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Feng Y, Lin L, Wu T, Feng Y, Liang F, Li G, Li Y, Guan Y, Liu S, Zhang Y, Xu G, Pei Z. Cortical microinfarcts potentiate recurrent ischemic injury through NLRP3-dependent trained immunity. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:36. [PMID: 38216560 PMCID: PMC10786939 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Microinfarcts are common among the elderly and patients with microinfarcts are more vulnerable to another stroke. However, the impact of microinfarcts on recurrent stroke has yet to be fully understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the negative effects of microinfarcts on recurrent stroke. To achieve this, two-photon laser was used to induce microinfarcts, while photothrombotic stroke was induced on the opposite side. The results showed that microinfarcts led to trained immunity in microglia, which worsened the pro-inflammatory response and ischemic injury in the secondary photothrombotic stroke. Additionally, the study clarified the role of NLRP3 in microglial nuclei, indicating that it interacts with the MLL1 complex through NACHT domain and increases H3K4 methylation, which suggests that NLRP3 is critical in the formation of innate immune memory caused by microinfarcts. Furthermore, the knockout of NLRP3 in microglia alleviated the trained immunity and reduced the harmful effects of microinfarcts on recurrent stroke. This study emphasizes the detrimental effect of trained immunity on recurrent stroke and highlights the critical role of NLRP3 in mediating the formation of this memory, which may offer a potential therapeutic target for mitigating recurrent strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lishan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tengteng Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yukun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yongchao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yalun Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Shuhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Guangqing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, No. 106 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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2
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Feng C, Li A, Yin C, Wang S, Jin W, Liu Y, Huo T, Jiang H. Realgar Alleviated Neuroinflammation Induced by High Protein and High Calorie Diet in Rats via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193958. [PMID: 36235611 PMCID: PMC9572528 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome (GHRS) often occurs in adolescents, resulting into nervous system injury. Realgar, an arsenic mineral with neuroprotective effect, has been widely used to treat GHRS. However, its mechanism of action remains unknown. Methods: A GHRS rat model was established using a high protein and high calorie diet. We performed macroscopic characterization by assessing bowel sounds, hot/cold preference, anal temperature, and fecal features. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to evaluate brain arsenic level while hippocampal ultrastructural changes were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. In addition, inflammatory cytokines and BBB breakdown were analyzed by western blotting, immunofluorescence assays, and immunohistochemistry staining. We also evaluated hippocampal metabolites by LC-MS while fecal microorganisms were assessed by 16S rDNA sequencing. Results: Our data showed that the high protein and high calorie diet induced GHRS. The rat model depicted decreased bowel sounds, increased fecal characteristics score, preference for low temperature zone, and increased anal temperature. In addition, there was increase in inflammatory factors IL-6, Iba-1, and NF-κB p65 as well as reduced BBB structural protein Claudin-5 and Occludin. The data also showed appearance of hippocampus metabolites disorder and fecal microbial imbalance. Realgar treatment conferred a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting GHRS-specific characteristics, neuroinflammatory response, BBB impairment, metabolites disorder, and microbial imbalance in the GHRS rat model. Conclusion: Taken together, our analysis demonstrated that realgar confers a neuroprotective effect in GHRS rats through modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Feng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Aihong Li
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Chenhui Yin
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Weiyuan Jin
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Taoguang Huo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province on Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenic, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Association between urate-lowering therapies and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15299. [PMID: 36097005 PMCID: PMC9467991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term use of urate-lowering therapies (ULT) may reduce inflammaging and thus prevent cognitive decline during aging. This article examined the association between long-term use of ULT and cognitive decline among community-dwelling older adults with spontaneous memory complaints. We performed a secondary observational analysis using data of 1673 participants ≥ 70 years old from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT Study), a randomized controlled trial assessing the effect of a multidomain intervention, the administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), both, or placebo on cognitive decline. We compared cognitive decline during the 5-year follow-up between three groups according to ULT (i.e. allopurinol and febuxostat) use: participants treated with ULT during at least 75% of the study period (PT ≥ 75; n = 51), less than 75% (PT < 75; n = 31), and non-treated participants (PNT; n = 1591). Cognitive function (measured by a composite score) was assessed at baseline, 6 months and every year for 5 years. Linear mixed models were performed and results were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), diagnosis of arterial hypertension or diabetes, baseline composite cognitive score, and MAPT intervention groups. After the 5-year follow-up, only non-treated participants presented a significant decline in the cognitive composite score (mean change - 0.173, 95%CI - 0.212 to - 0.135; p < 0.0001). However, there were no differences in change of the composite cognitive score between groups (adjusted between-group difference for PT ≥ 75 vs. PNT: 0.144, 95%CI - 0.075 to 0.363, p = 0.196; PT < 75 vs. PNT: 0.103, 95%CI - 0.148 to 0.353, p = 0.421). Use of ULT was not associated with reduced cognitive decline over a 5-year follow-up among community-dwelling older adults at risk of dementia.
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Kaya D, Micili SC, Kizmazoglu C, Mucuoglu AO, Buyukcoban S, Ersoy N, Yilmaz O, Isik AT. Allopurinol attenuates repeated traumatic brain injury in old rats: A preliminary report. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114196. [PMID: 35931122 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an overlooked cause of morbidity, which was shown to accelerate inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal cell loss and is associated with spatial learning and memory impairments and some psychiatric disturbances in older adults. However, there is no effective treatment in order to offer a favorable outcome encompassing a good recovery after TBI in older adults. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the histological and neurobehavioral effects of Allopurinol (ALL) in older rats that received repeated TBI (rTBI). For this purpose, a weight-drop rTBI model was used on old male Wistar rats. Rats received 5 repeated TBI/sham injuries 24 h apart and were treated with saline or Allopurinol 100 mg/kg, i.p. each time. They were randomly assigned to three groups: control group (no injury); rTBI group (received 5 rTBI and treated with saline); rTBI+ALL group (received 5 rTBI and treated with Allopurinol). Then, half of the animals from each group were sacrificed on day 6 and the remaining animals were assessed with Open field, Elevated plus maze and Morris Water Maze test. Basic neurological tasks were evaluated with neurological assessment protocol every other day until after the 19th day from the last injury. Brain sections were processed for neuronal cell count in the hippocampus (CA1), dentate gyrus (DG), and prefrontal cortex (PC). Also, an immunohistochemical assay was performed to determine NeuN, iNOS, and TNFα levels in the brain regions. The number of neurons was markedly reduced in CA1, GD, and PC in rats receiving saline compared to those receiving allopurinol treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed marked induction of iNOS and TNFα expression in the brain tissues which were reduced after allopurinol at 6 and 19 days post-injury. Also, ALL-treated rats demonstrated a remarkable induce in NeuN expression, indicating a reduction in rTBI-induced neuronal cell death. In neurobehavioral analyses, time spent in closed arms, in the corner of the open field, swimming latency, and distance were impaired in injured rats; however, all of them were significantly improved by allopurinol therapy. To sum up, this study demonstrated that ALL may mitigate rTBI-induced damage in aged rats, which suggests ALL as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of recurrent TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Kaya
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Unit for Brain Aging and Dementia, Izmir, Turkey; Geriatric Science Association, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Serap Cilaker Micili
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ceren Kizmazoglu
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Osman Mucuoglu
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Buyukcoban
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nevin Ersoy
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Osman Yilmaz
- Dokuz Eylul University Health Sciences Institute, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Turan Isik
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Unit for Brain Aging and Dementia, Izmir, Turkey; Geriatric Science Association, Izmir, Turkey
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5
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Shen Y, Yao MJ, Su YX, Xu DS, Wang J, Wang GR, Cui JJ, Zhang JL, Bai WZ. Histochemistry of microinfarcts in the mouse brain after injection of fluorescent microspheres into the common carotid artery. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:832-837. [PMID: 34472483 PMCID: PMC8530124 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse model of multiple cerebral infarctions, established by injecting fluorescent microspheres into the common carotid artery, is a recent development in animal models of cerebral ischemia. To investigate its effectiveness, mouse models of cerebral infarction were created by injecting fluorescent microspheres, 45–53 µm in diameter, into the common carotid artery. Six hours after modeling, fluorescent microspheres were observed directly through a fluorescence stereomicroscope, both on the brain surface and in brain sections. Changes in blood vessels, neurons and glial cells associated with microinfarcts were examined using fluorescence histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. The microspheres were distributed mainly in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus ipsilateral to the side of injection. Microinfarcts were found in the brain regions where the fluorescent microspheres were present. Here the lodged microspheres induced vascular and neuronal injury and the activation of astroglia and microglia. These histopathological changes indicate that this animal model of multiple cerebral infarctions effectively simulates the changes of various cell types observed in multifocal microinfarcts. This model is an effective, additional tool to study the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and could be used to evaluate therapeutic interventions. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (approval No. D2021-03-16-1) on March 16, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shen
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Jiang Yao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Su
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Rui Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jing Cui
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Zhu Bai
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Schmid F, Conti G, Jenny P, Weber B. The severity of microstrokes depends on local vascular topology and baseline perfusion. eLife 2021; 10:60208. [PMID: 34003107 PMCID: PMC8421069 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical microinfarcts are linked to pathologies like cerebral amyloid angiopathy and dementia. Despite their relevance for disease progression, microinfarcts often remain undetected and the smallest scale of blood flow disturbance has not yet been identified. We employed blood flow simulations in realistic microvascular networks from the mouse cortex to quantify the impact of single-capillary occlusions. Our simulations reveal that the severity of a microstroke is strongly affected by the local vascular topology and the baseline flow rate in the occluded capillary. The largest changes in perfusion are observed in capillaries with two inflows and two outflows. This specific topological configuration only occurs with a frequency of 8%. The majority of capillaries have one inflow and one outflow and is likely designed to efficiently supply oxygen and nutrients. Taken together, microstrokes bear potential to induce a cascade of local disturbances in the surrounding tissue, which might accumulate and impair energy supply locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Schmid
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Conti
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Jenny
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Mayburd AL, Koivogui M, Baranova A. Pharmacological signatures of the reduced incidence and the progression of cognitive decline in ageing populations suggest the protective role of beneficial polypharmacy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224315. [PMID: 31693707 PMCID: PMC6834256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive treatments for dementia are warranted. Here we show that utilization of certain combinations of prescription medications and supplements correlates with reduced rates of cognitive decline. More than 1,900 FDA-approved agents and supplements were collapsed into 53 mechanism-based groups and traced in electronic medical records (EMRs) for >50,000 patients. These mechanistic groups were aligned with the data presented in more than 300 clinical trials, then regression model was built to fit the signals from EMRs to clinical trial performance. While EMR signals of each single agents correlated with clinical performance relatively weakly, the signals produced by combinations of active compounds were highly correlated with the clinical trial performance (R = 0.93, p = 3.8 x10^-8). Higher ranking pharmacological modalities were traced in patient profiles as their combinations, producing protective complexity estimates reflecting degrees of exposure to beneficial polypharmacy. For each age strata, the higher was the protective complexity score, the lower was the prevalence of dementia, with maximized life-long effects for the highest regression score /diversity compositions. The connection was less strong in individuals already diagnosed with cognitive impairment. Confounder analysis confirmed an independent effect of protective complexity in multivariate context. A sub-cohort with lifelong odds of dementia decreased > 5-folds was identified; this sub-cohort should be studied in further details, including controlled clinical trials. In short, our study systematically explored combinatorial preventive treatment regimens for age-associated multi-morbidity, with an emphasis on neurodegeneration, and provided extensive evidence for their feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly L. Mayburd
- Neurocombinatorix, Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
- George Mason University, School of Systems Biology, Colgan Hall, MSN 3E1 George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Ancha Baranova
- George Mason University, School of Systems Biology, Colgan Hall, MSN 3E1 George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Assessment of anti-nociceptive effect of allopurinol in a neuropathic pain model. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Scicchitano P, Cortese F, Gesualdo M, De Palo M, Massari F, Giordano P, Ciccone MM. The role of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in cerebrovascular diseases. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:579-595. [PMID: 31106620 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1620939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Scicchitano
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital “F. Perinei”, Altamura, Italy
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Cortese
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Micaela De Palo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Mater Dei Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology – Paediatric Unit, Policlinico Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Matteo Ciccone
- Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Feng Y, He X, Luo S, Chen X, Long S, Liang F, Shi T, Pei Z, Li Z. Chronic colitis induces meninges traffic of gut-derived T cells, unbalances M1 and M2 microglia/macrophage and increases ischemic brain injury in mice. Brain Res 2018; 1707:8-17. [PMID: 30445026 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common diseases leading to death and is the primary cause of physical handicap. Recent studies have reported that chronic colitis increases the risk of ischemic stroke, but it is unknown whether chronic colitis participates in ischemic brain injury directly. A combined mouse model of chronic colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and ischemic stroke induced by photochemical infarction was used in this study. We demonstrated that chronic colitis significantly increased the infarction volume, activated microglia/macrophage numbers, proliferation of M1 microglia/macrophage, non-gut-derived CD4+ T lymphocyte penetration and decreased neuron numbers in the peri-infarction at 7 d after stroke. Furthermore, gut-derived CD4+ T cell accumulation on the meninges was observed at 7 d after stroke. In addition, selective depletion of meningeal macrophages resulted in a reduction of infarction volume and the non-gut-derived CD4+ T lymphocyte penetration. We concluded that chronic colitis exacerbated ischemic stroke by promoting CD4+ T cell migration from the gut to the meninges and disequilibrium of M1 and M2 microglia/macrophages. We speculated that the gut-derived CD4+ T cells may interact with meningeal macrophages and result in non-gut-derived CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration that aggravated brain injury in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xiaofei He
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shijian Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Simei Long
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Taotao Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Zhendong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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11
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Chen X, He X, Luo S, Feng Y, Liang F, Shi T, Huang R, Pei Z, Li Z. Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Cerebral Microinfarct and Colitis-induced Cerebral Microinfarct Aggravation in Mice. Front Neurol 2018; 9:798. [PMID: 30319530 PMCID: PMC6168656 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortical microinfarct (CMI) is common in patients with dementia and cognitive decline. Emerging studies reported that intestinal dysfunction influenced the outcome of ischemic stroke and that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) protected against ischemic stroke. However, the effects of intestinal dysfunction and VNS on CMI are not clear. Therefore, we examined the influence of colitis and VNS on CMI and the mechanisms of VNS attenuating CMI in mice with colitis. CMI was induced using a two-photon laser. Colitis was induced using oral dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The cervical vagus nerve was stimulated using a constant current. In vivo blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was evaluated using two-photon imaging. Infarct volume, microglial and astrocyte activation, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine levels were assessed using immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining. The BBB permeability, infarct volume, activation of microglia and astrocytes and oxidative stress increased significantly in mice with colitis and CMI compared to those in mice with CMI. However, these processes were reduced in CMI mice when VNS was performed. Brain lesions in mice with colitis and CMI were significantly ameliorated when VNS was performed during the acute phase of colitis. Our study demonstrated that VNS alleviated CMI and this neuroprotection was associated with the suppression of BBB permeability, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Also, our results indicated that VNS reduced colitis-induced microstroke aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaofei He
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijian Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yukun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taotao Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ruxun Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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Shih AY, Hyacinth HI, Hartmann DA, van Veluw SJ. Rodent Models of Cerebral Microinfarct and Microhemorrhage. Stroke 2018; 49:803-810. [PMID: 29459393 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.016995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Y Shih
- From the Department of Neuroscience (A.Y.S., D.A.H.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.Y.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, GA (H.I.H.); and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.J.v.V.).
| | - Hyacinth I Hyacinth
- From the Department of Neuroscience (A.Y.S., D.A.H.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.Y.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, GA (H.I.H.); and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.J.v.V.)
| | - David A Hartmann
- From the Department of Neuroscience (A.Y.S., D.A.H.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.Y.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, GA (H.I.H.); and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.J.v.V.)
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- From the Department of Neuroscience (A.Y.S., D.A.H.) and Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.Y.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, GA (H.I.H.); and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (S.J.v.V.)
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Liao Y, Liang F, Liu H, Zheng Y, Li P, Peng W, Su W. Safflower yellow extract inhibits thrombus formation in mouse brain arteriole and exerts protective effects against hemorheology disorders in a rat model of blood stasis syndrome. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1429310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Liao
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuying Zheng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Peibo Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed TCM, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Rodríguez-Fanjul J, Durán Fernández-Feijóo C, Lopez-Abad M, Lopez Ramos MG, Balada Caballé R, Alcántara-Horillo S, Camprubí Camprubí M. Neuroprotection with hypothermia and allopurinol in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic injury: Is it a gender question? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184643. [PMID: 28931035 PMCID: PMC5606927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most important causes of neonatal brain injury. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is the standard treatment for term newborns after perinatal hypoxic ischemic injury (HI). Despite this, TH does not provide complete neuroprotection. Allopurinol seems to be a good neuroprotector in several animal studies, but it has never been tested in combination with hypothermia. Clinical findings show that male infants with (HI) fare more poorly than matched females in cognitive outcomes. However, there are few studies about neuroprotection taking gender into account in the results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential additive neuroprotective effect of allopurinol when administrated in association with TH in a rodent model of moderate HI. Gender differences in neuroprotection were also evaluated. METHODS P10 male and female rat pups were subjected to HI (Vannucci model) and randomized into five groups: sham intervention (Control), no treatment (HI), hypothermia (HIH), allopurinol (HIA), and dual therapy (hypothermia and allopurinol) (HIHA). To evaluate a treatment's neuroprotective efficiency, 24 hours after the HI event caspase3 activation was measured. Damaged area and hippocampal volume were also measured 72 hours after the HI event. Negative geotaxis test was performed to evaluate early neurobehavioral reflexes. Learning and spatial memory were assessed via Morris Water Maze (MWM) test at 25 days of life. RESULTS Damaged area and hippocampal volume were different among treatment groups (p = 0.001). The largest tissue lesion was observed in the HI group, followed by HIA. There were no differences between control, HIH, and HIHA. When learning process was analyzed, no differences were found. Females from the HIA group had similar results to the HIH and HIHA groups. Cleaved caspase 3 expression was increased in both HI and HIA. Despite this, in females cleaved caspase-3 was only differently increased in the HI group. All treated animals present an improvement in short-term (Negative geotaxis) and long-term (WMT) functional tests. Despite this, treated females present better long-term outcome. In short-term outcome no sex differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that dual therapy confers great neuroprotection after an HI event. There were functional, histological, and molecular improvements in all treated groups. These differences were more important in females than in males. No statistically significant differences were found between HIHA and HIH; both of them present a great improvement. Our results support the idea of different regulation mechanisms and pathways of cell death, depending on gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Míriam Lopez-Abad
- Department of Neonatology, BCNatal, Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Balada Caballé
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Alcántara-Horillo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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van Veluw SJ, Shih AY, Smith EE, Chen C, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, Greenberg SM, Biessels GJ. Detection, risk factors, and functional consequences of cerebral microinfarcts. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:730-740. [PMID: 28716371 PMCID: PMC5861500 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral microinfarcts are small lesions that are presumed to be ischaemic. Despite the small size of these lesions, affected individuals can have hundreds to thousands of cerebral microinfarcts, which cause measurable disruption to structural brain connections, and are associated with dementia that is independent of Alzheimer's disease pathology or larger infarcts (ie, lacunar infarcts, and large cortical and non-lacunar subcortical infarcts). Substantial progress has been made with regard to understanding risk factors and functional consequences of cerebral microinfarcts, partly driven by new in-vivo detection methods and the development of animal models that closely mimic multiple aspects of cerebral microinfarcts in human beings. Evidence from these advances suggests that cerebral microinfarcts can be manifestations of both small vessel and large vessel disease, that cerebral microinfarcts are independently associated with cognitive impairment, and that these lesions are likely to cause damage to brain structure and function that extends beyond their actual lesion boundaries. Criteria for the identification of cerebral microinfarcts with in-vivo MRI are provided to support further studies of the association between these lesions and cerebrovascular disease and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J van Veluw
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eric E Smith
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Ageing and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Continuous theta burst stimulation facilitates the clearance efficiency of the glymphatic pathway in a mouse model of sleep deprivation. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:189-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Toward a scientific understanding of the effectiveness, material basis and prescription compatibility of a Chinese herbal formula Dan-hong injection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46266. [PMID: 28393856 PMCID: PMC5385876 DOI: 10.1038/srep46266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a complex mixture of multiple components, the application of methodologies for evaluating single-components Western medicine in TCM studies may have certain limitations. Appropriate strategies that recognize the integrality of TCM and connect to TCM theories remain to be developed. Here we use multiple unique approaches to study the scientific connotation of a TCM formula Dan-hong injection (DHI) without undermining its prescription integrity. The blood circulation improving and healing promoting effects of DHI were assessed by a qi stagnation blood stasis rat model and a mouse model of laser irradiation induced cerebral microvascular thrombosis. By UFLC-PDA-Triple Q-TOF-MS/MS and relevance analysis between chemical characters and biological effects, 82 chemical constituents and nine core components, whose blood circulation promoting effects were found comparable to that of whole DHI, were successfully identified. What’s more, the rationality of DHI prescription compatibility could be reflected not only in the maximum efficacy of the original ratio, but also in the interactions of compounds from different ingredient herbs, such as complementary activities and facilitating tissues distribution. This study provides scientific evidences in explanation of the clinical benefits of DHI, and also gives a good demonstration for the comprehensive evaluation of other TCM.
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He XF, Lan Y, Zhang Q, Liu DX, Wang Q, Liang FY, Zeng JS, Xu GQ, Pei Z. Deferoxamine inhibits microglial activation, attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption, rescues dendritic damage, and improves spatial memory in a mouse model of microhemorrhages. J Neurochem 2016; 138:436-47. [PMID: 27167158 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds are strongly linked to cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. Iron accumulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intracranial hemorrhage. Deferoxamine (DFX), a metal chelator, removes iron overload and protects against brain damage in intracranial hemorrhage. In this study, the protective effects of DFX against microhemorrhage were examined in mice. C57BL6 and Thy-1 green fluorescent protein transgenic mice were subjected to perforating artery microhemorrhages on the right posterior parietal cortex using two-photon laser irradiation. DFX (100 mg/kg) was administered 6 h after microhemorrhage induction, followed by every 12 h for three consecutive days. The water maze task was conducted 7 days after induction of microhemorrhages, followed by measurement of blood-brain barrier permeability, iron deposition, microglial activation, and dendritic damage. Laser-induced multiple microbleeds in the right parietal cortex clearly led to spatial memory disruption, iron deposits, microglial activation, and dendritic damage, which were significantly attenuated by DFX, supporting the targeting of iron overload as a therapeutic option and the significant potential of DFX in microhemorrhage treatment. Irons accumulation after intracranial hemorrhage induced a serious secondary damage to the brain. We proposed that irons accumulation after parietal microhemorrhages impaired spatial cognition. After parietal multiple microhemorrhages, increased irons and ferritin contents induced blood-brain barrier disruption, microglial activation, and further induced dendrites loss, eventually impaired the water maze, deferoxamine treatment protected from these damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinmei Wang
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ministry of Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Ying Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Qing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Simulation of the solid state and the first and second hydration shell of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol: Structures obtained using DFT and MP2 methods. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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