891 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin D (CypD) promotes opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) which plays a key role in both cell physiology and pathology. It is, therefore, beneficial for cells to tightly regulate CypD and MPTP but little is known about such regulation. We have reported before that CypD is downregulated and MPTP deactivated during differentiation in various tissues. Herein, we identify BMP/Smad signaling, a major driver of differentiation, as a transcriptional regulator of the CypD gene, Ppif. Using osteogenic induction of mesenchymal lineage cells as a BMP/Smad activation-dependent differentiation model, we show that CypD is in fact transcriptionally repressed during this process. The importance of such CypD downregulation is evidenced by the negative effect of CypD 'rescue' via gain-of-function on osteogenesis both in vitro and in a mouse model. In sum, we characterized BMP/Smad signaling as a regulator of CypD expression and elucidated the role of CypD downregulation during cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens Sautchuk
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Brianna H Kalicharan
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | | | - Jennifer H Jonason
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - George A Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Hani A Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Roman A Eliseev
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Pathology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
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14
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Liu C, Wei X, Li J, Liang C, Geng W, Ma P. Glimepiride Loaded Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) Microspheres Improve Osseointegration of Dental Implants in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have high dental implant failure frequency. This study explores the function of glimepiride local delivery on dental implant osseointegration in diabetes animal. Glimepiride loaded PLGA microspheres were loaded on the surface of the
dental implant, and transplanted into ten Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Blood sugar level and Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) were measured every week after surgery. Histological, osseointegration rate and bone-implant contact (BIC) rate analysis were performed to evaluate dental osseointegration.
The results showed that Glimepiride loaded Poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres have sustained-release curve. The glimepiride group exhibited greater ISQ than the control group. The BIC rate of the control and glimepiride group was 44.60%±1.95% and 59.80%±1.79%, respectively.
This study demonstrated that the glimepiride group has a significantly greater osseointegration rate than that of the control group. Thus, Glimepiride could provide an alternative drug release microspheres for enhance the dental implant osseointegration in diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Liu
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuezhu Wei
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei Geng
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Pan Ma
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
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15
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Abstract
Fracture healing is a complex, multistep process that is highly sensitive to mechanical signaling. To optimize repair, surgeons prescribe immediate weight-bearing as-tolerated within 24 hours after surgical fixation; however, this recommendation is based on anecdotal evidence and assessment of bulk healing outcomes (e.g., callus size, bone volume, etc.). Given challenges in accurately characterizing the mechanical environment and the ever-changing properties of the regenerate, the principles governing mechanical regulation of repair, including their cell and molecular basis, are not yet well defined. However, the use of mechanobiological rodent models, and their relatively large genetic toolbox, combined with recent advances in imaging approaches and single-cell analyses is improving our understanding of the bone microenvironment in response to loading. This review describes the identification and characterization of distinct cell populations involved in bone healing and highlights the most recent findings on mechanical regulation of bone homeostasis and repair with an emphasis on osteo-angio coupling. A discussion on aging and its impact on bone mechanoresponsiveness emphasizes the need for novel mechanotherapeutics that can re-sensitize skeletal stem and progenitor cells to physical rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Anani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Alesha B Castillo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10010, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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16
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Buettmann EG, Yoneda S, Hu P, McKenzie JA, Silva MJ. Postnatal Osterix but not DMP1 lineage cells significantly contribute to intramembranous ossification in three preclinical models of bone injury. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1083301. [PMID: 36685200 PMCID: PMC9846510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1083301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine models of long-bone fracture, stress fracture, and cortical defect are used to discern the cellular and molecular mediators of intramembranous and endochondral bone healing. Previous work has shown that Osterix (Osx+) and Dentin Matrix Protein-1 (DMP1+) lineage cells and their progeny contribute to injury-induced woven bone formation during femoral fracture, ulnar stress fracture, and tibial cortical defect repair. However, the contribution of pre-existing versus newly-derived Osx+ and DMP1+ lineage cells in these murine models of bone injury is unclear. We addressed this knowledge gap by using male and female 12-week-old, tamoxifen-inducible Osx Cre_ERT2 and DMP1 Cre_ERT2 mice harboring the Ai9 TdTomato reporter allele. To trace pre-existing Osx+ and DMP1+ lineage cells, tamoxifen (TMX: 100 mg/kg gavage) was given in a pulse manner (three doses, 4 weeks before injury), while to label pre-existing and newly-derived lineage Osx+ and DMP1+ cells, TMX was first given 2 weeks before injury and continuously (twice weekly) throughout healing. TdTomato positive (TdT+) cell area and cell fraction were quantified from frozen histological sections of injured and uninjured contralateral samples at times corresponding with active woven bone formation in each model. We found that in uninjured cortical bone tissue, Osx Cre_ERT2 was more efficient than DMP1 Cre_ERT2 at labeling the periosteal and endosteal surfaces, as well as intracortical osteocytes. Pulse-labeling revealed that pre-existing Osx+ lineage and their progeny, but not pre-existing DMP1+ lineage cells and their progeny, significantly contributed to woven bone formation in all three injury models. In particular, these pre-existing Osx+ lineage cells mainly lined new woven bone surfaces and became embedded as osteocytes. In contrast, with continuous dosing, both Osx+ and DMP1+ lineage cells and their progeny contributed to intramembranous woven bone formation, with higher TdT+ tissue area and cell fraction in Osx+ lineage versus DMP1+ lineage calluses (femoral fracture and ulnar stress fracture). Similarly, Osx+ and DMP1+ lineage cells and their progeny significantly contributed to endochondral callus regions with continuous dosing only, with higher TdT+ chondrocyte fraction in Osx+ versus DMP1+ cell lineages. In summary, pre-existing Osx+ but not DMP1+ lineage cells and their progeny make up a significant amount of woven bone cells (particularly osteocytes) across three preclinical models of bone injury. Therefore, Osx+ cell lineage modulation may prove to be an effective therapy to enhance bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Susumu Yoneda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Pei Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jennifer A McKenzie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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17
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Back to basics: Transcriptomics studies for deep phenotyping of osteoarthritis. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2021; 3:100166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2021.100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Identification of miRNA Regulatory Networks and Candidate Markers for Fracture Healing in Mice. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2866475. [PMID: 34840596 PMCID: PMC8611357 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2866475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background It is important to improve the understanding of the fracture healing process at the molecular levels, then to discover potential miRNA regulatory mechanisms and candidate markers. Methods Expression profiles of mRNA and miRNA were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We performed differential analysis, enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The miRNA-mRNA network analysis was also performed. Results We identified 499 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRs) that were upregulated and 534 downregulated DEmRs during fracture healing. They were mainly enriched in collagen fibril organization and immune response. Using the PPI network, we screened 10 hub genes that were upregulated and 10 hub genes downregulated with the largest connectivity. We further constructed the miRNA regulatory network for hub genes and identified 13 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) regulators. Cd19 and Col6a1 were identified as key candidate mRNAs with the largest fold change, and their DEmiR regulators were key candidate regulators. Conclusion Cd19 and Col6a1 might serve as candidate markers for fracture healing in subsequent studies. Their expression is regulated by miRNAs and is involved in collagen fibril organization and immune responses.
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19
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Knox AM, McGuire AC, Natoli RM, Kacena MA, Collier CD. Methodology, selection, and integration of fracture healing assessments in mice. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2295-2309. [PMID: 34436797 PMCID: PMC8542592 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Long bone fractures are one of the most common and costly medical conditions encountered after trauma. Characterization of the biology of fracture healing and development of potential medical interventions generally involves animal models of fracture healing using varying genetic or treatment groups, then analyzing relative repair success via the synthesis of diverse assessment methodologies. Murine models are some of the most widely used given their low cost, wide variety of genetic variants, and rapid breeding and maturation. This review addresses key concerns regarding fracture repair investigations in mice and may serve as a guide in conducting and interpreting such studies. Specifically, this review details the procedures, highlights relevant parameters, and discusses special considerations for the selection and integration of the major modalities used for quantifying fracture repair in such studies, including X-ray, microcomputed tomography, histomorphometric, biomechanical, gene expression and biomarker analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Knox
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Anthony C. McGuire
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Roman M. Natoli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA
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20
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Lafuente-Gracia L, Borgiani E, Nasello G, Geris L. Towards in silico Models of the Inflammatory Response in Bone Fracture Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:703725. [PMID: 34660547 PMCID: PMC8514728 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.703725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In silico modeling is a powerful strategy to investigate the biological events occurring at tissue, cellular and subcellular level during bone fracture healing. However, most current models do not consider the impact of the inflammatory response on the later stages of bone repair. Indeed, as initiator of the healing process, this early phase can alter the regenerative outcome: if the inflammatory response is too strongly down- or upregulated, the fracture can result in a non-union. This review covers the fundamental information on fracture healing, in silico modeling and experimental validation. It starts with a description of the biology of fracture healing, paying particular attention to the inflammatory phase and its cellular and subcellular components. We then discuss the current state-of-the-art regarding in silico models of the immune response in different tissues as well as the bone regeneration process at the later stages of fracture healing. Combining the aforementioned biological and computational state-of-the-art, continuous, discrete and hybrid modeling technologies are discussed in light of their suitability to capture adequately the multiscale course of the inflammatory phase and its overall role in the healing outcome. Both in the establishment of models as in their validation step, experimental data is required. Hence, this review provides an overview of the different in vitro and in vivo set-ups that can be used to quantify cell- and tissue-scale properties and provide necessary input for model credibility assessment. In conclusion, this review aims to provide hands-on guidance for scientists interested in building in silico models as an additional tool to investigate the critical role of the inflammatory phase in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lafuente-Gracia
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edoardo Borgiani
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Nasello
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus: Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Saul D, Monroe DG, Rowsey JL, Kosinsky RL, Vos SJ, Doolittle ML, Farr JN, Khosla S. Modulation of fracture healing by the transient accumulation of senescent cells. eLife 2021; 10:69958. [PMID: 34617510 PMCID: PMC8526061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells have detrimental effects across tissues with aging but may have beneficial effects on tissue repair, specifically on skin wound healing. However, the potential role of senescent cells in fracture healing has not been defined. Here, we performed an in silico analysis of public mRNAseq data and found that senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) markers increased during fracture healing. We next directly established that the expression of senescence biomarkers increased markedly during murine fracture healing. We also identified cells in the fracture callus that displayed hallmarks of senescence, including distension of satellite heterochromatin and telomeric DNA damage; the specific identity of these cells, however, requires further characterization. Then, using a genetic mouse model (Cdkn2aLUC) containing a Cdkn2aInk4a-driven luciferase reporter, we demonstrated transient in vivo senescent cell accumulation during callus formation. Finally, we intermittently treated young adult mice following fracture with drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells (‘senolytics’, Dasatinib plus Quercetin), and showed that this regimen both decreased senescence and SASP markers in the fracture callus and significantly accelerated the time course of fracture healing. Our findings thus demonstrate that senescent cells accumulate transiently in the murine fracture callus and, in contrast to the skin, their clearance does not impair but rather improves fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Saul
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - David G Monroe
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Division of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Jennifer L Rowsey
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Robyn Laura Kosinsky
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Stephanie J Vos
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Madison L Doolittle
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Joshua N Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Division of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States.,Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Division of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
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22
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Harris TL, Silva MJ. Gene expression of intracortical bone demonstrates loading-induced increases in Wnt1 and Ngf and inhibition of bone remodeling processes. Bone 2021; 150:116019. [PMID: 34023542 PMCID: PMC8408835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are the primary mechanosensitive cells in bone. However, their location in mineralized matrix has limited the in vivo study of osteocytic genes induced by mechanical loading. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) allows isolation of intracortical bone (Intra-CB), enriched for osteocytes, from bone tissue for gene expression analysis. We used microarray to analyze gene expression from mouse tibial Intra-CB dissected using LCM 4 h after a single loading bout or after 5 days of loading. Osteocyte enrichment was supported by greater expression of Sost, Dmp1, Dkk1, and Mepe in Intra-CB regions vs. Mixed regions containing periosteum and muscle (fold-change (FC) = 3.4, 2.2, 5.1, 3.0, respectively). Over 150 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) due to loading (loaded vs. contralateral control) in Intra-CB were found on Day 1 and Day 5, but only 10 genes were differentially expressed on both days, including Ngf (Day 1 FC = 13.5, Day 5 FC = 11.1) and Wnt1 (Day 1 FC = 1.5, Day 5 FC = 5.1). The expression of Ngf and Wnt1 within Intra-CB was confirmed by in situ hybridization, and a significant increase in number of Wnt1 mRNA molecules occurred on day 1. We also found changes in extracellular matrix remodeling with Timp1 (FC = 3.1) increased on day 1 and MMP13 (FC = 0.3) decreased on day 5. Supporting this result, IHC for osteocytic MMP13 demonstrated a marginal decrease due to loading on day 5. Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes for loading DEGs indicated regulation of vasculature, neuronal and immune processes while cell-type specific gene lists suggested regulation of osteoclast, osteoblast, and endothelial related genes. In summary, microarray analysis of microdissected Intra-CB revealed differential regulation of Ngf, Wnt1, and MMP13 due to loading in osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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23
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Ren K, Wang L, Wang L, Du Q, Cao J, Jin Q, An G, Li N, Dang L, Tian Y, Wang Y, Sun J. Investigating Transcriptional Dynamics Changes and Time-Dependent Marker Gene Expression in the Early Period After Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats. Front Genet 2021; 12:650874. [PMID: 34220936 PMCID: PMC8248501 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.650874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following skeletal muscle injury (SMI), from post-injury reaction to repair consists of a complex series of dynamic changes. However, there is a paucity of research on detailed transcriptional dynamics and time-dependent marker gene expression in the early stages after SMI. In this study, skeletal muscle tissue in rats was taken at 4 to 48 h after injury for next-generation sequencing. We examined the transcriptional kinetics characteristics during above time periods after injury. STEM and maSigPro were used to screen time-correlated genes. Integrating 188 time-correlated genes with 161 genes in each time-related gene module by WGCNA, we finally identified 18 network-node regulatory genes after SMI. Histological staining analyses confirmed the mechanisms underlying changes in the tissue damage to repair process. Our research linked a variety of dynamic biological processes with specific time periods and provided insight into the characteristics of transcriptional dynamics, as well as screened time-related biological indicators with biological significance in the early stages after SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China.,Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qiuxiang Du
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Jie Cao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Guoshuai An
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lihong Dang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yingjie Tian
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yingyuan Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Junhong Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
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24
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Wallimann A, Magrath W, Thompson K, Moriarty TF, Richards RG, Akdis CA, O’Mahony L, Hernandez CJ. Gut microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids and bone: a potential role in fracture healing. Eur Cell Mater 2021; 41:454-470. [PMID: 33881768 PMCID: PMC9100835 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v041a29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone healing complications such as delayed healing or non-union affect 5-10 % of patients with a long-bone fracture and lead to reduced quality of life and increased health-care costs. The gut microbiota and the metabolites they produce, mainly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been shown to impact nearly all organs of the human body including bone. SCFAs show broad activity in positively influencing bone healing outcomes either by acting directly on cell types involved in fracture healing, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes and fibroblasts, or indirectly, by shaping an appropriate anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory response. Due to the ability of SCFAs to influence osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, SCFAs may also affect the integration of orthopaedic implants in bone. In addition, SCFA-derivatives have already been used in a variety of tissue engineering constructs to reduce inflammation and induce bone tissue production. The present review summarises the current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota, in particular through the action of SCFAs, in the individual stages of bone healing and provides insights into how SCFAs may be utilised in a manner beneficial for fracture healing and surgical reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wallimann
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland,Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research Davos (SIAF), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research Davos (SIAF), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christopher J. Hernandez
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author: Christopher J. Hernandez (355 Upson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Phone: (607) 255-5129, Fax: (607) 255-1222,
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25
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Coates BA, McKenzie JA, Yoneda S, Silva MJ. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) deficiency enhances intramembranous osteogenesis following stress fracture in mice. Bone 2021; 143:115737. [PMID: 33181349 PMCID: PMC8408837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is highly upregulated in response to skeletal injury, suggesting it plays a role in the inflammatory phase of fracture repair. However, the impact of IL-6 on successful repair remains incompletely defined. Therefore, we investigated the role of IL-6 in two models of fracture repair (full fracture and stress fracture) using 12-week old IL-6 global knockout mice (IL-6 KO) and wild type (WT) littermate controls. Callus morphology and mineral density 14 days after full femur fracture did not differ between IL-6 knockout mice and controls. In contrast, IL-6 KO mice had an enhanced bone response 7 days after ulnar stress fracture compared to WT, with increased total callus volume (p = 0.020) and callus bone volume (p = 0.045). IL-6 KO did not alter the recruitment of immune cells (Gr-1 or F4/80 positive) to the stress fracture callus. IL-6 KO also did not alter the number of osteoclasts in the stress fracture callus. Using RNA-seq, we identified differentially expressed genes in stress fracture vs. contralateral control ulnae, and observed that IL-6 KO resulted in only modest alterations to the gene expression response to stress fracture (SFx). Wnt1 was more highly upregulated in IL-6 KO SFx callus at both day 1 (fold change 12.5 in KO vs. 5.7 in WT) and day 3 (fold change 4.7 in KO vs. 1.9 in WT). Finally, using tibial compression to induce bone formation without bone injury, we found that IL-6 KO directly impacted osteoblast function, increasing the propensity for woven bone formation. In summary, we report that IL-6 knockout enhanced formation of callus and bone following stress fracture injury, likely through direct action on the osteoblast's ability to produce woven bone. This suggests a novel role of IL-6 as a suppressor of intramembranous bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Coates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
| | - Jennifer A McKenzie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Susumu Yoneda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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26
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Ko FC, Sumner DR. How faithfully does intramembranous bone regeneration recapitulate embryonic skeletal development? Dev Dyn 2020; 250:377-392. [PMID: 32813296 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration plays an important role during a wide variety of musculoskeletal regeneration processes such as fracture healing, joint replacement and dental implant surgery, distraction osteogenesis, stress fracture healing, and repair of skeletal defects caused by trauma or resection of tumors. The molecular basis of intramembranous bone regeneration has been interrogated using rodent models of most of these conditions. These studies reveal that signaling pathways such as Wnt, TGFβ/BMP, FGF, VEGF, and Notch are invoked, reminiscent of embryonic development of membranous bone. Discoveries of several skeletal stem cell/progenitor populations using mouse genetic models also reveal the potential sources of postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration. The purpose of this review is to compare the underlying molecular signals and progenitor cells that characterize embryonic development of membranous bone and postnatal intramembranous bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Ko
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - D Rick Sumner
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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27
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Hydrogen Sulfide in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Repair: State of the Art and New Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205231. [PMID: 31652532 PMCID: PMC6834365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the regulation of multiple physiological functions has been clearly recognized in the over 20 years since it was first identified as a novel gasotransmitter. In bone tissue H2S exerts a cytoprotective effect and promotes bone formation. Just recently, the scientific community has begun to appreciate its role as a therapeutic agent in bone pathologies. Pharmacological administration of H2S achieved encouraging results in preclinical studies in the treatment of systemic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis; however, a local delivery of H2S at sites of bone damage may provide additional opportunities of treatment. Here, we highlight how H2S stimulates multiple signaling pathways involved in various stages of the processes of bone repair. Moreover, we discuss how material science and chemistry have recently developed biomaterials and H2S-donors with improved features, laying the ground for the development of H2S-releasing devices for bone regenerative medicine. This review is intended to give a state-of-the-art description of the pro-regenerative properties of H2S, with a focus on bone tissue, and to discuss the potential of H2S-releasing scaffolds as a support for bone repair.
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