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Haque I, Schlacht TZ, Skelton DA. The effects of high velocity resistance training on bone mineral density in older adults: A systematic review. Bone 2024; 179:116986. [PMID: 38070720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of high velocity resistance training (HVRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using five databases. Records were screened by two independent reviewers. INCLUSION CRITERIA adults ≥50 years old, HVRT defined as rapid concentric and slow eccentric phase against an external load, control group and/or other intervention group, BMD measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry, and ≥6 months. RESULTS 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. 12 were original intervention studies (8 RCTs) with n = 1203 people. 13 papers were follow up studies of these original interventions. Heterogeneity of studies meant no meta-analysis was performed. Moderate evidence suggests a small statistically significant effect of HVRT on BMD in older adults at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck ranging from 0.9 % to 5.4 %. BMD measurements significantly decreased post-intervention in follow-up studies where the interventions had ceased. Dose-response of HVRT was shown to positively impact BMD when ≥2 sessions per week are completed. CONCLUSIONS HVRT plays a role in increasing BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip. Doses of higher intensity exercise performed ≥2 sessions per week will yield the most skeletal benefits, and if exercise is stopped for >6 months, benefits achieved may be lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaya Haque
- Research Centre for Health (ReaCH), School of Health & Life Sciences, Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Thomas Z Schlacht
- Research Centre for Health (ReaCH), School of Health & Life Sciences, Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Dawn A Skelton
- Research Centre for Health (ReaCH), School of Health & Life Sciences, Physiotherapy and Paramedicine, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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Carcelén-Fraile MDC, Lorenzo-Nocino MF, Afanador-Restrepo DF, Rodríguez-López C, Aibar-Almazán A, Hita-Contreras F, Achalandabaso-Ochoa A, Castellote-Caballero Y. Effects of different intervention combined with resistance training on musculoskeletal health in older male adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1037464. [PMID: 36684863 PMCID: PMC9853907 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1037464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Nowadays, there is a significant increase in the elderly population in many countries around the world, and sarcopenia is one of the most common consequences of this with resistance training being one of the best treatments. Hence, this systematic review was conducted to determine what are the effects of different combinations of resistance training-based interventions on the musculoskeletal health of older male adults with sarcopenia. Methods This systematic review was performed following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The search was performed between February and August 2022 in three electronic databases: Pubmed (MEDLINE), Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus employing different keywords combined with Boolean operators. Only 13 articles were included out of the initial 1,019. Results The articles studied the effects of resistance training combined with other interventions, 6 articles combined it with protein and vitamin supplementation, 4 with protein supplements only, while 3 combined it with aerobic training, finding beneficial results mainly on strength, functionality, and body composition. Conclusion Resistance Training combined with Aerobic Training or nutritional supplements has better effects than Resistance Training alone in older male adults with sarcopenia. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier: CRD42022354184.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Fernando Afanador-Restrepo
- ZIPATEFI Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, University Foundation of the Área Andina, Pereira, Colombia
- GIP Pedagogy Research Group, Faculty of Distance and Virtual Education, Antonio José Camacho University Institution, Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-López
- Clinical Director at Sinapse Neurology, CEO Mbody Research and Formation Group, University Schools Gimbernat, Attached to the University of Cantabria, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Fidel Hita-Contreras
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Mori H, Tokuda Y. De-Training Effects Following Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Supplementation and Resistance Training in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial with 24 Weeks of Follow-Up. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:994-1002. [PMID: 36437767 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of de-training after a combined intervention of leucine-enriched whey protein supplementation and resistance training on skeletal muscle mass and strength in older adults with sarcopenia. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. SETTING A community in Hyogo, Japan. PARTICIPANTS The study included older adults aged ≥ 65 years who were screened for sarcopenia at the Care Center from, a community in Hyogo, Japan. The participants were randomly allocated to one of three groups: whey protein supplementation after resistance training (RT + PRO; n = 27), resistance training only (RT; n = 27), and whey protein supplementation only (PRO; n = 27). INTERVENTIONS An intervention program was conducted over a period of 24 weeks. The program included RT and/or PRO supplementation twice a week for 24 weeks, followed by a de-training period for another 24 weeks. PRO supplementation included 11.0 g of protein and 2,300 mg of leucine. The total energy and protein intake amounts for the participants in all groups were controlled to achieve at least 30 kcal/kg ideal body weight (IBW)/day and 1.2 g/kg IBW/day, respectively, during the intervention and de-training periods. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcomes, such as mean change of appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ΔASMI), and secondary outcomes, such as handgrip strength (ΔHGS), were measured at baseline, the end of intervention, and at 12 and 24 weeks of de-training. RESULTS Compared to baseline, ASMI and HGS increased significantly at the end of the intervention period in the RT+PRO group (ASMI and HGS, p < 0.01); however, there were no significant differences in ΔASMI and ΔHGS between each group. At 24 weeks of the de-training period, ΔASMI and ΔHGS were higher in the RT + PRO group than in the RT group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that combined intervention of RT and PRO showed long-term maintenance in treating sarcopenia than RT only at 24 weeks after de-training. Therefore, PRO intake after RT may be useful in the treatment of sarcopenia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mori
- Hiroyasu Mori, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto-Cho 3-18-15, Tokushima-City, Tokushima-Prefecture, 770-8503, Japan, Tel: +81-88-633-7587; Fax: +81-88-633-7589, E-mail:
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Zitzmann AL, Shojaa M, Kast S, Kohl M, von Stengel S, Borucki D, Gosch M, Jakob F, Kerschan-Schindl K, Kladny B, Lange U, Middeldorf S, Peters S, Schoene D, Sieber C, Thomasius F, Uder M, Kemmler W. The effect of different training frequency on bone mineral density in older adults. A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone 2022; 154:116230. [PMID: 34624560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise frequency is a key aspect of exercise protocols. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we determined the effect of training frequency on (areal) bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine (LS) and hip. Reviewing seven electronic databases up to April 2021, we conducted a systematic review of the literature according to the PRISMA statement. Inclusion criteria were (a) controlled exercise trials (b) with at least two study arms that compared low versus high exercise frequency, (c) an intervention ≥6 months and (d) BMD assessments at lumbar spine (LS) or hip. The analysis was conducted as a mixed-effect meta-analysis and used "type of exercise" and "study duration" as moderators in subgroup analyses. Standardized mean differences (SMD) for LS- and hip-BMD changes were defined as outcome measures. Seven studies with 17 exercise groups were included in the analysis. We observed significantly higher effects of high (≥2 sessions/week) vs. low net training frequency (1-<2 sessions/week) exercise on LS- (SMD 0.55, 95%-CI: 0.20-0.90) but not hip-BMD (0.19, -0.06 to 0.45). Study duration was found to be a significant moderator for the effect of training frequency at LS- but not hip-BMD. In parallel, the type of exercise moderately influences the effect of training frequency on LS- but not on hip-BMD. We observed a superior effect of higher net training frequency on BMD. Longer exercise exposition increases this effect. Considering e.g. holidays, indisposition or other temporary absence, exercise programs on osteoporosis should provide at least 3 sessions/week/year to allow a net training frequency of more than two sessions/week. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42021246804).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Zitzmann
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mahdieh Shojaa
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; University Hospital Tübingen, Institute of Health Science, Department Population-Based Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kast
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Borucki
- Deutsche Rheuma-Liga Bundesverband e.V., Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Gosch
- Paracelsus Medical University Nürnberg and General Hospital Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum für Bewegungsforschung, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Kladny
- German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma (DGOU), Germany
| | - Uwe Lange
- German Society for Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Peters
- German Association for Health-Related Fitness and Exercise Therapy (DVGS), Germany
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornel Sieber
- European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS), Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Thomasius
- Osteology umbrella association Germany, Austria, Switzerland; Frankfurt Center of Bone Health, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, FAU-Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Radiology, FAU-Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Germany.
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Supriya R, Singh KP, Gao Y, Gu Y, Baker JS. Effect of Exercise on Secondary Sarcopenia: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Biology (Basel) 2021; 11:biology11010051. [PMID: 35053049 PMCID: PMC8773430 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Sarcopenia is an inevitable component of aging. It is officially recognized as a muscle disease with an ICD-10-MC diagnosis code that can be used to bill for care in some countries. Sarcopenia can be classified into primary or age-related sarcopenia and secondary sarcopenia. The condition is referred to as secondary sarcopenia when any other comorbidities are present in conjunction with aging. Secondary sarcopenia is more prevalent than primary sarcopenia and requires special attention. Exercise interventions may help in our understanding and prevention of sarcopenia with a specific morbidity Glomerular filtration rate that exercise improves muscle mass, quality or physical function in elderly subjects with cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney diseases and lung diseases. In this review, we summarize recent research that has studied the impact of exercise on patients with secondary sarcopenia, specifically those with one comorbid condition. We did not discover any exercise intervention specifically for subjects with secondary sarcopenia (with one comorbidity). Even though there is a strong argument for using exercise to improve muscle mass, quality or physical function in subjects with cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney diseases, lung diseases and many more, very few studies have reported baseline sarcopenia assessments. Based on the trials summarized in this review, we may propose but not conclude that resistance, aerobic, balance training or even walking can be useful in subjects with secondary sarcopenia with only one comorbidity due to the limited number of trials. This review is significant because it reveals the need for broad-ranging research initiatives involving secondary sarcopenic patients and highlights a large secondary sarcopenia research gap. Abstract Background: Sarcopenia has been recognized as an inevitable part of aging. However, its severity and the age at which it begins cannot be predicted by age alone. The condition can be categorized into primary or age-related sarcopenia and secondary sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is diagnosed as primary when there are no other specific causes. However, secondary sarcopenia occurs if other factors, including malignancy or organ failure, are evident in addition to aging. The prevalence of secondary sarcopenia is far greater than that of primary sarcopenia and requires special attention. To date, nutrition and exercise have proven to be the best methods to combat this disease. The impact of exercise on subjects suffering from sarcopenia with a specific morbidity is worthy of examination for understanding and prevention. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to summarize recent research that has investigated the impact of exercise in patients with secondary sarcopenia, specifically with one comorbidity. Methods: Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase and Medline databases were searched comprehensively with no date limit for randomized controlled trials. The literature was specifically searched for clinical trials in which subjects were sarcopenic with only one comorbidity participating in an exercise intervention. The most visible comorbidities identified and used in the search were lung disease, kidney disease, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, neurological diseases, osteoporosis and arthritis. Results: A total of 1752 studies were identified that matched the keywords. After removing duplicates, there were 1317 articles remaining. We extracted 98 articles for full screening. Finally, we included 21 relevant papers that were used in this review. Conclusion: Despite a strong rationale for using exercise to improve muscle mass, quality or physical function in subjects with cancer, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, lung disease and many more, baseline sarcopenia evaluation has been reported in very few trials. The limited number of studies does not allow us to conclude that exercise can improve sarcopenia in patients with other comorbidities. This review highlights the necessity for wide-ranging research initiatives involving secondary sarcopenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Supriya
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.G.); (Y.G.); (J.S.B.)
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Sarcopenia Research Unit, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong
- Correspondence:
| | - Kumar Purnendu Singh
- FEBT, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Yang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.G.); (Y.G.); (J.S.B.)
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Sarcopenia Research Unit, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.G.); (Y.G.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Y.G.); (Y.G.); (J.S.B.)
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Sarcopenia Research Unit, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong
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Rosengren BE, Rempe J, Jehpsson L, Dencker M, Karlsson MK. Physical Activity at Growth Induces Bone Mass Benefits Into Adulthood – A Fifteen‐Year Prospective Controlled Study. JBMR Plus 2021; 6:e10566. [PMID: 35079677 PMCID: PMC8770997 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily school physical activity (PA) improves musculoskeletal traits. Whether or not benefits remain in adulthood is debated. We included in this study 131 children that took part in an intervention with 40 minutes of PA per school day (200 minutes per week) from age 6 to 9 years (grade one) to age 14 to 16 years (grade nine), whereas 78 children continued with national recommended school physical education of 60 minutes per week. Measurements were done with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (bone mineral content [BMC], bone mineral density [BMD], and bone area), and a computerized knee dynamometer (peak torque muscle strength) at study start, at the end of the intervention, and 7 years after the intervention. Group differences from study start and end of the intervention to 7 years thereafter were estimated by analyses of covariance (adjusted for sex and follow‐up time). Musculoskeletal gains from study start to 7 years after termination of the intervention were higher in the intervention group (total body less head BMC +182.5 g [95% confidence interval {CI}, 55.1–309.9] and BMD +0.03 g/cm2 [95% CI, 0.003–0.05], femoral neck area + 0.2 cm2 [95% CI, 0.1–0.4], and knee flexion peak torque muscle strength at 60 degrees per second +9.2 Nm [95% CI, 2.9–15.5]). There was no attenuation during the 7 years that followed termination of the intervention (all group comparisons p > 0.05). Benefits in musculoskeletal gains remain 7 years after termination of a daily school‐based PA program, without attenuation after termination of the program. Daily school PA may counteract low bone mass and inferior muscle strength in adulthood. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn E Rosengren
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital Malmo Lund University Malmo Sweden
| | - Jakob Rempe
- Department of Orthopedics, Helsingborg Hospital Lund University Helsingborg Sweden
| | - Lars Jehpsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital Malmo Lund University Malmo Sweden
| | - Magnus Dencker
- Department of Physiology and Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital Malmo Lund University Malmo Sweden
| | - Magnus K Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skane University Hospital Malmo Lund University Malmo Sweden
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Kemmler W, Hettchen M, Kohl M, Murphy M, Bragonzoni L, Julin M, Risto T, von Stengel S. Detraining Effects on Musculoskeletal Parameters in Early Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women: 3-Month Follow-Up of the Randomized Controlled ACTLIFE Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:1-11. [PMID: 33712920 PMCID: PMC7954366 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Periods of absence from supervised group exercise while maintaining physical activity might be a frequent pattern in adults' exercise habits. The aim of the present study was to determine detraining effects on musculoskeletal outcomes after a 3-month detraining period in early post-menopausal, osteopenic women. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we terminated the 18-month randomized controlled ACTLIFE exercise intervention immediately after the 13-month follow-up assessment. This put an abrupt stop to the high-intensity aerobic and resistance group exercise sessions undertaken three times per week by the exercise group (EG: n = 27) and the gentle exercise program performed once per week for the attention control group (CG: n = 27); but both groups were permitted to conduct individual outdoor activity for the 3-month lock-down period. Study endpoints were lean body mass (LBM), bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine (LS), maximum hip-/leg extension strength and power. Detraining-induced reductions of LBM, hip/leg strength and power (but not BMD-LS) were significantly greater (p < 0.001 to p = 0.044) compared with the CG. Significant exercise effects, i.e. differences between EG and CG, present after 13 months of exercise, were lost after 3 months of detraining for LBM (p = 0.157) and BMD-LS (p = 0.065), but not for strength (p < 0.001) and power (p < 0.001). Of note, self-reported individual outdoor activities and exercise increased by about 40% in both groups during the lock-down period. Three months' absence from a supervised group exercise protocol resulted in considerable detraining effects for musculoskeletal parameters. Thus, exercise programs for adults should be continuous rather than intermittent.Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04420806, 06.05.2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Hettchen
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Marie Murphy
- Doctoral College, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Mikko Julin
- Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tapani Risto
- Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Espoo, Finland
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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Ghasemikaram M, Engelke K, Kohl M, von Stengel S, Kemmler W. Detraining Effects on Muscle Quality in Older Men with Osteosarcopenia. Follow-Up of the Randomized Controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). Nutrients 2021; 13:1528. [PMID: 34062828 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of detraining on muscle quality (MQ) in older men with osteosarcopenia. Forty-three community-dwelling older men (78 ± 4 years) were randomly allocated to a consistently supervised high-intensity resistance exercise training (HIRT) group (n = 21) or a control group (CG, n = 22). The HIRT scheduled a periodized single set protocol twice weekly. After the intervention, the men were subjected to six months of detraining. Muscle quality (MQ), defined as maximum isokinetic hip/leg extensor strength per unit of mid-thigh intra-fascia volume, was determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or per unit of thigh muscle mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputations was applied. We observed significant exercise effects for MQ (p = 0.001). During detraining, the HIRT group lost about one-third of the intervention-induced gain and displayed significantly (p = 0.001) higher MQ reductions compared to the CG. Nevertheless, after training and detraining, the overall intervention effect on MQ remained significant (p ≤ 0.004). In summary, six months of absence from HIRT induce a significant deleterious effect on MQ in older osteosarcopenic men. We conclude that intermitted training programs with training breaks of six months and longer should be replaced by largely continuous exercise programs, at least when addressing MQ parameters.
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Kemmler W, Schoene D, Kohl M, von Stengel S. Changes in Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Health After Detraining in Older Men with Osteosarcopenia: 6-Month Follow-Up of the Randomized Controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST) Study. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:571-582. [PMID: 33854307 PMCID: PMC8039436 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s299867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Temporary cessation of exercise but maintenance of habitual physical activity might be a frequent situation in older people’s lives. Particularly the COVID-19 induced lockdown of exercise training facilities with individual outdoor activities still being allowed might be a blueprint for this potentially harmful scenario. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of 6 months of detraining after 18 months of high-intensity resistance exercise (HIT-RT) on body composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in predominately obese older men with osteosarcopenia. Materials and Methods Community-dwelling predominately obese men 72–91 years old with low muscle and bone mass (n=43) were randomly assigned to an 18-month HIT-RT (EG: n=21) or a non-training control group (CG, n=22). After the intervention, participants of the EG discontinued HIT-RT for 6 months, but increased their habitual physical activity. Study outcomes were group differences in detraining changes (“effects”) for lean body mass (LBM), total and abdominal body fat rate (determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and the Metabolic Syndrome Z-Score (MetSZ). We applied an intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation to analyze the data. Results After the 18-month HIT-RT, we observed significant positive training effects for LBM, total and abdominal body fat rate and the MetSZ (all p<0.001). Abrupt cessation of HIT-RT for 6 months resulted in significantly higher unfavorable changes in the HIT-RT compared with the CG for LBM (p=0.001), total body fat (p=0.003) and the MetSZ (p=0.003), apart from abdominal body fat (p=0.059). However, significant overall effects were still present after 24 months for LBM and body fat indices but not for the MetSZ. Conclusion The present study clearly indicates the unfavorable effects of 6 months of detraining after HIT-RT. Correspondingly, exercise protocols particularly for older people should focus on continuous exercise with short regeneration periods rather than on intermitted protocols with pronounced training breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91053, Germany
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91053, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Villingen-Schwenningen, 78054, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91053, Germany
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