1
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Ruiken JP, Villwock J, Kraume M. Behaviour of Acoustically Levitated Drops in Mid-Water. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1923. [PMID: 37893360 PMCID: PMC10609316 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A low-impact acoustic levitation system has been developed to study immobilised single drops in liquid-liquid systems. The ability to observe liquid drops several millimetres in diameter for days enables fundamental research into a wide range of mechanisms. Non-invasive optical measurements with excellent optical accessibility are possible. This experimental work provides the basis for mass transfer studies, emphasizing the precise volume determination, signal noise, reproducibility, and the impact of the acoustic field on the drop and its surrounding environment. The setup can be effectively controlled and proves beneficial for research objectives provided that all liquid phases are entirely degassed, and there are no compressible voids present within the liquids. In addition to the precise, uniform, and reliable measurement conditions, we observed no acoustic streaming in the proximity of the drop and there was no significant vibration of the drop. Qualitative observations using rainbow schlieren deflectometry indicate that the nodal or anti-nodal planes of the standing waves can act as barriers to the dispersion of inhomogeneous dissolved substances in the continuous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Kraume
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (J.-P.R.); (J.V.)
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2
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Stein M, Keller S, Luo Y, Ilic O. Shaping contactless radiation forces through anomalous acoustic scattering. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6533. [PMID: 36319654 PMCID: PMC9626492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Waves impart momentum and exert force on obstacles in their path. The transfer of wave momentum is a fundamental mechanism for contactless manipulation, yet the rules of conventional scattering intrinsically limit the radiation force based on the shape and the size of the manipulated object. Here, we show that this intrinsic limit can be broken for acoustic waves with subwavelength-structured surfaces (metasurfaces), where the force becomes controllable by the arrangement of surface features, independent of the object's overall shape and size. Harnessing such anomalous metasurface scattering, we demonstrate complex actuation phenomena: self-guidance, where a metasurface object is autonomously guided by an acoustic wave, and tractor beaming, where a metasurface object is pulled by the wave. Our results show that bringing the metasurface physics of acoustic waves, and its full arsenal of tools, to the domain of mechanical manipulation opens new frontiers in contactless actuation and enables diverse actuation mechanisms that are beyond the limits of traditional wave-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stein
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sam Keller
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Yujie Luo
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Ognjen Ilic
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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3
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van Wasen S, You Y, Beck S, Riedel J, Volmer DA. Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Drugs Using a Combination of Acoustic Levitation and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6019-6024. [PMID: 33835771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A combination of acoustic levitation, laser vaporization, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) is presented in this study that enabled sensitive analysis of pharmaceutical drugs from an aqueous sample matrix. An unfocused pulsed infrared laser provided contactless sample desorption from the droplets trapped inside an acoustic levitator by activation of the OH stretching band of aqueous and alcoholic solvents. Subsequent atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was used between the levitated droplet and the mass spectrometer for postionization. In this setup, the unfocused laser gently desorbed the analytes by applying very mild repulsive forces. Detailed plume formation studies by temporally resolved schlieren experiments were used to characterize the liquid gas transition in this process. In addition, the role of different additives and solvent composition was examined during the ionization process. The analytical application of the technique and the proof-of-concept for quantitative analysis were demonstrated by the determination of selected pharmaceutical drugs in aqueous matrix with limits of quantification at the lower nanomolar level and a linear dynamic range of 3-4 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian van Wasen
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yi You
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Bierstedt A, Warschat C, You Y, Rurack K, Riedel J. Stimulated Raman scattering by intracavity mixing of nanosecond laser excitation and fluorescence in acoustically levitated droplets. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5046-5054. [PMID: 33034318 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01504k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is becoming a commonly used, powerful tool for structural elucidation and species identification of small liquid samples, e.g. in droplet-based digital microfluidic devices. Due to the low scattering cross sections and the temporal restrictions dictated by the droplet flow, however, it depends on amplification strategies which often come at a cost. In the case of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), this can be an enhanced susceptibility towards memory effects and cross talk, whereas resonant and/or stimulated Raman techniques require higher instrumental sophistication, such as tunable lasers or the high electromagnetic field strengths which are typically provided by femtosecond lasers. Here, an alternative instrumental approach is discussed, in which stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is achieved using the single fixed wavelength output of an inexpensive diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) nanosecond laser. The required field strengths are realized by an effective light trapping in a resonator mode inside the interrogated droplets, while the resonant light required for the stimulation is provided by the fluorescence signal of an admixed laser dye. To elucidate the underlying optical processes, proof-of-concept experiments are conducted on acoustically levitated droplets, mimicking a highly reproducible and stable digital fluidic system. By using isotope-labeled compounds, the assignment of the emitted radiation as Raman scattering is firmly corroborated. A direct comparison reveals an amplification of the usually weak spontaneous Stokes emission by up to five orders of magnitude. Further investigation of the optical power dependence reveals the resulting gain to depend on the intensity of both, the input laser fluence and the concentration of the admixed fluorophore, leaving SRS as the only feasible amplification mechanism. While in this study stable large droplets have been studied, the underlying principles also hold true for smaller droplets, in which case significantly lower laser pulse energy is required. Since DPSS lasers are readily available with high repetition rates, the presented detection strategy bears a huge potential for fast online identification and characterization routines in digital microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bierstedt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Meldrum FC, O'Shaughnessy C. Crystallization in Confinement. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001068. [PMID: 32583495 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many crystallization processes of great importance, including frost heave, biomineralization, the synthesis of nanomaterials, and scale formation, occur in small volumes rather than bulk solution. Here, the influence of confinement on crystallization processes is described, drawing together information from fields as diverse as bioinspired mineralization, templating, pharmaceuticals, colloidal crystallization, and geochemistry. Experiments are principally conducted within confining systems that offer well-defined environments, varying from droplets in microfluidic devices, to cylindrical pores in filtration membranes, to nanoporous glasses and carbon nanotubes. Dramatic effects are observed, including a stabilization of metastable polymorphs, a depression of freezing points, and the formation of crystals with preferred orientations, modified morphologies, and even structures not seen in bulk. Confinement is also shown to influence crystallization processes over length scales ranging from the atomic to hundreds of micrometers, and to originate from a wide range of mechanisms. The development of an enhanced understanding of the influence of confinement on crystal nucleation and growth will not only provide superior insight into crystallization processes in many real-world environments, but will also enable this phenomenon to be used to control crystallization in applications including nanomaterial synthesis, heavy metal remediation, and the prevention of weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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6
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Michalik-Onichimowska A, Beitz T, Panne U, Löhmannsröben HG, Riedel J. Laser ionization ion mobility spectrometric interrogation of acoustically levitated droplets. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:8053-8061. [PMID: 31741006 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acoustically levitated droplets have been suggested as compartmentalized, yet wall-less microreactors for high-throughput reaction optimization purposes. The absence of walls is envisioned to simplify up-scaling of the optimized reaction conditions found in the microliter volumes. A consequent pursuance of high-throughput chemistry calls for a fast, robust and sensitive analysis suited for online interrogation. For reaction optimization, targeted analysis with relatively low sensitivity suffices, while a fast, robust and automated sampling is paramount. To follow this approach, in this contribution, a direct coupling of levitated droplets to a homebuilt ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) is presented. The sampling, transfer to the gas phase, as well as the ionization are all performed by a single exposure of the sampling volume to the resonant output of a mid-IR laser. Once formed, the nascent spatially and temporally evolving analyte ion cloud needs to be guided out of the acoustically confined trap into the inlet of the ion mobility spectrometer. Since the IMS is operated at ambient pressure, no fluid dynamic along a pressure gradient can be employed. Instead, the transfer is achieved by the electrostatic potential gradient inside a dual ring electrode ion optics, guiding the analyte ion cloud into the first stage of the IMS linear drift tube accelerator. The design of the appropriate atmospheric pressure ion optics is based on the original vacuum ion optics design of Wiley and McLaren. The obtained experimental results nicely coincide with ion trajectory calculations based on a collisional model. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Michalik-Onichimowska
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 6, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Shi Q, Di W, Dong D, Yap LW, Li L, Zang D, Cheng W. A General Approach to Free-Standing Nanoassemblies via Acoustic Levitation Self-Assembly. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5243-5250. [PMID: 30969755 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Droplets suspended by acoustic levitation provide genuine substrate-free environments for understanding unconventional fluid dynamics, evaporation kinetics, and chemical reactions by circumventing solid surface and boundary effects. Using a fully levitated air-water interface by acoustic levitation in conjunction with drying-mediated nanoparticle self-assembly, here, we demonstrate a general approach to fabricating free-standing nanoassemblies, which can totally avoid solid surface effects during the entire process. This strategy has no limitation for the sizes or shapes of constituent metallic nanoparticle building blocks and can also be applied to fabricate free-standing bilayered and trilayered nanoassemblies or even three-dimensional hollow nanoassemblies. We believe that our strategy may be further extended to quantum dots, magnetic particles, colloids, etc. Hence, it may lead to a myriad of homogeneous or heterogeneous free-standing nanoassemblies with programmable functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Monash University , Clayton 3800 , Victoria , Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton 3168 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Wenli Di
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710129 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dashen Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Monash University , Clayton 3800 , Victoria , Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton 3168 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Lim Wei Yap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Monash University , Clayton 3800 , Victoria , Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton 3168 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Lin Li
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710129 , People's Republic of China
| | - Duyang Zang
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710129 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Monash University , Clayton 3800 , Victoria , Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton 3168 , Victoria , Australia
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8
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Mu C, Wang J, Barraza KM, Zhang X, Beauchamp JL. Mass Spectrometric Study of Acoustically Levitated Droplets Illuminates Molecular‐Level Mechanism of Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer involving Lipid Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8082-8086. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Kevin M. Barraza
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics and the Beckman Institute California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics and the Beckman Institute California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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9
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Mu C, Wang J, Barraza KM, Zhang X, Beauchamp JL. Mass Spectrometric Study of Acoustically Levitated Droplets Illuminates Molecular‐Level Mechanism of Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer involving Lipid Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Kevin M. Barraza
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics and the Beckman Institute California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education) Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST) College of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - J. L. Beauchamp
- Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics and the Beckman Institute California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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10
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Andrade MAB, Camargo TSA, Marzo A. Automatic contactless injection, transportation, merging, and ejection of droplets with a multifocal point acoustic levitator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:125105. [PMID: 30599572 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an acoustic levitation system that automatically injects, transports, merges and ejects liquid droplets in mid-air. The system consists of a phased array operating at 40 kHz on top of a plane reflector. The phase array generates multiple focal points at independent positions that form standing waves between the array and the reflector. In the reflector there is an inlet for a piezoelectric droplet injector which automatically inserts liquid droplets at the lower pressure nodes of the standing waves, and a hole that serves as an outlet for ejecting the processed droplets out of the system. Simulations of the acoustic radiation potential acting on the levitating droplets are in good agreement with the experiments. High-speed footage captured the functioning of the system in four fluidic operations: injection, transport, merging and ejection of liquid droplets. Having these operations integrated reliably into a single automatic system paves the way for the adoption of mid-air acoustophoretic processing in biological, chemical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A B Andrade
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Thales S A Camargo
- Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, University of São Paulo, Santos 11013-560, Brazil
| | - Asier Marzo
- Computer Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona 31006, Navarre, Spain
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11
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Hosseinzadeh VA, Brugnara C, Holt RG. Shape oscillations of single blood drops: applications to human blood and sickle cell disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16794. [PMID: 30429489 PMCID: PMC6235873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder associated with severe anemia, vessel occlusion, poor oxygen transport and organ failure. The presence of stiff and often sickle-shaped red blood cells is the hallmark of SCD and is believed to contribute to impaired blood rheology and organ damage. Most existing measurement techniques of blood and red blood cell physical properties require sample contact and/or large sample volume, which is problematic for pediatric patients. Acoustic levitation allows rheological measurements in a single drop of blood, simultaneously eliminating the need for both contact containment and manipulation of samples. The technique shows that the shape oscillation of blood drops is able to assess blood viscosity in normal and SCD blood and demonstrates an abnormally increased viscosity in SCD when compared with normal controls. Furthermore, the technique is sensitive enough to detect viscosity changes induced by hydroxyurea treatment, and their dependence on the total fetal hemoglobin content of the sample. Thus this technique may hold promise as a monitoring tool for assessing changes in blood rheology in sickle cell and other hematological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Brugnara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - R Glynn Holt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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12
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Chen Z, Zang D, Zhao L, Qu M, Li X, Li X, Li L, Geng X. Liquid Marble Coalescence and Triggered Microreaction Driven by Acoustic Levitation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6232-6239. [PMID: 28339204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid marbles show promising potential for application in the microreactor field. Control of the coalescence between two or among multiple liquid marbles is critical; however, the successful merging of two isolated marbles is difficult because of their mechanically robust particle shells. In this work, the coalescence of multiple liquid marbles was achieved via acoustic levitation. The dynamic behaviors of the liquid marbles were monitored by a high-speed camera. Driven by the sound field, the liquid marbles moved toward each other, collided, and eventually coalesced into a larger single marble. The underlying mechanisms of this process were probed via sound field simulation and acoustic radiation pressure calculation. The results indicated that the pressure gradient on the liquid marble surface favors the formation of a liquid bridge between the liquid marbles, resulting in their coalescence. A preliminary indicator reaction was induced by the coalescence of dual liquid marbles, which suggests that expected chemical reactions can be successfully triggered with multiple reagents contained in isolated liquid marbles via acoustic levitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Duyang Zang
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Mengfei Qu
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Xu Li
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Lixin Li
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Xingguo Geng
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
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13
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Andrade MAB, Okina FTA, Bernassau AL, Adamowski JC. Acoustic levitation of an object larger than the acoustic wavelength. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:4148. [PMID: 28618830 DOI: 10.1121/1.4984286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Levitation and manipulation of objects by sound waves have a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, material sciences, and engineering. However, the current acoustic levitation techniques are mainly restricted to particles that are much smaller than the acoustic wavelength. In this work, it is shown that acoustic standing waves can be employed to stably levitate an object much larger than the acoustic wavelength in air. The levitation of a large slightly curved object weighting 2.3 g is demonstrated by using a device formed by two 25 kHz ultrasonic Langevin transducers connected to an aluminum plate. The sound wave emitted by the device provides a vertical acoustic radiation force to counteract gravity and a lateral restoring force that ensure horizontal stability to the levitated object. In order to understand the levitation stability, a numerical model based on the finite element method is used to determine the acoustic radiation force that acts on the object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A B Andrade
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fábio T A Okina
- Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Anne L Bernassau
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Julio C Adamowski
- Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil
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14
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Agthe M, Plivelic TS, Labrador A, Bergström L, Salazar-Alvarez G. Following in Real Time the Two-Step Assembly of Nanoparticles into Mesocrystals in Levitating Drops. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6838-6843. [PMID: 27779885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mesocrystals composed of crystallographically aligned nanocrystals are present in biominerals and assembled materials which show strongly directional properties of importance for mechanical protection and functional devices. Mesocrystals are commonly formed by complex biomineralization processes and can also be generated by assembly of anisotropic nanocrystals. Here, we follow the evaporation-induced assembly of maghemite nanocubes into mesocrystals in real time in levitating drops. Analysis of time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering data and ex situ scanning electron microscopy together with interparticle potential calculations show that the substrate-free, particle-mediated crystallization process proceeds in two stages involving the formation and rapid transformation of a dense, structurally disordered phase into ordered mesocrystals. Controlling and tailoring the particle-mediated formation of mesocrystals could be utilized to assemble designed nanoparticles into new materials with unique functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Agthe
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomás S Plivelic
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Labrador
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - German Salazar-Alvarez
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Ultrasonic acoustic levitation for fast frame rate X-ray protein crystallography at room temperature. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25558. [PMID: 27150272 PMCID: PMC4858681 DOI: 10.1038/srep25558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the data acquisition rate of X-ray diffraction images for macromolecular crystals at room temperature at synchrotrons has the potential to significantly accelerate both structural analysis of biomolecules and structure-based drug developments. Using lysozyme model crystals, we demonstrated the rapid acquisition of X-ray diffraction datasets by combining a high frame rate pixel array detector with ultrasonic acoustic levitation of protein crystals in liquid droplets. The rapid spinning of the crystal within a levitating droplet ensured an efficient sampling of the reciprocal space. The datasets were processed with a program suite developed for serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX). The structure, which was solved by molecular replacement, was found to be identical to the structure obtained by the conventional oscillation method for up to a 1.8-Å resolution limit. In particular, the absence of protein crystal damage resulting from the acoustic levitation was carefully established. These results represent a key step towards a fully automated sample handling and measurement pipeline, which has promising prospects for a high acquisition rate and high sample efficiency for room temperature X-ray crystallography.
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16
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Seddon AM, Richardson SJ, Rastogi K, Plivelic TS, Squires AM, Pfrang C. Control of Nanomaterial Self-Assembly in Ultrasonically Levitated Droplets. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1341-1345. [PMID: 26979408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that acoustic trapping can be used to levitate and manipulate droplets of soft matter, in particular, lyotropic mesophases formed from self-assembly of different surfactants and lipids, which can be analyzed in a contact-less manner by X-ray scattering in a controlled gas-phase environment. On the macroscopic length scale, the dimensions and the orientation of the particle are shaped by the ultrasonic field, while on the microscopic length scale the nanostructure can be controlled by varying the humidity of the atmosphere around the droplet. We demonstrate levitation and in situ phase transitions of micellar, hexagonal, bicontinuous cubic, and lamellar phases. The technique opens up a wide range of new experimental approaches of fundamental importance for environmental, biological, and chemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annela M Seddon
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Kunal Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Pfrang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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Hasegawa K, Abe Y, Goda A. Microlayered flow structure around an acoustically levitated droplet under a phase-change process. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16004. [PMID: 28725723 PMCID: PMC5515528 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acoustic levitation method (ALM) has found extensive applications in the fields of materials science, analytical chemistry, and biomedicine. This paper describes an experimental investigation of a levitated droplet in a 19.4-kHz single-axis acoustic levitator. We used water, ethanol, water/ethanol mixture, and hexane as test samples to investigate the effect of saturated vapor pressure on the flow field and evaporation process using a high-speed camera. In the case of ethanol, water/ethanol mixtures with initial ethanol fractions of 50 and 70 wt%, and hexane droplets, microlayered toroidal vortexes are generated in the vicinity of the droplet interface. Experimental results indicate the presence of two stages in the evaporation process of ethanol and binary mixture droplets for ethanol content >10%. The internal and external flow fields of the acoustically levitated droplet of pure and binary mixtures are clearly observed. The binary mixture of the levitated droplet shows the interaction between the configurations of the internal and external flow fields of the droplet and the concentration of the volatile fluid. Our findings can contribute to the further development of existing theoretical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hasegawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Abe
- Division of Engineering Mechanics and Energy,Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goda
- Department of Engineering, Mechanics and Energy, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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18
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Zang D, Li J, Chen Z, Zhai Z, Geng X, Binks BP. Switchable Opening and Closing of a Liquid Marble via Ultrasonic Levitation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11502-11507. [PMID: 26439701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid marbles have promising applications in the field of microreactors, where the opening and closing of their surfaces plays a central role. We have levitated liquid water marbles using an acoustic levitator and, thereby, achieved the manipulation of the particle shell in a controlled manner. Upon increasing the sound intensity, the stable levitated liquid marble changes from a quasi-sphere to a flattened ellipsoid. Interestingly, a cavity on the particle shell can be produced on the polar areas, which can be completely healed when decreasing the sound intensity, allowing it to serve as a microreactor. The integral of the acoustic radiation pressure on the part of the particle surface protruding into air is responsible for particle migration from the center of the liquid marble to the edge. Our results demonstrate that the opening and closing of the liquid marble particle shell can be conveniently achieved via acoustic levitation, opening up a new possibility to manipulate liquid marbles coated with non-ferromagnetic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernard P Binks
- Surfactant and Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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19
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Warschat C, Stindt A, Panne U, Riedel J. Mass Spectrometry of Levitated Droplets by Thermally Unconfined Infrared-Laser Desorption. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8323-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Warschat
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Stindt
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Riedel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse
11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Andrade MAB, Pérez N, Adamowski JC. Experimental study of the oscillation of spheres in an acoustic levitator. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 136:1518-1529. [PMID: 25324056 DOI: 10.1121/1.4893905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous oscillation of solid spheres in a single-axis acoustic levitator is experimentally investigated by using a high speed camera to record the position of the levitated sphere as a function of time. The oscillations in the axial and radial directions are systematically studied by changing the sphere density and the acoustic pressure amplitude. In order to interpret the experimental results, a simple model based on a spring-mass system is applied in the analysis of the sphere oscillatory behavior. This model requires the knowledge of the acoustic pressure distribution, which was obtained numerically by using a linear finite element method (FEM). Additionally, the linear acoustic pressure distribution obtained by FEM was compared with that measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer. The comparison between numerical and experimental pressure distributions shows good agreement for low values of pressure amplitude. When the pressure amplitude is increased, the acoustic pressure distribution becomes nonlinear, producing harmonics of the fundamental frequency. The experimental results of the spheres oscillations for low pressure amplitudes are consistent with the results predicted by the simple model based on a spring-mass system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolás Pérez
- Centro Universitario de Paysandú, Universidad de La República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Julio C Adamowski
- Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Andrade MAB, Ramos TS, Okina FTA, Adamowski JC. Nonlinear characterization of a single-axis acoustic levitator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:045125. [PMID: 24784677 DOI: 10.1063/1.4872356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear behavior of a 20.3 kHz single-axis acoustic levitator formed by a Langevin transducer with a concave radiating surface and a concave reflector is experimentally investigated. In this study, a laser Doppler vibrometer is applied to measure the nonlinear sound field in the air gap between the transducer and the reflector. Additionally, an electronic balance is used in the measurement of the acoustic radiation force on the reflector as a function of the distance between the transducer and the reflector. The experimental results show some effects that cannot be described by the linear acoustic theory, such as the jump phenomenon, harmonic generation, and the hysteresis effect. The influence of these nonlinear effects on the acoustic levitation of small particles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago S Ramos
- Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio T A Okina
- Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C Adamowski
- Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems Engineering, Escola Politécnica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Honarparvar B, Govender T, Maguire GEM, Soliman MES, Kruger HG. Integrated Approach to Structure-Based Enzymatic Drug Design: Molecular Modeling, Spectroscopy, and Experimental Bioactivity. Chem Rev 2013; 114:493-537. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300314q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Glenn E. M. Maguire
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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