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Zhao YX, Zhao HP, Zhao MY, Yu Y, Qi X, Wang JH, Lv J. Latest insights into the global epidemiological features, screening, early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2638-2656. [PMID: 38855150 PMCID: PMC11154680 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i20.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
As a highly invasive carcinoma, esophageal cancer (EC) was the eighth most prevalent malignancy and the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide in 2020. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histological subtype of EC, and its incidence and mortality rates are decreasing globally. Due to the lack of specific early symptoms, ESCC patients are usually diagnosed with advanced-stage disease with a poor prognosis, and the incidence and mortality rates are still high in many countries, especially in China. Therefore, enormous challenges still exist in the management of ESCC, and novel strategies are urgently needed to further decrease the incidence and mortality rates of ESCC. Although the key molecular mechanisms underlying ESCC pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated, certain promising biomarkers are being investigated to facilitate clinical decision-making. With the advent and advancement of high-throughput technologies, such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, valuable biomarkers with high sensitivity, specificity and stability could be identified for ESCC. Herein, we aimed to determine the epidemiological features of ESCC in different regions of the world, especially in China, and focused on novel molecular biomarkers associated with ESCC screening, early diagnosis and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Meng-Yao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xi Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ji-Han Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
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Olaoba OT, Adelusi TI, Yang M, Maidens T, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Li G. Driver Mutations in Pancreatic Cancer and Opportunities for Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1808. [PMID: 38791887 PMCID: PMC11119842 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. As the most common form of pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents up to 95% of all pancreatic cancer cases, accounting for more than 300,000 deaths annually. Due to the lack of early diagnoses and the high refractory response to the currently available treatments, PDAC has a very poor prognosis, with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 10%. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are highly effective and have been used for the treatment of many types of cancer; however, they offer limited benefits in pancreatic cancer patients due to tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic factors that culminate in drug resistance. The identification of key factors responsible for PDAC growth and resistance to different treatments is highly valuable in developing new effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss some molecules which promote PDAC initiation and progression, and their potential as targets for PDAC treatment. We also evaluate the challenges associated with patient outcomes in clinical trials and implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide T. Olaoba
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Temitope I. Adelusi
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Tessa Maidens
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Eric T. Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Kevin F. Staveley-O’Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
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Chau YF, Zhou H, Chen B, Ren H, Ma Z, Zhang X, Duan J. Screening for depression and anxiety in lung cancer patients: A real-world study using GAD-7 and HADS. Thorac Cancer 2024; 15:1041-1049. [PMID: 38523362 PMCID: PMC11062860 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.15287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychological well-being of lung cancer patients is critical in-patient care but frequently overlooked. METHODS This study, employing a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based design, aimed to elucidate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms among lung cancer patients and identify associated risk factors. Participants' demographic, medical history, disease stage, and pathology were systematically collected. Psychological assessment was conducted using the general anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 25.0). RESULTS Out of 294 distributed questionnaires, 247 lung cancer patients were included in the final analysis, with an average completion time of 9.08 min. Notably, 32.4% exhibited depressive symptoms, while 30% displayed signs of anxiety. A significant correlation was found between both depressive and anxiety symptoms and a history of tobacco and alcohol consumption. Specifically, increased nicotine dependence and greater cumulative tobacco use were linked to higher rates of depressive symptoms, whereas cumulative alcohol consumption was associated with increased risks of anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION The study affirms the feasibility of GAD-7, PHQ-9, and HADS as screening tools for depressive and anxiety symptoms in lung cancer patients. It further highlights tobacco and alcohol consumption as significant risk factors for poor psychological health in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fung Chau
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Translational Research on Lung Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental HealthInstitute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Hengqin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental HealthInstitute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zixiao Ma
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Translational Research on Lung Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental HealthInstitute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianchun Duan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Translational Research on Lung Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Medical OncologyShanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
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Sarkar S, Jackson B, Manzo LL, Jeon S, Poghosyan H. Association between adverse childhood experiences and self-reported health-risk behaviors among cancer survivors: A population-based study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299918. [PMID: 38512934 PMCID: PMC10956880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Existing evidence shows that people who report Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are more likely to exhibit health-risk behaviors. However, limited research on this topic pertains to oncology population. We aim to address this knowledge gap by estimating the prevalence of ACEs and investigating their association with self-reported health-risk behaviors among adult cancer survivors living in the U.S. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis using cross-sectional data from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ACE module. We included 4,126 adults, aged ≥18 years, with a history of cancer. The outcome variable was self-reported health-risk behaviors, which included cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, and binge alcohol drinking. Self-reported ACEs history was the primary independent variable, comprised of 11 questions regarding child abuse and dysfunctional households. We conducted descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression to describe the relationship between the ACE history and health-risk behaviors. RESULTS Overall, 84.2% of cancer survivors self-reported as White, 58.4% were women, and 76.6% were aged 65+ years. Nearly two-thirds of the sample (63.2%) self-reported at least one ACE (prior to age 18) and 21.7% engaged in ≥1 health-risk-behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, binge alcohol drinking, or e-cigarette use. Experiencing ≥3 ACEs was associated with 145% increased odds of reporting at least one health-risk behavior (OR = 2.45, 95% CI [1.78-3.38]) when compared to those without a history of ACEs. Besides, survivors who were younger, divorced, less educated, and had low income had higher odds of reporting at least one health-risk behavior. CONCLUSIONS Overall, a history of ACEs is associated with health-risk behaviors. These all can negatively impact cancer survivors' overall well-being. Early screening for ACE during oncologic visits can be a protective measure for preventing health-risk behaviors among cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Sarkar
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States of America
| | - Brianna Jackson
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Manzo
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States of America
- US Army, AMEDD Student Detachment, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sangchoon Jeon
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States of America
| | - Hermine Poghosyan
- Yale University School of Nursing, Orange, CT, United States of America
- COPPER Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Singh S, Sawal A. Comprehensive Review on Pancreatic Head Cancer: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Challenges in the Quest for Improved Survival. Cureus 2024; 16:e54290. [PMID: 38500905 PMCID: PMC10945288 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the complexities surrounding pancreatic head cancer, a highly fatal and challenging-to-treat illness with a survival rate of less than five years. Despite being a major contributor to cancer-related deaths, pancreatic head malignancy often eludes early detection due to its posterior location and high metastatic potential. The review delves into the associated symptoms, including gastric outlet obstruction and obstructive jaundice, highlighting the impact on the patient's eligibility for surgery. Examining recent advancements, the article discusses fast-track surgery recovery programs and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches, acknowledging the unique challenges posed by the immunosuppressive environment of pancreatic head cancer. Additionally, the review elucidates the intricate relationship between pancreatic cancer and glucose levels, emphasizing the role of islets of Langerhans in insulin production. The pathogenesis section explores lifestyle and genetic factors contributing to pancreatic head carcinoma, shedding light on risk factors such as smoking, obesity, diabetes, and hereditary predispositions. The extensive analysis of pancreatic cancer diagnosis methods encompasses imaging techniques, biopsies, and biomarkers, emphasizing the challenges posed by late-stage diagnoses. Addressing treatment modalities, the review emphasizes the significance of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. The intricate details of neoadjuvant, immunotherapy, and microbial therapy provide a comprehensive understanding of evolving treatment strategies. The review concludes by highlighting promising areas of research, including oncolytic viral therapy and gene editing technology, aiming to enhance the limited treatment options for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Singh
- Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Anupama Sawal
- Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Kaimila B, Chen Y, Mulima G, Kajombo C, Salima A, Yano Y, Gopal S, Dawsey SM, Abnet CC. Survival After Diagnosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Malawi. JCO Glob Oncol 2023; 9:e2300173. [PMID: 37944090 PMCID: PMC10645405 DOI: 10.1200/go.23.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal cancer (EC) is the second most common cancer in Malawi, with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) representing >90% of all ECs. Despite significant morbidity and mortality, little is known about disease outcomes. In this study, we assess survival after ESCC diagnosis in Malawi. METHODS We report on ESCC cases enrolled in a case-control study at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe from August 2017 to April 2020. Suspected cases completed a questionnaire interview; provided blood, urine, and saliva specimens; and underwent a tumor biopsy for histologic confirmation. Cases were followed up by phone biweekly from enrollment to the study end date (December 31, 2020), date of death, or loss to follow-up. Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test. We also examined associations between treatment and ESCC mortality using Cox regression models. RESULTS There were 300 patients with ESCC enrolled in this study, of whom 290 (97%) had known vital status at the end of follow-up and 10 (3%) were lost to follow-up. Among the 290 patients, 282 (97%) died during follow-up. The median age at enrollment was 55 years (IQR, 48-66), and the median time to death was 106 days (95% CI, 92 to 127). The 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates were 11% (95% CI, 8 to 15), 3% (95% CI, 1 to 6), and 0.9% (95% CI, 0.8 to 4), respectively. Palliative chemotherapy significantly improved the overall survival of patients with ESCC (Plog-rank = .038) and was significantly associated with reduced mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.51 to 0.99]). No significant association was observed between tobacco use, alcohol consumption, or HIV status and mortality. CONCLUSION Survival after diagnosis of ESCC was poor in Malawi. Although palliative chemotherapy was associated with improved survival, prevention and earlier detection remain key priorities to improve ESCC mortality at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingxi Chen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | | | | | | | - Yukiko Yano
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Satish Gopal
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Sanford M. Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Christian C. Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
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The Role of Selected Serpins in Gastrointestinal (GI) Malignancies. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206225. [PMID: 36294546 PMCID: PMC9604722 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, which are a diverse group of malignant diseases, represent a major healthcare problem around the world. Due to the lack of specific symptoms in the early stages as well as insufficient diagnostic possibilities, these malignancies occupy the leading position in the causes of death worldwide. The currently available tests have too many limitations to be part of routine diagnostics. Therefore, new potential biomarkers that could be used as diagnostic and prognostic factors for these cancers are still being sought. Among the proteins that might fit this role are serpins, which are serine protease inhibitors. Although the serpins themselves have been known for many years, they have recently become the centre of attention for many authors, especially due to the fact that a number of proteins in this family are involved in many stages of neoplasia formation, from angiogenesis through tumour growth to progression. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the current knowledge about the significance of serpins in GI malignancies, especially their involvement in the development and progression of oesophageal, gastric, pancreatic and colorectal cancers. This review summarises and confirms the important roles of selected serpins in the pathogenesis of various GI cancers and also points to their promising roles as therapeutic targets. However, due to the relatively nonspecific nature of serpins, future research should be carried out to elucidate the mechanisms involved in tumour pathogenesis in more detail.
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An L, Zheng R, Zeng H, Zhang S, Chen R, Wang S, Sun K, Li L, Wei W, He J. The survival of esophageal cancer by subtype in China with comparison to the United States. Int J Cancer 2022; 152:151-161. [PMID: 35913753 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the main subtypes of esophageal cancer (EC), but nationwide survival of both EC subtypes has never been reported in China. This study aimed to estimate the survival trends of EC by subtype in China and compare them with those in the USA for the same period. We used data from 64 Chinese cancer registries, which included EC patients diagnosed during 2008 and 2015 and followed up until 31st December 2017. The 5-year age-standardized relative survival by subtype, sex, age group, and urban or rural area between 2008 and 2017 were analyzed. We stratified survival estimates by calendar period (2008-09, 2010-11, 2012-14, and 2015-17). Data from the SEER 18 programme were calculated to estimate the survival of EC in the USA. A further comparison between the survivals in areas covered and not covered by population-based endoscopic screening programmes in China was conducted. A total of 129 962 records were included in the survival analyses. Results revealed that age-standardised 5-year relative survivals for AC and SCC increased in both China and USA from 2008 to 2017. In 2015-17, 5-year survival from both subtypes in China was better than the USA (SCC: 36.9% vs 18.5%, AC: 34.8% vs 22.3%). The survival for both subtypes was significantly higher in screening areas than in non-screening areas in China (SCC: 40.6% vs 32.8%; AC: 43.0% vs 31.3%). A survival gap in EC by subtype exists between China and USA. Our results may support the beneficial effect of population-based endoscopic screening for survival, and may be poised to inform national policy-making in both countries. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan An
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rongshou Zheng
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Chen
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoming Wang
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Sun
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- National Central Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Arnold M, Morgan E, Bardot A, Rutherford MJ, Ferlay J, Little A, Møller B, Bucher O, De P, Woods RR, Saint-Jacques N, Gavin AT, Engholm G, Achiam MP, Porter G, Walsh PM, Vernon S, Kozie S, Ramanakumar AV, Lynch C, Harrison S, Merrett N, O'Connell DL, Mala T, Elwood M, Zalcberg J, Huws DW, Ransom D, Bray F, Soerjomataram I. International variation in oesophageal and gastric cancer survival 2012-2014: differences by histological subtype and stage at diagnosis (an ICBP SURVMARK-2 population-based study). Gut 2022; 71:1532-1543. [PMID: 34824149 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide the first international comparison of oesophageal and gastric cancer survival by stage at diagnosis and histological subtype across high-income countries with similar access to healthcare. METHODS As part of the ICBP SURVMARK-2 project, data from 28 923 patients with oesophageal cancer and 25 946 patients with gastric cancer diagnosed during 2012-2014 from 14 cancer registries in seven countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and the UK) were included. 1-year and 3-year age-standardised net survival were estimated by stage at diagnosis, histological subtype (oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)) and country. RESULTS Oesophageal cancer survival was highest in Ireland and lowest in Canada at 1 (50.3% vs 41.3%, respectively) and 3 years (27.0% vs 19.2%) postdiagnosis. Survival from gastric cancer was highest in Australia and lowest in the UK, for both 1-year (55.2% vs 44.8%, respectively) and 3-year survival (33.7% vs 22.3%). Most patients with oesophageal and gastric cancer had regional or distant disease, with proportions ranging between 56% and 90% across countries. Stage-specific analyses showed that variation between countries was greatest for localised disease, where survival ranged between 66.6% in Australia and 83.2% in the UK for oesophageal cancer and between 75.5% in Australia and 94.3% in New Zealand for gastric cancer at 1-year postdiagnosis. While survival for OAC was generally higher than that for OSCC, disparities across countries were similar for both histological subtypes. CONCLUSION Survival from oesophageal and gastric cancer varies across high-income countries including within stage groups, particularly for localised disease. Disparities can partly be explained by earlier diagnosis resulting in more favourable stage distributions, and distributions of histological subtypes of oesophageal cancer across countries. Yet, differences in treatment, and also in cancer registration practice and the use of different staging methods and systems, across countries may have impacted the comparisons. While primary prevention remains key, advancements in early detection research are promising and will likely allow for additional risk stratification and survival improvements in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Arnold
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Eileen Morgan
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Aude Bardot
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Mark J Rutherford
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jacques Ferlay
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Alana Little
- Cancer Institute New South Wales, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Prithwish De
- Surveillance and Cancer Registry, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nathalie Saint-Jacques
- Registry & Analytics, Nova Scotia Health Authority Cancer Care Program, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anna T Gavin
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Gerda Engholm
- Cancer Prevention & Documentation, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael P Achiam
- Danish EsophagoGastric Cancer group, Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Geoff Porter
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Serena Kozie
- Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Charlotte Lynch
- International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP), Policy & Information, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Samantha Harrison
- International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP), Policy & Information, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Neil Merrett
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital and School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dianne L O'Connell
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tom Mala
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark Elwood
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Zalcberg
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dyfed W Huws
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
- Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - David Ransom
- WA Cancer and Palliative Care Network Policy Unit, Health Networks Branch, Department of Health, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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10
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Imputing pre-diagnosis health behaviour in cancer registry data and investigating its relationship with oesophageal cancer survival time. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261416. [PMID: 34905568 PMCID: PMC8670692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As oesophageal cancer has short survival, it is likely pre-diagnosis health behaviours will have carry-over effects on post-diagnosis survival times. Cancer registry data sets do not usually contain pre-diagnosis health behaviours and so need to be augmented with data from external health surveys. A new algorithm is introduced and tested to augment cancer registries with external data when one-to-one data linkage is not available. METHODS The algorithm is to use external health survey data to impute pre-diagnosis health behaviour for cancer patients, estimate misclassification errors in these imputed values and then fit misclassification corrected Cox regression to quantify the association between pre-diagnosis health behaviour and post-diagnosis survival. Data from US cancer registries and a US national health survey are used in testing the algorithm. RESULTS It is demonstrated that the algorithm works effectively on simulated smoking data when there is no age confounding. But age confounding does exist (risk of death increases with age and most health behaviours change with age) and interferes with the performance of the algorithm. The estimate of the hazard ratio (HR) of pre-diagnosis smoking was HR = 1.32 (95% CI 0.82,2.68) with HR = 1.93 (95% CI 1.08,7.07) in the squamous cell sub-group and pre-diagnosis physical activity was protective of survival with HR = 0.25 (95% CI 0.03, 0.81). But the method failed for less common behaviours (such as heavy drinking). CONCLUSIONS Further improvements in the I2C2 algorithm will permit enrichment of cancer registry data through imputation of new variables with negligible risk to patient confidentiality, opening new research opportunities in cancer epidemiology.
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Morgan E, Soerjomataram I, Gavin AT, Rutherford MJ, Gatenby P, Bardot A, Ferlay J, Bucher O, De P, Engholm G, Jackson C, Kozie S, Little A, Møller B, Shack L, Tervonen H, Thursfield V, Vernon S, Walsh PM, Woods RR, Finley C, Merrett N, O'Connell DL, Reynolds JV, Bray F, Arnold M. International trends in oesophageal cancer survival by histological subtype between 1995 and 2014. Gut 2021; 70:234-242. [PMID: 32554620 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Survival from oesophageal cancer remains poor, even across high-income countries. Ongoing changes in the epidemiology of the disease highlight the need for survival assessments by its two main histological subtypes, adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS The ICBP SURVMARK-2 project, a platform for international comparisons of cancer survival, collected cases of oesophageal cancer diagnosed 1995 to 2014, followed until 31st December 2015, from cancer registries covering seven participating countries with similar access to healthcare (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and the UK). 1-year and 3-year age-standardised net survival alongside incidence rates were calculated by country, subtype, sex, age group and period of diagnosis. RESULTS 111 894 cases of AC and 73 408 cases of SCC were included in the analysis. Marked improvements in survival were observed over the 20-year period in each country, particularly for AC, younger age groups and 1 year after diagnosis. Survival was consistently higher for both subtypes in Australia and Ireland followed by Norway, Denmark, New Zealand, the UK and Canada. During 2010 to 2014, survival was higher for AC compared with SCC, with 1-year survival ranging from 46.9% (Canada) to 54.4% (Ireland) for AC and 39.6% (Denmark) to 53.1% (Australia) for SCC. CONCLUSION Marked improvements in both oesophageal AC and SCC survival suggest advances in treatment. Less marked improvements 3 years after diagnosis, among older age groups and patients with SCC, highlight the need for further advances in early detection and treatment of oesophageal cancer alongside primary prevention to reduce the overall burden from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Morgan
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Isabelle Soerjomataram
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Anna T Gavin
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark J Rutherford
- Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Piers Gatenby
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Aude Bardot
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Ferlay
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Oliver Bucher
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Prithwish De
- Surveillance and Cancer Registry, Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerda Engholm
- Cancer Surveillance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Cancer Society of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Serena Kozie
- Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alana Little
- Cancer Information and Analysis, Cancer Institute NSW, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bjorn Møller
- Department of Registration, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lorraine Shack
- Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanna Tervonen
- Cancer Information and Analysis, Cancer Institute NSW, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vicky Thursfield
- Victorian Cancer Registry, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally Vernon
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ryan R Woods
- BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christian Finley
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Merrett
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dianne L O'Connell
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John V Reynolds
- National Centre for Oesophageal Cancer, St James's Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Freddie Bray
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Melina Arnold
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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12
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Fahey PP, Page A, Stone G, Astell-Burt T. Augmenting cancer registry data with health survey data with no cases in common: the relationship between pre-diagnosis health behaviour and post-diagnosis survival in oesophageal cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:496. [PMID: 32487049 PMCID: PMC7268470 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For epidemiological research, cancer registry datasets often need to be augmented with additional data. Data linkage is not feasible when there are no cases in common between data sets. We present a novel approach to augmenting cancer registry data by imputing pre-diagnosis health behaviour and estimating its relationship with post-diagnosis survival time. Methods Six measures of pre-diagnosis health behaviours (focussing on tobacco smoking, ‘at risk’ alcohol consumption, overweight and exercise) were imputed for 28,000 cancer registry data records of US oesophageal cancers using cold deck imputation from an unrelated health behaviour dataset. Each data point was imputed twice. This calibration allowed us to estimate the misclassification rate. We applied statistical correction for the misclassification to estimate the relative risk of dying within 1 year of diagnosis for each of the imputed behaviour variables. Subgroup analyses were conducted for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma separately. Results Simulated survival data confirmed that accurate estimates of true relative risks could be retrieved for health behaviours with greater than 5% prevalence, although confidence intervals were wide. Applied to real datasets, the estimated relative risks were largely consistent with current knowledge. For example, tobacco smoking status 5 years prior to diagnosis was associated with an increased age-adjusted risk of all cause death within 1 year of diagnosis for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (RR = 1.99 95% CI 1.24,3.12) but not oesophageal adenocarcinoma RR = 1.61, 95% CI 0.79,2.57). Conclusions We have demonstrated a novel imputation-based algorithm for augmenting cancer registry data for epidemiological research which can be used when there are no cases in common between data sets. The algorithm allows investigation of research questions which could not be addressed through direct data linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Fahey
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Andrew Page
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Glenn Stone
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Thomas Astell-Burt
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Holkem AT, Robichaud V, Favaro-Trindade CS, Lacroix M. Chemopreventive Properties of Extracts Obtained from Blueberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Jabuticaba ( Myrciaria cauliflora Berg.) in Combination with Probiotics. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:671-685. [PMID: 32412316 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1761986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The association of probiotics and fruit extracts may influence the chemopreventive effect of colorectal cancer. In this context, antiproliferative activity was evaluated to select the best extracts that would be added probiotics, after addition of Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus in the extracts the antiradical and antioxidant activity, quinone reductase (QR) assay and apoptosis assay were evaluated. Four extracts were isolated: E1: rich in total phenolic compounds; E2: rich in water-soluble phenolic compounds; E3: rich in most apolar phenolic compounds and E4: rich in anthocyanins. The antiproliferative results showed that the best extracts for blueberry and jabuticaba were, respectively the extract E4 and E2. After addition of the probiotic bacteria in these best extracts, it was observed that E2 from jabuticaba presented significantly higher antiradical and antioxidant activity values compared to E4 from blueberry before and after addition of probiotics. There was also a 9-fold increase in activity of QR by the E2 from jabuticaba with Lactobacillus (JL). Likewise, this same extract showed a significant increase both in apoptotic and necrotic cells for both cells. In conclusion, extract rich in water-soluble phenolic compounds (E2) from jabuticaba presented a greater chemopreventive effect compared to the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Tasch Holkem
- Research Laboratory in Sciences, Applied to Food, INRS Armand-Frappier Health and Biotechnology Centre, Canadian Irradiation Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Valérie Robichaud
- Research Laboratory in Sciences, Applied to Food, INRS Armand-Frappier Health and Biotechnology Centre, Canadian Irradiation Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carmen Silvia Favaro-Trindade
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Research Laboratory in Sciences, Applied to Food, INRS Armand-Frappier Health and Biotechnology Centre, Canadian Irradiation Centre, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval, Quebec, Canada
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McCain RS, McManus DT, McQuaid S, James JA, Salto-Tellez M, Reid NB, Craig S, Chisambo C, Bingham V, McCarron E, Parkes E, Turkington RC, Coleman HG. Alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, and esophageal adenocarcinoma survival: a molecular pathology epidemiology cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2020; 31:1-11. [PMID: 31786674 PMCID: PMC6942597 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and esophageal adenocarcinoma survival, including stratified analysis by selected prognostic biomarkers. METHODS A population-representative sample of 130 esophageal adenocarcinoma patients (n = 130) treated at the Northern Ireland Cancer Centre between 2004 and 2012. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to evaluate associations between smoking status, alcohol intake, and survival. Secondary analyses investigated these associations across categories of p53, HER2, CD8, and GLUT-1 biomarker expression. RESULTS In esophageal adenocarcinoma patients, there was a significantly increased risk of cancer-specific mortality in ever, compared to never, alcohol drinkers in unadjusted (HR 1.96 95% CI 1.13-3.38) but not adjusted (HR 1.70 95% CI 0.95-3.04) analysis. This increased risk of death observed for alcohol consumers was more evident in patients with normal p53 expression, GLUT-1 positive or CD-8 positive tumors. There were no significant associations between survival and smoking status in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS In esophageal adenocarcinoma patients, cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption was not associated with a significant difference in survival in comparison with never smokers and never drinkers in fully adjusted analysis. However, in some biomarker-selected subgroups, ever-alcohol consumption was associated with a worsened survival in comparison with never drinkers. Larger studies are needed to investigate these findings, as these lifestyle habits may not only be linked to cancer risk but also cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stephen McCain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, ICS-B Building, RVH Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland.
| | - Damian T McManus
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jacqueline A James
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Nathan B Reid
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Stephanie Craig
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Chintapuza Chisambo
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria Bingham
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Eamon McCarron
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Eileen Parkes
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Richard C Turkington
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, ICS-B Building, RVH Site, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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15
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Zhao Z, Liu W. Pancreatic Cancer: A Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820962117. [PMID: 33357065 PMCID: PMC7768873 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820962117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the latest knowledge on factors, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic cancer, and aims to promote further research on this under-studied malignant tumor. At present, we urgently need to identify high-risk patients with precancerous diseases through screening approaches, so that medical professionals and the general public may better understand prevention strategies or early detection measures. Pancreatic cancer is a highly invasive malignant tumor with a fatal risk, mainly seen in men and older adults (60-85 years old). Pancreatic cancer is now increasingly observed in young patients. Because the disease has no early symptoms and can quickly invade surrounding tissues and organs, it is one of the deadliest cancers. With a view to identify the important factors for the development of pancreatic cancer, previous studies have found that smoking, alcohol, and chronic pancreatitis are considered high-risk factors. Recent studies have shown that abnormal metabolism of human microorganisms, blood type, and glucose and lipid levels are also important factors in the development of pancreatic cancer. Identifying early diagnosis options is an important way to improve detection and survival rates of pancreatic cancer. None of the many tumor markers associated with pancreatic cancer are highly specific, which also indicates further research is required to improve the early detection rate. Future directions in terms of treatment evaluating the relationship between the microbiology-free system and immunotherapy will bring a major breakthrough and is expected to bring exciting clinical applications in improving the life-cycle of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiYu Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Wei Liu, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Kim SA, Choi BY, Song KS, Park CH, Eun CS, Han DS, Kim YS, Kim HJ. Prediagnostic Smoking and Alcohol Drinking and Gastric Cancer Survival: A Korean Prospective Cohort Study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 73:141-151. [PMID: 31013557 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2019.73.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims Behavioral factors, such as smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, increase the risk of gastric cancer (GC), but their effects on survival are not clear. We examined associations between prediagnostic smoking and alcohol drinking behavior and GC death by long-term follow-up. Methods The participants were 508 GC patients enrolled at Chungnam University Hospital and Hanyang University Guri Hospital from 2001 to 2006. Information on clinicopathologic and behavioral risk factors was collected, and patient survival was prospectively followed until 2016 by medical chart review and telephone survey. Results During above 10 years follow-up period, overall death was 46.2% (n=226) and GC deaths was 38.2% (n=187) among the 489 GC patients included in the analysis. No significant association was found between smoking habits and overall or GC survival. However, after stratification by histological type, the hazard ratio (HR) of GC death for current smokers tended to be higher for the diffuse type (HR 1.61, 95% CI 0.57-4.59 for current vs. never) rather than for the intestinal type (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.28-2.19 for current vs. never). Light alcohol consumption was found to be associated with a significantly lower risk of GC death (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.36-0.75 for <20 g/day for women or <40 g/day for men vs. never and past), and the effects of alcohol drinking habits had similar effects on GC death for the intestinal and diffuse types. Conclusions These results suggest smoking and alcohol drinking behaviors before a diagnosis of GC are weakly associated with GC survival. Nevertheless, the effect of smoking behavior on prognosis appears to depend on the histological type of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ah Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University College of Life Science, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Bo Youl Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Song
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chan Hyuk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Chang Soo Eun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Ja Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University College of Life Science, Gangneung, Korea
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17
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Barrett JR, Cherney-Stafford L, Alagoz E, Piper ME, Cook J, Campbell-Flohr S, Weber SM, Winslow ER, Ronnkleiv-Kelly SM, Abbott DE. Smoking and gastrointestinal cancer patients-is smoking cessation an attainable goal? J Surg Oncol 2019; 120:1335-1340. [PMID: 31674041 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Negative consequences of tobacco use during cancer treatment are well-documented but more in-depth, patient-level data are needed to understand patient beliefs about continued smoking (vs cessation) during gastrointestinal (GI) cancer treatment. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 patients who were active smokers being treated for GI cancers and 5 caregivers of such patients. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and uploaded to NVivo. We consensus coded data inductively using conventional content analysis and iteratively developed our codebook. We developed data matrices to categorize the themes regarding patient perspectives on smoking as well as presumed barriers to smoking cessation during active therapy. RESULTS Our interviews revealed three consistent themes: (a) Smoking cessation is not necessarily desired by many patients who have received a cancer diagnosis; (b) Failure in past quit attempts may lead to feelings of hopeless about future attempts, especially during cancer treatment; (c) Patients perceived little to no access to smoking cessation treatment at the time of their cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Well-designed systemic changes that promote the positive and efficacious effects of quitting smoking during cancer treatment, and that provide barrier-free access to such treatments may be helpful in promoting tobacco-free behavior during cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Barrett
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Linda Cherney-Stafford
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Esra Alagoz
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Megan E Piper
- Department of Medicine Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jessica Cook
- Department of Medicine Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie Campbell-Flohr
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sharon M Weber
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily R Winslow
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sean M Ronnkleiv-Kelly
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel E Abbott
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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McGuigan A, Kelly P, Turkington RC, Jones C, Coleman HG, McCain RS. Pancreatic cancer: A review of clinical diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment and outcomes. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4846-4861. [PMID: 30487695 PMCID: PMC6250924 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i43.4846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1010] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to outline the most up-to-date knowledge of pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes, while identifying gaps that aim to stimulate further research in this understudied malignancy. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a lethal condition with a rising incidence, predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer death in some regions. It often presents at an advanced stage, which contributes to poor five-year survival rates of 2%-9%, ranking firmly last amongst all cancer sites in terms of prognostic outcomes for patients. Better understanding of the risk factors and symptoms associated with this disease is essential to inform both health professionals and the general population of potential preventive and/or early detection measures. The identification of high-risk patients who could benefit from screening to detect pre-malignant conditions such as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms is urgently required, however an acceptable screening test has yet to be identified. The management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is evolving, with the introduction of new surgical techniques and medical therapies such as laparoscopic techniques and neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, however this has only led to modest improvements in outcomes. The identification of novel biomarkers is desirable to move towards a precision medicine era, where pancreatic cancer therapy can be tailored to the individual patient, while unnecessary treatments that have negative consequences on quality of life could be prevented for others. Research efforts must also focus on the development of new agents and delivery systems. Overall, considerable progress is required to reduce the burden associated with pancreatic cancer. Recent, renewed efforts to fund large consortia and research into pancreatic adenocarcinoma are welcomed, but further streams will be necessary to facilitate the momentum needed to bring breakthroughs seen for other cancer sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McGuigan
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kelly
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C Turkington
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jones
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mater Hospital, Belfast BT14 6AB, United Kingdom
| | - Helen G Coleman
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom
| | - R Stephen McCain
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Mater Hospital, Belfast BT14 6AB, United Kingdom
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BJ, United Kingdom
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