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El-Kadi RA, AbdelKader NF, Zaki HF, Kamel AS. Vilazodone Alleviates Neurogenesis-Induced Anxiety in the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Female Rat Model: Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04142-3. [PMID: 38584231 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Defective β-catenin signaling is accompanied with compensatory neurogenesis process that may pave to anxiety. β-Catenin has a distinct role in alleviating anxiety in adolescence; however, it undergoes degradation by the degradation complex Axin and APC. Vilazodone (VZ) is a fast, effective antidepressant with SSRI activity and 5-HT1A partial agonism that amends somatic and/or psychic symptoms of anxiety. Yet, there is no data about anxiolytic effect of VZ on anxiety-related neurogenesis provoked by stress-reduced β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, females have specific susceptibility toward psychopathology. The aim of the present study is to uncover the molecular mechanism of VZ relative to Wnt/β-catenin signaling in female rats. Stress-induced anxiety was conducted by subjecting the rats to different stressful stimuli for 21 days. On the 15th day, stressed rats were treated with VZ(10 mg/kg, p.o.) alone or concomitant with the Wnt inhibitor: XAV939 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.). Anxious rats showed low β-catenin level turned over by Axin-1 with unanticipated reduction of APC pursued with elevated protein levels of neurogenesis-stimulating proteins: c-Myc and pThr183-Erk likewise gene expressions of miR-17-5p and miR-18. Two weeks of VZ treatment showed anxiolytic effect figured by alleviation of hippocampal histological examination. VZ protected β-catenin signal via reduction in Axin-1 and elevation of APC conjugated with modulation of β-catenin downstream targets. The cytoplasmic β-catenin turnover by Axin-1 was restored by XAV939. Herein, VZ showed anti-anxiety effect, which may be in part through regaining the balance of the reduced β-catenin and its subsequent exaggerated response of p-Erk, c-Myc, Dicer-1, miR-17-5p, and miR-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A El-Kadi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Alexandria University Hospitals, Champollion Street, El-Khartoum Square, El Azareeta, Alexandria, 21131, Egypt
| | - Noha F AbdelKader
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Kamel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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2
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Ávila-Gámiz F, Pérez-Cano A, Pérez-Berlanga J, Mullor-Vigo R, Zambrana-Infantes E, Santín L, Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda D. Sequential treadmill exercise and cognitive training synergistically increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Physiol Behav 2023; 266:114184. [PMID: 37030425 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Combining physical and cognitive training has been suggested to promote further benefits on brain and cognition, which could include synergistic improvement of hippocampal neuroplasticity. In this paper, we investigated whether treadmill exercise followed by a working memory training in the water maze increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis to a greater extent than either treatment alone. Our results revealed that ten days of scheduled running enhance cell proliferation/survival in the short-term as well as performance in the water maze. Moreover, exercised mice that received working memory training displayed more surviving dentate granule cells compared to those untreated or subjected to only one of the treatments. According to these findings, we suggest that combining physical and cognitive stimulation yield synergic effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis by extending the pool of newly-born cells and subsequently favouring their survival. Future research could take advantage from this non-invasive, multimodal approach to achieve substantial and longer-lasting enhancement in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which might be relevant for improving cognition in healthy or neurologically impaired conditions.
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Modulatory Effect of Neurotrophic Factors on the TRPV1 Expression: Possible Mechanisms Involved in the Antiepileptic Effect of Exercise. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/ans-134555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is one of the most important diseases of the central nervous system, for which has no definitive treatment. Neurotrophic factors increase the survival of nerve cells and improve the treatment of neurological diseases. Identifying factors that affect the increase of neurotrophins in the brain is an important goal for brain health and function. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of exercise on neurotrophic factors by influencing the expression of vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1). Methods: Convulsions were induced by injecting pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 35 mg/kg) five hours after exercise. Animals were divided into five groups: sham (Sham), seizure (PTZ), exercise (EX), exercise with seizure induction (EX+PTZ), and exercise before seizure induction (EX-PTZ). The exercise was 30 minutes of forced running on a treadmill, five days a week for four weeks. Results: The average percentage of NGF cells in the exercise groups (EX), exercise with seizure induction (EX+PTZ), and exercise before seizure induction (EX-PTZ), and GDNF in the exercise group with seizure induction (EX+PTZ) had a significant increase compared to the seizure group (PTZ). Also, TRPV1 activity in exercise groups (EX), exercise with seizure induction (EX+PTZ), and exercise before seizure induction (EX-PTZ) showed a significant increase compared to the seizure group (PTZ). Conclusions: Our findings suggested the possible antiepileptic and antiepileptogenesis effects of exercise through activation of neurotrophic factors and TRPV1 modulation.
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Lattanzi D, Savelli D, Pagliarini M, Cuppini R, Ambrogini P. Short-Term, Voluntary Exercise Affects Morpho-Functional Maturation of Adult-Generated Neurons in Rat Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126866. [PMID: 35743307 PMCID: PMC9224999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is a well-proven neurogenic stimulus, promoting neuronal progenitor proliferation and affecting newborn cell survival. Besides, it has beneficial effects on brain health and cognition. Previously, we found that three days of physical activity in a very precocious period of adult-generated granule cell life is able to antedate the appearance of the first GABAergic synaptic contacts and increase T-type Ca2+ channel expression. Considering the role of GABA and Ca2+ in fostering neuronal maturation, in this study, we used short-term, voluntary exercise on a running wheel to investigate if it is able to induce long-term morphological and synaptic changes in newborn neurons. Using adult male rats, we found that: (i) three days of voluntary physical exercise can definitively influence the morpho-functional maturation process of newborn granule neurons when applied very early during their development; (ii) a significant percentage of new neurons show more mature morphological characteristics far from the end of exercise protocol; (iii) the long-term morphological effects result in enhanced synaptic plasticity. Present findings demonstrate that the morpho-functional changes induced by exercise on very immature adult-generated neurons are permanent, affecting the neuron maturation and integration in hippocampal circuitry. Our data contribute to underpinning the beneficial potential of physical activity on brain health, also performed for short times.
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Beneficial effects of whole-body vibration exercise for brain disorders in experimental studies with animal models: a systematic review. Behav Brain Res 2022; 431:113933. [PMID: 35654174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain disorders have been a health challenge and is increasing over the years. Early diagnosis and interventions are considered essential strategies to treat patients at risk of brain disease. Physical exercise has shown to be beneficial for patients with brain diseases. A type of exercise intervention known as whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise gained increasing interest. During WBV, mechanical vibrations, produced by a vibrating platform are transmitted, to the body. The purpose of the current review was to summarize the effects of WBV exercise on brain function and behavior in experimental studies with animal models. Searches were performed in EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science including publications from 1960 to July 2021, using the keywords "whole body vibration" AND (animal or mice or mouse or rat or rodent). From 1284 hits, 20 papers were selected. Rats were the main animal model used (75%) followed by mice (20%) and porcine model (5%), 16 studies used males species and 4 females. The risk of bias, accessed with the SYRCLE Risk of Bias tool, indicated that none of the studies fulfilled all methodological criteria, resulting in possible bias. Despite heterogeneity, the results suggest beneficial effects of WBV exercise on brain functioning, mainly related to motor performance, coordination, behavioral control, neuronal plasticity and synapse function. In conclusion, the findings observed in animal studies justifies continued clinical research regarding the effectiveness and potential of WBV for the treatment of various types of brain disorders such as trauma, developmental disorders, neurogenetic diseases and other neurological diseases.
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Giustina AD, Rodrigues JF, Bagio E, Bonfante S, Joaquim L, Zarbato G, Stork S, Machado RS, de Souza Goldim MP, Danielski LG, Mathias K, Dacoregio C, Cardoso T, Predroso GS, Venturini LM, Zaccaron RP, Silveira PCL, Pinho RA, Petronilho F. Lung-Brain Crosstalk in Sepsis: Protective Effect of Prophylactic Physical Exercise Against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3860-3872. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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El-Domiaty HF, El-Roghy ES, Salem HR. Combination of magnesium supplementation with treadmill exercise improves memory deficit in aged rats by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity: a functional and histological study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:296-308. [PMID: 35225658 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible ameliorative effects of co-supplementation with Mg2+ and treadmill exercise on memory deficit in aged rats. Fifty male albino rats (10 young and 40 aged rats) were divided into 5 groups (10 rats/group): young, aged sedentary, aged exercised, aged Mg2+-supplemented, and aged exercised and Mg2+-supplemented. Memory was assessed using the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Plasma samples were collected for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP). Subsequently, brain malondialdehyde and catalase levels were measured. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the hippocampi were performed. Our results showed impaired memory in aged sedentary rats, with significantly elevated plasma CRP and brain malondialdehyde levels and decreased brain catalase. The hippocampus of aged sedentary rats showed cellular degeneration, downregulation of synaptophysin (SYP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and caspase-3. Mg2+ supplementation and/or treadmill exercise significantly improved memory tests in aged rats, which could be explained by the upregulation of hippocampal SYP and PCNA expression and downregulation of GFAP and caspase-3 expression with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The combined therapy had a better effect than both treatments alone, confirming the role of Mg2+ supplementation with physical exercise in enhancing age-related memory deficit. Novelty: Magnesium supplementation with treadmill exercise improves memory deficit in aged rats. The possible mechanisms are upregulation of the hippocampal synaptophysin and PCNA, downregulation of GFAP and caspase-3, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Fathy El-Domiaty
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Eman S El-Roghy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Heba Rady Salem
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
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8
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Jennen L, Mazereel V, Lecei A, Samaey C, Vancampfort D, van Winkel R. Exercise to spot the differences: a framework for the effect of exercise on hippocampal pattern separation in humans. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:555-582. [PMID: 35172422 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has a beneficial effect on mental health and cognitive functioning, but the exact underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this review, we focus on the effect of exercise on hippocampal pattern separation, which is a key component of episodic memory. Research has associated exercise with improvements in pattern separation. We propose an integrated framework mechanistically explaining this relationship. The framework is divided into three pathways, describing the pro-neuroplastic, anti-inflammatory and hormonal effects of exercise. The pathways are heavily intertwined and may result in functional and structural changes in the hippocampus. These changes can ultimately affect pattern separation through direct and indirect connections. The proposed framework might guide future research on the effect of exercise on pattern separation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Jennen
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Victor Mazereel
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Lecei
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celine Samaey
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium.,KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, ON IV Herestraat 49, bus 1510, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, ON V Herestraat 49, bus 1029, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
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Changes in white matter microstructure and MRI-derived cerebral blood flow after 1-week of exercise training. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22061. [PMID: 34764358 PMCID: PMC8586229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is beneficial for brain health, inducing neuroplasticity and vascular plasticity in the hippocampus, which is possibly mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Here we investigated the short-term effects of exercise, to determine if a 1-week intervention is sufficient to induce brain changes. Fifteen healthy young males completed five supervised exercise training sessions over seven days. This was preceded and followed by a multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan (diffusion-weighted MRI, perfusion-weighted MRI, dual-calibrated functional MRI) acquired 1 week apart, and blood sampling for BDNF. A diffusion tractography analysis showed, after exercise, a significant reduction relative to baseline in restricted fraction-an axon-specific metric-in the corpus callosum, uncinate fasciculus, and parahippocampal cingulum. A voxel-based approach found an increase in fractional anisotropy and reduction in radial diffusivity symmetrically, in voxels predominantly localised in the corpus callosum. A selective increase in hippocampal blood flow was found following exercise, with no change in vascular reactivity. BDNF levels were not altered. Thus, we demonstrate that 1 week of exercise is sufficient to induce microstructural and vascular brain changes on a group level, independent of BDNF, providing new insight into the temporal dynamics of plasticity, necessary to exploit the therapeutic potential of exercise.
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10
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Sampaio ASB, Real CC, Gutierrez RMS, Singulani MP, Alouche SR, Britto LR, Pires RS. Neuroplasticity induced by the retention period of a complex motor skill learning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113480. [PMID: 34302881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Learning complex motor skills is an essential process in our daily lives. Moreover, it is an important aspect for the development of therapeutic strategies that refer to rehabilitation processes since motor skills previously acquired can be transferred to similar tasks (motor skill transfer) or recovered without further practice after longer delays (motor skill retention). Different acrobatic exercise training (AE) protocols induce plastic changes in areas involved in motor control and improvement in motor performance. However, the plastic mechanisms involved in the retention of a complex motor skill, essential for motor learning, are not well described. Thus, our objective was to analyze the brain plasticity mechanisms involved in motor skill retention in AE . Motor behavior tests, and the expression of synaptophysin (SYP), synapsin-I (SYS), and early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) in brain areas involved in motor learning were evaluated. Young male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sedentary (SED), AE, and AE with retention period (AER). AE was performed three times a week for 8 weeks, with 5 rounds in the circuit. After a fifteen-day retention interval, the AER animals was again exposed to the acrobatic circuit. Our results revealed motor performance improvement in the AE and AER groups. In the elevated beam test, the AER group presented a lower time and greater distance, suggesting retention period is important for optimizing motor learning consolidation. Moreover, AE promoted significant plastic changes in the expression of proteins in important areas involved in control and motor learning, some of which were maintained in the AER group. In summary, these data contribute to the understanding of neural mechanisms involved in motor learning in an animal model, and can be useful to the construction of therapeutics strategies that optimize motor learning in a rehabilitative context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Cristiano Real
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM 43), Institute of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rita Mara Soares Gutierrez
- Master's and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, University of the City of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Patricio Singulani
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM 27), Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Alouche
- Master's and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, University of the City of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Britto
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Simoni Pires
- Master's and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, University of the City of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Menglu S, Suyong Y, Xiaoyan W, Schöllhorn WI, Dong Z. Cognitive effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for individuals with methamphetamine dependence: a study protocol for randomised controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:650. [PMID: 34556153 PMCID: PMC8460192 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive deficit is a common syndrome of methamphetamine (MA) dependence. It is related to decision-making, control ability, and social functioning. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a training technique that requires people to work out at full intensity during a short period. Many studies have already shown the potential effects of HIIT on cognitive functions. The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the cognitive effects of HIIT on individuals with MA dependence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 240 individuals with MA dependence will be randomly assigned to the HIIT group, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) group and control (CON) group. HIIT will consist of a 24-min HIIT exercise on a treadmill. MICT will consist of a 1-h body-mind exercise. CON will be their traditional intervention. The experimental period will be 12 months with 3 interventions weekly for the first 6 months and follow-up for the next 6 months. All subjects will be given cognitive tests at baseline, after intervention and at follow-up. Cognitive performances will be compared by a mixed-model analysis for repeated measures. DISCUSSION HIIT training may reduce illicit drug cravings amongst individuals with MA dependence; hence, HIIT may have a good effect on the cognitive functions, such as memory and executive function, of individuals with MA dependence. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000032492 . Registered on April 30, 2020 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=52127&htm=4 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Menglu
- Wushu College, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Suyong
- School of Sport Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Xiaoyan
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Zhu Dong
- School of International Education, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to pilot safety and tolerability of a 1-week aerobic exercise program during the post-acute phase of concussion (14-25 days post-injury) by examining adherence, symptom response, and key functional outcomes (e.g., cognition, mood, sleep, postural stability, and neurocognitive performance) in young adults. METHOD A randomized, non-blinded pilot clinical trial was performed to compare the effects of aerobic versus non-aerobic exercise (placebo) in concussion patients. The study enrolled three groups: 1) patients with concussion/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) randomized to an aerobic exercise intervention performed daily for 1-week, 2) patients with concussion/mTBI randomized to a non-aerobic (stretching and calisthenics) exercise program performed daily for 1-week, and 3) non-injured, no intervention reference group. RESULTS Mixed-model analysis of variance results indicated a significant decrease in symptom severity scores from pre- to post-intervention (mean difference = -7.44, 95% CI [-12.37, -2.20]) for both concussion groups. However, the pre- to post-change was not different between groups. Secondary outcomes all showed improvements by post-intervention, but no differences in trajectory between the groups. By three months post-injury, all outcomes in the concussion groups were within ranges of the non-injured reference group. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study indicate that the feasibility and tolerability of administering aerobic exercise via stationary cycling in the post-acute time frame following post-concussion (14-25 days) period are tentatively favorable. Aerobic exercise does not appear to negatively impact recovery trajectories of neurobehavioral outcomes; however, tolerability may be poorer for patients with high symptom burden.
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13
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Tomiga Y, Sakai K, Ra SG, Kusano M, Ito A, Uehara Y, Takahashi H, Kawanaka K, Soejima H, Higaki Y. Short-term running exercise alters DNA methylation patterns in neuronal nitric oxide synthase and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes in the mouse hippocampus and reduces anxiety-like behaviors. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21767. [PMID: 34325488 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100630r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Running exercise has beneficial effects on brain health. However, the effects of relatively short-term running exercise (STEx) on behavior, and its underlying signaling pathways, are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the possibility that the regulation by STEx of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, encoded by NOS1), which are important molecules for anxiety regulation, might involve mechanisms of epigenetic modification, such as DNA methylation. C57BL/6J male mice were divided into sedentary (SED, n = 12) and STEx (EX, n = 15) groups; STEx was conducted with the mice for a duration of 11 days. STEx reduced anxiety-like behaviors, and STEx reduced Nos1α and increased Bdnf exon I and IV mRNA levels in the hippocampus. Interestingly, behavioral parameters were associated with Bdnf exon I and IV and Nos1α mRNA levels in the ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampal region. However, STEx had no effect on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (Pgc-1α) or fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (Fndc5) mRNA levels, which are relatively long-term exercise-induced upstream regulators of BDNF. In parallel with gene expression changes, we found, for the first time, that STEx downregulated Bdnf promoter IV and upregulated Nos1 DNA methylation levels in the hippocampus, and these patterns were partially different between the dorsal and ventral regions. These findings suggest that the beneficial effects of running exercise on mood regulation may be controlled by alterations in epigenetic mechanisms, especially in the ventral hippocampus. These effects occur even after a relatively short-term period of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tomiga
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Song-Gyu Ra
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Kusano
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ai Ito
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Uehara
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.,Liver Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawanaka
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Soejima
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Maugeri G, D’Agata V, Magrì B, Roggio F, Castorina A, Ravalli S, Di Rosa M, Musumeci G. Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Activity via the Adaptation of Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061542. [PMID: 34207393 PMCID: PMC8234474 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifold benefits of regular physical exercise have been largely demonstrated in human and animal models. Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of physical activity, both in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS). Regular exercise improves cognition, brain plasticity, neurogenesis and reduces the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, making timeless the principle of “mens sana in corpore sano” (i.e., a healthy mind in a healthy body). Physical exercise promotes morphological and functional changes in the brain, acting not only in neurons but also in astrocytes, which represent the most numerous glial cells in the brain. The multiple effects of exercise on astrocytes comprise the increased number of new astrocytes, the maintenance of basal levels of catecholamine, the increase in glutamate uptake, the major release of trophic factors and better astrocytic coverage of cerebral blood vessels. The purpose of this review is to highlight the effects of exercise on brain function, emphasize the role of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, and provide an update for a better understanding of the effects of physical exercise in the modulation of astrocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Benedetta Magrì
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Federico Roggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (LCMN), School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Laboratory of Neural Structure and Function (LNSF), School of Medical Sciences, (Anatomy and Histology), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human, Histology and Movement Science Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°87, 95100 Catania, Italy; (G.M.); (V.D.); (B.M.); (F.R.); (S.R.); (M.D.R.)
- Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia n°97, 95100 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-378-2043
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15
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Yıldırım AB. The effect of exercise on the total number of BrdU + cell counts in rats' hippocampal dentate gyrus: A meta-analysis study. Brain Res 2021; 1766:147512. [PMID: 33961895 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Burçin Yıldırım
- Gaziantep Islam, Science and Technology University, Faculty of Medicine, Histology-Embriyology Department, Turkey
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16
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Yazdanian M, Moazzami M, Shabani M, Cheragh Birjandi S. The Effect of Eight-Week Aerobic Exercise before Cerebral Ischemia on the Expression of NT-3 and TrkC Genes in Male Rats. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.14.5.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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17
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Hernández-Vara J, Sáez-Francàs N, Lorenzo-Bosquet C, Corominas-Roso M, Cuberas-Borròs G, Lucas-Del Pozo S, Carter S, Armengol-Bellapart M, Castell-Conesa J. BDNF levels and nigrostriatal degeneration in “drug naïve” Parkinson's disease patients. An “in vivo” study using I-123-FP-CIT SPECT. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 78:31-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Li F, Geng X, Huber C, Stone C, Ding Y. In Search of a Dose: The Functional and Molecular Effects of Exercise on Post-stroke Rehabilitation in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:186. [PMID: 32670026 PMCID: PMC7330054 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although physical exercise has been demonstrated to augment recovery of the post-stroke brain, the question of what level of exercise intensity optimizes neurological outcomes of post-stroke rehabilitation remains unsettled. In this study, we aim to clarify the mechanisms underlying the intensity-dependent effect of exercise on neurologic function, and thereby to help direct the clinical application of exercise-based neurorehabilitation. To do this, we used a well-established rat model of ischemic stroke consisting of cerebral ischemia induction through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Ischemic rats were subsequently assigned either to a control group entailing post-stroke rest or to one of two exercise groups distinguished by the intensity of their accompanying treadmill regimens. After 24 h of reperfusion, exercise was initiated. Infarct volume, apoptotic cell death, and neurological defects were quantified in all groups at 3 days, and motor and cognitive functions were tracked up to day-28. Additionally, Western blotting was used to assess the influence of our interventions on several proteins related to synaptogenesis and neuroplasticity (growth-associated protein 43, a microtubule-associated protein, postsynaptic density-95, synapsin I, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, tyrosine kinase B, and cAMP response element-binding protein). Our results were in equal parts encouraging and surprising. Both mild and intense exercise significantly decreased infarct volume, cell death, and neurological deficits. Motor and cognitive function, as determined using an array of tests such as beam balance, forelimb placing, and the Morris water maze, were also significantly improved by both exercise protocols. Interestingly, while an obvious enhancement of neuroplasticity proteins was shown in both exercise groups, mild exercise rats demonstrated a stronger effect on the expressions of Tau (p < 0.01), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p < 0.01), and tyrosine kinase B (p < 0.05). These findings contribute to the growing body of literature regarding the positive effects of both mild and intense long-term treadmill exercise on brain injury, functional outcome, and neuroplasticity. Additionally, the results may provide a base for our future study regarding the regulation of HIF-1α on the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway in the biochemical processes underlying post-stroke synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Christian Huber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Christopher Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Research and Development Center, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
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Zhang L, Tang W, Chao FL, Zhou CN, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Liang X, Tang J, Qi YQ, Yang H, He Q, Zhang SS, Zhu L, Peng Y, Tang Y. Four-month treadmill exercise prevents the decline in spatial learning and memory abilities and the loss of spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 136:104723. [PMID: 31887353 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that exercise could improve the plasticity of hippocampal synapses. However, the effects of exercise on synapses in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not completely known. METHODS In this study, thirty 12-month-old male APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were randomly divided into a sedentary group (n = 15) and a running group (n = 15). Fifteen 12-month-old male wild-type littermates were assigned to the control group (n = 15). While running mice were assigned to treadmill running for four months, the control mice and sedentary mice did not run during the study period. After Morris water maze testing, five mice in each group were randomly selected for a stereological assessment of spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta in the CA1, CA2-3 and dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. RESULTS Morris water maze testing revealed that while the learning and memory abilities in sedentary APP/PS1 mice were significantly worse than those in wild-type control mice, the learning and memory abilities in running APP/PS1 mice were significantly better than those in sedentary APP/PS1 mice. The stereological results showed that the spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta numbers of the CA1, CA2-3 and DG in the hippocampus of sedentary APP/PS1 mice were significantly lower than those of wild-type control mice and that the numbers of these spines in the CA1, CA2-3 and DG in the hippocampus of running APP/PS1 mice were significantly higher than those of sedentary APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, a running-induced improvement in spatial learning and memory abilities was significantly correlated with running-induced increases in the spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta numbers in the CA1 and DG of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Four-month treadmill exercise induced a significant improvement in spatial learning and memory abilities and a significant increase in the number of spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta of the CA1, CA2-3 and DG in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Running-induced improvements in spatial learning and memory abilities were significantly correlated with running-induced increases in the spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta numbers in the CA1 and DG of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Feng-Lei Chao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chun-Ni Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ying-Qiang Qi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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20
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Yulinda ST, Tinduh D, Wardhani L, Laswati H, Wibisono S, Soenarnatalina M. Brain Derived Neurotropic Factors in Speed vs. Inclined Treadmill in Young Adult Healthy Male With Occult Balance Disorder. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 13:33. [PMID: 31440145 PMCID: PMC6691687 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is an increase in fall risk among elders and young adults consecutively due to various causes. Occult balance disorder may be among the abnormal causes of falling in young adults as well as elders. The One Leg Stance (OLS) test is used to diagnose this balance performance; it's a proven test to measure static balance function which would lead to dynamic balance function. It has been proven that aside from cardiopulmonary exercises, treadmill workout can be used as a dynamic balance exercise. The Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) increases balance function through the treadmill exercise (the inclination and speed). This hormone is one of the tropical hormones generated in neurons, muscles, hematopoietic tissue and it is characterized by neurons morphology regulation and neuroplasticity. Materials and Methods: We divided 20 healthy young adult men to work out on inclination and speed groups treadmill exercise. The workout lasted for 2 weeks. We immediately observed the effect of exercise on serum BDNF as two tests were taken on before and 30 min after the workout. Result: There were significant increases of pre-exercise serum BDNF level in speed group between the first and the last exercise (p = 0.001), post-exercise between the first day and the last exercise (p = 0.001). No significant increase of serum BDNF in speed group pre- and post-exercise on the first exercise (p = 0.159), pre- and post-exercise on the last exercise (p = 0.892). There was no significant increase in serum BDNF in inclination group on all parameters (p > 0.05). The serum BDNF is actually a neurotropic factor that affects not just the neuronal system, but also molecular energy and metabolism regulation. This serum is dependent on the aerobic capacity, lactate production, muscle calcium uptake, and muscle fiber type used in exercises. Furthermore, the serum BDNF is increased by treadmill exercises in escalated speed. Conclusion: Treadmill exercises with average speed escalation increase the serum BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Yulinda
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti Tinduh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lukitra Wardhani
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hening Laswati
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sony Wibisono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Melaniani Soenarnatalina
- Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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21
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Sadeghinejad M, Soltani Z, Afzalpour ME, Khaksari M, Pourranjbar M. What is the combined effect of intense intermittent exercise and Ginkgo biloba plant on the brain neurotrophic factors levels, and learning and memory in young rats? Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:503-508. [PMID: 31009841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of intense intermittent exercise and Ginkgo biloba on the hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) and also memory and learning in young rats. METHODS Forty two eight-week-old rats were randomly divided into six groups including control, low dose of Ginkgo biloba (65 mg/kg), high dose of Ginkgo biloba (100 mg/kg), exercise, exercise + low dose of Ginkgo biloba, exercise + high dose of Ginkgo biloba. The exercise protocol or Ginkgo biloba administration was six days a week for six weeks. The hippocampal levels of BDNF and NT-4 were measured by ELISA method, and learning and memory were evaluated by Morris water maze test in all groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS Increase in hippocampal levels of BDNF and NT-4 appeared following exercise (p < 0.01). The levels do not change following exercise + Ginkgo biloba administration. However, the NT-4 level decreased in the high dose of Ginkgo biloba group (p < 0.01). Disorder in learning and memory was indicated following the use of low dose of Ginkgo biloba or exercise + low dose Ginkgo biloba administration (p < 0.001). Learning elevated in the exercise group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exercise in young rats may increase brain neurotrophin levels and lead to improved learning. The preventative or protective role of Ginkgo biloba against some diseases has been suggested, but its consumption in young athletes is recommended with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pourranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physical Education, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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22
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Shirvani H, Aslani J, Fallah Mohammadi Z, Arabzadeh E. Short-term effect of low-, moderate-, and high-intensity exercise training on cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) and oxidative stress biomarkers in brain male Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Lin TW, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Physical Exercise Enhances Neuroplasticity and Delays Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:95-110. [PMID: 30564549 PMCID: PMC6296269 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can improve learning and memory as well as attenuate neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates systems like angiogenesis and glial activation that are known to support neuroplasticity. Moreover, exercise helps to maintain a cerebral microenvironment that facilitates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the clearance of Aβ, one of the main culprits of AD pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the positive impacts of exercise on promoting neuroplasticity. Possible mechanisms involved in exercise-modulated neuroplasticity are also discussed. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed to design an optimal personalized exercise protocol for enhancing brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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24
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Tamakoshi K, Ishida K, Hayao K, Takahashi H, Tamaki H. Behavioral Effect of Short- and Long-Term Exercise on Motor Functional Recovery after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3630-3635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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25
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de Souza RF, de Moraes SRA, Augusto RL, de Freitas Zanona A, Matos D, Aidar FJ, da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa BL. Endurance training on rodent brain antioxidant capacity: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Res 2018; 145:1-9. [PMID: 30326252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The influence of physical exercise on brain antioxidant defense mechanisms has been studied. Nevertheless, the effect of training volume on the brain`s redox balance remains unclear. In this meta-analysis, we compared the effect of training volume on antioxidant enzymatic resource and lipid peroxidation on various brain regions. The activities of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also evaluated. The effects of training periods (weeks) and exercise duration were compared. Meta-analysis revealed that protocols over 8 weeks were associated with an increase in SOD (p = 0.0008) and CAT activities (p = 0.0001). Exercise durations for 30 and 60 min were associated with higher CAT activity (p = 0.04). Joint analysis revealed that moderate physical exercise over 4 and 8 weeks promoted a healthy enzymatic balance. However, high volumes of exercise over 8 weeks were associated with the increased antioxidant enzymatic activity, indicating higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The data also indicated that there is still limited research and inaccurate information, on the safety conditions of training periods that simulate tests of ultra resistance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Fabricio de Souza
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | | | - Ricielle Lopes Augusto
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Aristela de Freitas Zanona
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Dihogo Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports - GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe - UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Stevenson ME, Lensmire NA, Swain RA. Astrocytes and radial glia-like cells, but not neurons, display a nonapoptotic increase in caspase-3 expression following exercise. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01110. [PMID: 30240148 PMCID: PMC6192401 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise induces plasticity in the hippocampus, which includes increases in neurogenesis, the proliferation of new neurons, and angiogenesis, the sprouting of new capillaries from preexisting blood vessels. Following exercise, astrocytes also undergo morphological changes that parallel the events occurring in the neurovascular system. Interestingly, there have also been reports of apoptosis in the hippocampus following aerobic exercise. This experiment aimed to identify which population of hippocampal cells undergoes apoptosis after an acute bout of exercise. METHODS Cleaved caspase-3, a terminal protein in the apoptotic cascade, was initially used to identify apoptotic cells in the hippocampus after rats completed an acute bout of exercise. Next, the proportion of immature neurons, adult neurons, astrocytes, or radial glia-like cells expressing cleaved caspase-3 was quantified. TUNEL staining was completed as a second measure of apoptosis. RESULTS Following exercise, cleaved caspase-3 expression was increased in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus. Cleaved caspase-3 was not highly expressed in neuronal populations, and expression was not increased in these cells postexercise. Instead, cleaved caspase-3 was predominantly expressed in astrocytes. Following exercise, there was an increased number of cleaved caspase-3 positive astrocytes in DG and CA1, and cleaved caspase-3 positive radial glia-like cells located in the subgranular zone. To determine whether cleaved caspase-3 expression in these glial cells was associated with apoptosis, a TUNEL assay was completed. TUNEL staining was negligible in all groups and did not mirror the pattern of caspase-3 labeling. CONCLUSIONS Cleaved caspase-3 expression was detected largely in non-neuronal cell populations, and the pattern of cleaved caspase-3 expression did not match that of TUNEL. This suggests that after exercise, cleaved caspase-3 expression may serve a nonapoptotic role in these hippocampal astrocytes and radial glia-like cells. It will be important to identify the function of exercise-induced cleaved caspase-3 expression in the future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole A. Lensmire
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsin
| | - Rodney A. Swain
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsin
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Mercerón-Martínez D, Almaguer-Melian W, Alberti-Amador E, Bergado JA. Amygdala stimulation promotes recovery of behavioral performance in a spatial memory task and increases GAP-43 and MAP-2 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of male rats. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:8-17. [PMID: 29933038 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between affective and cognitive processes are an important issue of present neuroscience. The amygdala, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex appear as main players in these mechanisms. We have shown that post-training electrical stimulation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) speeds the acquisition of a motor skill, and produces a recovery in behavioral performance related to spatial memory in fimbria-fornix (FF) lesioned animals. BLA electrical stimulation rises bdnf RNA expression, BDNF protein levels, and arc RNA expression in the hippocampus. In the present paper we have measured the levels of one presynaptic protein (GAP-43) and one postsynaptic protein (MAP-2) both involved in synaptogenesis to assess whether structural neuroplastic mechanisms are involved in the memory enhancing effects of BLA stimulation. A single train of BLA stimulation produced in healthy animals an increase in the levels of GAP-43 and MAP-2 that lasted days in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. In FF-lesioned rats, daily post-training stimulation of the BLA ameliorates the memory deficit of the animals and induces an increase in the level of both proteins. These results support the hypothesis that the effects of amygdala stimulation on memory recovery are sustained by an enhanced formation of new synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mercerón-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología Experimental, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Ave. 25 No. 15806, entre 156 y 158, Playa 11300, Havana City, Cuba.
| | - W Almaguer-Melian
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología Experimental, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Ave. 25 No. 15806, entre 156 y 158, Playa 11300, Havana City, Cuba.
| | - E Alberti-Amador
- Lab. Biología Molecular, International Center for Neurological Restoration (CIREN), Ave. 25 No. 15806, entre 156 y 158, Playa, Havana City, 11300, Cuba.
| | - J A Bergado
- Universidad del Sinú "Elías Bechara Zainum", Cra. 1w No. 38-153, Barrio Juan XXIII, Montería, Córdoba, 4536534, Colombia.
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Liu W, Wu W, Lin G, Cheng J, Zeng Y, Shi Y. Physical exercise promotes proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells via ERK in rats with cerebral infarction. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1455-1464. [PMID: 29901080 PMCID: PMC6072171 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is beneficial for the functional recovery of neurons after stroke. It has been suggested that exercise regulates proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, the aim was to investigate whether physical exercise activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway to promote proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in rats with cerebral infarction, thereby improving neurological function. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats underwent physical exercise and neurological behavior was analyzed at various time points. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and western blotting was used to analyze cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Cyclin D1, retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb), P-16, phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2 and c-Fos expression. The results indicated that physical exercise promoted proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and led to improved neural function. In addition, the expression levels of CDK4, Cyclin D1, p-Rb, p-ERK1/2 and c-Fos were upregulated, whereas the expression of P-16 was downregulated following exercise. U0126, an inhibitor of ERK signaling, reversed the beneficial effects of exercise. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that physical exercise enhances proliferation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs in the hippocampus of rats with cerebral infarction via the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Guangyong Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Positive changes in femoral nerve morphometry in older rats following aerobic training. Exp Gerontol 2018; 110:92-97. [PMID: 29803871 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyze alterations of the femoral nerve of aged rats subjected to aerobic training. Wistar rats (12-mo of age) were divided in to two groups: S group (sedentary) and T group (trained). The exercise protocol were 16 weeks long. The groups were sacrificed at 16 months. Ultrafine sections of the femoral nerve have been used. There was no change in the body weight between the groups. T group showed a significant increase in myelinated fiber area, axon diameter, myelin sheath thickness and myelin fiber number compared with sedentary controls. In exercised trained animals, histograms of the frequency distribution of myelinated axons according to their areas showed increased number of medium and large fibers in relation to small fibers, which decreased in number. Aerobic training animals, showed the distribution of myelinated fiber population according to their area being bimodal, with the distribution shifted to the right, indicating increased fiber area. The T group showed a percent damage of large myelinated fibers significantly lower compared to controls. No significant difference was observed between the groups for the g-ratio. The T group also showed a significant increase in the number of microtubules and neurofilaments in myelinated fibers, which was not observed in S group. In conclusion, aerobic training improves nerve structure without evidence of nerve damage and produces an attenuation on the modifications in femoral nerve that develop in old age.
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Effect of Intensive Exercise Training and Vitamin E Supplementation on the Content of Rat Brain-Drived Neurotrophic Factors. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.57298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Dong J, Zhao J, Lin Y, Liang H, He X, Zheng X, Sui M, Zhuang Z, Yan T. Exercise improves recognition memory and synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex for rats modelling vascular dementia. Neurol Res 2017; 40:68-77. [PMID: 29126372 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1398389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingpu Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xiaokuo He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghong Sui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiebin Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Treadmill exercise alleviated prenatal buprenorphine exposure-induced depression in rats. Neurochem Int 2017; 110:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Gremmelspacher T, Gerlach J, Hubbe A, Haas CA, Häussler U. Neurogenic Processes Are Induced by Very Short Periods of Voluntary Wheel-Running in Male Mice. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:385. [PMID: 28751854 PMCID: PMC5508020 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Even in the adult mammalian brain progenitor cells proliferate and give rise to young neurons which integrate into the neuronal network. The dentate gyrus possesses such a neurogenic niche reactive to external stimuli like physical activity. In most studies mice or rats have been exposed to wheel running for periods of several weeks to activate neurogenesis while early neurogenic processes induced by very short running periods are less well understood. To address this issue, we allowed male C57Bl/6 mice free access to a running wheel for 2 or 7 days. We injected bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) before the last running night, respectively, and quantified cell proliferation with immunocytochemistry for BrdU and Ki-67. Furthermore, we performed immunocytochemistry for doublecortin (DCX) and real-time RT-qPCR for NeuroD1 to characterize and quantify changes in neurogenesis on the protein and mRNA level. Real-time RT-qPCR for neurogenic niche factors (BDNF, FGF-2, BMP4, Noggin) was used to detect changes in the molecular composition of the neurogenic niche. Interestingly, we observed that cell proliferation was already affected after 2 days of running showing a transient decrease, which was followed by a rebound with increased proliferation after 7 days. Neurogenesis was stimulated after 2 days of running, reflected by elevated NeuroD1 mRNA levels, and it was significantly increased after 7 days as indicated by DCX immunostaining. On the level of niche factors we observed changes in expression in favor of neuronal differentiation (increased BDNF mRNA expression) and proliferation (decreased BMP4 mRNA expression) already after 2 days, although increased proliferation is reflected on the cellular level only later. In summary, our data show that 2 days of running are sufficient to activate neurogenic processes and we hypothesize that a strong pressure toward differentiation privileges neurogenesis while proliferation lags behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gremmelspacher
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gerlach
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Alix Hubbe
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Häussler
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools, Cluster of Excellence, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
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Sex differences in aerobic exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in older rodents. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 46:86-105. [PMID: 28614695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research in humans indicates that women may show greater cognitive benefits from aerobic training (AT) than men. To determine whether this sex difference extends to rodents, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in healthy, older rodents. Results indicate that compared to controls, AT improved hippocampus-dependent and -independent learning and memory. A sex difference was found with males showing larger benefits from AT on conditioned-avoidance and non-spatial memory tasks. AT also increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared to controls, with larger effects in females. As an exploratory analysis, sex differences in voluntary AT were examined separately from forced AT. Voluntary AT enhanced non-spatial memory to a greater extent in males. Forced AT enhanced hippocampus-dependent learning and memory more so in females. These findings suggest that sex is an important factor to consider, and studies directly assessing sex differences in the ability of exercise to improve brain function are needed.
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35
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Comparing sprint and endurance training on anxiety, depression and its relation with brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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Manthou M, Abdulla DSY, Pavlov SP, Jansen R, Bendella H, Nohroudi K, Stein G, Meyer C, Ozsoy O, Ozsoy U, Behram Kandemir Y, Sarikcioglu L, Semler O, Schoenau E, Dunlop S, Angelov DN. Whole body vibration (WBV) following spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats: Timing of intervention. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:185-216. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Ramona Jansen
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Stein
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Meyer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ozlem Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sarah Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
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Li Y, Zhao L, Gu B, Cai J, Lv Y, Yu L. Aerobic exercise regulates Rho/cofilin pathways to rescue synaptic loss in aged rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171491. [PMID: 28152068 PMCID: PMC5289643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The role of exercise to prevent or reverse aging-induced cognitive decline has been widely reported. This neuroprotection is associated with changes in the synaptic structure plasticity. However, the mechanisms of exercise-induced synaptic plasticity in the aging brain are still unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study is to investigate the aging-related alterations of Rho-GTPase and the modulatory influences of exercise training. Methods Young and old rats were used in this study. Old rats were subjected to different schedules of aerobic exercise (12 m/min, 60 min/d, 3d/w or 5d/w) or kept sedentary for 12 w. After 12 w of aerobic exercise, the synapse density in the cortex and hippocampus was detected with immunofluorescent staining using synaptophysin as a marker. The total protein levels of RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42 and cofilin in the cortex and hippocampus were detected with Western Blot. The activities of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 were determined using a pull down assay. Results We found that synapse loss occurred in aging rats. However, the change of expression and activity of RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 was different in the cortex and hippocampus. In the cortex, the expression and activity of Rac1 and Cdc42 was greatly increased with aging, whereas there were no changes in the expression and activity of RhoA. In the hippocampus, the expression and activity of Rac1 and Cdc42 was greatly decreased and there were no changes in the expression and activity of RhoA. As a major downstream substrate of the Rho GTPase family, the increased expression of cofilin was only observed in the cortex. High frequency exercise ameliorated all aging-related changes in the cortex and hippocampus. Conclusions These data suggest that aerobic exercise reverses synapse loss in the cortex and hippocampus in aging rats, which might be related to the regulation of Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Boya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Laikang Yu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Carbone PO, Krause Neto W, Gama EF, Silva WDA, Nobre TL, Caperuto EC, Mascaro MB, Souza RRD. MORPHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENTS OF THE RADIAL NERVE ARE INTENSITY-DEPENDENT. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220172301157903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Peripheral nerve adaptation is critical for strength gains. However, information about intensity effects on nerve morphology is scarce. Objective: To compare the effects of different intensities of resistance training on radial nerve structures. Methods: Rats were divided into three groups: control (GC), training with 50% (GF1) and training 75% (GF2) of the animal’s body weight. The morphological analysis of the nerve was done by light and transmission electron microscopy. One-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s post hoc test were applied and the significance level was set at p≤0.05. Results: Training groups had an increase of strength compared to GC (p≤0.05). All measured nerve components (mean area and diameter of myelin fibers and axons, mean area and thickness of the myelin sheath, and of neurofilaments and microtubules) were higher in GF2 compared to the other (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Results demonstrated greater morphological changes on radial nerve after heavier loads. This can be important for rehabilitation therapies, training, and progression.
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Schoeman JC, Steyn SF, Harvey BH, Brink CB. Long-lasting effects of fluoxetine and/or exercise augmentation on bio-behavioural markers of depression in pre-pubertal stress sensitive rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 323:86-99. [PMID: 28143768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile depression is of great concern with only limited treatment currently approved. Delayed onset of action, low remission and high relapse rates, and potential long-lasting consequences further complicates treatment and highlights the need for new treatment options. Studies reporting on long-lasting effects of early-life treatment have reported conflicting results, with the pre-adolescent period mostly overlooked. The anti-depressive effect of exercise, as a possible treatment option or augmentation strategy, is dependent on age and exercise intensity. We investigated the immediate (i.e. postnatal day 35 (PND35)) and lasting (PND60 to PND61) effects of pre-pubertal (PND21 to PND34) fluoxetine and/or exercise on bio-behavioural markers of depression and oxidative stress in stress sensitive Flinders Sensitive Line rats. Low, but not moderate, intensity exercise or 5, but not 10, mg/kg/day fluoxetine displayed anti-depressant-like properties at PND35. Pre-pubertal treatment with 5mg/kg/day fluoxetine or low intensity exercise exerted lasting anti-depressive-like effects into adulthood, whereas the combination of these two treatments did not. Furthermore, the combination of fluoxetine plus exercise reduced hippocampal BDNF levels as compared to exercise alone, which may explain the latter findings. In all treatment groups hippocampal SOD activity was significantly increased at PND61, suggesting an increased anti-oxidant capacity in adulthood. In conclusion, the data confirm the anti-depressant-like properties of both early-life fluoxetine and exercise in a genetic animal model of depression. However, optimal lasting effects of early-life interventions may require adjustment of antidepressant dose and/or exercise intensity to developmental age, and that a combination of antidepressant and exercise may not necessarily be augmentative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus C Schoeman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa
| | - Stephanus F Steyn
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa
| | - Christiaan B Brink
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa.
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Cobianchi S, Arbat-Plana A, López-Álvarez VM, Navarro X. Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise Treatments After Injury: The Dual Role of Neurotrophic Factors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:495-518. [PMID: 27026050 PMCID: PMC5543672 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160330105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shared connections between physical activity and neuroprotection have been studied for decades, but the mechanisms underlying this effect of specific exercise were only recently brought to light. Several evidences suggest that physical activity may be a reasonable and beneficial method to improve functional recovery in both peripheral and central nerve injuries and to delay functional decay in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to improving cardiac and immune functions, physical activity may represent a multifunctional approach not only to improve cardiocirculatory and immune functions, but potentially modulating trophic factors signaling and, in turn, neuronal function and structure at times that may be critical for neurodegeneration and regeneration. METHODS Research content related to the effects of physical activity and specific exercise programs in normal and injured nervous system have been reviewed. RESULTS Sustained exercise, particularly if applied at moderate intensity and early after injury, exerts anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects, and may boost cognitive and motor functions in aging and neurological disorders. However, newest studies show that exercise modalities can differently affect the production and function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other neurotrophins involved in the generation of neuropathic conditions. These findings suggest the possibility that new exercise strategies can be directed to nerve injuries with therapeutical benefits. CONCLUSION Considering the growing burden of illness worldwide, understanding of how modulation of neurotrophic factors contributes to exercise-induced neuroprotection and regeneration after peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries is a relevant topic for research, and represents the beginning of a new non-pharmacological therapeutic approach for better rehabilitation of neural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cobianchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ariadna Arbat-Plana
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Víctor M. López-Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain
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Treadmill Exercise Improves Memory Function Depending on Circadian Rhythm Changes in Mice. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20:S141-149. [PMID: 27915477 PMCID: PMC5169096 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1632738.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exercise enhances memory function by increasing neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and circadian rhythms modulate synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The circadian rhythm-dependent effects of treadmill exercise on memory function in relation with neurogenesis were investigated using mice. Methods The step-down avoidance test was used to evaluate short-term memory, the 8-arm maze test was used to test spatial learning ability, and 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine immunofluorescence was used to assess neurogenesis. Western blotting was also performed to assess levels of synaptic plasticity-associated proteins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase receptor B, phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein, early growth response protein 1, postsynaptic density protein 95, and growth-associated protein 43. The mice in the treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 1 group started exercising 1 hour after sunrise, the mice in the treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 6 group started exercising 6 hours after sunrise, and the mice in the treadmill exercise at zeitgeber 13 group started exercising 1 hour after sunset. The mice in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 minutes once a day for 7 weeks. Results Treadmill exercise improved short-term memory and spatial learning ability, and increased hippocampal neurogenesis and the expression of synaptic plasticity-associated proteins. These effects of treadmill exercise were stronger in mice that exercised during the day or in the evening than in mice that exercised at dawn. Conclusions Treadmill exercise improved memory function by increasing neurogenesis and the expression of synaptic plasticity-associated proteins. These results suggest that the memory-enhancing effect of treadmill exercise may depend on circadian rhythm changes.
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Gram MG, Wogensen E, Moseholm K, Mogensen J, Malá H. Exercise-induced improvement in cognitive performance after fimbria-fornix transection depends on the timing of exercise administration. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Guerrieri D, van Praag H. Exercise-mimetic AICAR transiently benefits brain function. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18293-313. [PMID: 26286955 PMCID: PMC4621892 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise enhances learning and memory in animals and humans. The role of peripheral factors that may trigger the beneficial effects of running on brain function has been sparsely examined. In particular, it is unknown whether AMP-kinase (AMPK) activation in muscle can predict enhancement of brain plasticity. Here we compare the effects of running and administration of AMPK agonist 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR, 500 mg/kg), for 3, 7 or 14 days in one-month-old male C57BL/6J mice, on muscle AMPK signaling. At the time-points where we observed equivalent running- and AICAR-induced muscle pAMPK levels (7 and 14 days), cell proliferation, synaptic plasticity and gene expression, as well as markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) were evaluated. At the 7-day time-point, both regimens increased new DG cell number and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels. Furthermore, microarray analysis of DG and LEC tissue showed a remarkable overlap between running and AICAR in the regulation of neuronal, mitochondrial and metabolism related gene classes. Interestingly, while similar outcomes for both treatments were stable over time in muscle, in the brain an inversion occurred at fourteen days. The compound no longer increased DG cell proliferation or neurotrophin levels, and upregulated expression of apoptotic genes and inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Thus, an exercise mimetic that produces changes in muscle consistent with those of exercise does not have the same sustainable positive effects on the brain, indicating that only running consistently benefits brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Guerrieri
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ryan SM, Kelly ÁM. Exercise as a pro-cognitive, pro-neurogenic and anti-inflammatory intervention in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 27:77-92. [PMID: 27039886 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established, at least in animal models, that exercise elicits potent pro-cognitive and pro-neurogenic effects. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading causes of dementia and represents one of the greatest burdens on healthcare systems worldwide, with no effective treatment for the disease to date. Exercise presents a promising non-pharmacological option to potentially delay the onset of or slow down the progression of AD. Exercise interventions in mouse models of AD have been explored and have been found to reduce amyloid pathology and improve cognitive function. More recent studies have expanded the research question by investigating potential pro-neurogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. In this review we summarise studies that have examined exercise-mediated effects on AD pathology, cognitive function, hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroinflammation in transgenic mouse models of AD. Furthermore, we attempt to identify the optimum exercise conditions required to elicit the greatest benefits, taking into account age and pathology of the model, as well as type and duration of exercise.
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The effects of hormones and physical exercise on hippocampal structural plasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:23-43. [PMID: 26989000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an integral role in certain aspects of cognition. Hippocampal structural plasticity and in particular adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we review how hormones (i.e., intrinsic modulators) and physical exercise (i.e., an extrinsic modulator) can differentially modulate hippocampal plasticity in general and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in particular. Specifically, we provide an overview of the effects of sex hormones, stress hormones, and metabolic hormones on hippocampal structural plasticity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, we also discuss how physical exercise modulates these forms of hippocampal plasticity, giving particular emphasis on how this modulation can be affected by variables such as exercise regime, duration, and intensity. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the modulation of hippocampal structural plasticity by intrinsic and extrinsic factors will impact the design of new therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring hippocampal plasticity following brain injury or neurodegeneration.
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Nie J, Yang X. Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity by Exercise Training as a Basis for Ischemic Stroke Rehabilitation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:5-16. [PMID: 26910247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, rehabilitation of ischemic stroke draws more and more attention in the world, and has been linked to changes of synaptic plasticity. Exercise training improves motor function of ischemia as well as cognition which is associated with formation of learning and memory. The molecular basis of learning and memory might be synaptic plasticity. Research has therefore been conducted in an attempt to relate effects of exercise training to neuroprotection and neurogenesis adjacent to the ischemic injury brain. The present paper reviews the current literature addressing this question and discusses the possible mechanisms involved in modulation of synaptic plasticity by exercise training. This review shows the pathological process of synaptic dysfunction in ischemic roughly and then discusses the effects of exercise training on scaffold proteins and regulatory protein expression. The expression of scaffold proteins generally increased after training, but the effects on regulatory proteins were mixed. Moreover, the compositions of postsynaptic receptors were changed and the strength of synaptic transmission was enhanced after training. Finally, the recovery of cognition is critically associated with synaptic remodeling in an injured brain, and the remodeling occurs through a number of local regulations including mRNA translation, remodeling of cytoskeleton, and receptor trafficking into and out of the synapse. We do provide a comprehensive knowledge of synaptic plasticity enhancement obtained by exercise training in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Nie
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang Ya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang Ya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Motta-Teixeira LC, Takada SH, Machado-Nils AV, Nogueira MI, Xavier GF. Spatial learning and neurogenesis: Effects of cessation of wheel running and survival of novel neurons by engagement in cognitive tasks. Hippocampus 2016; 26:794-803. [PMID: 26669934 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise stimulates cell proliferation in the adult dentate gyrus and facilitates acquisition and/or retention of hippocampal-dependent tasks. It is established that regular physical exercise improves cognitive performance. However, it is unclear for how long these benefits last after its interruption. Independent groups of rats received both free access to either unlocked (EXE Treatment) or locked (No-EXE Treatment) running wheels for 7 days, and daily injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in the last 3 days. After a time delay period of either 1, 3, or 6 weeks without training, the animals were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) either in a working memory task dependent on hippocampal function (MWM-HD) or in a visible platform searching task, independent on hippocampal function (MWM-NH). Data confirmed that exposure of rats to 7 days of spontaneous wheel running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis. In contrast, neurogenesis was not accompanied by significant improvements of performance in the working memory version of the MWM. Longer time delays between the end of exercise and the beginning of cognitive training in the MWM resulted in lower cell survival; that is, the number of novel surviving mature neurons was decreased when this delay was 6 weeks as compared with when it was 1 week. In addition, data showed that while exposure to the MWM-HD working memory task substantially increased survival of novel neurons, exposure to the MWM-NH task did not, thus indicating that survival of novel dentate gyrus neurons depends on the engagement of this brain region in performance of cognitive tasks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Clemente Motta-Teixeira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, Travessa 14, N. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Vilar Machado-Nils
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, Travessa 14, N. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, Travessa 14, N. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, SP, Brazil
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Sung YH. Effects of treadmill exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis in an MPTP /probenecid-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3203-6. [PMID: 26644675 PMCID: PMC4668166 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise on non-motor
function, specifically long-term memory, in a
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid-induced Parkinson’s disease mouse
model. [Methods] A mouse model of Parkinson’s disease was developed by injecting 20 mg/kg
of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 250 mg/kg of probenecid (P). We
divided in into four groups: probenecid group, probenecid-exercise group,
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid group, and
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid-exercise group. Mice in the
exercise groups ran on treadmill for 30 min/day, five times per week for 4 weeks.
[Results] Latency in the passive avoidance test increased in the
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid-exercise group compared with
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid group. In addition, the number of
5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine/NeuN-positive cells and
5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine/doublecortin-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was
higher in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid-exercise group than
that in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid group. These changes
were associated with the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the
hippocampus. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that treadmill exercise may improve
long-term memory in Parkinson’s disease mice by facilitating neurogenesis via increased
expression of neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungnam University, Republic of Korea
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Mirelle Costa Monteiro H, Lima Barreto-Silva N, Elizabete dos Santos G, de Santana Santos A, Séfora Bezerra Sousa M, Amâncio-dos-Santos Â. Physical exercise versus fluoxetine: Antagonistic effects on cortical spreading depression in Wistar rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:49-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Torres LH, Garcia RCT, Blois AMM, Dati LMM, Durão AC, Alves AS, Pacheco-Neto M, Mauad T, Britto LRG, Xavier GF, Camarini R, Marcourakis T. Exposure of Neonatal Mice to Tobacco Smoke Disturbs Synaptic Proteins and Spatial Learning and Memory from Late Infancy to Early Adulthood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136399. [PMID: 26305213 PMCID: PMC4549279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the early postnatal period has been associated with several diseases; however, little is known about the brain effects of ETS exposure during this critical developmental period or the long-term consequences of this exposure. This study investigated the effects of the early postnatal ETS exposure on both reference and working memory, synaptic proteins and BDNF from late infancy to early adulthood (P3-P73). BALB/c mice were exposed to ETS generated from 3R4F reference research cigarettes (0.73 mg of nicotine/cigarette) from P3 to P14. Spatial reference and working memory were evaluated in the Morris water maze during infancy (P20-P29), adolescence (P37-P42) and adulthood (P67-P72). Synapsin, synaptophysin, PSD95 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed at P15, P35 and P65 by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Mice that were exposed to ETS during the early postnatal period showed poorer performance in the spatial reference memory task. Specifically, the ETS-exposed mice exhibited a significantly reduced time and distance traveled in the target quadrant and in the platform location area than the controls at all ages evaluated. In the spatial working memory task, ETS disrupted the maintenance but not the acquisition of the critical spatial information in both infancy and adolescence. ETS also induced changes in synaptic components, including decreases in synapsin, synaptophysin, PSD95 and BDNF levels in the hippocampus. Exposure to ETS in the early postnatal period disrupts both spatial reference and working memory; these results may be related to changes in synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. Importantly, most of these effects were not reversed even after a long exposure-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Raphael C. T. Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Anne M. M. Blois
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Lívia M. M. Dati
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Durão
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Adilson Silva Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Maurílio Pacheco-Neto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05403–010, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 01246–903, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. G. Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–900, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–900, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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