1
|
Lindquist BE. Spreading depolarizations pose critical energy challenges in acute brain injury. J Neurochem 2024; 168:868-887. [PMID: 37787065 PMCID: PMC10987398 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Spreading depolarization (SD) is an electrochemical wave of neuronal depolarization mediated by extracellular K+ and glutamate, interacting with voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels. SD is increasingly recognized as a major cause of injury progression in stroke and brain trauma, where the mechanisms of SD-induced neuronal injury are intimately linked to energetic status and metabolic impairment. Here, I review the established working model of SD initiation and propagation. Then, I summarize the historical and recent evidence for the metabolic impact of SD, transitioning from a descriptive to a mechanistic working model of metabolic signaling and its potential to promote neuronal survival and resilience. I quantify the energetic cost of restoring ionic gradients eroded during SD, and the extent to which ion pumping impacts high-energy phosphate pools and the energy charge of affected tissue. I link energy deficits to adaptive increases in the utilization of glucose and O2, and the resulting accumulation of lactic acid and CO2 downstream of catabolic metabolic activity. Finally, I discuss the neuromodulatory and vasoactive paracrine signaling mediated by adenosine and acidosis, highlighting these metabolites' potential to protect vulnerable tissue in the context of high-frequency SD clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta E Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Diseases, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Coppi E, Cherchi F, Gibb AJ. Adenosine A 2A receptor blockade attenuates excitotoxicity in rat striatal medium spiny neurons during an ischemic-like insult. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:255-257. [PMID: 37488874 PMCID: PMC10503621 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain ischemia, excitotoxicity and peri-infarct depolarization injuries occur and cause cerebral tissue damage. Indeed, anoxic depolarization, consisting of massive neuronal depolarization due to the loss of membrane ion gradients, occurs in vivo or in vitro during an energy failure. The neuromodulator adenosine is released in huge amounts during cerebral ischemia and exerts its effects by activating specific metabotropic receptors, namely: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The A2A receptor subtype is highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons, which are particularly susceptible to ischemic damage. Evidence indicates that the A2A receptors are upregulated in the rat striatum after stroke and the selective antagonist SCH58261 protects from exaggerated glutamate release within the first 4 hours from the insult and alleviates neurological impairment and histological injury in the following 24 hours. We recently added new knowledge to the mechanisms by which the adenosine A2A receptor subtype participates in ischemia-induced neuronal death by performing patch-clamp recordings from medium spiny neurons in rat striatal brain slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation. We demonstrated that the selective block of A2A receptors by SCH58261 significantly reduced ionic imbalance and delayed the anoxic depolarization in medium spiny neurons during oxygen and glucose deprivation and that the mechanism involves voltage-gated K+ channel modulation and a presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release by the A2A receptor antagonist. The present review summarizes the latest findings in the literature about the possibility of developing selective ligands of A2A receptors as advantageous therapeutic tools that may contribute to counteracting neurodegeneration after brain ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Cherchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alasdair J. Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burtscher J, Duderstadt Y, Gatterer H, Burtscher M, Vozdek R, Millet GP, Hicks AA, Ehrenreich H, Kopp M. Hypoxia Sensing and Responses in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1759. [PMID: 38339038 PMCID: PMC10855464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with various deficits in sensing and responding to reductions in oxygen availability (hypoxia). Here we summarize the evidence pointing to a central role of hypoxia in PD, discuss the relation of hypoxia and oxygen dependence with pathological hallmarks of PD, including mitochondrial dysfunction, dopaminergic vulnerability, and alpha-synuclein-related pathology, and highlight the link with cellular and systemic oxygen sensing. We describe cases suggesting that hypoxia may trigger Parkinsonian symptoms but also emphasize that the endogenous systems that protect from hypoxia can be harnessed to protect from PD. Finally, we provide examples of preclinical and clinical research substantiating this potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Yves Duderstadt
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Sports Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Roman Vozdek
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Alessandro Volta 21, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Alessandro Volta 21, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- Experimental Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coppi E, Gibb AJ. Selective block of adenosine A 2A receptors prevents ischaemic-like effects induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in rat medium spiny neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4844-4856. [PMID: 35817954 PMCID: PMC9796695 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischaemia is known to cause massive neuronal depolarization, termed anoxic depolarization (AD), due to energy failure and loss of membrane ion gradients. The neuromodulator adenosine accumulates extracellularly during ischaemia and activates four metabotropic receptors: A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 . Striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) express high levels of A2A receptors and are particularly vulnerable to ischaemic insults. A2A Receptor blockade reduces acute striatal post-ischaemic damage but the cellular mechanisms involved are still unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We performed patch-clamp recordings of MSNs in rat striatal slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) to investigate the effects of A2A receptor ligands or ion channel blockers on AD and OGD-induced ionic imbalance, measured as a positive shift in Erev of ramp currents. KEY RESULTS Our data indicate that the A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 (10 μM) significantly attenuated ionic imbalance and AD appearance in MSNs exposed to OGD. The K+ channel blocker Ba2+ (2 mM) or the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (1 μM) exacerbated and attenuated, respectively, OGD-induced changes. Spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) analysis in MSNs revealed that the A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 (1 μM) prevented OGD-induced decrease of sEPSCs within the first 5 min of the insult, an effect shared by the K+ channel blocker Ba2+ , indicating facilitated glutamate release. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Adenosine, released during striatal OGD, activates A2A receptors that may exacerbate OGD-induced damage through K+ channel inhibition. Our results could help to develop A2A receptor-selective therapeutic tools for the treatment of brain ischaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child HealthUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Alasdair J. Gibb
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Capo-Rangel G, Gerardo-Giorda L, Somersalo E, Calvetti D. Metabolism plays a central role in the cortical spreading depression: Evidence from a mathematical model. J Theor Biol 2020; 486:110093. [PMID: 31778711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The slow propagating waves of strong depolarization of neural cells characterizing cortical spreading depression, or depolarization, (SD) are known to break cerebral homeostasis and induce significant hemodynamic and electro-metabolic alterations. Mathematical models of cortical spreading depression found in the literature tend to focus on the changes occurring at the electrophysiological level rather than on the ensuing metabolic changes. In this paper, we propose a novel mathematical model which is able to simulate the coupled electrophysiology and metabolism dynamics of SD events, including the swelling of neurons and astrocytes and the concomitant shrinkage of extracellular space. The simulations show that the metabolic coupling leads to spontaneous repetitions of the SD events, which the electrophysiological model alone is not capable to produce. The model predictions, which corroborate experimental findings from the literature, show a strong disruption in metabolism accompanying each wave of spreading depression in the form of a sharp decrease of glucose and oxygen concentrations, with a simultaneous increase in lactate concentration which, in turn, delays the clearing of excess potassium in extracellular space. Our model suggests that the depletion of glucose and oxygen concentration is more pronounced in astrocyte than neuron, in line with the partitioning of the energetic cost of potassium clearing. The model suggests that the repeated SD events are electro-metabolic oscillations that cannot be explained by the electrophysiology alone. The model highlights the crucial role of astrocytes in cleaning the excess potassium flooding extracellular space during a spreading depression event: further, if the ratio of glial/neuron density increases, the frequency of cortical SD events decreases, and the peak potassium concentration in extracellular space is lower than with equal volume fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E Somersalo
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Spain
| | - D Calvetti
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
PKCγ and PKCε are Differentially Activated and Modulate Neurotoxic Signaling Pathways During Oxygen Glucose Deprivation in Rat Cortical Slices. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2577-2589. [PMID: 31541352 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is known to trigger a series of intracellular events such as changes in metabolism, membrane function and intracellular transduction, which eventually leads to cell death. Many of these processes are mediated by intracellular signaling cascades that involve protein kinase activation. Among all the kinases activated, the serine/threonine kinase family, protein kinase C (PKC), particularly, has been implicated in mediating cellular response to cerebral ischemic and reperfusion injury. In this study, using oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in acute cortical slices as an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia, I show that PKC family of isozymes, specifically PKCγ and PKCε are differentially activated during OGD. Detecting the expression and activation levels of these isozymes in response to different durations of OGD insult revealed an early activation of PKCε and delayed activation of PKCγ, signifying their roles in response to different durations and stages of ischemic stress. Specific inhibition of PKCγ and PKCε significantly attenuated OGD induced cytotoxicity, rise in intracellular calcium, membrane depolarization and reactive oxygen species formation, thereby enhancing neuronal viability. This study clearly suggests that PKC family of isozymes; specifically PKCγ and PKCε are involved in OGD induced intracellular responses which lead to neuronal death. Thus isozyme specific modulation of PKC activity may serve as a promising therapeutic route for the treatment of acute cerebral ischemic injury.
Collapse
|
7
|
Acute sensitivity of astrocytes in the Substantia Nigra to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) compared with hippocampal astrocytes in brain slices. Neurosci Lett 2018; 685:137-143. [PMID: 30153493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Substantia Nigra is a brainstem nucleus critical for movement control. Although its dopamine-producing neurons degenerate in Parkinsons disease, little is known of the acute effects of ischemia in this region. We recently reported that oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in brain slices, an in vitro ischemia model, evokes a profound depolarization and swelling of GABAergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNr), but not dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc). The current study characterised the effects of OGD on nigral astrocytes, and compared these with the established responses of astrocytes in the CA1 hippocampal region. Intracellular recordings were made from astrocytes at the border between SNc and SNr subregions, in midbrain slices from postnatal day 21-23 rats. Immunoreactivity for astrocyte-specific proteins was also assessed. OGD evoked a slow, then fast depolarization of nigral astrocytes. The fast phase developed during the anoxic depolarization (indicated by a fast negative shift of extracellular DC potential and increase in light transmittance) and rapid increase in extracellular K+ concentration in the SNr. This biphasic response resembled the OGD-evoked depolarization of hippocampal astrocytes. However, unlike the partial repolarization seen in hippocampal cells after reperfusion with O2 and glucose, nigral astrocytes remained depolarized near 0 mV. In addition, immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes markedly decreased in the Substantia Nigra after OGD, while in the hippocampus remained unchanged. These data indicate an acute post-ischemic withdrawal of astrocytic support in the Substantia Nigra, but not in the hippocampus.
Collapse
|
8
|
The effect of directed photic stimulation of the pineal on experimental Parkinson's disease. Physiol Behav 2017; 182:1-9. [PMID: 28919247 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of the circadian system in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a topic of increasing scientific interest. This has emerged from recent studies demonstrating an altered response of PD patients to treatment in relation to the phase of the light/dark cycle and from other work defining the functional significance of melanocytes in PD: a cell type that the nigro-striatal dopamine (NSD) system and circadian system both contain. The present study was undertaken to determine the sensitivity of the pineal, as the final common pathway of the circadian system, to light delivered directly to the pineal via surgical implantation of LEDs. Direct photic stimulation of the pineal altered the course of experimental PD while anatomical controls receiving stimulation of the frontal cortex exhibited a negative impact on the course of recovery of these animals. These effects were closely linked to the phase of the light/dark cycle. The present results suggest that while pineal photoreceptors are regarded as vestigial, functional photo-reactivity of the pineal remains. It is inferred that melanocytes are the active cells responsible for the observed effect since they remain functionally intact in mammalian pineal even though pineal photoreceptors are functionally inert. Although the stimuli applied in the present study may be regarded as artificial this study demonstrates that brain parenchyma remains differentially reactive to direct light exposure and presents a novel mechanism in circadian structures that needs to be explored.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hobbs CN, Holzberg G, Min AS, Wightman RM. Comparison of Spreading Depolarizations in the Motor Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens: Similar Patterns of Oxygen Responses and the Role of Dopamine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2512-2521. [PMID: 28820571 PMCID: PMC5691918 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spreading depolarizations (SD) are pathophysiological phenomena that spontaneously arise in traumatized neural tissue and can promote cellular death. Most investigations of SD are performed in the cortex, a brain region that is susceptible to these depolarizing waves and accessible via a variety of monitoring techniques. Here, we describe SD responses in the cortex and the deep brain region of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the anesthetized rat with a minimally invasive, implantable sensor. With high temporal resolution, we characterize the time course of oxygen responses to SD in relation to the electrophysiological depolarization signal. The predominant oxygen pattern consists of four phases: (1) a small initial decrease, (2) a large increase during the SD, (3) a delayed increase, and (4) a persistent decrease from baseline after the SD. Oxygen decreases during SD were also recorded. The latter response occurred more often in the NAc than the cortex (56% vs 20% of locations, respectively), which correlates to denser cortical vascularization. We also find that SDs travel more quickly in the cortex than NAc, likely affected by regional differences in cell type populations. Finally, we investigate the previously uncharacterized effects of dopamine release during SD in the NAc with dopamine receptor blockade. Our results support an inhibitory role of the D2 receptor on SD. As such, the data presented here expands the current understanding of within- and between-region variance in responses to SD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caddy N. Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gordon Holzberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Akira S. Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - R. Mark Wightman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu X, Huang L, Gong J, Shi C, Wang Z, Ye B, Xuan A, He X, Long D, Zhu X, Ma N, Leng S. NF- κB pathway link with ER stress-induced autophagy and apoptosis in cervical tumor cells. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17059. [PMID: 28904818 PMCID: PMC5592653 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is being investigated for its anticancer effect in various cancers, including cervical cancer. However, the molecular pathways whereby ER stress mediates cell death remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we confirmed that ER stress triggered by compounds such as brefeldin A (BFA), tunicamycin (TM), and thapsigargin (TG) leads to the induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cervical cancer cell lines, which is characterized by elevated levels of inositol-requiring kinase 1α, glucose-regulated protein-78, and C/EBP homologous protein, and swelling of the ER observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). We found that BFA significantly increased autophagy in tumor cells and induced TC-1 tumor cell death in a dose-dependent manner. BFA increased punctate staining of LC3 and the number of autophagosomes observed by TEM in TC-1 and HeLa cells. The autophagic flux was also assessed. Bafilomycin, which blocked degradation of LC3 in lysosomes, caused both LC3I and LC3II accumulation. BFA initiated apoptosis of TC-1 tumor cells through activation of the caspase-12/caspase-3 pathway. At the same time, BFA enhanced the phosphorylation of IκBα protein and translocation into the nucleus of NF-κB p65. Quinazolinediamine, an NF-κB inhibitor, attenuated both autophagy and apoptosis induced by BFA; meanwhile, it partly enhances survival of cervical cancer cells following BFA treatment. In conclusion, our results indicate that the cross-talk between ER stress, autophagy, apoptosis, and the NF-κB pathways controls the fate of cervical cancer cells. Careful evaluation should be given to the addition of an NF-κB pathway inhibitor to treat cervical cancer in combination with drugs that induce ER stress-mediated cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gong
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingkun Ye
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Xuan
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahong Long
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnosis, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang/Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuilong Leng
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cui HJ, Liu S, Yang R, Fu GH, Lu Y. N-stearoyltyrosine protects primary cortical neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis through inhibiting anandamide inactivation system. Neurosci Res 2017; 123:8-18. [PMID: 28499834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-stearoylthrosine (NST), a synthesized anandamide (AEA) analogue, plays a neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. Several studies have demonstrated that the endocannabinoids systems (ECS) are involved in the neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemic injury. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neuronal injury elevated the levels of endocannabinoids and activated ECS. This research was conducted to investigate the neuroprotective effect of NST against OGD-induced neuronal injury in cultured primary cortical neurons and the potential mechanism involved. Cortical neurons were treated with NST at indicate concentrations for 30min prior to injury and OGD injured neurons were incubated with normal conditions for 0-24h. The best neuroprotective effect of NST against OGD-induced injury occurred at 10μM. All data indicated that the neuroprotective effect of NST against OGD-induced injury resulted from blocking anandamide membrane transporter (AMT) (IC50=11.74nM) and inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase activity (FAAH) (IC50=16.54nM). Our findings demonstrated that NST has an important role in cerebral ischemic injury pathological progression through activating cannabinoid receptors by inhibiting AEA inactivation system. These data suggested a potential role for NST in the therapeutic consideration of cerebral ischemic injury. However, inhibition of AEA inactivation system may provide a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Jing Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Guo-Hui Fu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lindquist BE, Shuttleworth CW. Evidence that adenosine contributes to Leao's spreading depression in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1656-1669. [PMID: 27217381 PMCID: PMC5435284 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16650696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leao's spreading depression of cortical activity is a propagating silencing of neuronal activity resulting from spreading depolarization (SD). We evaluated the contributions of action potential (AP) failure and adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) activation to the depression of evoked and spontaneous electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity after SD in vivo, in anesthetized mice. We compared depression with SD-induced effects on AP-dependent transmission, and synaptic potentials in the transcallosal and thalamocortical pathways. After SD, APs recovered rapidly, within 1-2 min, as demonstrated by evoked activity in distant projection targets. Evoked corticocortical postsynaptic potentials recovered next, within ∼5 min. Spontaneous ECoG and evoked thalamocortical postsynaptic potentials recovered together, after ∼10-15 min. The duration of ECoG depression was shortened 20% by systemic (10 mg/kg) or focal (30 µM) administration of A1R competitive antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX). ECoG depression was also shortened by focal application of exogenous adenosine deaminase (ADA; 100 U/mL), and conversely, was prolonged 50% by the non-competitive ADA inhibitor deoxycoformycin (DCF; 100 µM). We concluded that while initial depolarization block is brief, adenosine A1R activation, in part, contributes to the persistent secondary phase of Leao's cortical spreading depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta E Lindquist
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - C William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karunasinghe RN, Grey AC, Telang R, Vlajkovic SM, Lipski J. Differential spread of anoxic depolarization contributes to the pattern of neuronal injury after oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in the Substantia Nigra in rat brain slices. Neuroscience 2016; 340:359-372. [PMID: 27826106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anoxic depolarization (AD) is an acute event evoked by brain ischemia, involving a profound loss of cell membrane potential and swelling that spreads over susceptible parts of the gray matter. Its occurrence is a strong predictor of the severity of neuronal injury. Little is known about this event in the Substantia Nigra, a midbrain nucleus critical for motor control. We tested the effects of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), an in vitro model of brain ischemia, in rat midbrain slices. AD developed within 4min from OGD onset and spread in the Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNr), but not through the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc). This differential effect involved a contrasting pattern of changes in membrane potential between dopamine-producing SNc and non-dopaminergic SNr neurons. A fast depolarization in SNr neurons was not followed by repolarization after the end of OGD, and was associated with swollen somata and beaded dendrites. In contrast, slowly developing depolarization of SNc neurons led to repolarization after OGD ended, and no changes in neuronal morphology were observed. The AD-resistance of the SNc involved smaller dysregulations of K+ and Ca2+ ions, and a slower loss of energy metabolites. Our results show that acute ischemia profoundly impairs the function and morphology of SNr neurons but not adjacent SNc neurons, and that the surprising higher tolerance of SNc neurons correlates with the resistance of the SNc region to AD. This differential response may affect the pattern of early neuronal injury that develops in the brainstem after acute ischemic insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashika N Karunasinghe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Angus C Grey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Ravindra Telang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Srdjan M Vlajkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Janusz Lipski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin GY, Lin YK, Lee JT, Lee MS, Lin CC, Tsai CK, Ting CH, Yang FC. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in migraine patients with and without aura: a cross-sectional, case-controlled study. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:97. [PMID: 27770406 PMCID: PMC5074935 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the comorbidity of migraine and restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been well-documented, the association between RLS and migraine frequency has yet to be elucidated. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of RLS among individuals who experience low-frequency, high-frequency, or chronic migraine presenting with and without aura. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional, case-controlled study involving 505 participants receiving outpatient headache treatment. Standardized questionnaires were administered to collect information on experiences of migraine, RLS, sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and demographics. Participants were categorized into low-frequency (1-8/month), high-frequency (9-14/month), and chronic (≥15/month) headache groups. RLS was diagnosed according to the criteria outlined by the International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to assess sleep quality and identify symptoms of anxiety and depression. Associations between migraine frequency and RLS prevalence were investigated using multivariate linear and logistic regression. RESULTS Univariate analysis revealed an effect of migraine frequency on RLS prevalence (p = 0.026), though this effect did not persist following adjustment for baseline characteristics (p = 0.256). The trend was robust in patients whose migraines presented with auras (p univariate = 0.002; p multivariate = 0.043) but not in those without auras (p univariate and p multivariate > 0.05). Higher anxiety [odds ratio (OR) = 1.18, p = 0.019] and sleep disturbance (OR = 1.17, p = 0.023) scores were associated with higher RLS prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Higher migraine frequency correlates with a higher prevalence of RLS, particularly among patients with auras.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Tay Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Shyuan Lee
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsin Ting
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu Y, Zhi F, Shao N, Wang R, Yang Y, Xia Y. Cytoprotection against Hypoxic and/or MPP⁺ Injury: Effect of δ-Opioid Receptor Activation on Caspase 3. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081179. [PMID: 27517901 PMCID: PMC5000589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological changes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are, at least partially, associated with the dysregulation of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and caspase 3. Since hypoxic and neurotoxic insults are underlying causes of PD, and since δ-opioid receptor (DOR) is neuroprotective against hypoxic/ischemic insults, we sought to determine whether DOR activation could protect the cells from damage induced by hypoxia and/or MPP⁺ by regulating PINK1 and caspase 3 expressions. We exposed PC12 cells to either severe hypoxia (0.5%-1% O₂) for 24-48 h or to MPP⁺ at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2 mM) and then detected the levels of PINK1 and cleaved caspase 3. Both hypoxia and MPP⁺ reduced cell viability, progressively suppressed the expression of PINK1 and increased the cleaved caspase 3. DOR activation using UFP-512, effectively protected the cells from hypoxia and/or MPP⁺ induced injury, reversed the reduction in PINK1 protein and significantly attenuated the increase in the cleaved caspase 3. On the other hand, the application of DOR antagonist, naltrindole, greatly decreased cell viability and increased cleaved caspase 3. These findings suggest that DOR is cytoprotective against both hypoxia and MPP⁺ through the regulation of PINK1 and caspase 3 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Feng Zhi
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Naiyuan Shao
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Rong Wang
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yilin Yang
- Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Acar BA, Acar T, Alagöz AN, Karacan A, Varım C, Uyanık MŞ, Kaya T, Akdemir R. Relationship between primary restless legs syndrome and migraine with aura. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:420-6. [PMID: 27523456 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence and characteristics of definite migraine in primary restless legs syndrome (pRLS) patients and matched control patients (CPs) were investigated. We evaluated 63 consecutive adult pRLS patients and 141 age- and sex-matched controls in this case-control study. The diagnosis of migraine and its subtypes were defined based on The International Classification of Headache Disorders-II. Only those with "definite" migraine were included in the study. The mean age of 63 adult pRLS patients (15 men and 48 women) who participated in the study was 49.4 years. A total of 27 patients (42.9%) had definite migraine. Of these migraineurs, seven (11.1%) were without aura and 20 (31.8%) were with aura. The mean age of the 141 matched CPs was 48.7 years. A total of 32 CPs (22.7%) experienced migraine. Among these 32 migraineurs, 28 (19.9%) were without aura and four (2.8%) were with aura. Migraine and migraine with aura were significantly more common in pRLS patients than in CPs. pRLS patients with migraine were more anxious and experienced a shorter duration of RLS symptoms than pRLS patients without migraine. Migraineurs in the pRLS group tended to have high scores for severity of migraine headache by Visual Analog Scale score and high levels of disability by Migraine Disability Assessment grading than those in the control group. pRLS patients showed a positive association with definite migraine headaches. In contrast to results highlighted in recent studies, we found a strong link between migraine with aura and pRLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Türkan Acar
- Department of Neurology, Sakarya University Education and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | | | - Alper Karacan
- Department of Radiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ceyhun Varım
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Şevki Uyanık
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Sakarya University Education and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Tezcan Kaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Akdemir
- Department of Cardiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wei W, Song Y, Fan X, Zhang S, Wang L, Xu S, Wang M, Cai X. Simultaneous recording of brain extracellular glucose, spike and local field potential in real time using an implantable microelectrode array with nano-materials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:114001. [PMID: 26871752 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/11/114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is the main substrate for neurons in the central nervous system. In order to efficiently characterize the brain glucose mechanism, it is desirable to determine the extracellular glucose dynamics as well as the corresponding neuroelectrical activity in vivo. In the present study, we fabricated an implantable microelectrode array (MEA) probe composed of platinum electrochemical and electrophysiology microelectrodes by standard micro electromechanical system (MEMS) processes. The MEA probe was modified with nano-materials and implanted in a urethane-anesthetized rat for simultaneous recording of striatal extracellular glucose, local field potential (LFP) and spike on the same spatiotemporal scale when the rat was in normoglycemia, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. During these dual-mode recordings, we observed that increase of extracellular glucose enhanced the LFP power and spike firing rate, while decrease of glucose had an opposite effect. This dual mode MEA probe is capable of examining specific spatiotemporal relationships between electrical and chemical signaling in the brain, which will contribute significantly to improve our understanding of the neuron physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brisson CD, Hsieh YT, Kim D, Jin AY, Andrew RD. Brainstem neurons survive the identical ischemic stress that kills higher neurons: insight to the persistent vegetative state. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96585. [PMID: 24802253 PMCID: PMC4011844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global ischemia caused by heart attack, pulmonary failure, near-drowning or traumatic brain injury often damages the higher brain but not the brainstem, leading to a ‘persistent vegetative state’ where the patient is awake but not aware. Approximately 30,000 U.S. patients are held captive in this condition but not a single research study has addressed how the lower brain is preferentially protected in these people. In the higher brain, ischemia elicits a profound anoxic depolarization (AD) causing neuronal dysfunction and vasoconstriction within minutes. Might brainstem nuclei generate less damaging AD and so be more resilient? Here we compared resistance to acute injury induced from simulated ischemia by ‘higher’ hippocampal and striatal neurons versus brainstem neurons in live slices from rat and mouse. Light transmittance (LT) imaging in response to 10 minutes of oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) revealed immediate and acutely damaging AD propagating through gray matter of neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus and cerebellar cortex. In adjacent brainstem nuclei, OGD-evoked AD caused little tissue injury. Whole-cell patch recordings from hippocampal and striatal neurons under OGD revealed sudden membrane potential loss that did not recover. In contrast brainstem neurons from locus ceruleus and mesencephalic nucleus as well as from sensory and motor nuclei only slowly depolarized and then repolarized post-OGD. Two-photon microscopy confirmed non-recoverable swelling and dendritic beading of hippocampal neurons during OGD, while mesencephalic neurons in midbrain appeared uninjured. All of the above responses were mimicked by bath exposure to 100 µM ouabain which inhibits the Na+/K+ pump or to 1–10 nM palytoxin which converts the pump into an open cationic channel. Therefore during ischemia the Na+/K+ pump of higher neurons fails quickly and extensively compared to naturally resilient hypothalamic and brainstem neurons. The selective survival of lower brain regions that maintain vital functions will support the persistent vegetative state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Devin Brisson
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Kim
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert Y. Jin
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. David Andrew
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen T, Li J, Chao D, Sandhu HK, Liao X, Zhao J, Wen G, Xia Y. δ-Opioid receptor activation reduces α-synuclein overexpression and oligomer formation induced by MPP(+) and/or hypoxia. Exp Neurol 2014; 255:127-36. [PMID: 24613828 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic/ischemic brain injury is a potential cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) with ɑ-synuclein playing a critical role in the pathophysiology. Since δ-opioid receptor (DOR) is neuroprotective against hypoxic/ischemic insults, we sought to determine if DOR regulates ɑ-synuclein under hypoxia and/or MPP(+) stress. We found that in HEK293 cells 1) MPP(+) in normoxia enhanced ɑ-synuclein expression and the formation of ɑ-synuclein oligomers thereby causing cytotoxic injury; 2) hypoxia at 1% O2 for 48h or at 0.5% O2 for 24h also induced ɑ-synuclein overexpression and its oligomer formation with cell injury; 3) however, hypoxia at 1% O2 for 24h, though increasing ɑ-synuclein expression, did not cause ɑ-synuclein oligomer formation and cell injury; 4) UFP-512 mediated DOR activation markedly attenuated the hypoxic cell injury and ɑ-synuclein overexpression, which was largely attenuated by DOR antagonism with naltrindole or siRNA "knock-down" of the DOR; and 5) DOR activation enhanced CREB phosphorylation and prevented the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (△ψm). These findings suggest that DOR activation attenuates MPP(+) or severe hypoxia induced ɑ-synuclein expression/aggregation via a CREB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Jessica Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harleen K Sandhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Guoqiang Wen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fenoy AJ, Goetz L, Chabardès S, Xia Y. Deep brain stimulation: are astrocytes a key driver behind the scene? CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:191-201. [PMID: 24456263 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its widespread use, the underlying mechanism of deep brain stimulation (DBS) remains unknown. Once thought to impart a "functional inactivation", there is now increasing evidence showing that DBS actually can both inhibit neurons and activate axons, generating a wide range of effects. This implies that the mechanisms that underlie DBS work not only locally but also at the network level. Therefore, not only may DBS induce membrane or synaptic plastic changes in neurons over a wide network, but it may also trigger cellular and molecular changes in other cells, especially astrocytes, where, together, the glial-neuronal interactions may explain effects that are not clearly rationalized by simple activation/inhibition theories alone. Recent studies suggest that (1) high-frequency stimulation (HFS) activates astrocytes and leads to the release of gliotransmitters that can regulate surrounding neurons at the synapse; (2) activated astrocytes modulate synaptic activity and increase axonal activation; (3) activated astrocytes can signal further astrocytes across large networks, contributing to observed network effects induced by DBS; (4) activated astrocytes can help explain the disparate effects of activation and inhibition induced by HFS at different sites; (5) astrocytes contribute to synaptic plasticity through long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD), possibly helping to mediate the long-term effects of DBS; and (6) DBS may increase delta-opioid receptor activity in astrcoytes to confer neuroprotection. Together, the plastic changes in these glial-neuronal interactions network-wide likely underlie the range of effects seen, from the variable temporal latencies to observed effect to global activation patterns. This article reviews recent research progress in the literature on how astrocytes play a key role in DBS efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mischer Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Torrente D, Cabezas R, Avila MF, García-Segura LM, Barreto GE, Guedes RCA. Cortical spreading depression in traumatic brain injuries: is there a role for astrocytes? Neurosci Lett 2014; 565:2-6. [PMID: 24394907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a presumably pathophysiological phenomenon that interrupts local cortical function for periods of minutes to hours. This phenomenon is important due to its association with different neurological disorders such as migraine, malignant stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Glial cells, especially astrocytes, play an important role in the regulation of CSD and in the protection of neurons under brain trauma. The correlation of TBI with CSD and the astrocytic function under these conditions remain unclear. This review discusses the possible link of TBI and CSD and its implication for neuronal survival. Additionally, we highlight the importance of astrocytic function for brain protection, and suggest possible therapeutic strategies targeting astrocytes to improve the outcome following TBI-associated CSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Torrente
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ricardo Cabezas
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Marco Fidel Avila
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Rubem Carlos Araújo Guedes
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|