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Gray WG, Miller CT. Analysis of 'Investigating an extended multiphase flow model that includes specific interfacial area', Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 418:116594, 2024. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2024; 426:116984. [PMID: 38682154 PMCID: PMC11044974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cma.2024.116984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Comments are provided on the recent paper by Ebadi et al. [3], which demonstrates that the formulated model that was solved contains misconceptions or errors that render the work unsuitable for describing the evolution of interfacial areas in two-fluid porous medium systems. The need for kinematic equations is described and components of a theoretically consistent approach are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Gray
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Vermont Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
| | - Cass T. Miller
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599-7431 USA
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2
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Bultreys T, Ellman S, Schlepütz CM, Boone MN, Pakkaner GK, Wang S, Borji M, Van Offenwert S, Moazami Goudarzi N, Goethals W, Winardhi CW, Cnudde V. 4D microvelocimetry reveals multiphase flow field perturbations in porous media. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316723121. [PMID: 38478686 PMCID: PMC10962996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316723121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Many environmental and industrial processes depend on how fluids displace each other in porous materials. However, the flow dynamics that govern this process are still poorly understood, hampered by the lack of methods to measure flows in optically opaque, microscopic geometries. We introduce a 4D microvelocimetry method based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography with fast imaging rates (up to 4 Hz). We use this to measure flow fields during unsteady-state drainage, injecting a viscous fluid into rock and filter samples. This provides experimental insight into the nonequilibrium energy dynamics of this process. We show that fluid displacements convert surface energy into kinetic energy. The latter corresponds to velocity perturbations in the pore-scale flow field behind the invading fluid front, reaching local velocities more than 40 times faster than the constant pump rate. The characteristic length scale of these perturbations exceeds the characteristic pore size by more than an order of magnitude. These flow field observations suggest that nonlocal dynamic effects may be long-ranged even at low capillary numbers, impacting the local viscous-capillary force balance and the representative elementary volume. Furthermore, the velocity perturbations can enhance unsaturated dispersive mixing and colloid transport and yet, are not accounted for in current models. Overall, this work shows that 4D X-ray velocimetry opens the way to solve long-standing fundamental questions regarding flow and transport in porous materials, underlying models of, e.g., groundwater pollution remediation and subsurface storage of CO2 and hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bultreys
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Sharon Ellman
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | | | - Matthieu N. Boone
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Gülce Kalyoncu Pakkaner
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Shan Wang
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Mostafa Borji
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Van Offenwert
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Niloofar Moazami Goudarzi
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Wannes Goethals
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Chandra Widyananda Winardhi
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
| | - Veerle Cnudde
- Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Geology, Ghent University, Ghent9000, Belgium
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, CB Utrecht3584, The Netherlands
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3
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Ström OE, Beech JP, Tegenfeldt JO. Geometry-Dependent Elastic Flow Dynamics in Micropillar Arrays. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:268. [PMID: 38398996 PMCID: PMC10893274 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Regular device-scale DNA waves for high DNA concentrations and flow velocities have been shown to emerge in quadratic micropillar arrays with potentially strong relevance for a wide range of microfluidic applications. Hexagonal arrays constitute another geometry that is especially relevant for the microfluidic pulsed-field separation of DNA. Here, we report on the differences at the micro and macroscopic scales between the resulting wave patterns for these two regular array geometries and one disordered array geometry. In contrast to the large-scale regular waves visible in the quadratic array, in the hexagonal arrays, waves occur in a device-scale disordered zig-zag pattern with fluctuations on a much smaller scale. We connect the large-scale pattern to the microscopic flow and observe flow synchronization that switches between two directions for both the quadratic and hexagonal arrays. We show the importance of order using the disordered array, where steady-state stationary and highly fluctuating flow states persist in seemingly random locations across the array. We compare the flow dynamics of the arrays to that in a device with sparsely distributed pillars. Here, we observe similar vortex shedding, which is clearly observable in the quadratic and disordered arrays. However, the shedding of these vortices couples only in the flow direction and not laterally as in the dense, ordered arrays. We believe that our findings will contribute to the understanding of elastic flow dynamics in pillar arrays, helping us elucidate the fundamental principles of non-Newtonian fluid flow in complex environments as well as supporting applications in engineering involving e.g., transport, sorting, and mixing of complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonas O. Tegenfeldt
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.S.); (J.P.B.)
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4
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Chakraborty PP, Derby MM. Analysis of Drying Front Propagation and Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer During Evaporation From Additively Manufactured Porous Structures Under a Solar Flux. ASME J Heat Mass Transf 2024; 146:021602. [PMID: 38111632 PMCID: PMC10726472 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Drying front propagation and coupled heat and mass transfer analysis from porous media is critical for soil-water dynamics, electronics cooling, and evaporative drying. In this study, de-ionized water was evaporated from three 3D printed porous structures (with 0.41 mm, 0.41 mm, and 0.16 mm effective radii, respectively) created out of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic using stereolithography technology. The structures were immersed in water until all the pores were invaded and then placed on the top of a sensitive scale to record evaporative mass loss. A 1000 W/m2 heat flux was applied with a solar simulator to the top of each structure to accelerate evaporation. The evaporative mass losses were recorded at 15 min time intervals and plotted against time to compare evaporation rates from the three structures. The evaporation phenomena were captured with a high-speed camera from the side of the structures to observe the drying front propagation during evaporation, and a high-resolution thermal camera was used to capture images to visualize the thermal gradients during evaporation. The 3D-structure with the smallest effective pore radius (i.e., 0.16 mm) experienced the sharpest decrease in the mass loss as the water evaporated from 0.8 g to 0.1 g within 180 min. The designed pore structures influenced hydraulic linkages, and therefore, evaporation processes. A coupled heat-and-mass-transfer model modeled constant rate evaporation, and the falling rate period was modeled through the normalized evaporation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Chakraborty
- Alan Levin Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, 3002 Rathbone Hall, 1701B Platt Street, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Melanie M. Derby
- Alan Levin Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, 3002 Rathbone Hall, 1701B Platt Street, Manhattan, KS 66506
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5
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Lei W, Lu X, Gong W, Wang M. Triggering interfacial instabilities during forced imbibition by adjusting the aspect ratio in depth-variable microfluidic porous media. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310584120. [PMID: 38048464 PMCID: PMC10723151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310584120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive description of the aspect ratio impact on interfacial instability in porous media where a wetting liquid displaces a nonwetting fluid. Building on microfluidic experiments, we evidence imbibition scenarios yielding interfacial instabilities and macroscopic morphologies under different depth confinements, which were controlled by aspect ratio and capillary number. We report a phenomenon whereby a smaller aspect ratio of depth-variable microfluidic porous media and lower capillary number trigger interfacial instability during forced imbibition; otherwise, a larger aspect ratio of uniform-depth microfluidic porous media and higher capillary number will suppress the interfacial instability, which seemingly ignored or contradicts conventional expectations with compact and faceted growth during imbibition. Pore-scale theoretical analytical models, numerical simulations, as well as microfluidic experiments were combined for characteristics of microscopic interfacial dynamics and macroscopic displacement results as a function of aspect ratio, depth variation, and capillary number. Our results present a complete dynamic view of the imbibition process over a full range of regimes from interfacial stabilization to destabilization. We predict the mode of imbibition in porous media based on pore-scale interfacial behavior, which fits well with microfluidic experiments. The study provides insights into the role of aspect ratio in controlling interfacial instabilities in microfluidic porous media. The finding provides design or prediction principles for engineered porous media, such as microfluidic devices, membranes, fabric, exchange columns, and even soil and rocks concerning their desired immiscible imbibition behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Lei
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm100 44, Sweden
| | - Xukang Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Wenbo Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Moran Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
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6
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Lu X, Wang M. High-Performance Nanogel-in-Oils as Emulsion Evolution Controller for Displacement Enhancement in Porous Media. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:49554-49566. [PMID: 37843042 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized high-performance nanogel-in-oils with intermediate properties between solid particles and liquid droplets for multiphase flow control in porous media. The ultrasmall polymeric nanogels prepared via inverse emulsion polymerization were efficiently encapsulated in micrometer-sized oil droplets with the aid of surfactants during transfer from the oil phase to the aqueous phase. The composite colloidal system exhibited high loading capacity, unimodal size distribution, and long-term kinetic stability in suspension. The colloidal behaviors of nanogel-in-oils and the corresponding interfacial evolution during displacement in porous media were investigated via microfluidic experiments. In situ emulsification was observed with a state contrary to that of static characterizations. The spontaneous and sustainable formation of foam-like water-in-oil macroemulsions originated from aqueous phase breakup and oil film development, both enhanced by nanogel-in-oils. Sweeping efficiency enhancement by invasion events and residual oil transport in macroemulsion phases yielded exceptional displacement performances. Flow field fluctuations and emulsion state variations can be manipulated by adjusting nanogel-in-oil concentrations. The nanogel-in-oil suspension was found to exhibit optimal performance among the tested dispersed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukang Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Moran Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Somasundar A, Qin B, Shim S, Bassler BL, Stone HA. Diffusiophoretic Particle Penetration into Bacterial Biofilms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:33263-33272. [PMID: 37400078 PMCID: PMC10360038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are communities of cells adhered to surfaces. These communities represent a predominant form of bacterial life on Earth. A defining feature of a biofilm is the three-dimensional extracellular polymer matrix that protects resident cells by acting as a mechanical barrier to the penetration of chemicals, such as antimicrobials. Beyond being recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment, biofilms are notoriously difficult to remove from surfaces. A promising, but relatively underexplored, approach to biofilm control is to disrupt the extracellular polymer matrix by enabling penetration of particles to increase the susceptibility of biofilms to antimicrobials. In this work, we investigate externally imposed chemical gradients as a mechanism to transport polystyrene particles into bacterial biofilms. We show that preconditioning the biofilm with a prewash step using deionized (DI) water is essential for altering the biofilm so it takes up the micro- and nanoparticles by the application of a further chemical gradient created by an electrolyte. Using different particles and chemicals, we document the transport behavior that leads to particle motion into the biofilm and its further reversal out of the biofilm. Our results demonstrate the importance of chemical gradients in disrupting the biofilm matrix and regulating particle transport in crowded macromolecular environments, and suggest potential applications of particle transport and delivery in other physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Somasundar
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Princeton
Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Boyang Qin
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suin Shim
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bonnie L. Bassler
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy
Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
| | - Howard A. Stone
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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8
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Tang P, Ma P, Weng S, Zhou Y. Application of filter media surface hydrophobic modification to reduce bioclogging in the infiltration system. Environ Technol 2023; 44:2270-2279. [PMID: 35001853 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2026487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioclogging is a commonly encountered operational issue that lowers hydraulic conductivity and the overall performance of the infiltration systems. In this paper, a novel processing for alleviating bioclogging by filter media surface hydrophobic modification was presented. Two-dimensional porous media cells were used to observe the influence of hydrophobic modification on biofilm growth in the pore structure. Moreover, two continuous-flow columns packed with gravel, one of which half gravel was hydrophobically modified, were operated with artificial wastewater to verify the effect of hydrophobic modification on bioclogging alleviation. The results showed that the biofilm growth in the cell with hydrophobic modification was slow, and the biomass was less and liable to wipe off after hydrophobic treatment. Meanwhile, the hydraulic efficiency of the flow seepage field was also improved after hydrophobic treatment. The column tests results showed that the hydraulic conductivity of the filter bed with hydrophobic modification (Column B) decreased more slowly than that of another without hydrophobic modification (Column A). Column B had the hydraulic conductivity (k) of 0.66 cm/s in the final stage of the experiment, while the k of Column A was 0.14 cm/s. It verified that hydrophobic modification of partial filter media can alleviate the bioclogging problem of the infiltration systems to some extent. The results provide a new idea and potential technical support for solving bioclogging problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Tang
- College of Material and Environment Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Penghui Ma
- College of Material and Environment Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Weng
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Li S, Zhang W, Zhang D, Xiu W, Wu S, Chai J, Ma J, Jat Baloch MY, Sun S, Yang Y. Migration risk of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in unsaturated porous media in response to different colloid types and compositions. Environ Pollut 2023; 323:121282. [PMID: 36796664 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The vadose zone is a critical zone for microbial entry into the subsurface environment, and various types of inorganic and organic colloids can affect the migration of pathogenic bacteria. In the study, we explored the migration behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with humic acids (HA), iron oxides (Fe2O3) or their mixture, uncovering their migration mechanisms in the vadose zone. The effect of complex colloids on the physiological properties of E. coli O157:H7 was analyzed based on the measured particle size, zeta potential and contact angle. HA colloids significantly promoted the migration of E. coli O157:H7, where Fe2O3 was opposite. The migration mechanism of E. coli O157:H7 with HA and Fe2O3 is obviously different. Multiple colloids dominated by organic colloid will further highlight its promoting effect on E. coli O157:H7 under the guidance of electrostatic repulsion due to the influence of colloidal stability. Multiple colloids dominated by metallic colloid will inhibit the migration of E. coli O157:H7 under the control of capillary force due to the restriction of contact angle. The risk of secondary release of E. coli O157:H7 can be effectively reduced when the ratio of HA/Fe2O3 is ≥ 1. Combining this conclusion with the distribution characteristics of soil in China, an attempt was made to analyse the migration risk of E. coli O157:H7 on a national scale. In China, from north to south, the migration capacity of E. coli O157:H7 gradually decreased, and the risk of secondary release gradually increased. These results provide ideas for the subsequent study of the effect of other factors on the migration of pathogenic bacteria on a national scale and provide risk information about soil colloids for the construction of pathogen risk assessment model under comprehensive conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Dayi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Shengyu Wu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Amoy, 361021, China
| | - Juanfen Chai
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jincai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Muhammad Yousuf Jat Baloch
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Simiao Sun
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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10
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Ren T, Wang DX, Xu WQ, Cai ML. Influence of Rotational Speed on Isothermal Piston Compression System. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:e25040644. [PMID: 37190432 PMCID: PMC10137983 DOI: 10.3390/e25040644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An isothermal piston is a device that can achieve near-isothermal compression by enhancing the heat transfer area with a porous media. However, flow resistance between the porous media and the liquid is introduced, which cannot be neglected at a high operational speed. Thus, the influence of rotational speed on the isothermal piston compression system is analyzed in this study. A flow resistance mathematical model is established based on the face-centered cubic structure hypothesis. The energy conservation rate and efficiency of the isothermal piston are defined. The effect of rotational speed on resistance is discussed, and a comprehensive energy conservation performance assessment of the isothermal piston is analyzed. The results show that the increasing rate of the resistance work increases significantly proportional to the rotational speed, and the proportion of resistance work in the total work increases gradually and sharply. The total work including compression and resistance cannot be larger than the compression work under adiabatic conditions. The maximum rotational speed is 650 rpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ren
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - De-Xi Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Wei-Qing Xu
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mao-Lin Cai
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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11
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Abstract
The functioning of natural and engineered porous media, like soils and filters, depends in many cases on the interplay between biochemical processes and hydrodynamics. In such complex environments, microorganisms often form surface-attached communities known as biofilms. Biofilms can take the shape of clusters, which alter the distribution of fluid flow velocities within the porous medium, subsequently influencing biofilm growth. Despite numerous experimental and numerical efforts, the control of the biofilm clustering process and the resulting heterogeneity in biofilm permeability is not well understood, limiting our predictive abilities for biofilm-porous medium systems. Here, we use a quasi-2D experimental model of a porous medium to characterize biofilm growth dynamics for different pore sizes and flow rates. We present a method to obtain the time-resolved biofilm permeability field from experimental images and use the obtained permeability field to compute the flow field through a numerical model. We observe a biofilm cluster size distribution characterized by a spectrum slope evolving in time between -2 and -1, a fundamental measure that can be used to create spatio-temporal distributions of biofilm clusters for upscaled models. We find a previously undescribed biofilm permeability distribution, which can be used to stochastically generate permeability fields within biofilms. An increase in velocity variance for a decrease in physical heterogeneity shows that the bioclogged porous medium behaves differently than expected from studies on heterogeneity in abiotic porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee L Kurz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Stocker
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joaquin Jimenez-Martinez
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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12
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Wang X, Yin C, Wang J, Zheng K, Zhang Z, Tian Z, Xiong Y. Suppressing Viscous Fingering in Porous Media with Wetting Gradient. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2601. [PMID: 37048895 PMCID: PMC10096011 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The viscous fingering phenomenon often occurs when a low-viscosity fluid displaces a high-viscosity fluid in a homogeneous porous media, which is an undesirable displacement process in many engineering applications. The influence of wetting gradient on this process has been studied over a wide range of capillary numbers (7.5 × 10-6 to 1.8 × 10-4), viscosity ratios (0.0025 to 0.04), and porosities (0.48 to 0.68), employing the lattice Boltzmann method. Our results demonstrate that the flow front stability can be improved by the gradual increase in wettability of the porous media. When the capillary number is less than 3.5 × 10-5, the viscous fingering can be successfully suppressed and the transition from unstable to stable displacement can be achieved by the wetting gradient. Moreover, under the conditions of high viscosity ratio (M > 0.01) and large porosity (Φ > 0.58), wetting gradient improves the stability of the flow front more significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongsheng Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metal Toughening Technology and Application, National Engineering Research Center of Powder Metallurgy of Titanium & Rare Metals, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Cuicui Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metal Toughening Technology and Application, National Engineering Research Center of Powder Metallurgy of Titanium & Rare Metals, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metal Toughening Technology and Application, National Engineering Research Center of Powder Metallurgy of Titanium & Rare Metals, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Kaihong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metal Toughening Technology and Application, National Engineering Research Center of Powder Metallurgy of Titanium & Rare Metals, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuo Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metal Toughening Technology and Application, National Engineering Research Center of Powder Metallurgy of Titanium & Rare Metals, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
| | - Yongnan Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metal Toughening Technology and Application, National Engineering Research Center of Powder Metallurgy of Titanium & Rare Metals, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510651, China
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13
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You X, Cui J. Spherical Hybrid Nanoparticles for Homann Stagnation-Point Flow in Porous Media via Homotopy Analysis Method. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1000. [PMID: 36985893 PMCID: PMC10056502 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-axisymmetric stagnant-point flows for flat plates in porous media containing spherical Cu-Al2O3-H2O nanoparticles are studied using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The governing equations are transformed into three coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations through similarity transformations. A large degree of freedom is provided by HAM when selecting auxiliary linear operators. By transforming nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients into linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations can be solved. Over the entire domain, these equations can be solved approximately analytically. The analysis involves a discussion of the impact of many physical parameters generated in the proposed model. The results have shown that skin friction coefficients of Cfx and Cfy increase with volume fraction of hybrid nanofluid and the coefficient of permeability increasing. For the axisymmetric case of γ = 0, when volume fraction, φ, φ1, φ2 = 0, 5%, 10%, 20%, Cfx = Cfy = 1.33634, 1.51918, 1.73905, 2.33449, it can be found that the wall shear stress values increase by 13.68%, 30.14%, and 74.69%, respectively. In response to an increase in hybrid nanofluid volume fractions, local Nusselt numbers Nux increase. Nux decrease and change clearly with the coefficient of permeability increasing in the range of γ < 0; the values of Nux are less affected in the range of γ > 0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, College of Petroleum Engineering, University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China;
| | - Jifeng Cui
- College of Sciences, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
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14
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Li S, You X. Shape-Factor Impact on a Mass-Based Hybrid Nanofluid Model for Homann Stagnation-Point Flow in Porous Media. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:984. [PMID: 36985877 PMCID: PMC10051298 DOI: 10.3390/nano13060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the impact of shape factor on a mass-based hybrid nanofluid model for Homann stagnation-point flow in porous media. The HAM-based Mathematica package BVPh 2.0 is suitable for determining approximate solutions of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions. This analysis involves discussions of the impact of the many physical parameters generated in the proposed model. The results show that skin friction coefficients of Cfx and Cfy increase with the mass of the first and second nanoparticles of the hybrid nanofluids w1 and w2 and with the coefficient of permeability in porous media. For the axisymmetric case of γ = 0, when w1 = w2 = 10 gr, wf = 100 gr and Cfx = Cfy = 2.03443, 2.27994, 2.50681, and 3.10222 for σ = 0, 1, 2, and 5. Compared with w1 = w2 = 10 gr, wf = 100 gr, and σ = 0, it can be found that the wall shear stress values increase by 12.06%, 23.21%, and 52.48%, respectively. As the mass of the first and second nanoparticles of the mass-based hybrid nanofluid model increases, the local Nusselt number Nux increases. Values of Nux obviously decrease and change with an increase in the coefficient of permeability in the range of γ < 0; otherwise, Nux is less affected in the range of γ > 0. According to the calculation results, the platelet-shaped nanoparticles in the mass-based hybrid nanofluid model can achieve maximum heat transfer rates and minimum surface friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Li
- College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
- State Key Labortory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xiangcheng You
- College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
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15
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Nabwey HA, Armaghani T, Azizimehr B, Rashad AM, Chamkha AJ. A Comprehensive Review of Nanofluid Heat Transfer in Porous Media. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:937. [PMID: 36903815 PMCID: PMC10005087 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, recent advances in the application of nanofluids in heat transfer in porous materials are reviewed. Efforts have been made to take a positive step in this field by scrutinizing the top papers published between 2018 and 2020. For that purpose, the various analytical methods used to describe the flow and heat transfer in different types of porous media are first thoroughly reviewed. In addition, the various models used to model nanofluids are described in detail. After reviewing these analysis methods, papers concerned with the natural convection heat transfer of nanofluids in porous media are evaluated first, followed by papers on the subject of forced convection heat transfer. Finally, we discuss articles related to mixed convection. Statistical results from the reviewed research regarding the representation of various parameters, such as the nanofluid type and the flow domain geometry, are analyzed, and directions for future research are finally suggested. The results reveal some precious facts. For instance, a change in the height of the solid and porous medium results in a change in the flow regime within the chamber; as a dimensionless permeability, the effect of Darcy's number on heat transfer is direct; and the effect of the porosity coefficient has a direct relationship with heat transfer: when the porosity coefficient is increased or decreased, the heat transfer will also increase or decrease. Additionally, a comprehensive review of nanofluid heat transfer in porous media and the relevant statical analysis are presented for the first time. The results show that Al2O3 nanoparticles in a base fluid of water with a proportion of 33.9% have the highest representation in the papers. Regarding the geometries studied, a square geometry accounted for 54% of the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam A. Nabwey
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Taher Armaghani
- Department of Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Behzad Azizimehr
- Department of Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Ahmed M. Rashad
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
| | - Ali J. Chamkha
- Faculty of Engineering, Kuwait College of Science and Technology, Doha District, Kuwait City 35004, Kuwait
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16
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Iasiello M, Andreozzi A, Bianco N, Vafai K. Effects of Pulsed Radiofrequency Source on Cardiac Ablation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10. [PMID: 36829721 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart arrhythmia is caused by abnormal electrical conduction through the myocardium, which in some cases, can be treated with heat. One of the challenges is to reduce temperature peaks-by still guaranteeing an efficient treatment where desired-to avoid any healthy tissue damage or any electrical issues within the device employed. A solution might be employing pulsed heat, in which thermal dose is given to the tissue with a variation in time. In this work, pulsed heat is used to modulate induced temperature fields during radiofrequency cardiac ablation. A three-dimensional model of the myocardium, catheter and blood flow is developed. Porous media, heat conduction and Navier-Stokes equations are, respectively, employed for each of the investigated domains. For the electric field, solved via Laplace equation, it is assumed that the electrode is at a fixed voltage. Pulsed heating effects are considered with a cosine time-variable pulsed function for the fixed voltage by constraining the product between this variable and time. Different dimensionless frequencies are considered and applied for different blood flow velocity and sustained voltages. Results are presented for different pulsed conditions to establish if a reasonable ablation zone, known from the obtained temperature profiles, can be obtained without any undesired temperature peaks.
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17
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Wu T, Yang Z, Hu R, Chen YF. Three-Dimensional Visualization Reveals Pore-Scale Mechanisms of Colloid Transport and Retention in Two-Phase Flow. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1997-2005. [PMID: 36602921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Colloids are ubiquitous in the natural environment, playing an important role in facilitating the transport of absorbed contaminants. However, due to the complexities arising from two-phase flow and difficulties in three-dimensional observations, the detailed mechanisms of colloid transport and retention under two-phase flow are still not well understood. In this work, we visualize the colloid transport and retention during immiscible two-phase flow based on confocal microscopy. We find that the colloid transport and retention behaviors depend strongly on the flow rate and pore/grain size. At low levels of saturation (high flow rate) with the wetting liquid mainly present as pendular rings, the colloids can aggregate at the liquid filaments in small-grain packings and are uniformly distributed in large-grain packings. Through theoretical analysis of the pendular ring geometry, we elucidate the mechanism responsible for the strong dependence of colloid clogging behavior on solid grain size. Our results further demonstrate that even at dilute concentrations, colloids can alter the flow paths and the wetting fluid topology, suggesting a strong two-way coupling dynamics between immiscible two-phase flow and colloid transport and calling for improved predictive models to incorporate the overlooked clogging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics in Hydraulic Structural Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
- Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing210029, China
| | - Zhibing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics in Hydraulic Structural Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Ran Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics in Hydraulic Structural Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Yi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics in Hydraulic Structural Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
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18
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Yan K, Zhao J, Li X, Feng J, Xia Z, Ruan X. Study on the Swelling Characteristics of the Offshore Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoir. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:278. [PMID: 36832645 PMCID: PMC9954816 DOI: 10.3390/e25020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The swelling characteristics of porous media in the offshore natural gas hydrate reservoir have an important effect on the stability of the reservoir. In this work, the physical property and the swelling of porous media in the offshore natural gas hydrate reservoir were measured. The results show that the swelling characteristics of the offshore natural gas hydrate reservoir are influenced by the coupling of the montmorillonite content and the salt ion concentration. The swelling rate of porous media is directly proportionate to water content and the initial porosity, and inversely proportionate to salinity. Compared with water content and salinity, the initial porosity has much obvious influence on the swelling, which the swelling strain of porous media with the initial porosity of 30% is three times more than that of montmorillonite with the initial porosity of 60%. Salt ions mainly affect the swelling of water bound by porous media. Then, the influence mechanism of the swelling characteristics of porous media on the structural characteristics of reservoir was tentatively explored. It can provide a basic date and scientific basis for furthering the mechanical characteristics of the reservoir in the hydrate exploitation in the offshore gas hydrate reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosen Li
- Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingchun Feng
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiming Xia
- Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuke Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
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19
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Besanjideh M, Shamloo A, Hannani SK. Evaluating the reliability of tumour spheroid-on-chip models for replicating intratumoural drug delivery: considering the role of microfluidic parameters. J Drug Target 2023; 31:179-193. [PMID: 36036226 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2119478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several tumour spheroid-on-chip models have already been proposed in the literature to conduct high throughput drug screening assays. The microfluidic configurations in these models generally depend on the strategies adopted for spheroid formation and entrapment. However, it is not clear how successful they are to mimic in vivo transport mechanisms. In this study, drug transport in different tumour spheroid-on-chip models is numerically investigated under static and dynamic conditions using porous media theory. Moreover, the treatment of a solid tumour at the initial stage of development is modelled using bolus injection and continuous infusion methods. Then, the results of tumour spheroid-on-chip, including drug concentration, cell viability, as well as pressure and fluid shear stress distributions, are compared with those of the solid tumour, assuming identical transport properties in all models. Finally, a new configuration of the microfluidic device along with the optimal drug concentrations is proposed, which can well imitate a given in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Besanjideh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Ahmadi M, Chen Z. Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Wettability Alteration of Quartz Surface under Thermal Recovery Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031162. [PMID: 36770829 PMCID: PMC9919717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the primary methods for bitumen and heavy oil recovery is a steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process. However, the mechanisms related to wettability alteration under the SAGD process still need to be fully understood. In this study, we used MD simulation to evaluate the wettability alteration under a steam injection process for bitumen and heavy oil recovery. Various oil droplets with different asphaltene contents were considered to determine the effect of an asphaltene content on the adsorption of the oil droplets onto quartz surfaces and wettability alteration. Based on the MD simulation outputs, the higher the asphaltene content, the higher the adsorption energy between the bitumen/heavy oil and quartz surfaces due to coulombic interactions. Additionally, the quartz surfaces became more oil-wet at temperatures well beyond the water boiling temperature; however, they were extremely water-wet at ambient conditions. The results of this work provide in-depth information regarding wettability alteration during in situ thermal processes for bitumen and heavy oil recovery. Furthermore, they provide helpful information for optimizing the in situ thermal processes for successful operations.
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21
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Zhang X, Chen F, Yang L, Qin F, Zhuang J. Quantifying bacterial concentration in water and sand media during flow-through experiments using a non-invasive, real-time, and efficient method. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016489. [PMID: 36620047 PMCID: PMC9816126 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the dynamics of bacteria in porous media is of great significance to understand the bacterial transport and the interplay between bacteria and environmental factors. In this study, we reported a non-invasive, real-time, and efficient method to quantify bioluminescent bacterial concentration in water and sand media during flow-through experiments. First, 27 column experiments were conducted, and the bacterial transport was monitored using a real-time bioluminescent imaging system. Next, we quantified the bacterial concentration in water and sand media using two methods-viable count and bioluminescent count. The principle of the bioluminescent count in sand media was, for a given bioluminescence image, the total number of bacteria was proportionally allocated to each segment according to its bioluminescence intensity. We then compared the bacterial concentration for the two methods and found a good linear correlation between the bioluminescent count and viable count. Finally, the effects of porous media surface coating, pore water velocity, and ionic strength on the bioluminescent count in sand media were investigated, and the results showed that the bioluminescence counting accuracy was most affected by surface coating, followed by ionic strength, and was hardly affected by pore water velocity. Overall, the study proved that the bioluminescent count was a reliable method to quantify bacterial concentration in water (106 to 2 × 108 cell mL-1) or sand media (5 × 106-5 × 108 cell cm-3). This approach also offers a new way of thinking for in situ bacterial enumeration in two-dimensional devices such as 2D flow cells, microfluidic devices, and rhizoboxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- College of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fengxian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liqiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fucang Qin
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,*Correspondence: Fucang Qin ✉
| | - Jie Zhuang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States,Jie Zhuang ✉
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22
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Miclotte MJ, Varlas S, Reynolds CD, Rashid B, Chapman E, O’Reilly RK. Thermoresponsive Block Copolymer Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Tunable Flow Behavior in Porous Media. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:54182-54193. [PMID: 36401811 PMCID: PMC9743085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the purpose of investigating new polymeric materials as potential flow modifiers for their future application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a series of amphiphilic poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) [P(DEGMA-co-OEGMA)]-based core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly. The developed nano-objects were shown to be thermoresponsive, demonstrating a reversible lower-critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase transition with increasing solution temperature. Characterization of their thermoresponsive nature by variable-temperature UV-vis and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that these particles reversibly aggregate when heated above their LCST and that the critical transition temperature could be accurately tuned by simply altering the molar ratio of core-forming monomers. Sandpack experiments were conducted to evaluate their pore-blocking performance at low flow rates in a porous medium heated at temperatures above their LCST. This analysis revealed that particles aggregated in the sandpack column and caused pore blockage with a significant reduction in the porous medium permeability. The developed aggregates and the increased pressure generated by the blockage were found to remain stable under the injection of brine and were observed to rapidly dissipate upon reducing the temperature below the LCST of each formulation. Further investigation by double-column sandpack analysis showed that the blockage was able to reform when re-heated and tracked the thermal front. Moreover, the rate of blockage formation was observed to be slower when the LCST of the injected particles was higher. Our investigation is expected to pave the way for the design of "smart" and versatile polymer technologies for EOR applications in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spyridon Varlas
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Carl D. Reynolds
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Bilal Rashid
- BP
Exploration Operating Company Ltd., Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex TW16 7LN, U.K.
| | - Emma Chapman
- BP
Exploration Operating Company Ltd., Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex TW16 7LN, U.K.
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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23
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Ceriotti G, Borisov SM, Berg JS, de Anna P. Morphology and Size of Bacterial Colonies Control Anoxic Microenvironment Formation in Porous Media. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:17471-17480. [PMID: 36414252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial metabolisms using electron acceptors other than oxygen (e.g., methanogenesis and fermentation) largely contribute to element cycling and natural contaminant attenuation/mobilization, even in well-oxygenated porous environments, such as shallow aquifers. This paradox is commonly explained by the occurrence of small-scale anoxic microenvironments generated by the coupling of bacterial respiration and dissolved oxygen (O2) transport by pore water. Such microenvironments allow facultative anaerobic bacteria to proliferate in oxic environments. Microenvironment dynamics are still poorly understood due to the challenge of directly observing biomass and O2 distributions at the microscale within an opaque sediment matrix. To overcome these limitations, we integrated a microfluidic device with transparent O2 planar optical sensors to measure the temporal behavior of dissolved O2 concentrations and biomass distributions with time-lapse videomicroscopy. Our results reveal that bacterial colony morphology, which is highly variable in flowing porous systems, controls the formation of anoxic microenvironments. We rationalize our observations through a colony-scale Damköhler number comparing dissolved O2 diffusion and a bacterial O2 uptake rate. Our Damköhler number enables us to predict the pore space fraction occupied by anoxic microenvironments in our system for a given bacterial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ceriotti
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz8010, Austria
| | - Jasmine S Berg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Pietro de Anna
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
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24
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Kurzeja P, Steeb H. Acoustic waves in saturated porous media with gas bubbles. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 380:20210370. [PMID: 36209811 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present framework employs various interface characteristics of gas bubbles into a continuum description of acoustics in porous media. It first extends the bubble compressibility in classic models by surface tension and higher-order curvature effects. This modelling extension is significantly relevant to estimate the impact of interface effects, e.g. on emerging nano-scale bubbles or pickering emulsions. The gas bubble dynamics is then homogenized to derive a manageable set of continuum equations. Respective assumptions and limitations are summarized in this process to provide a quick reference when choosing the compromise between a model's complexity and applicability. The acoustic response of a water-saturated sandstone with gas bubbles is finally evaluated with respect to the practical importance at ambient and reservoir conditions. The shape of the bubble-size distribution is represented in the evolution of the inverse quality factor but less distinct in the dispersion of the phase velocity. The presented, rigorous framework thus allows to predict what frequencies and acoustic properties relate to specific gas bubble sizes and whether respective signals may be detected with current apparatus. This article is part of the theme issue 'Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kurzeja
- Institute of Mechanics, TU Dortmund University, Leonhard-Euler-Strasse 5, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Technical and Structural Mechanics, University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Holger Steeb
- Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Technology, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Zheng X, Bai H, Tao Y, Achak M, Rossez Y, Lamy E. Flagellar Phenotypes Impact on Bacterial Transport and Deposition Behavior in Porous Media: Case of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36430938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of groundwater has always been an ecological problem worthy of attention. In this study, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with different flagellar phenotypes mainly characterized during host-pathogen interaction were analyzed for their transport and deposition behavior in porous media. Column transport experiments and a modified mobile-immobile model were applicated on different strains with flagellar motility (wild-type) or without motility (ΔmotAB), without flagella (ΔflgKL), methylated and unmethylated flagellin (ΔfliB), and different flagella phases (fliCON, fljBON). Results showed that flagella motility could promote bacterial transport and deposition due to their biological advantages of moving and attaching to surfaces. We also found that the presence of non-motile flagella improved bacterial adhesion according to a higher retention rate of the ΔmotAB strain compared to the ΔflgKL strain. This indicated that bacteria flagella and motility both had promoting effects on bacterial deposition in sandy porous media. Flagella phases influenced the bacterial movement; the fliCON strain went faster through the column than the fljBON strain. Moreover, flagella methylation was found to favor bacterial transport and deposition. Overall, flagellar modifications affect Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium transport and deposition behavior in different ways in environmental conditions.
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Brattekås B, Sandnes MF, Steinsbø M, Cobos JE. A Systematic Investigation of Polymer Influence on Core Scale Wettability Aided by Positron Emission Tomography Imaging. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225050. [PMID: 36433177 PMCID: PMC9699517 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers have been used as viscosifying agents in enhanced oil recovery applications for decades, but their influence on rock surface wettability is rarely discussed relative to its importance: wettability largely controls fluid flow in porous media and changes in wettability may significantly influence subsequent system performance. This paper presents a two-part systematic investigation of wettability alteration during polymer injection into oil-wet limestone. The first part of the paper determines wettability and wetting stability on the core scale. The well-established Amott-Harvey method is used, and five full cycles performed with repeated spontaneous imbibition and forced displacements. Wettability alterations are measured in a polymer/oil system, to determine polymer influence on wettability, and evaluated towards simpler brine/oil and glycerol/oil systems, to determine reproducibility and uncertainty related to the method and fluid/rock system. Polymer injection into oil-wet limestone core plugs is shown to repeatedly and reproducibly reverse the core wettability towards water-wet. Wettability changed both quicker and towards stronger water-wet conditions with polymer solution as the aqueous phase compared to brine and glycerol. The second part of the paper attempts to explain the observed behavior; by utilizing in situ imaging by Positron Emission Tomography, an emerging imaging technology within the geosciences. High resolution imaging provides insight into fluid flow dynamics during water and polymer injections, identifying uneven displacement fronts and significant polymer adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergit Brattekås
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Marianne Steinsbø
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jacquelin E. Cobos
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
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Wang C, Guo L, Zhang S, Fei Z, Xue G, Yang X, Zhang J. The Numerical Investigation of the Performance of a Newly Designed Sediment Trap for Horizontal Transport Flux. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7262. [PMID: 36236361 PMCID: PMC9572392 DOI: 10.3390/s22197262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediment transport is closely related to seafloor topography, material transport, marine engineering safety, etc. With a developed time-series vector observation device, the sediment capture and transport process can be observed. The structure of the capture tube and the internal filter screen can significantly affect the flow field during the actual observation, further influencing the sediment transport observation and particle capture process. This paper presents a numerical model for investigating the effect of device structure on seawater flow to study the processes of marine sediment transport observation and sediment particle capture. The model is based on the solution of both porous media and the Realizable k-ε turbulence in Fluent software. The flow velocity distribution inside and outside the capture tube with different screen pore sizes (0.300, 0.150, and 0.075 mm) is analyzed. To enhance the reliability of the numerical simulation, the simulation calculation results are compared with the test results and have good coincidence. Finally, by analyzing the motion law of sediment in the capture tube, the accurate capture of sediment particles is achieved, and the optimal capture efficiency of the sediment trap is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shaotong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, Ministry of Education, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zihang Fei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gang Xue
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiuqing Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Deepthi VVL, Lashin MMA, Ravi Kumar N, Raghunath K, Ali F, Oreijah M, Guedri K, Tag-ElDin ESM, Khan MI, Galal AM. Recent Development of Heat and Mass Transport in the Presence of Hall, Ion Slip and Thermo Diffusion in Radiative Second Grade Material: Application of Micromachines. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13101566. [PMID: 36295918 PMCID: PMC9610405 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the incompressible two-dimensional heat and mass transfer of an electrically conducting second-grade fluid flow in a porous medium with Hall and ion slip effects, diffusion thermal effects, and radiation absorption effects. It is assumed that the fluid is a gray, absorbing-emitting but non-scattering medium and the Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. It is assumed that the liquid is opaque and absorbs and emits radiation in a manner that does not result in scattering. It is considered an unsteady laminar MHD convective rotating flow of heat-producing or absorbing second-grade fluid across a semi-infinite vertical moving permeable surface. The profiles of velocity components, temperature distribution, and concentration are studied to apply the regular perturbation technique. These profiles are shown as graphs for various fluid and geometric parameters such as Hall and ion slip parameters, radiation absorption, diffusion thermo, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, and chemical reaction rate. On the other hand, the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are determined by numerical evaluation and provided in tables. These tables are then analysed and debated for various values of the flow parameters that regulate it. It may be deduced that an increase in the parameters of radiation absorption, Hall, and ion slip over the fluid region increases the velocity produced. The resulting momentum continually grows to a very high level, with contributions from the thermal and solutal buoyancy forces. The temperature distribution may be more concentrated by raising both the heat source parameter and the quantity of radiation. When one of the parameters for the chemical reaction is increased, the whole fluid area will experience a fall in concentration. Skin friction may be decreased by manipulating the rotation parameter, but the Hall effect and ion slip effect can worsen it. When the parameter for the chemical reaction increases, there is a concomitant rise in the mass transfer rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V. L. Deepthi
- Department of Mathematics, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | - Maha M. A. Lashin
- College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - N. Ravi Kumar
- Department of Mathematics, Malla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), Medchal 500100, India
| | - Kodi Raghunath
- Department of Humanities and Sciences, Bheema Institute of Technology and Science, Adoni 518301, India
| | - Farhan Ali
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Karachi 75300, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Mowffaq Oreijah
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamel Guedri
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Research Unity: Materials, Energy and Renewable Energies, Faculty of Science of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia
| | | | - M. Ijaz Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American Lebanese University, Beirut 1102, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed M. Galal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Addawaser 11991, Saudi Arabia
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Jin C, Mo Y, Zhao L, Xiao Z, Zhu S, He Z, Chen Z, Zhang M, Shu L, Qiu R. Host-Endosymbiont Relationship Impacts the Retention of Bacteria-Containing Amoeba Spores in Porous Media. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12347-12357. [PMID: 35916900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amoebae are protists that are commonly found in water, soil, and other habitats around the world and have complex interactions with other microorganisms. In this work, we investigated how host-endosymbiont interactions between amoebae and bacteria impacted the retention behavior of amoeba spores in porous media. A model amoeba species, Dictyostelium discoideum, and a representative bacterium, Burkholderia agricolaris B1qs70, were used to prepare amoeba spores that carried bacteria. After interacting with B. agricolaris, the retention of D. discoideum spores was enhanced compared to noninfected spores. Diverse proteins, especially proteins contributing to the looser exosporium structure and cell adhesion functionality, are secreted in higher quantities on the exosporium surface of infected spores compared to that of noninfected ones. Comprehensive examinations using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), a parallel plate chamber, and a single-cell force microscope present coherent evidence that changes in the exosporium of D. discoideum spores due to infection by B. agricolaris enhance the connections between spores in the suspension and the spores that were previously deposited on the collector surface, thus resulting in more retention compared to the uninfected ones in porous media. This work provides novel insight into the retention of amoeba spores after bacterial infection in porous media and suggests that the host-endosymbiont relationship regulates the fate of biocolloids in drinking water systems, groundwater, and other porous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Mo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lingan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shishu Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Miaoyue Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Shu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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30
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Liu J, Zhang T, Sun S. Study of the Imbibition Phenomenon in Porous Media by the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) Method. Entropy (Basel) 2022; 24:1212. [PMID: 36141098 PMCID: PMC9497775 DOI: 10.3390/e24091212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades, studies in porous media have focused on many fields, typically in the development of oil and gas reservoirs. The imbibition phenomenon, a common mechanism affecting multi-phase flows in porous media, has shown more significant impacts on unconventional reservoir development, where the effect of the pore space increases with decreased pore sizes. In this paper, a comprehensive SPH method is applied, considering the binary interactions among the particles to study the imbibition phenomenon in porous media. The model is validated with physically meaningful results showing the effects of surface tension, contact angle, and pore structures. A heterogeneous porous medium is also constructed to study the effect of heterogeneity on the imbibition phenomenon; it can be referred from the results that the smaller pore throats and wetting surfaces are more preferred for the imbibition. The results show that the SPH method can be applied to solve the imbibition problems, but the unstable problem is still a sore point for the SPH method.
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31
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Fritz M, Köppl T, Oden JT, Wagner A, Wohlmuth B, Wu C. A 1D-0D-3D coupled model for simulating blood flow and transport processes in breast tissue. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2022; 38:e3612. [PMID: 35522186 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present mixed dimensional models for simulating blood flow and transport processes in breast tissue and the vascular tree supplying it. These processes are considered, to start from the aortic inlet to the capillaries and tissue of the breast. Large variations in biophysical properties and flow conditions exist in this system necessitating the use of different flow models for different geometries and flow regimes. In total, we consider four different model types. First, a system of 1D nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) is considered to simulate blood flow in larger arteries with highly elastic vessel walls. Second, we assign 1D linearized hyperbolic PDEs to model the smaller arteries with stiffer vessel walls. The third model type consists of ODE systems (0D models). It is used to model the arterioles and peripheral circulation. Finally, homogenized 3D porous media models are considered to simulate flow and transport in capillaries and tissue within the breast volume. Sink terms are used to account for the influence of the venous and lymphatic systems. Combining the four model types, we obtain two different 1D-0D-3D coupled models for simulating blood flow and transport processes: The first model results in a fully coupled 1D-0D-3D model covering the complete path from the aorta to the breast combining a generic arterial network with a patient specific breast network and geometry. The second model is a reduced one based on the separation of the generic and patient specific parts. The information from a calibrated fully coupled model is used as inflow condition for the patient specific sub-model allowing a significant computational cost reduction. Several numerical experiments are conducted to calibrate the generic model parameters and to demonstrate realistic flow simulations compared to existing data on blood flow in the human breast and vascular system. Moreover, we use two different breast vasculature and tissue data sets to illustrate the robustness of our reduced sub-model approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Fritz
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Köppl
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - John Tinsley Oden
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Barbara Wohlmuth
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Chengyue Wu
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Shen C, Teng J, Zheng W, Liu D, Ma K. Significant Mobility of Novel Heteroaggregates of Montmorillonite Microparticles with Nanoscale Zerovalent Irons in Saturated Porous Media. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10060332. [PMID: 35736940 PMCID: PMC9227587 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study conducted laboratory column experiments to systematically examine the transport of novel heteroaggregates of montmorillonite (Mt) microparticles with nanoscale zerovalent irons (nZVIs) in saturated sand at solution ionic strengths (ISs) ranging from 0.001 to 0.2 M. Spherical nZVIs were synthesized using the liquid phase reduction method and were attached on the plate-shaped Mt surfaces in monolayer. While complete deposition occurred for nZVIs in sand, significant transport was observed for Mt-nZVI heteroaggregates at IS ≤ 0.01 M despite the transport decrease with an increasing loading concentration of nZVIs on Mt. The increased mobility of Mt-nZVI heteroaggregates was because the attractions between nZVIs and sand collectors were reduced by the electrostatic repulsions between the Mt and the collector surfaces, which led to a decreased deposition in the sand columns. Complete deposition occurred for the Mt-nZVI heteroaggregates at IS ≥ 0.1 M due to a favorable deposition at Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) primary energy minima. Interestingly, a large fraction of the deposited heteroaggregates was released by reducing IS because of a monotonic decrease of interaction energy with separation distance for the heteroaggregates at low ISs (resulting in repulsive forces), in contrast to the irreversible deposition of nZVIs. Therefore, the fabricated heteroaggregates could also have high mobility in subsurfaces with saline pore water through continuous capture and release using multiple injections of water with low ISs. Our study was the first to examine the transport of heteroaggregates of a plate-like particle with spherical nanoparticles in porous media; the results have important implications in the use of nanoscale zerovalent iron for in situ soil and groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Degraded and Unused Land Consolidation Engineering, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Xi’an 710075, China
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.T.); (D.L.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1062732959
| | - Jinan Teng
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.T.); (D.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Wenjuan Zheng
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.T.); (D.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (J.T.); (D.L.); (K.M.)
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Wilkner K, Mücke R, Baumann S, Meulenberg WA, Guillon O. Sensitivity of Material, Microstructure and Operational Parameters on the Performance of Asymmetric Oxygen Transport Membranes: Guidance from Modeling. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12060614. [PMID: 35736321 PMCID: PMC9230686 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen transport membranes can enable a wide range of efficient energy and industrial applications. One goal of development is to maximize the performance by the improvement of the material, microstructural properties and operational conditions. However, the complexity of the transportation processes taking place in such commonly asymmetric membranes impedes the identification of the parameters to improve them. In this work, we present a sensitivity study that allows identification of these parameters. It is based on a 1D transport model that includes surface exchange, ionic and electronic transport inside the dense membrane, as well as binary diffusion, Knudsen diffusion and viscous flux inside the porous support. A support limitation factor is defined and its dependency on the membrane conductivity is shown. For materials with very high ambipolar conductivity the transport is limited by the porous support (in particular the pore tortuosity), whereas for materials with low ambipolar conductivity the transport is limited by the dense membrane. Moreover, the influence of total pressure and related oxygen partial pressures in the gas phase at the membrane's surfaces was revealed to be significant, which has been neglected so far in permeation test setups reported in the literature. In addition, the accuracy of each parameter's experimental determination is discussed. The model is well-suited to guiding experimentalists in developing high-performance gas separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wilkner
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; (R.M.); (S.B.); (W.A.M.); (O.G.)
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance: JARA-Energy, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Ceramics and Refractory Materials, Institute of Mineral Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52064 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Mücke
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; (R.M.); (S.B.); (W.A.M.); (O.G.)
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance: JARA-Energy, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; (R.M.); (S.B.); (W.A.M.); (O.G.)
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance: JARA-Energy, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; (R.M.); (S.B.); (W.A.M.); (O.G.)
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance: JARA-Energy, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Inorganic Membranes, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Guillon
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), D-52425 Jülich, Germany; (R.M.); (S.B.); (W.A.M.); (O.G.)
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance: JARA-Energy, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Ceramics and Refractory Materials, Institute of Mineral Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52064 Aachen, Germany
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Maneengam A, Bouzennada T, Abderrahmane A, Ghachem K, Kolsi L, Younis O, Guedri K, Weera W. Numerical Study of 3D MHD Mixed Convection and Entropy Generation in Trapezoidal Porous Enclosure Filled with a Hybrid Nanofluid: Effect of Zigzag Wall and Spinning Inner Cylinder. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1974. [PMID: 35745311 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A numerical study was performed to analyze the impact of the combination of several factors on heat transfer rate, flow behavior, and entropy generation in a hybrid nanofluid occupying a porous trapezoid enclosure containing a rotating inner tube. The governing equations were discretized and solved using the Finite Element Method using Comsol multiphysics. The effects of the Darcy and Hartman number, nanoparticle volume fraction (from 0 to 6%), the utilization of various zigzag patterns of the hot wall, and the rotation speed of the inner tube (Ω = 100. 250 and 500) are illustrated and discussed in this work. The outputs reveal that flow intensity has an inverse relationship with Hartman number and a direct relationship with the Darcy number and the velocity of the inner tube, especially at high numbers of undulations of the zigzag hot wall (N = 4); also, intensification of heat transfer occurs with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction, Darcy number and velocity of the inner tube. In addition, entropy generation is strongly affected by the mentioned factors, where increasing the nanoparticle concentration augments the thermal entropy generation and reduces the friction entropy generation; furthermore, the same influence can be obtained by increasing the Hartman number or decreasing the Darcy number. However, the lowest entropy generation was found for the case of Ø = 0, Ha = 0 and Da = 0.01.
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Cherif BM, Abderrahmane A, Saeed AM, Qasem NAA, Younis O, Marzouki R, Chung JD, Shah NA. Hydrothermal and Entropy Investigation of Nanofluid Mixed Convection in Triangular Cavity with Wavy Boundary Heated from below and Rotating Cylinders. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1469. [PMID: 35564178 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluids have become important working fluids for many engineering applications as they have better thermal properties than traditional liquids. Thus, this paper addresses heat transfer rates and entropy generation for a Fe3O4/MWCNT-water hybrid nanoliquid inside a three-dimensional triangular porous cavity with a rotating cylinder. The studied cavity is heated by a hot wavy wall at the bottom and subjected to a magnetic field. This problem is solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). The influential parameters considered are the rotating cylinder speed, Hartmann number (Ha), Darcy number (Da), and undulation number of the wavy wall. The results showed that higher Da and lower Ha values improved the heat transfer rates in the cavity, which was demonstrated by a higher Nusselt number and flow fluidity. The entropy generation due to heat losses was also minimized for the enhanced heat transfer rates. The decrease in Ha from 100 and 0 improved the heat transfer by about 8%, whereas a high rotational speed and high Da values yield optimal results. For example, for Ω = 1000 rad/s and Da = 10−2, the enhancement in the average Nusselt number is about 38% and the drop in the Bejan number is 65% compared to the case of Ω = 0 rad/s and Da = 10−5. Based on the applied conditions, it is recommended to have a high Da, low Ha, one undulation for the wavy wall, and high rotational speed for the cylinder in the flow direction.
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Li T, Shen C, Johnson WP, Ma H, Jin C, Zhang C, Chu X, Ma K, Xing B. Important Role of Concave Surfaces in Deposition of Colloids under Favorable Conditions as Revealed by Microscale Visualization. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:4121-4131. [PMID: 35312300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study conducted saturated column experiments to systematically investigate deposition of 1 μm positively charged polystyrene latex micro-colloids (representing microplastic particles) on negatively charged rough sand, glass beads, and soil with pore water velocities (PWV) from 4.9 × 10-5 to 8.8 × 10-4 m/s. A critical value of PWV was found below which colloidal attachment efficiency (AE) increased with increasing PWV. The increase in AE with PWV was attributed to enhanced delivery of the colloids and subsequent attachment at concave locations of rough collector surfaces. The AE decreased with further increasing PWV beyond the threshold because the convex sites became unavailable for colloid attachment. By simulating the rough surfaces using the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot equation, the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) interaction energy calculations and torque analysis revealed that the adhesive torques could be reduced to be comparable or smaller than hydrodynamic torques even under the favorable conditions. Interestingly, scanning electron microscopic experiments showed that blocking occurred at convex sites at all ionic strengths (ISs) (e.g., even when the colloid-colloid interaction was attractive), whereas at concave sites, blocking and ripening (i.e., attached colloids favor subsequent attachment) occurred at low and high ISs, respectively. To our knowledge, our work was the first to show coexistence of blocking and ripening at high ISs due to variation of the collector surface morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chongyang Shen
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - William P Johnson
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Huilian Ma
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Chao Jin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianxian Chu
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Jiang Q, Seth S, Scharl T, Schroeder T, Jungbauer A, Dimartino S. Prediction of the performance of pre-packed purification columns through machine learning. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1445-1457. [PMID: 35262290 PMCID: PMC9310636 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pre-packed columns have been increasingly used in process development and biomanufacturing thanks to their ease of use and consistency. Traditionally, packing quality is predicted through rate models, which require extensive calibration efforts through independent experiments to determine relevant mass transfer and kinetic rate constants. Here we propose machine learning as a complementary predictive tool for column performance. A machine learning algorithm, extreme gradient boosting, was applied to a large data set of packing quality (plate height and asymmetry) for pre-packed columns as a function of quantitative parameters (column length, column diameter, and particle size) and qualitative attributes (backbone and functional mode). The machine learning model offered excellent predictive capabilities for the plate height and the asymmetry (90 and 93%, respectively), with packing quality strongly influenced by backbone (∼70% relative importance) and functional mode (∼15% relative importance), well above all other quantitative column parameters. The results highlight the ability of machine learning to provide reliable predictions of column performance from simple, generic parameters, including strategic qualitative parameters such as backbone and functionality, usually excluded from quantitative considerations. Our results will guide further efforts in column optimization, for example, by focusing on improvements of backbone and functional mode to obtain optimized packings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Jiang
- Institute of BioengineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Sohan Seth
- School of InformaticsThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Theresa Scharl
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyViennaAustria
- Institute of StatisticsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Alois Jungbauer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyViennaAustria
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Institute of BioengineeringSchool of EngineeringThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Al-Yaari A, Ching DLC, Sakidin H, Muthuvalu MS, Zafar M, Alyousifi Y, Saeed AAH, Bilad MR. Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluid in Two-Phase Fluid Flow through a Porous Rectangular Medium for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 35335824 DOI: 10.3390/nano12061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is necessary to sustain energy from an external reservoir or employ advanced technologies to enhance oil recovery. A greater volume of oil may be recovered by employing nanofluid flooding. In this study, we investigated oil extraction in a two-phase incompressible fluid in a two-dimensional rectangular porous homogenous area filled with oil and having no capillary pressure. The governing equations that were derived from Darcy’s law and the mass conservation law were solved using the finite element method. Compared to earlier research, a more efficient numerical model is proposed here. The proposed model allows for the cost-effective study of heating-based inlet fluid in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and uses the empirical correlations of the nanofluid thermophysical properties on the relative permeability equations of the nanofluid and oil, so it is more accurate than other models to determine the higher recovery factor of one nanoparticle compared to other nanoparticles. Next, the effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on flooding was evaluated. EOR via nanofluid flooding processes and the effect of the intake temperatures (300 and 350 K) were also simulated by comparing three nanoparticles: SiO2, Al2O3, and CuO. The results show that adding nanoparticles (<5 v%) to a base fluid enhanced the oil recovery by more than 20%. Increasing the inlet temperature enhanced the oil recovery due to changes in viscosity and density of oil. Increasing the relative permeability of nanofluid while simultaneously reducing the relative permeability of oil due to the presence of nanoparticles was the primary reason for EOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paulo Bittencourt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - Norbert Kunert
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
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Mauro GM, Iasiello M, Bianco N, Chiu WKS, Naso V. Mono- and Multi-Objective CFD Optimization of Graded Foam-Filled Channels. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:968. [PMID: 35160914 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Graded foam-filled channels are a very promising solution for improving the thermal performance of heat sinks because of their customized structures that leave large amounts of room for heat transfer enhancement. Accordingly, this paper proposes a comprehensive optimization framework to address the design of such components, which are subjected to a uniform heat flux boundary condition. The graded foam is achieved by parameterizing the spatial distributions of porosity and/or Pores Per Inch (PPI). Mono- and multi-objective optimizations are implemented to find the best combination of the foam’s fluid-dynamic, geometrical and morphological design variables. The mono-objective approach addresses the Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) as an objective function to maximize the thermal efficiency of graded foams. The multi-objective approach addresses different objective functions by means of Pareto optimization to identify the optimal tradeoff solutions between heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop reduction. Optimizations are performed by assuming a local thermal non-equilibrium in the foam. They allowed us to achieve a 1.51 PEC value with H* = 0.50, ReH = 15000, iε = iPPI = 0.50, ε(0) = 0.85, ε(1) = 0.97, PPI(0) = 5, PPI(1) = 40, and ks→f = 104 as the design variables. For the three multi-objective functions investigated, one can extrapolate the optimum from the Pareto front via the utopia criterion, obtaining h¯ = 502 W/m2 K and Δp = 80 Pa, NuH,unif¯ = 2790 and f = 42, 〈Ts*〉s¯= 0.011, and Δp* = 91. The optimal solutions provide original insights and guidelines for the thermal design of graded foam-filled channels.
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Bedeaux D, Kjelstrup S. Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorems for Multiphase Flow in Porous Media. Entropy (Basel) 2021; 24:46. [PMID: 35052072 PMCID: PMC8774567 DOI: 10.3390/e24010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A thermodynamic description of porous media must handle the size- and shape-dependence of media properties, in particular on the nano-scale. Such dependencies are typically due to the presence of immiscible phases, contact areas and contact lines. We propose a way to obtain average densities suitable for integration on the course-grained scale, by applying Hill's thermodynamics of small systems to the subsystems of the medium. We argue that the average densities of the porous medium, when defined in a proper way, obey the Gibbs equation. All contributions are additive or weakly coupled. From the Gibbs equation and the balance equations, we then derive the entropy production in the standard way, for transport of multi-phase fluids in a non-deformable, porous medium exposed to differences in boundary pressures, temperatures, and chemical potentials. Linear relations between thermodynamic fluxes and forces follow for the control volume. Fluctuation-dissipation theorems are formulated for the first time, for the fluctuating contributions to fluxes in the porous medium. These give an added possibility for determination of the Onsager conductivity matrix for transport through porous media. Practical possibilities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick Bedeaux
- PoreLab, Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Singh K, Bultreys T, Raeini AQ, Shams M, Blunt MJ. New type of pore-snap-off and displacement correlations in imbibition. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:384-392. [PMID: 34902675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Imbibition of a fluid into a porous material involves the invasion of a wetting fluid in the pore space through piston-like displacement, film and corner flow, snap-off and pore bypassing. These processes have been studied extensively in two-dimensional (2D) porous systems; however, their relevance to three-dimensional (3D) natural porous media is poorly understood. Here, we investigate these pore-scale processes in a natural rock sample using time-resolved 3D (i.e., four-dimensional or 4D) X-ray imaging. EXPERIMENTS We performed a capillary-controlled drainage-imbibition experiment on an initially brine-saturated carbonate rock sample. The sample was imaged continuously during imbibition using 4D X-ray imaging to visualize and analyze fluid displacement and snap-off processes at the pore-scale. FINDINGS We discover a new type of snap-off that occurs in pores, resulting in the entrapment of a small portion of the non-wetting phase in pore corners. This contrasts with previously-observed snap-off in throats which traps the non-wetting phase in pore centers. We relate the new type of pore-snap-off to the pinning of fluid-fluid interfaces at rough surfaces, creating contact angles close to 90°. Subsequently, we provide correlations for displacement events as a function of pore-throat geometry. Our findings indicate that having a small throat does not necessarily favor snap-off: the key criterion is the throat radius in relation to the pore radius involved in a displacement event, captured by the aspect ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Singh
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, UK; Qatar Carbonates and Carbon Storage Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK.
| | - Tom Bultreys
- Department of Geology, Pore-Scale Processes in Geomaterials Research (PProGRess), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ali Q Raeini
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Mosayeb Shams
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Martin J Blunt
- Qatar Carbonates and Carbon Storage Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
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Qohar UNA, Zanna Munthe-Kaas A, Nordbotten JM, Hanson EA. A nonlinear multi-scale model for blood circulation in a realistic vascular system. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:201949. [PMID: 34966547 PMCID: PMC8633777 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, numerical models have become an increasingly important tool in biological and medical science. Numerical simulations contribute to a deeper understanding of physiology and are a powerful tool for better diagnostics and treatment. In this paper, a nonlinear multi-scale model framework is developed for blood flow distribution in the full vascular system of an organ. We couple a quasi one-dimensional vascular graph model to represent blood flow in larger vessels and a porous media model to describe flow in smaller vessels and capillary bed. The vascular model is based on Poiseuille's Law, with pressure correction by elasticity and pressure drop estimation at vessels' junctions. The porous capillary bed is modelled as a two-compartment domain (artery and venous) using Darcy's Law. The fluid exchange between the artery and venous capillary bed compartments is defined as blood perfusion. The numerical experiments show that the proposed model for blood circulation: (i) is closely dependent on the structure and parameters of both the larger vessels and of the capillary bed, and (ii) provides a realistic blood circulation in the organ. The advantage of the proposed model is that it is complex enough to reliably capture the main underlying physiological function, yet highly flexible as it offers the possibility of incorporating various local effects. Furthermore, the numerical implementation of the model is straightforward and allows for simulations on a regular desktop computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulin Nuha A. Qohar
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen 5008, Norway
| | | | | | - Erik Andreas Hanson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen 5008, Norway
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Zhang Y, Lin Y, Lv X, Xu A, Feng C, Lin J. Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characteristics of Biofilm Development Process. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2466. [PMID: 34946068 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To in situ and noninvasively monitor the biofilm development process by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), experiments should be made to determine the mechanisms responsible for the T2 signals of biofilm growth. In this paper, biofilms were cultivated in both fluid media and saturated porous media. T2 relaxation for each sample was measured to investigate the contribution of the related processes to T2 relaxation signals. In addition, OD values of bacterial cell suspensions were measured to provide the relative number of bacterial cells. We also obtained SEM photos of the biofilms after vacuum freeze-drying the pure sand and the sand with biofilm formation to confirm the space within the biofilm matrix and identify the existence of biofilm formation. The T2 relaxation distribution is strongly dependent on the density of the bacterial cells suspended in the fluid and the stage of biofilm development. The peak time and the peak percentage can be used as indicators of the biofilm growth states.
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Wu Y, Li Z, Yang Y, Purchase D, Lu Y, Dai Z. Extracellular Polymeric Substances Facilitate the Adsorption and Migration of Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ in Saturated Porous Media. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1715. [PMID: 34827713 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in groundwater is a serious environmental problem. Many microorganisms that survive in subsurface porous media also produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), but little is known about the effect of these EPS on the fate and transport of heavy metals in aquifers. In this study, EPS extracted from soil with a steam method were used to study the adsorption behaviors of Cu2+ and Cd2+, employing quartz sand as a subsurface porous medium. The results showed that EPS had a good adsorption capacity for Cu2+ (13.5 mg/g) and Cd2+ (14.1 mg/g) that can be viewed using the Temkin and Freundlich models, respectively. At a pH value of 6.5 ± 0.1 and a temperature of 20 °C, EPS showed a greater affinity for Cu2+ than for Cd2+. The binding force between EPS and quartz sand was weak. The prior saturation of the sand media with EPS solution can significantly promote the migration of the Cu2+ and Cd2+ in sand columns by 8.8% and 32.1%, respectively. When treating both metals simultaneously, the migration of Cd2+ was found to be greater than that of Cu2+. This also demonstrated that EPS can promote the co-migration of Cu2+ and Cd2+ in saturated porous media.
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46
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Robinson N, May EF, Johns ML. Low-Field Functional Group Resolved Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Mesoporous Silica. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:54476-54485. [PMID: 34743514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-fluid interactions underpin the efficacy of functional porous materials across a diverse array of chemical reaction and separation processes. However, detailed characterization of interfacial phenomena within such systems is hampered by their optically opaque nature. Motivated by the need to bridge this capability gap, we report low-magnetic-field two-dimensional (2D) 1H nuclear spin relaxation measurements as a noninvasive probe of adsorbate identity and interfacial dynamics, exploring the relaxation characteristics exhibited by liquid hydrocarbon adsorbates confined to a model mesoporous silica. For the first time, we demonstrate the capacity of this approach in distinguishing functional group-specific relaxation phenomena across a diverse range of alcohols and carboxylic acids employed as solvents, reagents, and liquid hydrogen carriers, with distinct relaxation responses assigned to the alkyl and hydroxyl moieties of each confined liquid. Uniquely, this relaxation behavior is shown to correlate with adsorbate acidity, with the observed relationship rationalized on the basis of surface-adsorbate proton-exchange dynamics. Our results demonstrate that nuclear spin relaxation provides a molecular-level perspective on sorbent/sorbate interactions, motivating the exploration of such measurements as a unique probe of adsorbate identity within optically opaque porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Eric F May
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael L Johns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Jbeili M, Zhang J. Effects of Microscopic Properties on Macroscopic Thermal Conductivity for Convective Heat Transfer in Porous Materials. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:1369. [PMID: 34832781 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials are widely used in many heat transfer applications. Modeling porous materials at the microscopic level can accurately incorporate the detailed structure and substance parameters and thus provides valuable information for the complex heat transfer processes in such media. In this study, we use the generalized periodic boundary condition for pore-scale simulations of thermal flows in porous materials. A two-dimensional porous model consisting of circular solid domains is considered, and comprehensive simulations are performed to study the influences on macroscopic thermal conductivity from several microscopic system parameters, including the porosity, Reynolds number, and periodic unit aspect ratio and the thermal conductance at the solid–fluid interface. Our results show that, even at the same porosity and Reynolds number, the aspect ratio of the periodic unit and the interfacial thermal conductance can significantly affect the macroscopic thermal behaviors of porous materials. Qualitative analysis is also provided to relate the apparent thermal conductivity to the complex flow and temperature distributions in the microscopic porous structure. The method, findings and discussions presented in this paper could be useful for fundamental studies, material development, and engineering applications of porous thermal flow systems.
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48
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Zhang Y, He Y, Sakowski EG, Preheim SP. Influence of Simplified Microbial Community Biofilms on Bacterial Retention in Porous Media under Conditions of Stormwater Biofiltration. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0110521. [PMID: 34704792 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.01105-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous media filters are used widely to remove bacteria from contaminated water, such as stormwater runoff. Biofilms that colonize filter media during normal function can significantly alter performance, but it is not clear how characteristics of individual populations colonizing porous media combine to affect bacterial retention. We assess how four bacterial strains isolated from stormwater and a laboratory strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, alter Escherichia coli retention in experimental sand columns under conditions of stormwater filtration relative to a clean-bed control. Our results demonstrate that these strains differentially affect E. coli retention, as was previously shown for a model colloid. To determine whether E. coli retention could be influenced by changes in relative abundance of strains within a microbial community, we selected two pairs of biofilm strains with the largest observed differences in E. coli retention and tested how changes in relative abundance of strain pairs in the biofilm affected E. coli retention. The results demonstrate that E. coli retention efficiency is influenced by the retention characteristics of the strains within biofilm microbial community, but individual strain characteristics influence retention in a manner that cannot be determined from changes in their relative abundance alone. This study demonstrates that changes in the relative abundance of specific members of a biofilm community can significantly alter filter performance, but these changes are not a simple function of strain-specific retention and the relative abundance. Our results suggest that the microbial community composition of biofilms should be considered when evaluating factors that influence filter performance. IMPORTANCE The retention efficiency of bacterial contaminants in biofilm-colonized biofilters is highly variable. Despite the increasing number of studies on the impact of biofilms in filters on bacterial retention, how individual bacterial strains within a biofilm community combine to influence bacterial retention is unknown. Here, we studied the retention of an E. coli K-12 strain, as a model bacterium, in columns colonized by four bacterial strains isolated from stormwater and P. aeruginosa, a model biofilm-forming strain. Simplified two-strain biofilm communities composed of combinations of the strains were used to determine how relative abundance of biofilm strains affects filter performance. Our results provide insight into how biofilm microbial composition influences bacterial retention in filters and whether it is possible to predict bacterial retention efficiency in biofilm-colonized filters from the relative abundance of individual members and the retention characteristics of cultured isolates.
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49
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Haward SJ, Hopkins CC, Shen AQ. Stagnation points control chaotic fluctuations in viscoelastic porous media flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111651118. [PMID: 34521756 PMCID: PMC8463809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic flows through porous media become unstable and chaotic beyond critical flow conditions, impacting widespread industrial and biological processes such as enhanced oil recovery and drug delivery. Understanding the influence of the pore structure or geometry on the onset of flow instability can lead to fundamental insights into these processes and, potentially, to their optimization. Recently, for viscoelastic flows through porous media modeled by arrays of microscopic posts, Walkama et al. [D. M. Walkama, N. Waisbord, J. S. Guasto, Phys. Rev. Lett 124, 164501 (2020)] demonstrated that geometric disorder greatly suppressed the strength of the chaotic fluctuations that arose as the flow rate was increased. However, in that work, disorder was only applied to one originally ordered configuration of posts. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that, given a slightly modified ordered array of posts, introducing disorder can also promote chaotic fluctuations. We provide a unifying explanation for these contrasting results by considering the effect of disorder on the occurrence of stagnation points exposed to the flow field, which depends on the nature of the originally ordered post array. This work provides a general understanding of how pore geometry affects the stability of viscoelastic porous media flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Haward
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Cameron C Hopkins
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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de Andrade DCJ, Nojabaei B. Phase Behavior and Composition Distribution of Multiphase Hydrocarbon Binary Mixtures in Heterogeneous Nanopores: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2431. [PMID: 34578747 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to investigate the phase behavior and composition distribution of an ethane/heptane binary mixture in heterogeneous oil-wet graphite nanopores with pore size distribution. The pore network system consists of two different setups of connected bulk and a 5-nm pore in the middle; and the bulk connected to 5-nm and 2-nm pores. Our results show that nanopore confinement influences the phase equilibrium of the multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures and this effect is stronger for smaller pores. We recognized multiple adsorbed layers of hydrocarbon molecules near the pore surface. However, for smaller pores, adsorption is dominant so that, for the 2-nm pore, most of the hydrocarbon molecules are in the adsorbed phase. The MD simulation results revealed that the overall composition of the hydrocarbon mixture is a function of pore size. This has major implications for macro-scale unconventional reservoir simulation, as it suggests that heterogenous shale nanopores would host fluids with different compositions depending on the pore size. The results of this paper suggest that modifications should be made to the calculation of overall composition of reservoir fluids in shale nanopores, as using only one overall composition for the entire heterogenous reservoir can result in significant error in recovery estimations.
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