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Lin D, Wu S, Cheng Y, Yan X, Liu Q, Ren T, Zhang J, Wang N. Early Proteomic Characteristics and Changes in the Optic Nerve Head, Optic Nerve, and Retina in a Rat Model of Ocular Hypertension. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100654. [PMID: 37793503 PMCID: PMC10665672 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of glaucoma is still unknown. There are few studies on the dynamic change of tissue-specific and time-specific molecular pathophysiology caused by ocular hypertension (OHT). This study aimed to identify the early proteomic alterations in the retina, optic nerve head (ONH), and optic nerve (ON). After establishing a rat model of OHT, we harvested the tissues from control and glaucomatous eyes and analyzed the changes in protein expression using a multiplexed quantitative proteomics approach (TMT-MS3). Our study identified 6403 proteins after 1-day OHT and 4399 proteins after 7-days OHT in the retina, 5493 proteins after 1-day OHT and 4544 proteins after 7-days OHT in ONH, and 5455 proteins after 1-day OHT and 3835 proteins after 7-days OHT in the ON. Of these, 560 and 489 differential proteins were identified on day 1 and 7 after OHT in the retina, 428 and 761 differential proteins were identified on day 1 and 7 after OHT in the ONH, and 257 and 205 differential proteins on days 1 and 7 after OHT in the ON. Computational analysis on day 1 and 7 of OHT revealed that alpha-2 macroglobulin was upregulated across two time points and three tissues stably. The differentially expressed proteins between day 1 and 7 after OHT in the retina, ONH, and ON were associated with glutathione metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction/oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress, microtubule, and crystallin. And the most significant change in retina are crystallins. We validated this proteomic result with the Western blot of crystallin proteins and found that upregulated on day 1 but recovered on day 7 after OHT, which are promising as therapeutic targets. These findings provide insights into the time- and region-order mechanisms that are specifically affected in the retina, ONH, and ON in response to elevated IOP during the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Lin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Yan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Tianmin Ren
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Gu Q, Kumar A, Hook M, Xu F, Bajpai AK, Starlard-Davenport A, Yue J, Jablonski MM, Lu L. Exploring Early-Stage Retinal Neurodegeneration in Murine Pigmentary Glaucoma: Insights From Gene Networks and miRNA Regulation Analyses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:25. [PMID: 37707836 PMCID: PMC10506683 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glaucoma is a group of heterogeneous optic neuropathies characterized by the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been understood completely. We aimed to elucidate the genetic network associated with the development of pigmentary glaucoma with DBA/2J (D2) mouse model of glaucoma and corresponding genetic control D2-Gpnmb (D2G) mice carrying the wild type (WT) Gpnmb allele. Methods Retinas isolated from 13 D2 and 12 D2G mice were subdivided into 2 age groups: pre-onset (1-6 months: samples were collected at approximately 1-2, 2-4, and 5-6 months) and post-onset (7-15 months: samples were collected at approximately 7-9, 10-12, and 13-15 months) glaucoma were compared. Differential gene expression (DEG) analysis and gene-set enrichment analyses were performed. To identify micro-RNAs (miRNAs) that target Gpnmb, miRNA expression levels were correlated with time point matched mRNA expression levels. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed using the reference BXD mouse population. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate Gpnmb and miRNA expression levels. Results A total of 314 and 86 DEGs were identified in the pre-onset and post-onset glaucoma groups, respectively. DEGs in the pre-onset glaucoma group were associated with the crystallin gene family, whereas those in the post-onset group were related to innate immune system response. Of 1329 miRNAs predicted to target Gpnmb, 3 miRNAs (miR-125a-3p, miR-3076-5p, and miR-214-5p) were selected. A total of 47 genes demonstrated overlapping with the identified DEGs between D2 and D2G, segregated into their time-relevant stages. Gpnmb was significantly downregulated, whereas 2 out of 3 miRNAs were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) in D2 mice at both 3-and 10-month time points. Conclusions These findings suggest distinct gene-sets involved in pre-and post-glaucoma in the D2 mouse. We identified three miRNAs regulating Gpnmb in the development of murine pigmentary glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Gu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Michael Hook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Bajpai
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Athena Starlard-Davenport
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Monica M. Jablonski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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Nam MH, Nahomi RB, Pantcheva MB, Dhillon A, Chiodo VA, Smith WC, Nagaraj RH. AAV2-Mediated Expression of HspB1 in RGCs Prevents Somal Damage and Axonal Transport Deficits in a Mouse Model of Ocular Hypertension. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:8. [DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.11.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Nam
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rooban B. Nahomi
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mina B. Pantcheva
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Armaan Dhillon
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vince A. Chiodo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - W. Clay Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ram H. Nagaraj
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Amin D, Kuwajima T. Differential Retinal Ganglion Cell Vulnerability, A Critical Clue for the Identification of Neuroprotective Genes in Glaucoma. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 2:905352. [PMID: 38983528 PMCID: PMC11182220 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2022.905352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the neurons in the retina which directly project to the brain and transmit visual information along the optic nerve. Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness, is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and degeneration of the optic nerve, which is followed by RGC death. Currently, there are no clinical therapeutic drugs or molecular interventions that prevent RGC death outside of IOP reduction. In order to overcome these major barriers, an increased number of studies have utilized the following combined analytical methods: well-established rodent models of glaucoma including optic nerve injury models and transcriptomic gene expression profiling, resulting in the successful identification of molecules and signaling pathways relevant to RGC protection. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of pathological features in a variety of animal models of glaucoma and top differentially expressed genes (DEGs) depending on disease progression, RGC subtypes, retinal regions or animal species. By comparing top DEGs among those different transcriptome profiles, we discuss whether commonly listed DEGs could be defined as potential novel therapeutic targets in glaucoma, which will facilitate development of future therapeutic neuroprotective strategies for treatments of human patients in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwarkesh Amin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Gu L, Kwong JM, Caprioli J, Piri N. DNA and RNA oxidative damage in the retina is associated with ganglion cell mitochondria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8705. [PMID: 35610341 PMCID: PMC9130135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines retinas from a rat glaucoma model for oxidized nucleosides 8OHdG and 8OHG, biomarkers for oxidative damage of DNA and RNA, respectively. Immunohistochemical data indicate a predominant localization of 8OHdG/8OHG in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The levels for these oxidized DNA/RNA products were 3.2 and 2.8 fold higher at 1 and 2 weeks after intraocular pressure elevation compared to control retinas, respectively. 8OHdG/8OHG were almost exclusively associated with mitochondrial DNA/RNA: ~ 65% of 8OHdG/8OHG were associated with RNA isolated from mitochondrial fraction and ~ 35% with DNA. Furthermore, we analyzed retinas of the rd10 mouse, a model for retinitis pigmentosa, with severe degeneration of photoreceptors to determine whether high levels of 8OHdG/8OHG staining intensity in RGCs of control animals is related to the high level of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation necessary to support light-evoked RGC activity. No significant difference in 8OHdG/8OHG staining intensity between control and rd10 mouse retinas was observed. The results of this study suggest that high levels of 8OHdG/8OHG in RGCs of wild-type animals may lead to cell damage and progressive loss of RGCs observed during normal aging, whereas ocular hypertension-induced increase in the level of oxidatively damaged mitochondrial DNA/RNA could contribute to glaucomatous neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jacky M Kwong
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Natik Piri
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Liang X, Li N, Rong Y, Wang J, Zhang H. Identification of proteomic changes for dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertension using a tandem mass tag (TMT) approach. Exp Eye Res 2021; 216:108914. [PMID: 34979099 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, characterized by ocular hypertension, is the second most common cause of vision loss worldwide. The potential mechanism, however, has yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to assess the proteomic changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM) in an observational animal model of Dexamethasone (DEX)-induced OHT. OHT was induced in Wistar rats by applying DEX topically to both eyes for 28 days. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was evaluated and TM protein expressions and protein identification were performed by a TMT-based method for comparing the changes in proteins between DEX-induced OHT and the control group. The results showed that average IOP was elevated significantly in rats of the DEX-induced OHT group compared to controls. Further, a total of 4,804 proteins in the control and DEX-induced OHT group were determined and 4,064 proteins were quantified via TMT proteomics. In total, 292 significantly abundant proteins (173 downregulated and 119 upregulated) were identified between the two groups. Proteins associated with vision, including Crystallin related proteins, filensin, rhodopsin, recoverin, phosducin were lowered in the DEX-induced OHT group relative to the control group. In summary, DEX induced extensive changes in the protein expression of TM tissue. These proteins were found to be candidate biomarkers for personalized treatment and diagnostic research in the future for improving visual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Xing Y, Liang S, Zhao Y, Yang S, Ni H, Li H. Protection of Aronia melanocarpa Fruit Extract from Sodium-Iodate-Induced Damages in Rat Retina. Nutrients 2021; 13:4411. [PMID: 34959962 PMCID: PMC8703977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of blindness in elderly populations. However, the dry form of AMD has lack of effective treatments. The fruits of Aronia melanocarpa are rich in anthocyanins. In this study, the protective effects of aronia fruit extract on rat retina were investigated using a NaIO3-induced dry AMD model. Full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) showed that b-wave amplitudes were significantly decreased and the retina structures were disordered in the model. The extract treatment alleviated the injuries. The b-wave amplitudes increased 61.5% in Scotopic 0.01ERG, 122.0% in Photopic 3.0ERG, and 106.8% in Photopic 3.0 flicker; the retina structure disorder was improved with the thickness of outer nuclear layer increasing by 44.1%; and the malonaldehyde level was significantly reduced in extract-treated rat retinas compared to the model. The proteomics analysis showed the expressions of five crystallin proteins, α-crystallin A chain, β-crystallin B2, β-crystallin A3, α-crystallin B chain, and γ-crystallin S, which protect retina ganglion cells, were increased by 7.38-, 7.74-, 15.30-, 4.86-, and 9.14-fold, respectively, in the extract treatment compared to the control, which was also confirmed by immunoblotting. The results suggest that aronia fruit extract, probably due to its anthocyanins, could protect the rat retina by alleviating oxidative damages and by upregulating the crystallin proteins to protect its nerve system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.X.); (H.N.)
| | - Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (The PHOENIX Center), Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Shuo Yang
- Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China;
| | - He Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.X.); (H.N.)
| | - Haihang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.X.); (H.N.)
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Auler N, Tonner H, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Antibody and Protein Profiles in Glaucoma: Screening of Biomarkers and Identification of Signaling Pathways. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121296. [PMID: 34943212 PMCID: PMC8698915 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease that is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Currently, the only therapeutic option is to lower intraocular pressure. The onset of the disease is often delayed because patients do not notice visual impairment until very late, which is why glaucoma is also known as “the silent thief of sight”. Therefore, early detection and definition of specific markers, the so-called biomarkers, are immensely important. For the methodical implementation, high-throughput methods and omic-based methods came more and more into focus. Thus, interesting targets for possible biomarkers were already suggested by clinical research and basic research, respectively. This review article aims to join the findings of the two disciplines by collecting overlaps as well as differences in various clinical studies and to shed light on promising candidates concerning findings from basic research, facilitating conclusions on possible therapy options. Abstract Glaucoma represents a group of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, constituting the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. To date, chronically elevated intraocular pressure has been identified as the main risk factor and the only treatable symptom. However, there is increasing evidence in the recent literature that IOP-independent molecular mechanisms also play an important role in the progression of the disease. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that glaucoma has an autoimmune component. The main focus nowadays is elucidating glaucoma pathogenesis, finding early diagnostic options and new therapeutic approaches. This review article summarizes the impact of different antibodies and proteins associated with glaucoma that can be detected for example by microarray and mass spectrometric analyzes, which (i) provide information about expression profiles and associated molecular signaling pathways, (ii) can possibly be used as a diagnostic tool in future and, (iii) can identify possible targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Zaman K, Nguyen V, De La Cruz DL, Prokai L. Proteomics-Based Retinal Target Engagement Analysis and Retina-Targeted Delivery of 17β-Estradiol by the DHED Prodrug for Ocular Neurotherapy in Males. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1392. [PMID: 34575465 PMCID: PMC8466286 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the impact of 17β-estradiol (E2) eye drops on the modulation of the proteome profile in the male rat retina. With discovery-driven proteomics, we have identified proteins that were regulated by our treatment. These proteins were assembled to several bioinformatics-based networks implicating E2's beneficial effects on the male rat retina in a broad context of ocular neuroprotection including the maintenance of retinal homeostasis, facilitation of efficient disposal of damaged proteins, and mitochondrial respiratory chain biogenesis. We have also shown for the first time that the hormone's beneficial effects on the male retina can be constrained to this target site by treatment with the bioprecursor prodrug, DHED. A large concentration of E2 was produced after DHED eye drops not only in male rat retinae but also in those of rabbits. However, DHED treatment did not increase circulating E2 levels, thereby ensuring therapeutic safety in males. Targeted proteomics focusing on selected biomarkers of E2's target engagement further confirmed the prodrug's metabolism to E2 in the male retina and indicated that the retinal impact of DHED treatment was identical to that of the direct E2 treatment. Altogether, our study shows the potential of topical DHED therapy for an efficacious and safe protection of the male retina without the unwanted hormonal side-effects associated with current estrogen therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (K.Z.); (V.N.); (D.L.D.L.C.); (L.P.)
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Phadte AS, Sluzala ZB, Fort PE. Therapeutic Potential of α-Crystallins in Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1001. [PMID: 34201535 PMCID: PMC8300683 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chaperone and anti-apoptotic activity of α-crystallins (αA- and αB-) and their derivatives has received increasing attention due to their tremendous potential in preventing cell death. While originally known and described for their role in the lens, the upregulation of these proteins in cells and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases highlighted their involvement in adaptive protective responses to neurodegeneration associated stress. However, several studies also suggest that chronic neurodegenerative conditions are associated with progressive loss of function of these proteins. Thus, while external supplementation of α-crystallin shows promise, their potential as a protein-based therapeutic for the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative diseases remains ambiguous. The current review aims at assessing the current literature supporting the anti-apoptotic potential of αA- and αB-crystallins and its potential involvement in retinal neurodegenerative diseases. The review further extends into potentially modulating the chaperone and the anti-apoptotic function of α-crystallins and the use of such functionally enhanced proteins for promoting neuronal viability in retinal neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh S. Phadte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (A.S.P.); (Z.B.S.)
| | - Zachary B. Sluzala
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (A.S.P.); (Z.B.S.)
| | - Patrice E. Fort
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (A.S.P.); (Z.B.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Li M, Liu S, Huang W, Zhang J. Physiological and pathological functions of βB2-crystallins in multiple organs: a systematic review. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:15674-15687. [PMID: 34118792 PMCID: PMC8221336 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Crystallins, the major constituent proteins of mammalian lenses, are significant not only for the maintenance of eye lens stability, transparency, and refraction, but also fulfill various physiopathological functions in extraocular tissues. βB2-crystallin, for example, is a multifunctional protein expressed in the human retina, brain, testis, ovary, and multiple tumors. Mutations in the βB2 crystallin gene or denaturation of βB2-crystallin protein are associated with cataracts, ocular pathologies, and psychiatric disorders. A prominent role for βB2-crystallins in axonal growth and regeneration, as well as in dendritic outgrowth, has been demonstrated after optic nerve injury. Studies in βB2-crystallin-null mice revealed morphological and functional abnormalities in testis and ovaries, indicating βB2-crystallin contributes to male and female fertility in mice. Interestingly, although pathogenic significance remains obscure, several studies identified a clear correlation between βB2 crystallin expression and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and glioblastoma in the African American population. This review summarizes the physiological and pathological functions of βB2-crystallin in the eye and other organs and tissues and discusses findings related to the expression and potential role of βB2-crystallin in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Yangpu, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Yangpu, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Yangpu, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Yangpu, Shanghai 200433, China
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What Is New in Glaucoma: From Treatment to Biological Perspectives. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:5013529. [PMID: 33936807 PMCID: PMC8060111 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5013529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic silent disease and an irreversible cause of blindness worldwide. Research has made many efforts to improve disease control and especially to anticipate both early diagnosis and treatment of advanced stages of glaucoma. In terms of prevention, networking between professionals and nonprofessionals is an important goal to disseminate information and help diagnose the disease early. On the other hand, the most recent approaches to treat glaucoma outcomes in its advanced stages include electrical stimulation, stem cells, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and growth factors. Finally, neuronal plasticity-based rehabilitation methods are being studied to reeducate patients in order to stimulate their residual visual capacity. This review provides an overview of new approaches to future possible glaucoma treatment modalities and gives insight into the perspectives available nowadays in this field.
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Mirzaei M, Gupta VK, Chitranshi N, Deng L, Pushpitha K, Abbasi M, Chick JM, Rajput R, Wu Y, McKay MJ, Salekdeh GH, Gupta VB, Haynes PA, Graham SL. Retinal proteomics of experimental glaucoma model reveal intraocular pressure-induced mediators of neurodegenerative changes. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4931-4944. [PMID: 32692886 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that exposure to chronically induced intraocular pressure (IOP) leads to neurodegenerative changes in the inner retina. This study aimed to determine retinal proteomic alterations in a rat model of glaucoma and compared findings with human retinal proteomics changes in glaucoma reported previously. We developed an experimental glaucoma rat model by subjecting the rats to increased IOP (9.3 ± 0.1 vs 20.8 ± 1.6 mm Hg) by weekly microbead injections into the eye (8 weeks). The retinal tissues were harvested from control and glaucomatous eyes and protein expression changes analysed using a multiplexed quantitative proteomics approach (TMT-MS3). Immunofluorescence was performed for selected protein markers for data validation. Our study identified 4304 proteins in the rat retinas. Out of these, 139 proteins were downregulated (≤0.83) while the expression of 109 proteins was upregulated (≥1.2-fold change) under glaucoma conditions (P ≤ .05). Computational analysis revealed reduced expression of proteins associated with glutathione metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction/oxidative phosphorylation, cytoskeleton, and actin filament organisation, along with increased expression of proteins in coagulation cascade, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and RNA processing. Further functional network analysis highlighted the differential modulation of nuclear receptor signalling, cellular survival, protein synthesis, transport, and cellular assembly pathways. Alterations in crystallin family, glutathione metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction associated proteins shared similarities between the animal model of glaucoma and the human disease condition. In contrast, the activation of the classical complement pathway and upregulation of cholesterol transport proteins were exclusive to human glaucoma. These findings provide insights into the neurodegenerative mechanisms that are specifically affected in the retina in response to chronically elevated IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kanishka Pushpitha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mojdeh Abbasi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joel M Chick
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rashi Rajput
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yunqi Wu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew J McKay
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ghasem H Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Veer B Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Barabino A, Flamier A, Hanna R, Héon E, Freedman BS, Bernier G. Deregulation of Neuro-Developmental Genes and Primary Cilium Cytoskeleton Anomalies in iPSC Retinal Sheets from Human Syndromic Ciliopathies. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:357-373. [PMID: 32160518 PMCID: PMC7066374 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are heterogeneous genetic diseases affecting primary cilium structure and function. Meckel-Gruber (MKS) and Bardet-Biedl (BBS) syndromes are severe ciliopathies characterized by skeletal and neurodevelopment anomalies, including polydactyly, cognitive impairment, and retinal degeneration. We describe the generation and molecular characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal sheets (RSs) from controls, and MKS (TMEM67) and BBS (BBS10) cases. MKS and BBS RSs displayed significant common alterations in the expression of hundreds of developmental genes and members of the WNT and BMP pathways. Induction of crystallin molecular chaperones was prominent in MKS and BBS RSs suggesting a stress response to misfolded proteins. Unique to MKS photoreceptors was the presence of supernumerary centrioles and cilia, and aggregation of ciliary proteins. Unique to BBS photoreceptors was the accumulation of DNA damage and activation of the mitotic spindle checkpoint. This study reveals how combining cell reprogramming, organogenesis, and next-generation sequencing enables the elucidation of mechanisms involved in human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barabino
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. Assomption, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Anthony Flamier
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. Assomption, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Roy Hanna
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. Assomption, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, 555 University av., Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Gilbert Bernier
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 Boul. Assomption, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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15
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17β-Estradiol Delivered in Eye Drops: Evidence of Impact on Protein Networks and Associated Biological Processes in the Rat Retina through Quantitative Proteomics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020101. [PMID: 32012756 PMCID: PMC7076522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the development of broad-spectrum retina neuroprotectants that can be delivered through topical dosage forms, this proteomics study focused on analyzing target engagements through the identification of functional protein networks impacted after delivery of 17β-estradiol in eye drops. Specifically, the retinae of ovariectomized Brown Norway rats treated with daily eye drops of 17β-estradiol for three weeks were compared to those of vehicle-treated ovariectomized control animals. We searched the acquired raw data against a composite protein sequence database by using Mascot, as well as employed label-free quantification to detect changes in protein abundances. Our investigation using rigorous validation criteria revealed 331 estrogen-regulated proteins in the rat retina (158 were up-regulated, while 173 were down-regulated by 17β-estradiol delivered in eye drops). Comprehensive pathway analyses indicate that these proteins are relevant overall to nervous system development and function, tissue development, organ development, as well as visual system development and function. We also present 18 protein networks with associated canonical pathways showing the effects of treatments for the detailed analyses of target engagements regarding potential application of estrogens as topically delivered broad-spectrum retina neuroprotectants. Profound impact on crystallins is discussed as one of the plausible neuroprotective mechanisms.
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16
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Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205160. [PMID: 31635205 PMCID: PMC6834184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide, is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by damage of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve degeneration. However, the exact mechanism leading to glaucoma is still not understood. Evidences suggest an immunological involvement in the pathogenesis. Among other immune responses, altered autoantibody patterns were found in glaucoma patients. Especially elevated antibody levels against heat shock proteins (HSPs), like HSP27 or HSP60, were identified. In an animal model, an immunization with these HSPs induced a pressure-independent retinal ganglion cell degeneration and axon loss, hence mimicking glaucoma-like damage. In addition, development of autoreactive antibodies, as well as a glia and T-cell activation, were described in these animals. Recently, we noted that intravitreal HSP27 injection likewise led to a degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Therefore, HSP27 might have a direct damaging effect on retinal cells, and might play a key role in glaucoma.
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17
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Lam C, Li KK, Do CW, Chan H, To CH, Kwong JMK. Quantitative profiling of regional protein expression in rat retina after partial optic nerve transection using fluorescence difference two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2734-2742. [PMID: 31524249 PMCID: PMC6691257 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the difference between primary and secondary retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, the protein expression at four regions of retina including superior, temporal, inferior and nasal quadrant in a rat model of partial optic nerve transection (pONT) using 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) were investigated. Unilateral pONT was performed on the temporal side of optic nerves of adult Wistar rats to separate primary and secondary RGC loss. Topographical quantification of RGCs labeled by Rbpms antibody and analysis of axonal injury by grading of optic nerve damage at 1 week (n=8) and 8 weeks (n=15) after pONT demonstrated early RGC loss at temporal region, which is considered as primary RGC degeneration and progressing RGC loss at nasal region, which is considered as secondary RGC degeneration. Early protein expression in each retinal quadrant (n=4) at 2 weeks after pONT was compared with the corresponding quadrant in the contralateral control eye by DIGE. For all comparisons, 24 differentially expressed proteins (>1.2-fold; P<0.05; ≥3 non-duplicated peptide matches) were identified by mass spectrometry (MS). Interestingly, in the nasal retina, serum albumin and members of crystallin family, including αA, αB, βA2, βA3, βB2 and γS indicating stress response were upregulated. By contrast, only αB and βA2 crystallin proteins were altered in temporal quadrant. In the superior and inferior quadrants, βB2 crystallin, keratin type I, S-arrestin and lamin-B1 were upregulated, while heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 were downregulated. In summary, the use of DIGE followed by MS is useful to detect early regional protein regulation in the retina after localized optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen Lam
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - King Kit Li
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Chi Wai Do
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Henry Chan
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Chi Ho To
- School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jacky Man Kwong Kwong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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18
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Stankowska DL, Nam MH, Nahomi RB, Chaphalkar RM, Nandi SK, Fudala R, Krishnamoorthy RR, Nagaraj RH. Systemically administered peptain-1 inhibits retinal ganglion cell death in animal models: implications for neuroprotection in glaucoma. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:112. [PMID: 31285855 PMCID: PMC6609721 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the primary causes of vision loss in glaucoma. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a peptide (peptain-1) that exhibits robust chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities against RGC loss in two rodent models and in cultured RGCs. In cultures of rat primary RGCs and in rat retinal explants peptain-1 significantly decreased hypoxia-induced RGC loss when compared to a scrambled peptide. Intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected peptain-1 (conjugated to a Cy7 fluorophore) was detected in the retina indicative of its ability to cross the blood-retinal barrier. Peptain-1 treatment inhibited RGC loss in the retina of mice subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. A reduction in anterograde axonal transport was also ameliorated by peptain-1 treatment in the retina of I/R injured mice. Furthermore, i.p. injections of peptain-1 significantly reduced RGC death and axonal loss and partially restored retinal mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6b2 (COX 6b2) levels in rats subjected to five weeks of elevated intraocular pressure. We conclude that i.p. injected peptain-1 gains access to the retina and protects both RGC somas and axons against the injury caused by I/R and ocular hypertension. Based on these findings, peptain-1 has the potential to be developed as an efficacious neuroprotective agent for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota L Stankowska
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Mi-Hyun Nam
- 2Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rooban B Nahomi
- 2Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Renuka M Chaphalkar
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Sandip K Nandi
- 2Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rafal Fudala
- 3Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Raghu R Krishnamoorthy
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Ram H Nagaraj
- 2Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.,4Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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19
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Park YH, Snook JD, Ostrin EJ, Kim S, Chen R, Frankfort BJ. Transcriptomic profiles of retinal ganglion cells are defined by the magnitude of intraocular pressure elevation in adult mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2594. [PMID: 30796289 PMCID: PMC6385489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor for glaucoma, a sight threatening disease of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Despite the central importance of IOP, details of the impact of IOP elevation on RGC gene expression remain elusive. We developed a 4-step immunopanning protocol to extract adult mouse RGCs with high fidelity and used it to isolate RGCs from wild type mice exposed to 2 weeks of IOP elevation generated by the microbead model. IOP was elevated to 2 distinct levels which were defined as Mild (IOP increase >1 mmHg and <4 mmHg) and Moderate (IOP increase ≥4 mmHg). RNA sequencing was used to compare the transcriptional environment at each IOP level. Differentially expressed genes were markedly different between the 2 groups, and pathway analysis revealed frequently opposed responses between the IOP levels. These results suggest that the magnitude of IOP elevation has a critical impact on RGC transcriptional changes. Furthermore, it is possible that IOP-based set points exist within RGCs to impact the direction of transcriptional change. It is possible that this improved understanding of changes in RGC gene expression can ultimately lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong H Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Joshua D Snook
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Edwin J Ostrin
- Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Sangbae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Benjamin J Frankfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States. .,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States.
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20
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Lynch JM, Li B, Katoli P, Xiang C, Leehy B, Rangaswamy N, Saenz-Vash V, Wang YK, Lei H, Nicholson TB, Meredith E, Rice DS, Prasanna G, Chen A. Binding of a glaucoma-associated myocilin variant to the αB-crystallin chaperone impedes protein clearance in trabecular meshwork cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:20137-20156. [PMID: 30389787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocilin (MYOC) was discovered more than 20 years ago and is the gene whose mutations are most commonly observed in individuals with glaucoma. Despite extensive research efforts, the function of WT MYOC has remained elusive, and how mutant MYOC is linked to glaucoma is unclear. Mutant MYOC is believed to be misfolded within the endoplasmic reticulum, and under normal physiological conditions misfolded MYOC should be retro-translocated to the cytoplasm for degradation. To better understand mutant MYOC pathology, we CRISPR-engineered a rat to have a MYOC Y435H substitution that is the equivalent of the pathological human MYOC Y437H mutation. Using this engineered animal model, we discovered that the chaperone αB-crystallin (CRYAB) is a MYOC-binding partner and that co-expression of these two proteins increases protein aggregates. Our results suggest that the misfolded mutant MYOC aggregates with cytoplasmic CRYAB and thereby compromises protein clearance mechanisms in trabecular meshwork cells, and this process represents the primary mode of mutant MYOC pathology. We propose a model by which mutant MYOC causes glaucoma, and we propose that therapeutic treatment of patients having a MYOC mutation may focus on disrupting the MYOC-CRYAB complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Lynch
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
| | - Bing Li
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Parvaneh Katoli
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Barrett Leehy
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nalini Rangaswamy
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Veronica Saenz-Vash
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Y Karen Wang
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Hong Lei
- Laboratory Animal Services, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Thomas B Nicholson
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, and Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Erik Meredith
- Global Developmental Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Dennis S Rice
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Ganesh Prasanna
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Amy Chen
- From Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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21
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Anders F, Mann C, Liu A, Teister J, Funke S, Thanos S, Grus F, Pfeiffer N, Prokosch V. Correlation of Crystallin Expression and RGC Susceptibility in Experimental Glaucoma Rats of Different Ages. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1267-1273. [PMID: 29979889 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1485950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide with age being an important risk factor. However, the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Aim of this study was to focus on age-dependent molecular changes in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. METHODS Intraocular pressure was elevated in Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3, 14, and 47 weeks for a period of 7 weeks by episcleral vein cauterization. Ganglion cell loss was monitored by an immunohistochemical staining of the Brain-specific homeobox/POU (Pit-1, Oct-2, Unc-86) domain protein 3A positive cells in retinal flat-mounts and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography measuring the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Molecular protein alterations were analyzed using a comprehensive mass spectrometric proteomics approach of the retina and vitreous body. RESULTS While juvenile animals did not show a significant loss of retinal ganglion cells due to intraocular pressure elevation, adolescent animals showed a decrease up to 26% (p < 0.05). A shift of retinal crystallin protein expression levels within all protein-family subclasses (α, β, γ) could be observed in the youngest animal group (p < 0.05), while the upregulation of crystallin proteins in older animals was less striking. In addition, numerous crystallin proteins were also detected in the vitreous body. CONCLUSION These results provide insights of a potential correlation of age-related glaucomatous damage and the absence of crystallin proteins in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Anders
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Carolina Mann
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Aiwei Liu
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Julia Teister
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Sebastian Funke
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Solon Thanos
- b Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Franz Grus
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- a Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
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22
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Chiha W, LeVaillant CJ, Bartlett CA, Hewitt AW, Melton PE, Fitzgerald M, Harvey AR. Retinal genes are differentially expressed in areas of primary versus secondary degeneration following partial optic nerve injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192348. [PMID: 29425209 PMCID: PMC5806857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial transection (PT) of the optic nerve is an established experimental model of secondary degeneration in the central nervous system. After a dorsal transection, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with axons in ventral optic nerve are intact but vulnerable to secondary degeneration, whereas RGCs in dorsal retina with dorsal axons are affected by primary and secondary injuries. Using microarray, we quantified gene expression changes in dorsal and ventral retina at 1 and 7 days post PT, to characterize pathogenic pathways linked to primary and secondary degeneration. RESULTS In comparison to uninjured retina Cryba1, Cryba2 and Crygs, were significantly downregulated in injured dorsal retina at days 1 and 7. While Ecel1, Timp1, Mt2A and CD74, which are associated with reducing excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation, were significantly upregulated. Genes associated with oxygen binding pathways, immune responses, cytokine receptor activity and apoptosis were enriched in dorsal retina at day 1 after PT. Oxygen binding and apoptosis remained enriched at day 7, as were pathways involved in extracellular matrix modification. Fewer changes were observed in ventral retina at day 1 after PT, most associated with the regulation of protein homodimerization activity. By day 7, apoptosis, matrix organization and signal transduction pathways were enriched. Discriminant analysis was also performed for specific functional gene groups to compare expression intensities at each time point. Altered expression of selected genes (ATF3, GFAP, Ecel1, TIMP1, Tp53) and proteins (GFAP, ECEL1 and ATF3) were semi-quantitatively assessed by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. CONCLUSION There was an acute and complex primary injury response in dorsal retina indicative of a dynamic interaction between neuroprotective and neurodegenerative events; ventral retina vulnerable to secondary degeneration showed a delayed injury response. Both primary and secondary injury resulted in the upregulation of numerous genes linked to RGC death, but differences in the nature of these changes strongly suggest that death occurred via different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Chiha
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Chrisna J. LeVaillant
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Carole A. Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Phillip E. Melton
- Curtin/UWA Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Anders F, Liu A, Mann C, Teister J, Lauzi J, Thanos S, Grus FH, Pfeiffer N, Prokosch V. The Small Heat Shock Protein α-Crystallin B Shows Neuroprotective Properties in a Glaucoma Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2418. [PMID: 29135941 PMCID: PMC5713386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to irreversible retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide. The pathogenesis of glaucoma remains unclear, and novel approaches for neuroprotective treatments are urgently needed. Previous studies have revealed significant down-regulation of α-crystallin B as an initial reaction to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), followed by a clear but delayed up-regulation, suggesting that this small heat-shock protein plays a pathophysiological role in the disease. This study analyzed the neuroprotective effect of α-crystallin B in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. Significant IOP elevation induced by episcleral vein cauterization resulted in a considerable impairment of the RGCs and the retinal nerve fiber layer. An intravitreal injection of α-crystallin B at the time of the IOP increase was able to rescue the RGCs, as measured in a functional photopic electroretinogram, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and RGC counts. Mass-spectrometry-based proteomics and antibody-microarray measurements indicated that a α-crystallin injection distinctly up-regulated all of the subclasses (α, β, and γ) of the crystallin protein family. The creation of an interactive protein network revealed clear correlations between individual proteins, which showed a regulatory shift resulting from the crystallin injection. The neuroprotective properties of α-crystallin B further demonstrate the potential importance of crystallin proteins in developing therapeutic options for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Anders
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Aiwei Liu
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Carolina Mann
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Julia Teister
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Lauzi
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Solon Thanos
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Nuzzi R, Tridico F. Glaucoma: Biological Trabecular and Neuroretinal Pathology with Perspectives of Therapy Innovation and Preventive Diagnosis. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:494. [PMID: 28928631 PMCID: PMC5591842 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common degenerative disease affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve axons, with progressive and chronic course. It is one of the most important reasons of social blindness in industrialized countries. Glaucoma can lead to the development of irreversible visual field loss, if not treated. Diagnosis may be difficult due to lack of symptoms in early stages of disease. In many cases, when patients arrive at clinical evaluation, a severe neuronal damage may have already occurred. In recent years, newer perspective in glaucoma treatment have emerged. The current research is focusing on finding newer drugs and associations or better delivery systems in order to improve the pharmacological treatment and patient compliance. Moreover, the application of various stem cell types with restorative and neuroprotective intent may be found appealing (intravitreal autologous cellular therapy). Advances are made also in terms of parasurgical treatment, characterized by various laser types and techniques. Moreover, recent research has led to the development of central and peripheral retinal rehabilitation (featuring residing cells reactivation and replacement of defective elements), as well as innovations in diagnosis through more specific and refined methods and inexpensive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nuzzi
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Ophthalmic HospitalTurin, Italy
| | - Federico Tridico
- Eye Clinic Section, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Ophthalmic HospitalTurin, Italy
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He S, Stankowska DL, Ellis DZ, Krishnamoorthy RR, Yorio T. Targets of Neuroprotection in Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:85-106. [PMID: 28820649 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurodegeneration of the optic nerve and the loss of retinal ganglion cells is a hallmark of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) being the most frequent form of glaucoma in the Western world. While some genetic mutations have been identified for some glaucomas, those associated with POAG are limited and for most POAG patients, the etiology is still unclear. Unfortunately, treatment of this neurodegenerative disease and other retinal degenerative diseases is lacking. For POAG, most of the treatments focus on reducing aqueous humor formation, enhancing uveoscleral or conventional outflow, or lowering intraocular pressure through surgical means. These efforts, in some cases, do not always lead to a prevention of vision loss and therefore other strategies are needed to reduce or reverse the progressive neurodegeneration. In this review, we will highlight some of the ocular pharmacological approaches that are being tested to reduce neurodegeneration and provide some form of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing He
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dorota L Stankowska
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dorette Z Ellis
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Raghu R Krishnamoorthy
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Thomas Yorio
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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Anders F, Teister J, Funke S, Pfeiffer N, Grus F, Solon T, Prokosch V. Proteomic profiling reveals crucial retinal protein alterations in the early phase of an experimental glaucoma model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:1395-1407. [PMID: 28536832 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical glaucoma is difficult to assess in terms of molecular pathophysiology, prompting studies in experimental models of glaucoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate quantitative changes in retinal protein expression at the onset of experimental glaucoma in rats. Analyzing the proteome provides a suitable tool to decipher the pathophysiological processes in glaucomatous degeneration. METHODS Thermic cauterization of episcleral veins was utilized to elevate the intraocular pressure in Sprague Dawley rats. Morphological changes were surveyed on a cellular level with a staining of Brn3a-positive cells. The retinal nerve fiber layer was investigated using optical coherence tomography (OCT, Heidelberg Engineering) and the optic nerve was analyzed by an axonal grading system. Mass spectrometry-featured quantitative proteomics and immunohistochemical staining was used to identify specifically altered proteins in the course of intraocular pressure elevation and initial neurodegeneration. Proteomic data were further analyzed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and Cytoscape to analyze further molecular associations. RESULTS The intraocular pressure rose significantly (p < 0.001) for the follow-up period of 3 weeks after which animals were sacrificed. Eyes exposed to an elevated intraocular pressure showed an initial decrease of retinal ganglion cells, retinal nerve fiber layer (p < 0.05) and an impairment of the optic nerve (p < 0.01). Mass spectrometry led to the identification and quantification of 931 retinal proteins, whereas 32 were considerably altered. Bioinformatics-assisted clustering revealed that a majority of these proteins are functionally associated with cell differentiation, apoptosis and stress response. The creation of an interactive protein network showed that numerous altered proteins are connected regarding their cellular function. Protein kinase b, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 and the NF-κB complex seem to be essential molecules in this context. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these results provide further lines of evidence that substantial molecular changes occur at the onset of the disease, identifying potential key players, which might be useful as biomarkers for diagnostics and development of medical treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Anders
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Teister
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebstian Funke
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,University Eye Hospital Mainz, School of Medicine, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thanos Solon
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstraße 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,University Eye Hospital Mainz, School of Medicine, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Anders F, Teister J, Liu A, Funke S, Grus FH, Thanos S, von Pein HD, Pfeiffer N, Prokosch V. Intravitreal injection of β-crystallin B2 improves retinal ganglion cell survival in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175451. [PMID: 28384305 PMCID: PMC5383327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of this study was to investigate firstly specific proteomic changes within the retina in the course of an animal glaucoma model and to identify secondly new approaches for neuroprotective, therapeutic options in glaucoma by addressing those specific changes. Intraocular pressure was elevated through cauterization of episcleral veins in adult Sprague Dawley rats. Molecular and morphological changes were surveyed using mass spectrometry, optical coherence tomography as well as immunohistochemical cross section- and flat mount stainings. By quantifying more than 1500 retinal proteins, it was found that the HspB5 protein and numerous beta-crystallins showed a uniform and unique shifting expression pattern as a result of different periods of elevated IOP exposure. Crystallins showed a significant downregulation (p<0.05) after 3 weeks of elevated IOP and an upregulation after 7 weeks. Counteracting those typical changes, an intravitreal injection of β-crystallin B2 at the time of IOP elevation was found to reduce retinal ganglion cell loss (p<0.05), decrease of the retinal nerve fiber layer (p<0.05) and impairment of the optic nerve. Ultimately, proteomic data revealed that β-crystallin B2 might influence calcium-depended cell signaling pathways with severe effect on apoptosis and gene regulation. In this context especially annexin A5, calcium-transporting ATPase 1 and various histone proteins seem to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Anders
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Teister
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aiwei Liu
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Funke
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz H. Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Solon Thanos
- Institute for Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Westfalian-Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald D. von Pein
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
In many health-related fields, there is great interest in the identification of biomarkers that distinguish diseased from healthy individuals. In addition to identifying the diseased state, biomarkers have potential use in predicting disease risk, monitoring disease progression, evaluating treatment efficacy, and informing pathogenesis. This review details the genetic and biochemical markers associated with canine primary glaucoma. While there are numerous molecular markers (biochemical and genetic) associated with glaucoma in dogs, there is no ideal biomarker that allows early diagnosis and/or identification of disease progression. Genetic mutations associated with canine glaucoma include those affecting ADAMTS10, ADAMTS17, Myocilin, Nebulin, COL1A2, RAB22A, and SRBD1. With the exception of Myocilin, there is very limited crossover in genetic biomarkers identified between human and canine glaucomas. Mutations associated with canine glaucoma vary between and within canine breeds, and gene discoveries therefore have limited overall effects as a screening tool in the general canine population. Biochemical markers of glaucoma include indicators of inflammation, oxidative stress, serum autoantibodies, matrix metalloproteinases, tumor necrosis factor–α, and transforming growth factor–β. These markers include those that indicate an adaptive or protective response, as well as those that reflect the damage arising from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Graham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C. McCowan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria, Australia
| | - A. White
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Piri N, Kwong JMK, Gu L, Caprioli J. Heat shock proteins in the retina: Focus on HSP70 and alpha crystallins in ganglion cell survival. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:22-46. [PMID: 27017896 PMCID: PMC4842330 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) belong to a superfamily of stress proteins that are critical constituents of a complex defense mechanism that enhances cell survival under adverse environmental conditions. Cell protective roles of HSPs are related to their chaperone functions, antiapoptotic and antinecrotic effects. HSPs' anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective characteristics, their ability to protect cells from a variety of stressful stimuli, and the possibility of their pharmacological induction in cells under pathological stress make these proteins an attractive therapeutic target for various neurodegenerative diseases; these include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, prion disease, and others. This review discusses the possible roles of HSPs, particularly HSP70 and small HSPs (alpha A and alpha B crystallins) in enhancing the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in optic neuropathies such as glaucoma, which is characterized by progressive loss of vision caused by degeneration of RGCs and their axons in the optic nerve. Studies in animal models of RGC degeneration induced by ocular hypertension, optic nerve crush and axotomy show that upregulation of HSP70 expression by hyperthermia, zinc, geranyl-geranyl acetone, 17-AAG (a HSP90 inhibitor), or through transfection of retinal cells with AAV2-HSP70 effectively supports the survival of injured RGCs. RGCs survival was also stimulated by overexpression of alpha A and alpha B crystallins. These findings provide support for translating the HSP70- and alpha crystallin-based cell survival strategy into therapy to protect and rescue injured RGCs from degeneration associated with glaucomatous and other optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natik Piri
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jacky M K Kwong
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lei Gu
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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30
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Lens Development and Crystallin Gene Expression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:129-67. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zigler JS, Sinha D. βA3/A1-crystallin: more than a lens protein. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 44:62-85. [PMID: 25461968 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crystallins, the highly abundant proteins of the ocular lens, are essential determinants of the transparency and refractivity required for lens function. Initially thought to be lens-specific and to have evolved as lens proteins, it is now clear that crystallins were recruited to the lens from proteins that existed before lenses evolved. Crystallins are expressed outside of the lens and most have been shown to have cellular functions distinct from their roles as structural elements in the lens. For one major crystallin group, the β/γ-crystallin superfamily, no such functions have yet been established. We have explored possible functions for the polypeptides (βA3-and βA1-crystallins) encoded by Cryba1, one of the 6 β-crystallin genes, using a spontaneous rat mutant and genetically engineered mouse models. βA3-and βA1-crystallins are expressed in retinal astrocytes and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In both cell types, these proteins appear to be required for the proper acidification of the lysosomes. In RPE cells, elevated pH in the lysosomes is shown to impair the critical processes of phagocytosis and autophagy, leading to accumulation of undigested cargo in (auto) phagolysosomes. We postulate that this accumulation may cause pathological changes in the cells resembling some of those characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Our studies suggest an important regulatory function of βA3/A1-crystallin in astrocytes. We provide evidence that the cellular function of βA3/A1-crystallin involves its interaction with V-ATPase, the proton pump responsible for acidification of the endolysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Samuel Zigler
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, 400 North Broadway, Smith Building Room M037, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Debasish Sinha
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, 400 North Broadway, Smith Building Room M035, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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32
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Thanos S, Böhm MR, Meyer zu Hörste M, Prokosch-Willing V, Hennig M, Bauer D, Heiligenhaus A. Role of crystallins in ocular neuroprotection and axonal regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 42:145-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Templeton JP, Wang X, Freeman NE, Ma Z, Lu A, Hejtmancik F, Geisert EE. A crystallin gene network in the mouse retina. Exp Eye Res 2013; 116:129-40. [PMID: 23978599 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the regulation of crystallin genes and protein in the mouse retina using the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains. Illumina Sentrix BeadChip Arrays (MouseWG-6v2) were used to analyze mRNA levels in 75 BXD RI strains along with the parental strains (C57Bl/6J and DBA/2J), and the reciprocal crosses in the Hamilton Eye Institute (HEI) Retina Dataset (www.genenetwork.org). Protein levels were investigated using immunoblots to quantify levels of proteins and indirect immunohistochemistry to define the distribution of protein. Algorithms in the Genomatix program were used to identify transcription factor binding sites common to the regulatory sequences in the 5' regions of co-regulated set of crystallin and other genes as compared to a set of control genes. As subset of genes, including many encoding lens crystallins is part of a tightly co-regulated network that is active in the retina. Expression of this crystallin network appears to be binary in nature, being expressed either at relatively low levels or being highly upregulated. Relative to a control set of genes, the 5' regulatory sequences of the crystallin network genes show an increased frequency of a set of common transcription factor-binding sites, the most common being those of the Maf family. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) and rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC) confirmed the functionality of these sites, showing that MafA binds the predicted sites of CRYGA and CRYGD in HLE and CRYAB, CRYGA, CRYBA1, and CRYBB3 in RGC cells. In the retina there is a highly correlated group of genes containing many members of the α- β- and γ-crystallin families. These genes can be dramatically upregulated in the retina. One transcription factor that appears to be involved in this coordinated expression is the MAF family transcription of factors associated with both lens and extralenticular expression of crystallin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Templeton
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Av., Suite 731, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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34
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Crystallins in retinal ganglion cell survival and regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:819-28. [PMID: 23709342 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Crystallins are heterogeneous proteins classified into alpha, beta, and gamma families. Although crystallins were first identified as the major structural components of the ocular lens with a principal function to maintain lens transparency, further studies have demonstrated the expression of these proteins in a wide variety of tissues and cell types. Alpha crystallins (alpha A and alpha B) share significant homology with small heat shock proteins and have chaperone-like properties, including the ability to bind and prevent the precipitation of denatured proteins and to increase cellular resistance to stress-induced apoptosis. Stress-induced upregulation of crystallin expression is a commonly observed phenomenon and viewed as a cellular response mechanism against environmental and metabolic insults. However, several studies reported downregulation of crystallin gene expression in various models of glaucomatous nerodegeneration suggesting that that the decreased levels of crystallins may affect the survival properties of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and thus, be associated with their degeneration. This hypothesis was corroborated by increased survival of axotomized RGCs in retinas overexpressing alpha A or alpha B crystallins. In addition to RGC protective functions of alpha crystallins, beta and gamma crystallins were implicated in RGC axonal regeneration. These findings demonstrate the importance of crystallin genes in RGC survival and regeneration and further in-depth studies are necessary to better understand the mechanisms underlying the functions of these proteins in healthy RGCs as well as during glaucomatous neurodegeneration, which in turn could help in designing new therapeutic strategies to preserve or regenerate these cells.
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35
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Kwong JMK, Vo N, Quan A, Nam M, Kyung H, Yu F, Piri N, Caprioli J. The dark phase intraocular pressure elevation and retinal ganglion cell degeneration in a rat model of experimental glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2013; 112:21-8. [PMID: 23603611 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is considered as a major risk factor causing the progression of vision deterioration in glaucoma. Although it is known that the IOP level changes widely throughout the day and night, how the dark or light phase IOP elevation contributes to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is still largely unclear. To examine the profile of IOP, modified laser photocoagulation was applied to the trabecular meshwork of Brown Norway rats and both light and dark phase IOPs were monitored approximately 1-2 times a week. The relationship between IOP elevation and RGC degeneration was investigated while RGC body loss was analyzed with Rbpms immunolabeling on retinal wholemount and axonal injury in the optic nerve was semi-quantified. The baseline awake dark and light IOPs were 30.4 ± 2.7 and 20.2 ± 2.1 mmHg respectively. The average dark IOP was increased to 38.2 ± 3.2 mmHg for five weeks after the laser treatment on 270° trabecular meshwork. However, there was no significant loss of RGC body and axonal injury. After laser treatment on 330° trabecular meshwork, the dark and light IOPs were significantly increased to 43.8 ± 4.6 and 23 ± 3.7 mmHg respectively for 5 weeks. The cumulative dark and light IOP elevations were 277 ± 86 and 113 ± 50 mmHg days respectively while the cumulative total (light and dark) IOP elevation was 213 ± 114 mmHg days. After 5 weeks, regional RGC body loss of 29.5 ± 15.5% and moderate axonal injury were observed. Axonal injury and loss of RGC body had a high correlation with the cumulative total IOP elevation (R(2) = 0.60 and 0.65 respectively). There was an association between the cumulative dark IOP elevation and RGC body loss (R(2) = 0.37) and axonal injury (R(2) = 0.51) whereas the associations between neuronal damages and the cumulative light IOP elevation were weak (for RGC body loss, R(2) = 0.01; for axonal injury, R(2) = 0.26). Simple linear regression model analysis showed statistical significance for the relationships between the total cumulative IOP elevation and RGC body loss (P = 0.009), and axonal injury (P = 0.016). To examine the role of light and dark IOP elevation in RGC body loss and axonal injury, analyses for the association between different light/dark IOP factors and percentage of RGC body loss/axonal injury grading were performed and only the association between the cumulative dark IOP elevation and axonal injury showed statistical significance (P = 0.033). The findings demonstrated that the cumulative total (light and dark) IOP elevation is a risk factor to RGC degeneration in a rat model of experimental glaucoma using modified partial laser photocoagulation at 330° trabecular meshwork. Further investigations are required to understand the role of longer term light and dark phase IOP elevation contributing to the progression of degeneration in different compartments of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky M K Kwong
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Prokosch V, Schallenberg M, Thanos S. Crystallins are regulated biomarkers for monitoring topical therapy of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e49730. [PMID: 23468831 PMCID: PMC3582637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve atrophy caused by abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the most common cause of irreversible loss of vision worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine whether topically applied IOP-lowering eye drugs affect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and retinal metabolism in a rat model of optic neuropathy. IOP was elevated through cauterization of episcleral veins, and then lowered either by the daily topical application of timolol, timolol/travoprost, timolol/dorzolamide, or timolol/brimonidine, or surgically with sectorial iridectomy. RGCs were retrogradely labeled 4 days prior to enucleation, and counted. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry allowed the identification of IOP-dependent proteomic changes. Genomic changes were scrutinized using microarrays and qRT-PCR. The significant increase in IOP induced by episcleral vein cauterization that persisted until 8 weeks of follow-up in control animals (p<0.05) was effectively lowered by the eye drops (p<0.05). As anticipated, the number of RGCs decreased significantly following 8 weeks of elevated IOP (p<0.05), while treatment with combination compounds markedly improved RGC survival (p<0.05). 2D-PAGE and Western blot analyses revealed an IOP-dependent expression of crystallin cry-βb2. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses verified the results at the mRNA level. IHC demonstrated that crystallins were expressed mainly in the ganglion cell layer. The data suggest that IOP and either topically applied antiglaucomatous drugs influence crystallin expression within the retina. Neuronal crystallins are thus suitable biomarkers for monitoring the progression of neuropathy and evaluating any neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Prokosch
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | - Maurice Schallenberg
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | - Solon Thanos
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Böhm MRR, Melkonyan H, Oellers P, Thanos S. Effects of crystallin-β-b2 on stressed RPE in vitro and in vivo. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:63-79. [PMID: 23073841 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crystallins are thought to play a cytoprotective role in conditions of cellular stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of crystallin-β-b2 (cryβ-b2) and crystallin-β-b3 (cryβ-b3) on ARPE-19 cells in vitro and on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vivo. METHODS The influence of cryβ-b2 and cryβ-b3 on the viability, proliferation and dying of ARPE-19 was measured by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium assay, bromo-2-deoxyuridine assay and life/death assay. The expressions of cryβ-b2, cryβ-b3, glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and galectin-3 (Gal-3) in ARPE-19 cells were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting (WB) and real-time-quantitative-PCR (qRT-PCR). To evaluate the response of cryβ-b2 and cryβ-b3 to stressed ARPE-19 cells, the cells were exposed to UV-light. In a rat model, cryβ-b2-expressing neural progenitor cells (cryβ-b2-NPCs) were injected intravitreally after retinal stress induced by optic nerve axotomy to examine whether they influence the RPE. Protein expression was examined 2 and 4 weeks postsurgery using IHC and WB. RESULTS Detectable alterations of GDNF, and Gal-3 were found in ARPE-19 cells upon exposure to UV light. Adding the crystallins to the medium promoted proliferation and increased viability of ARPE-19 cells in vitro. The obtained data support the view that these crystallins possess epithelioprotective properties. Likewise, in vivo, intravitreally injected cryβ-b2 and transplanted cryβ-b2-NPCs protected RPE from indirectly induced stress. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the RPE response to retinal ganglion cell denegeration is mediated via crystallins, which may thus be used therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R R Böhm
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D15, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Kim SJ, Jin J, Kim YJ, Kim Y, Yu HG. Retinal proteome analysis in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5186-203. [PMID: 23039900 DOI: 10.1021/pr300389r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify proteins that are involved in the molecular mechanisms of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), a well-established model of blinding ischemic retinopathy, we quantitatively analyzed the retinal proteome in a mouse model of OIR. OIR was induced by exposing C57BL/6 mice on postnatal day 7 (P7) to 75% hyperoxia for 5 days, followed by 5 days in room air. Retinas from mice on P12 and P17, the hyperoxic and hypoxic phases, respectively, and control groups were examined using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. In total, 1422 retinal proteins were identified: 699 from the iTRAQ experiment and 1074 by nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Compared with control retinas in the iTRAQ study, OIR retinas upregulated and downregulated 21 and 17 proteins, respectively, in P17 retinas and 25 and 14 proteins, respectively, in P12 retinas. Of the differentially expressed proteins, the retinal expression of crystallin proteins, Müller cell-associated proteins, neurodegeneration-associated proteins, and angiogenesis-associated proteins, such as 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150), were analyzed. ORP150 colocalized to the neovascular tufts, and knockdown of ORP150 by siRNA decreased the levels of secreted VEGF in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Moreover, intravitreal administration of siRNA targeting ORP150 significantly reduced the retinal neovascularization in OIR. In conclusion, our proteomic discovery method, coupled with targeted approaches, revealed many proteins that were differentially regulated in the mouse model of OIR. These proteins, including ORP150, are potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of proliferative ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Xiang F, Cui B, Gao Q, Zhang J, Zhang J, Li W. Decreased levels of Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV in the testis as a contributing factor to reduced fertility in male Crybb2⁻/⁻ mice. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1145-51. [PMID: 22948125 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
βB2-crystallin (Crybb2), a member of the βγ-crystallin superfamily, in conjunction with α-crystallin, constitute the major proteins of the mammalian eye lens. Crybb2 is also expressed outside the lens, and certain related functions in these tissues have been reported. In the present study, in order to define the physiological role of Crybb2, we generated mice with a targeted deletion of the Crybb2 gene. Surprisingly, fertility was markedly reduced in male homozygous knockout mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Further experiments were performed to explore the underlying mechanism of subfertility in male Crybb2⁻/⁻ mice. Our results showed that Crybb2 was mainly expressed in the spermatogonia from the testes of mice with the WT C57BL/C genetic background. The testes of 4-week-old Crybb2⁻/⁻ mice were significantly hyperplastic, and no significant difference was found within 3 weeks postpartum. Additionally, there was a marked increase in the proliferation and apoptosis of germ cells, and the biological defects of these cells correlated with the decreased Bcl-2 levels, which correlated with the reduction of Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) in the testis. These results suggest that the reduced fertility of Crybb2⁻/⁻ male mice may result from the disordered proliferation and apoptosis of germ cells in the testis, possibly due to reduced CaMKIV from the loss of Crybb2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Kannan R, Sreekumar PG, Hinton DR. Novel roles for α-crystallins in retinal function and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:576-604. [PMID: 22721717 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
α-Crystallins are key members of the superfamily of small heat shock proteins that have been studied in detail in the ocular lens. Recently, novel functions for α-crystallins have been identified in the retina and in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). αB-Crystallin has been localized to multiple compartments and organelles including mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. α-Crystallins are regulated by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inhibit apoptosis-induced cell death. α-Crystallins interact with a large number of proteins that include other crystallins, and apoptotic, cytoskeletal, inflammatory, signaling, angiogenic, and growth factor molecules. Studies with RPE from αB-crystallin deficient mice have shown that αB-crystallin supports retinal and choroidal angiogenesis through its interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor. αB-Crystallin has also been shown to have novel functions in the extracellular space. In RPE, αB-crystallin is released from the apical surface in exosomes where it accumulates in the interphotoreceptor matrix and may function to protect neighboring cells. In other systems administration of exogenous recombinant αB-crystallin has been shown to be anti-inflammatory. Another newly described function of αB-crystallin is its ability to inhibit β-amyloid fibril formation. α-Crystallin minichaperone peptides have been identified that elicit anti-apoptotic function in addition to being efficient chaperones. Generation of liposomal particles and other modes of nanoencapsulation of these minipeptides could offer great therapeutic advantage in ocular delivery for a wide variety of retinal degenerative, inflammatory and vascular diseases including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kannan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Thioredoxins 1 and 2 protect retinal ganglion cells from pharmacologically induced oxidative stress, optic nerve transection and ocular hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 664:355-63. [PMID: 20238036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage has been implicated in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after optic nerve transection (ONT) and during glaucomatous neuropathy. Here, we analyzed the expression and cell protective role of thioredoxins (TRX), key regulators of the cellular redox state, in RGCs damaged by pharmacologically induced oxidative stress, ONT and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). The endogenous level of thioredoxin-1 (TRX1) and thioredoxin-2 (TRX2) in RGCs after axotomy and in RGC-5 cells after glutamate/buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment showed upregulation of TRX2, whereas no significant change was observed in TRX1 expression. The increased level TRX-interacting protein (TXNIP) in the retinas was observed 2 and 5 weeks after IOP elevation. TRX1 level was decreased at 2 weeks and more prominently at 5 weeks after IOP increase. No change in TRX2 levels in response to IOP change was observed. Overexpression of TRX1 and TRX2 in RGC-5 treated with glutamate/BSO increased the cell survival by 2- and 3-fold 24 and 48 h after treatment, respectively. Overexpression of these proteins in the retina increased the survival of RGCs by 35 and 135% 7 and 14 days after ONT, respectively. In hypertensive eyes, RGC loss was approximately 27% 5 weeks after IOP elevation compared to control. TRX1 and TRX2 overexpression preserved approximately 45 and 37% of RGCs, respectively, that were destined to die due to IOP increase.
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Functional rescue of experimental ischemic optic neuropathy with αB-crystallin. Eye (Lond) 2011; 25:809-17. [PMID: 21475310 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is an important cause of acute vision loss in adults, and there is no effective treatment. We studied early changes following experimental AION and tested the benefit of a potential treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We induced experimental AION in adult mice and tested the effects of short-term (daily for 3 days) and long-term (every other day for 3 weeks) αB-crystallin (αBC) treatment using histological and serial intracranial flash visual evoked potential recordings. RESULTS One day after experimental AION, there was swelling at the optic nerve (ON) head and increased expression of αBC, a small heat shock protein important in ischemia and inflammation. This upregulation coincided with microglial and astrocytic activation. Our hypothesis was that αBC may be part of the endogenous protective mechanism against injury, thus we tested the effects of αBC on experimental AION. Daily intraveneous or intravitreal αBC injections did not improve visual evoked potential amplitude or latency at days 1-2. However, αBC treatment decreased swelling and dampened the microglial and astrocytic activation on day 3. Longer treatment with intravenous αBC led to acceleration of visual evoked potential latency over 3 weeks, without improving amplitude. This latency acceleration did not correlate with increased retinal ganglion cell survival but did correlate with complete rescue of the ON oligodendrocytes, which are important for myelination. CONCLUSIONS We identified αBC as an early marker following experimental AION. Treatment with αBC enhanced this endogenous, post-ischemic response by decreasing microglial activation and promoting ON oligodendrocyte survival.
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Parthasarathy G, Ma B, Zhang C, Gongora C, Samuel Zigler J, Duncan MK, Sinha D. Expression of βA3/A1-crystallin in the developing and adult rat eye. J Mol Histol 2011; 42:59-69. [PMID: 21203897 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Crystallins are very abundant structural proteins of the lens and are also expressed in other tissues. We have previously reported a spontaneous mutation in the rat βA3/A1-crystallin gene, termed Nuc1, which has a novel, complex, ocular phenotype. The current study was undertaken to compare the expression pattern of this gene during eye development in wild type and Nuc1 rats by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). βA3/A1-crystallin expression was first detected in the eyes of both wild type and Nuc1 rats at embryonic (E) day 12.5 in the posterior portion of the lens vesicle, and remained limited to the lens fibers throughout fetal life. After birth, βA3/A1-crystallin expression was also detected in the neural retina (specifically in the astrocytes and ganglion cells) and in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). This suggested that βA3/A1-crystallin is not only a structural protein of the lens, but has cellular function(s) in other ocular tissues. In summary, expression of βA3/A1-crystallin is controlled differentially in various eye tissues with lens being the site of greatest expression. Similar staining patterns, detected by ISH and IHC, in wild type and Nuc1 animals suggest that functional differences in the protein, rather than changes in mRNA/protein level of expression, likely account for developmental abnormalities in Nuc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N. Broadway, Smith Research Building, M035, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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New focus on alpha-crystallins in retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Exp Eye Res 2010; 92:98-103. [PMID: 21115004 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The crystallin proteins were initially identified as structural proteins of the ocular lens and have been recently demonstrated to be expressed in normal retina. They are dramatically upregulated by a large range of retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, trauma and ischemia. The crystallin family of proteins is composed of alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallin. Alpha-crystallins, which are small heat shock proteins, have received substantial attention recently. This review summarizes the current knowledge of alpha-crystallins in retinal diseases, their roles in retinal neuron cell survival and retinal inflammation, and the regulation of their expression and activity. Their potential role in the development of new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases is also discussed.
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Chiu K, Zhou Y, Yeung SC, Lok CKM, Chan OOC, Chang RCC, So KF, Chiu JF. Up-regulation of crystallins is involved in the neuroprotective effect of wolfberry on survival of retinal ganglion cells in rat ocular hypertension model. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:311-20. [PMID: 20336662 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Wolfberry (fruit of Lycium barbarum Linn) has been known for balancing 'Yin' and 'Yang' in the body, nourishing the liver and kidney, improving visual acuity for more than 2,500 years in oriental countries. The active components in wolfberry include L. barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), zeaxanthine, betaine, cerebroside and trace amounts of zinc, iron, and copper. Each of them confers distinct beneficial effects and together they help to explain widespread use of wolfberry in the eastern world. Earlier study reported the neuroprotective effects of LBP on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) in an experimental model of glaucoma and the underlying in vivo cellular mechanisms of LBP neuroprotection deserve further exploration. In this study, we adopted proteomics, functional genomics, to evaluate pharmacological effects of LBP on the neuronal survival pathways. Among the significantly changed proteins induced by LBP feeding on ocular hypertension (OH) retinas, only proteins in crystallin family were focused in this study. The proteomic results were further confirmed using the Western blotting of the retinas and immunohistochemical staining of the retinal sections. We demonstrated that neuroprotective effect of-wolfberry extract-LBP on the survival of RGCs may be mediated via direct up-regulation of neuronal survival signal betaB2-crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Chiu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhu X, Gaus K, Lu Y, Magenau A, Truscott RJW, Mitchell TW. α- and β-crystallins modulate the head group order of human lens membranes during aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5162-7. [PMID: 20484582 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the physical properties of human lens cell membranes as a function of age. METHODS The environment of the phospholipid head groups in fiber cell membranes from human lenses, aged 22 to 83 years, was assessed with Laurdan and two-photon confocal microscopy. The effect of mild thermal stress on head group order was studied with lens pairs in which one intact lens was incubated at 50 °C. Dihydrosphingomyelin vesicles were preloaded with Laurdan, α-, β-, or γ-crystallin was added, and surface fluidity was determined. RESULTS The membrane head group environment became more fluid with age as indicated by increased water penetration. Furthermore, these changes could be replicated simply by exposing intact human lenses to mild thermal stress; conditions which decreased the concentration of soluble α- and β-crystallins. Vesicle binding experiments showed that α- and β-, but not γ-, crystallins markedly affected head group order. CONCLUSIONS The physical properties of cell membranes in the lens nucleus change substantially with age, and α- and β-crystallins may modulate this effect. β-Crystallins may therefore play a role in lens cells, and cells of other tissues, apart from being simple structural proteins. Age-dependent loss of these crystallins may affect membrane integrity and contribute to the dysfunction of lenses in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjia Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Thellin O, ElMoualij B, Heinen E, Zorzi W. A decade of improvements in quantification of gene expression and internal standard selection. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:323-33. [PMID: 19472509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Major improvements have been made in mRNA quantification and internal standard selection over the last decade. Our aim in this paper is to present the main developments that are of interest for practical laboratory work, contrasting the situation as it is now with the one of ten years ago, and presenting some excellent examples of what can be done today. Specifically, we will mainly discuss Real-Time RT-PCR major improvements that have been performed in the following areas: the most commonly used quantification techniques, the mathematical and software tools created to help researchers in their work on internal standard selection, the availability of detection chemistries and technical information and of commercial tools and services. In addition to mRNA quantification, we will also discuss some aspects of non-coding RNA and protein quantification. In addition to technical improvements, the development of international cooperation and the creation of technical databases are likely to represent a major tool for the future in the standardization of gene expression quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Thellin
- Service of Human Histology/CRPP, University of Liege, 1 Avenue de l'Hopital, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Templeton JP, Nassr M, Vazquez-Chona F, Freeman-Anderson NE, Orr WE, Williams RW, Geisert EE. Differential response of C57BL/6J mouse and DBA/2J mouse to optic nerve crush. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:90. [PMID: 19643015 PMCID: PMC2727955 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is the final consequence of many blinding diseases, where there is considerable variation in the time course and severity of RGC loss. Indeed, this process appears to be influenced by a wide variety of genetic and environmental factors. In this study we explored the genetic basis for differences in ganglion cell death in two inbred strains of mice. Results We found that RGCs are more susceptible to death following optic nerve crush in C57BL/6J mice (54% survival) than in DBA/2J mice (62% survival). Using the Illumina Mouse-6 microarray, we identified 1,580 genes with significant change in expression following optic nerve crush in these two strains of mice. Our analysis of the changes occurring after optic nerve crush demonstrated that the greatest amount of change (44% of the variance) was due to the injury itself. This included changes associated with ganglion cell death, reactive gliosis, and abortive regeneration. The second pattern of gene changes (23% of the variance) was primarily related to differences in gene expressions observed between the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mouse strains. The remaining changes in gene expression represent interactions between the effects of optic nerve crush and the genetic background of the mouse. We extracted one genetic network from this dataset that appears to be related to tissue remodeling. One of the most intriguing sets of changes included members of the crystallin family of genes, which may represent a signature of pathways modulating the susceptibility of cells to death. Conclusion Differential responses to optic nerve crush between two widely used strains of mice were used to define molecular networks associated with ganglion cell death and reactive gliosis. These results form the basis for our continuing interest in the modifiers of retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Templeton
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN, 38163, USA.
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Jianbin T, Liang H, Jufang H, Hui W, Dan C, Leping Z, Jin Z, Xuegang L. Improved method of ink-gelatin perfusion for visualising rat retinal microvessels. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2008; 41:127-33. [PMID: 18989466 PMCID: PMC2576503 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.08015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To visualize completely rat retinal microvessels, the gelatin-ink perfusion condition was systematically optimized using von Willebrand factor (vWf) immunostaining as control. Whether the vessel showed by the new perfusion condition can be used for double label with neurons or glial cells in the same retina was also tested. Our results showed that infusing rats first with 20 ml of 37°C ink plus 3% gelatin at 140% rat mean arterial pressure (MAP), and subsequently with 20 ml of 37°C ink plus 5% gelatin at 180% rat MAP allowed the ink to completely fill the rat retinal microvessels. Rat retinal microvessels labeled by the perfusion method were more in number than that by vWf immunostaining. Moreover, our data, for the first time, displayed that the improved gelatin-ink perfusion had no effect on and caused no contamination to the following fluorogold labeling or immunostaining of retinal neurons or glial cells in the same tissue. These data suggest that the improved gelatin-ink perfusion technique is a superior method for morphological characterization of rat retinal microvessels, compatible to the double labeling of glial cells and neurons, and it extends the practical scale of the classic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jianbin
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | - Huang Liang
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | - Huang Jufang
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | - Wang Hui
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | - Chen Dan
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | - Zeng Leping
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | - Zhou Jin
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | - Luo Xuegang
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
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Redox proteins thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 support retinal ganglion cell survival in experimental glaucoma. Gene Ther 2008; 16:17-25. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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