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Reyes-Lizaola S, Luna-Zarate U, Tendilla-Beltrán H, Morales-Medina JC, Flores G. Structural and biochemical alterations in dendritic spines as key mechanisms for severe mental illnesses. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110876. [PMID: 37863171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses (SMI) collectively affect approximately 20% of the global population, as estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Despite having diverse etiologies, clinical symptoms, and pharmacotherapies, these diseases share a common pathophysiological characteristic: the misconnection of brain areas involved in reality perception, executive control, and cognition, including the corticolimbic system. Dendritic spines play a crucial role in excitatory neurotransmission within the central nervous system. These small structures exhibit remarkable plasticity, regulated by factors such as neurotransmitter tone, neurotrophic factors, and innate immunity-related molecules, and other mechanisms - all of which are associated with the pathophysiology of SMI. However, studying dendritic spine mechanisms in both healthy and pathological conditions in patients is fraught with technical limitations. This is where animal models related to these diseases become indispensable. They have played a pivotal role in elucidating the significance of dendritic spines in SMI. In this review, the information regarding the potential role of dendritic spines in SMI was summarized, drawing from clinical and animal model reports. Also, the implications of targeting dendritic spine-related molecules for SMI treatment were explored. Specifically, our focus is on major depressive disorder and the neurodevelopmental disorders schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Abundant clinical and basic research has studied the functional and structural plasticity of dendritic spines in these diseases, along with potential pharmacological targets that modulate the dynamics of these structures. These targets may be associated with the clinical efficacy of the pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reyes-Lizaola
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Licenciatura en Medicina, Universidad Popular del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ulises Luna-Zarate
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Licenciatura en Medicina, Universidad de las Américas Puebla (UDLAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Hiram Tendilla-Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julio César Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico.
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2
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Debets DO, Stecker KE, Piskopou A, Liefaard MC, Wesseling J, Sonke GS, Lips EH, Altelaar M. Deep (phospho)proteomics profiling of pre- treatment needle biopsies identifies signatures of treatment resistance in HER2 + breast cancer. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101203. [PMID: 37794585 PMCID: PMC10591042 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with early-stage HER2-overexpressing breast cancer struggle with treatment resistance in 20%-40% of cases. More information is needed to predict HER2 therapy response and resistance in vivo. In this study, we perform (phospho)proteomics analysis of pre-treatment HER2+ needle biopsies of early-stage invasive breast cancer to identify molecular signatures predictive of treatment response to trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and chemotherapy. Our data show that accurate quantification of the estrogen receptor (ER) and HER2 biomarkers, combined with the assessment of associated biological features, has the potential to enable better treatment outcome prediction. In addition, we identify cellular mechanisms that potentially precondition tumors to resist therapy. We find proteins with expression changes that correlate with resistance and constitute to a strong predictive signature for treatment success in our patient cohort. Our results highlight the multifactorial nature of drug resistance in vivo and demonstrate the necessity of deep tumor profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna O Debets
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly E Stecker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Piskopou
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marte C Liefaard
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gabe S Sonke
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther H Lips
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Chen L, Luo T, Cui W, Zhu M, Xu Z, Huang H. Kalirin is involved in epileptogenesis by modulating the activity of the Rac1 signaling pathway. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 131:102289. [PMID: 37196826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a common chronic brain disease. Despite the availability of various anti-seizure drugs, approximately 30 % of patients do not respond to treatment. Recent research suggests that Kalirin plays a role in regulating neurological function. However, the pathogenesis of Kalirin in epileptic seizures remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of Kalirin in epileptogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS An epileptic model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Endogenous Kalirin was inhibited using shRNA. The expression of Kalirin, Rac1, and Cdc42 in the hippocampal CA1 region was measured using Western blotting. Spine and synaptic structures were examined using Golgi staining and electron microscopy. Moreover, the necrotic neurons in CA1 were examined using HE staining. RESULTS The results indicated that the epileptic score increased in epileptic animals, while inhibition of Kalirin decreased the epileptic scores and increased the latent period of the first seizure attack. Inhibition of Kalirin attenuated the increases in Rac1 expression, dendritic spine density, and synaptic vesicle number in the CA1 region induced by PTZ. However, the increase in Cdc42 expression was not affected by the inhibition of Kalirin. CONCLUSION This study suggests that Kalirin is involved in the development of seizures by modulating the activity of Rac1, providing a novel anti-epileptic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - Wenxiu Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - ManMing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou province 563003, China.
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Mısır E, Akay GG. Synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Synapse 2023:e22276. [PMID: 37210696 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic disease presented with psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, impairment in the reward system, and widespread neurocognitive deterioration. Disruption of synaptic connections in neural circuits is responsible for the disease's development and progression. Because deterioration in synaptic connections results in the impaired effective processing of information. Although structural impairments of the synapse, such as a decrease in dendritic spine density, have been shown in previous studies, functional impairments have also been revealed with the development of genetic and molecular analysis methods. In addition to abnormalities in protein complexes regulating exocytosis in the presynaptic region and impaired vesicle release, especially, changes in proteins related to postsynaptic signaling have been reported. In particular, impairments in postsynaptic density elements, glutamate receptors, and ion channels have been shown. At the same time, effects on cellular adhesion molecular structures such as neurexin, neuroligin, and cadherin family proteins were detected. Of course, the confusing effect of antipsychotic use in schizophrenia research should also be considered. Although antipsychotics have positive and negative effects on synapses, studies indicate synaptic deterioration in schizophrenia independent of drug use. In this review, the deterioration in synapse structure and function and the effects of antipsychotics on the synapse in schizophrenia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Mısır
- Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güvem Gümüş Akay
- Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Brain Research Center (AÜBAUM), Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience and Advanced Microscopic Neuroimaging, Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey
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Asghar H, Ahmed T. Comparative Study of Time-Dependent Aluminum Exposure and Post-Exposure Recovery Shows Better Improvement in Synaptic Changes and Neuronal Pathology in Rat Brain After Short-Term Exposure. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03936-6. [PMID: 37093344 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum is a ubiquitous metal that causes multiple brain pathologies such as, cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease like symptoms. Exposure to aluminum through drinking water is responsible for hampering learning and memory. This study aimed to compare (1) the time-dependent effect of aluminum exposure (keeping total exposure of 5850 mg/kg same) in two durations, 30 and 45 days, and (2) to compare post-exposure self-recovery effect after 20 days in both (30 and 45 days exposure) groups. Rats were given 130 and 195 mg/kg of AlCl3·6H2O for 45 and 30 days respectively, to see the time-dependent exposure effect. At the end of exposure, rats were given distilled water and allowed to self-recover for 20 days to study the recovery. Expression levels of synaptic genes (Syp, SNAP25, Nrxn1/2, PSD95, Shank1/2, Homer1, CamkIV, Nrg1/2 and Kalrn) were measured using qPCR and compared in the exposure and recovery groups. Cellular morphology of the rat brain cortex and hippocampus was also investigated. Damage in lipid and protein profile was measured by employing FTIR. Results showed downregulation of mRNA expression of synaptic genes, plaques deposition, disorganization in lipid and protein profile by increasing membrane fluidity, and disorder and alteration of protein secondary structure after both exposure periods. However, better improvement/recovery in these parameters were observed in recovery group of 30 days aluminum exposure compared to 45 days aluminum exposure group. Taken together, these results suggested that short-term exposure resulted in better restoration of lipid and protein profile after time-dependent exposure of aluminum than prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humna Asghar
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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6
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Deletion in KARLN intron 5 and predictive relationship with bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis infection phenotype. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:779-789. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Grubisha MJ, DeGiosio RA, Wills ZP, Sweet RA. Trio and Kalirin as unique enactors of Rho/Rac spatiotemporal precision. Cell Signal 2022; 98:110416. [PMID: 35872089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rac1 and RhoA are among the most widely studied small GTPases. The classic dogma surrounding their biology has largely focused on their activity as an "on/off switch" of sorts. However, the advent of more sophisticated techniques, such as genetically-encoded FRET-based sensors, has afforded the ability to delineate the spatiotemporal regulation of Rac1 and RhoA. As a result, there has been a shift from this simplistic global view to one incorporating the precision of spatiotemporal modularity. This review summarizes emerging data surrounding the roles of Rac1 and RhoA as cytoskeletal regulators and examines how these new data have led to a revision of the traditional dogma which placed Rac1 and RhoA in antagonistic pathways. This more recent evidence suggests that rather than absolute activity levels, it is the tight spatiotemporal regulation of Rac1 and RhoA across multiple roles, from oppositional to complementary, that is necessary to execute coordinated cytoskeletal processes affecting cell structure, function, and migration. We focus on how Kalirin and Trio, as dual GEFs that target Rac1 and RhoA, are uniquely designed to provide the spatiotemporally-precise shifts in Rac/Rho balance which mediate changes in neuronal structure and function, particularly by way of cytoskeletal rearrangements. Finally, we review how alterations in Trio and/or Kalirin function are associated with cellular abnormalities and neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A DeGiosio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Z P Wills
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Lehman NL, Spassky N, Sak M, Webb A, Zumbar CT, Usubalieva A, Alkhateeb KJ, McElroy JP, Maclean KH, Fadda P, Liu T, Gangalapudi V, Carver J, Abdullaev Z, Timmers C, Parker JR, Pierson CR, Mobley BC, Gokden M, Hattab EM, Parrett T, Cooke RX, Lehman TD, Costinean S, Parwani A, Williams BJ, Jensen RL, Aldape K, Mistry AM. Astroblastomas exhibit radial glia stem cell lineages and differential expression of imprinted and X-inactivation escape genes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2083. [PMID: 35440587 PMCID: PMC9018799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroblastomas (ABs) are rare brain tumors of unknown origin. We performed an integrative genetic and epigenetic analysis of AB-like tumors. Here, we show that tumors traceable to neural stem/progenitor cells (radial glia) that emerge during early to later brain development occur in children and young adults, respectively. Tumors with MN1-BEND2 fusion appear to present exclusively in females and exhibit overexpression of genes expressed prior to 25 post-conception weeks (pcw), including genes enriched in early ventricular zone radial glia and ependymal tumors. Other, histologically classic ABs overexpress or harbor mutations of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway genes, outer and truncated radial glia genes, and genes expressed after 25 pcw, including neuronal and astrocyte markers. Findings support that AB-like tumors arise in the context of epigenetic and genetic changes in neural progenitors. Selective gene fusion, variable imprinting and/or chromosome X-inactivation escape resulting in biallelic overexpression may contribute to female predominance of AB molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L Lehman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- The Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Nathalie Spassky
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Müge Sak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Amy Webb
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cory T Zumbar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Aisulu Usubalieva
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Khaled J Alkhateeb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Paolo Fadda
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tom Liu
- Solid Tumor Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vineela Gangalapudi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jamie Carver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zied Abdullaev
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia Timmers
- Solid Tumor Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John R Parker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Bret C Mobley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Murat Gokden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Eyas M Hattab
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Timothy Parrett
- Department of Pathology and Anatomic Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Ralph X Cooke
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Trang D Lehman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Contra Costa County Health System, Martinez, CA, 94553, USA
| | - Stefan Costinean
- Department of Pathology, Banner Gateway Medical Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Tempe, AZ, 85284, USA
| | - Anil Parwani
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Brian J Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Randy L Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Akshitkumar M Mistry
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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9
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Duman JG, Blanco FA, Cronkite CA, Ru Q, Erikson KC, Mulherkar S, Saifullah AB, Firozi K, Tolias KF. Rac-maninoff and Rho-vel: The symphony of Rho-GTPase signaling at excitatory synapses. Small GTPases 2022; 13:14-47. [PMID: 33955328 PMCID: PMC9707551 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1885264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic connections between neurons are essential for every facet of human cognition and are thus regulated with extreme precision. Rho-family GTPases, molecular switches that cycle between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state, comprise a critical feature of synaptic regulation. Rho-GTPases are exquisitely controlled by an extensive suite of activators (GEFs) and inhibitors (GAPs and GDIs) and interact with many different signalling pathways to fulfill their roles in orchestrating the development, maintenance, and plasticity of excitatory synapses of the central nervous system. Among the mechanisms that control Rho-GTPase activity and signalling are cell surface receptors, GEF/GAP complexes that tightly regulate single Rho-GTPase dynamics, GEF/GAP and GEF/GEF functional complexes that coordinate multiple Rho-family GTPase activities, effector positive feedback loops, and mutual antagonism of opposing Rho-GTPase pathways. These complex regulatory mechanisms are employed by the cells of the nervous system in almost every step of development, and prominently figure into the processes of synaptic plasticity that underlie learning and memory. Finally, misregulation of Rho-GTPases plays critical roles in responses to neuronal injury, such as traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain, and in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's Disease. Thus, decoding the mechanisms of Rho-GTPase regulation and function at excitatory synapses has great potential for combatting many of the biggest current challenges in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Duman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francisco A. Blanco
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher A. Cronkite
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qin Ru
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelly C. Erikson
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shalaka Mulherkar
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Bin Saifullah
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Firozi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimberley F. Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Grubisha MJ, Sun T, Eisenman L, Erickson SL, Chou S, Helmer CD, Trudgen MT, Ding Y, Homanics GE, Penzes P, Wills ZP, Sweet RA. A Kalirin missense mutation enhances dendritic RhoA signaling and leads to regression of cortical dendritic arbors across development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022546118. [PMID: 34848542 PMCID: PMC8694055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022546118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, dendritic size is established prior to adolescence and then remains relatively constant into adulthood due to a homeostatic balance between growth and retraction pathways. However, schizophrenia is characterized by accelerated reductions of cerebral cortex gray matter volume and onset of clinical symptoms during adolescence, with reductions in layer 3 pyramidal neuron dendritic length, complexity, and spine density identified in multiple cortical regions postmortem. Nogo receptor 1 (NGR1) activation of the GTPase RhoA is a major pathway restricting dendritic growth in the cerebral cortex. We show that the NGR1 pathway is stimulated by OMGp and requires the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor Kalirin-9 (KAL9). Using a genetically encoded RhoA sensor, we demonstrate that a naturally occurring missense mutation in Kalrn, KAL-PT, that was identified in a schizophrenia cohort, confers enhanced RhoA activitation in neuronal dendrites compared to wild-type KAL. In mice containing this missense mutation at the endogenous locus, there is an adolescent-onset reduction in dendritic length and complexity of layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the primary auditory cortex. Spine density per unit length of dendrite is unaffected. Early adult mice with these structural deficits exhibited impaired detection of short gap durations. These findings provide a neuropsychiatric model of disease capturing how a mild genetic vulnerability may interact with normal developmental processes such that pathology only emerges around adolescence. This interplay between genetic susceptibility and normal adolescent development, both of which possess inherent individual variability, may contribute to heterogeneity seen in phenotypes in human neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Leanna Eisenman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Susan L Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Shinnyi Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Cassandra D Helmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Melody T Trudgen
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Gregg E Homanics
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Zachary P Wills
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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11
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Yao Y, Guo W, Zhang S, Yu H, Yan H, Zhang H, Sanders AR, Yue W, Duan J. Cell type-specific and cross-population polygenic risk score analyses of MIR137 gene pathway in schizophrenia. iScience 2021; 24:102785. [PMID: 34308291 PMCID: PMC8283158 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific pathway-based polygenic risk scores (PRSs) may better inform disease biology and improve the precision of PRS-based clinical prediction. For microRNA-137 (MIR137), a leading neuropsychiatric risk gene and a post-transcriptional master regulator, we conducted a cell type-specific gene set PRS analysis in both European and Han Chinese schizophrenia (SZ) samples. We found that the PRS of neuronal MIR137-target genes better explains SZ risk than PRS derived from MIR137-target genes in iPSC or from the reported gene sets showing MIR137-altered expression. Compared with the PRS derived from the whole genome or the target genes of TCF4, the PRS of neuronal MIR137-target genes explained a disproportionally larger (relative to SNP number) SZ risk in the European sample, but with a more modest advantage in the Han Chinese sample. Our study demonstrated a cell type-specific polygenic contribution of MIR137-target genes to SZ risk, highlighting the value of cell type-specific pathway-based PRS analysis for uncovering disease-relevant biological features. PRS of neural MIR137 target genes better explains schizophrenia (SZ) risk variance SZ risk and SNP heritability explained by MIR137 target genes is cell type-specific MIR137 target genes explain a disproportionally larger SZ risk than genomic control PRS of MIR137 target genes better explains SZ risk in Europeans than in Han Chinese
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Computational Biology, Life Science Institutes and School of Life Science and Human Phenomics Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing 100191, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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12
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Paskus JD, Herring BE, Roche KW. Kalirin and Trio: RhoGEFs in Synaptic Transmission, Plasticity, and Complex Brain Disorders. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:505-518. [PMID: 32513570 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the actin cytoskeleton are a primary mechanism mediating the morphological and functional plasticity that underlies learning and memory. The synaptic Ras homologous (Rho) guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Kalirin and Trio have emerged as central regulators of actin dynamics at the synapse. The increased attention surrounding Kalirin and Trio stems from the growing evidence for their roles in the etiology of a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent findings revealing the unique and diverse functions of these paralog proteins in neurodevelopment, excitatory synaptic transmission, and plasticity. We additionally survey the growing literature implicating these proteins in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D Paskus
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Bruce E Herring
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Gyertyán I. How can preclinical cognitive research further neuropsychiatric drug discovery? Chances and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:659-670. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1739645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- István Gyertyán
- Cognitive Translational Behavioural Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Cognitive functions associated with developing prefrontal cortex during adolescence and developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 131:104322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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15
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Xie Z, Shapiro LP, Cahill ME, Russell TA, Lacor PN, Klein WL, Penzes P. Kalirin-7 prevents dendritic spine dysgenesis induced by amyloid beta-derived oligomers. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:1091-1101. [PMID: 30565792 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synapse degeneration and dendritic spine dysgenesis are believed to be crucial early steps in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and correlate with cognitive deficits in AD patients. Soluble amyloid beta (Aβ)-derived oligomers, also termed Aβ-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs), accumulate in the brain of AD patients and play a crucial role in AD pathogenesis. ADDLs bind to mature hippocampal neurons, induce structural changes in dendritic spines and contribute to neuronal death. However, mechanisms underlying structural and toxic effects are not fully understood. Here, we report that ADDLs bind to cultured mature cortical pyramidal neurons and induce spine dysgenesis. ADDL treatment induced the rapid depletion of kalirin-7, a brain-specific guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase Rac1, from spines. Kalirin-7 is a key regulator of dendritic spine morphogenesis and maintenance in forebrain pyramidal neurons and here we show that overexpression of kalirin-7 prevents ADDL-induced spine degeneration. Taken together, our results suggest that kalirin-7 may play a role in the early events leading to synapse degeneration, and its pharmacological activation may prevent or delay synapse pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Xie
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lauren P Shapiro
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael E Cahill
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Theron A Russell
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pascale N Lacor
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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16
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Xu J, Chen Y, Wu Z, Dou Y, Lun P, Sun P. Kalirin-7 plays a neuroprotective role in Neuro-2A cells injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion through Rac1 activation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:992-997. [PMID: 30524671 PMCID: PMC6281060 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.28523.6916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): The study explored the neuroprotective role of Kalirin-7 (Kal-7) in Neuro-2A cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) treatment. Materials and Methods: The study used an OGD/R model of mouse Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Cells were transfected with pCAGGS-Kal-7 to up-regulating kal-7. Then cell proliferation and apoptosis were respectively analyzed by Trypan blue exclusion method and flow cytometry. To examine the involvement of Rac1, cells were treated with Rac1-GTP inhibitor NSC23766 before treatment with OGD/R. Expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Rac1, and down-stream targets of Rac1 were analyzed by Western blot. Results: Kal-7 significantly decreased OGD/R induced cell apoptosis (P<0.01), but no significant effects were observed on cell proliferation. Kal-7 increased the expressions of apoptosis-related protein of Bcl-2 and Rac1, but decreased the expression of Bax in Neuro-2A cells stimulated to OGD/R. Rac1 was activated by Kal-7 due to the increased levels of its down-stream targets, p-p38 and p-PAK1. NSC23766 reduced the anti-apoptotic effect of Kal-7 as the enhanced apoptotic cell rate and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the protective effects of Kal-7 against OGD/R injury in Neuro-2A cells were dependent in a Rac1 activation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266500, China
| | - Yanxiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266500, China
| | - Yihe Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266500, China
| | - Peng Lun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266500, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266500, China
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17
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Powell TR. Translating Schizophrenia Population Genetics Findings to Neurobiological Mechanisms: The Case of KALRN-9. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:e41-e42. [PMID: 29429502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Powell
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, United Kingdom.
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18
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An autism spectrum disorder-related de novo mutation hotspot discovered in the GEF1 domain of Trio. Nat Commun 2017; 8:601. [PMID: 28928363 PMCID: PMC5605661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF) Trio promotes actin polymerization by directly activating the small GTPase Rac1. Recent studies suggest that autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related behavioral phenotypes in animal models of ASD can be produced by dysregulation of Rac1’s control of actin polymerization at glutamatergic synapses. Here, in humans, we discover a large cluster of ASD-related de novo mutations in Trio’s Rac1 activating domain, GEF1. Our study reveals that these mutations produce either hypofunctional or hyperfunctional forms of Trio in rodent neurons in vitro. In accordance with pathological increases or decreases in glutamatergic neurotransmission observed in animal models of ASD, we find that these mutations result in either reduced synaptic AMPA receptor expression or enhanced glutamatergic synaptogenesis. Together, our findings implicate both excessive and reduced Trio activity and the resulting synaptic dysfunction in ASD-related pathogenesis, and point to the Trio-Rac1 pathway at glutamatergic synapses as a possible key point of convergence of many ASD-related genes. Trio is a RhoGEF protein that promotes actin polymerization and is implicated in the regulation of glutamatergic synapses in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here the authors identify a large cluster of de novo mutations in the GEF1 domain of Trio in whole-exome sequencing data from individuals with ASD, and confirm that some of these mutations lead to glutamatergic dysregulation in vitro.
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19
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Sarangdhar MA, Chaubey D, Bhatt A, Km M, Kumar M, Ranjan S, Pillai B. A Novel Long Non-coding RNA, durga Modulates Dendrite Density and Expression of kalirin in Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:95. [PMID: 28442991 PMCID: PMC5385350 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kalirin, a key player in axonal development, nerve growth and synaptic re-modeling, is implicated in many pathological conditions like schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders. Alternative promoters and splicing lead to functionally distinct isoforms, but the post-transcriptional regulation of Kalirin has not been studied. Here, we report a novel non-coding RNA, which we name durga, arising from the first exon of kalirin a (kalrna) in the antisense orientation in zebrafish. The kalrna and durga transcripts are barely detectable during early development, but steadily increase by 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf) as the brain develops. Over-expression of durga in the zebrafish embryo led to an increase in kalrna expression. The morphology of the neurons cultured from durga injected embryos had significantly fewer and shorter dendrites. Although durga has no apparent sequence homolog in mammals, based on gene synteny, we found a non-coding RNA arising from the 5′ end of the human Kalrn gene and expressed in the human neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y. We propose that the zebrafish lncRNA durga maintains dendritic length and density through regulation of kalrna expression and this may have further implications in mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuresh A Sarangdhar
- Functional Genomics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Chaubey
- Functional Genomics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Bhatt
- Functional Genomics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)New Delhi, India
| | - Monisha Km
- Functional Genomics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Functional Genomics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Ranjan
- Functional Genomics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)New Delhi, India
| | - Beena Pillai
- Functional Genomics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB)New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)New Delhi, India
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20
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McKinney B, Ding Y, Lewis DA, Sweet RA. DNA methylation as a putative mechanism for reduced dendritic spine density in the superior temporal gyrus of subjects with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1032. [PMID: 28195572 PMCID: PMC5438028 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced dendritic spine density (DSD) in cortical layer 3 of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), and multiple other brain regions, is consistently observed in postmortem studies of schizophrenia (SZ). Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this intermediate phenotype holds promise for understanding SZ pathophysiology, identifying SZ treatment targets and developing animal models. DNA methylation (DNAm), the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine nucleotide, regulates gene transcription and is a strong candidate for such a mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that DNAm correlates with DSD in the human STG and that this relationship is disrupted in SZ. We used the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip Array to quantify DNAm on a genome-wide scale in the postmortem STG from 22 SZ subjects and matched non-psychiatric control (NPC) subjects; DSD measures were available for 17 of the 22 subject pairs. We found DNAm to correlate with DSD at more sites than expected by chance in NPC, but not SZ, subjects. In addition, we show that the slopes of the linear DNAm-DSD correlations differed between SZ and NPC subjects at more sites than expected by chance. From these data, we identified 2 candidate genes for mediating DSD abnormalities in SZ: brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2 (BAIAP2) and discs large, Drosophila, homolog of, 1 (DLG1). Together, these data suggest that altered DNAm in SZ may be a mechanism for SZ-related DSD reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Neurology and VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Biomedical Science Tower, Room W-1645, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. E-mail:
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21
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Grubisha MJ, Lin CW, Tseng GC, Penzes P, Sibille E, Sweet RA. Age-dependent increase in Kalirin-9 and Kalirin-12 transcripts in human orbitofrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2483-2492. [PMID: 27471199 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
KALRN (KAL) is a Rho GEF that is highly involved in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton within dendrites. There are several isoforms of the protein that arise from differential splicing of KALRN's 66 exons. KAL isoforms have different functions in development. For example, overexpression of the KAL9 and KAL12 isoforms induce dendritic elongation in early development. However, in mature neurons KAL9 overexpression reduces dendritic length, a phenotype also observed in normal human ageing. We therefore hypothesized that KAL9 would have increased expression with age, and undertook to evaluate the expression of individual KALRN exons throughout the adult lifespan. Postmortem human brain grey matter from Brodmann's area (BA) 11 and BA47 derived from a cohort of 209 individuals without psychiatric or neurodegenerative disease, ranging in age from 16 to 91 years, were analysed for KALRN expression by Affymetrix exon array. Analysis of the exon array data in an isoform-specific manner, as well as confirmatory isoform-specific qPCR studies, indicated that the longer KAL9 and KAL12 isoforms demonstrated a statistically significant, but modest, increase with age. The small magnitude of the age effect suggests that inter-individual factors other than age likely contribute to a higher degree to KAL9 and KAL12 expression. In contrast to KAL9 and KAL12, global KALRN expression did not increase with age. Our work suggests that global measures of KALRN gene expression may be misleading and future studies should focus on isoform-specific quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Grubisha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George C Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, Rm W-1645, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-2593, USA. .,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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22
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Makrythanasis P, Guipponi M, Santoni FA, Zaki M, Issa MY, Ansar M, Hamamy H, Antonarakis SE. Exome sequencing discloses KALRN homozygous variant as likely cause of intellectual disability and short stature in a consanguineous pedigree. Hum Genomics 2016; 10:26. [PMID: 27421267 PMCID: PMC4947303 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-016-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent availability of whole-exome sequencing has opened new possibilities for the evaluation of individuals with genetically undiagnosed intellectual disability. RESULTS We report two affected siblings, offspring of first-cousin parents, with intellectual disability, hypotonia, short stature, growth hormone deficiency, and delayed bone age. All members of the nuclear family were genotyped, and exome sequencing was performed in one of the affected individuals. We used an in-house algorithm (CATCH v1.1) that combines homozygosity mapping with exome sequencing results and provides a list of candidate variants. One identified novel homozygous missense variant in KALRN (NM_003947.4:c.3644C>A: p.(Thr1215Lys)) was predicted to be pathogenic by all pathogenicity prediction software used (SIFT, PolyPhen, Mutation Taster). KALRN encodes the protein kalirin, which is a GTP-exchange factor protein with a reported role in cytoskeletal remodeling and dendritic spine formation in neurons. It is known that mice with ablation of Kalrn exhibit age-dependent functional deficits and behavioral phenotypes. CONCLUSION Exome sequencing provided initial evidence linking KALRN to monogenic intellectual disability in man, and we propose that KALRN is the causative gene for the autosomal recessive phenotype in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis Makrythanasis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federico A Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maha Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanan Hamamy
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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23
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Peña-Oliver Y, Carvalho FM, Sanchez-Roige S, Quinlan EB, Jia T, Walker-Tilley T, Rulten SL, Pearl FMG, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Conrod PJ, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Gowland P, Paillere Martinot ML, Paus T, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Stephens DN. Mouse and Human Genetic Analyses Associate Kalirin with Ventral Striatal Activation during Impulsivity and with Alcohol Misuse. Front Genet 2016; 7:52. [PMID: 27092175 PMCID: PMC4823271 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is associated with a spectrum of psychiatric disorders including drug addiction. To investigate genetic associations with impulsivity and initiation of drug taking, we took a two-step approach. First, we identified genes whose expression level in prefrontal cortex, striatum and accumbens were associated with impulsive behavior in the 5-choice serial reaction time task across 10 BXD recombinant inbred (BXD RI) mouse strains and their progenitor C57BL/6J and DBA2/J strains. Behavioral data were correlated with regional gene expression using GeneNetwork (www.genenetwork.org), to identify 44 genes whose probability of association with impulsivity exceeded a false discovery rate of < 0.05. We then interrogated the IMAGEN database of 1423 adolescents for potential associations of SNPs in human homologs of those genes identified in the mouse study, with brain activation during impulsive performance in the Monetary Incentive Delay task, and with novelty seeking scores from the Temperament and Character Inventory, as well as alcohol experience. There was a significant overall association between the human homologs of impulsivity-related genes and percentage of premature responses in the MID task and with fMRI BOLD-response in ventral striatum (VS) during reward anticipation. In contrast, no significant association was found between the polygenic scores and anterior cingulate cortex activation. Univariate association analyses revealed that the G allele (major) of the intronic SNP rs6438839 in the KALRN gene was significantly associated with increased VS activation. Additionally, the A-allele (minor) of KALRN intronic SNP rs4634050, belonging to the same haplotype block, was associated with increased frequency of binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Peña-Oliver
- School of Psychology, University of SussexBrighton, UK; Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Fabiana M Carvalho
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | | | - Erin B Quinlan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Tom Walker-Tilley
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex Brighton, UK
| | | | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings College London, UK
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Patricia J Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of VermontBurlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Penny Gowland
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Marie-Laure Paillere Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, IFR49, CEA, DSV, I2BM-Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot Orsay, France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, Kings CollegeLondon, UK; MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreLondon, UK
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Abstract
Despite a lack of recent progress in the treatment of schizophrenia, our understanding of its genetic and environmental causes has considerably improved, and their relationship to aberrant patterns of neurodevelopment has become clearer. This raises the possibility that 'disease-modifying' strategies could alter the course to - and of - this debilitating disorder, rather than simply alleviating symptoms. A promising window for course-altering intervention is around the time of the first episode of psychosis, especially in young people at risk of transition to schizophrenia. Indeed, studies performed in both individuals at risk of developing schizophrenia and rodent models for schizophrenia suggest that pre-diagnostic pharmacotherapy and psychosocial or cognitive-behavioural interventions can delay or moderate the emergence of psychosis. Of particular interest are 'hybrid' strategies that both relieve presenting symptoms and reduce the risk of transition to schizophrenia or another psychiatric disorder. This Review aims to provide a broad-based consideration of the challenges and opportunities inherent in efforts to alter the course of schizophrenia.
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Regulating Rac in the nervous system: molecular function and disease implication of Rac GEFs and GAPs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:632450. [PMID: 25879033 PMCID: PMC4388020 DOI: 10.1155/2015/632450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho family GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 as the most studied members, are master regulators of actin cytoskeletal organization. Rho GTPases control various aspects of the nervous system and are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. The activity of Rho GTPases is controlled by two families of regulators, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) as the activators and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) as the inhibitors. Through coordinated regulation by GEFs and GAPs, Rho GTPases act as converging signaling molecules that convey different upstream signals in the nervous system. So far, more than 70 members of either GEFs or GAPs of Rho GTPases have been identified in mammals, but only a small subset of them have well-known functions. Thus, characterization of important GEFs and GAPs in the nervous system is crucial for the understanding of spatiotemporal dynamics of Rho GTPase activity in different neuronal functions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of GEFs and GAPs for Rac1, with emphasis on the molecular function and disease implication of these regulators in the nervous system.
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Son K, Smith TC, Luna EJ. Supervillin binds the Rac/Rho-GEF Trio and increases Trio-mediated Rac1 activation. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:47-64. [PMID: 25655724 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated cross-talk between the membrane-associated, myosin II-regulatory protein supervillin and the actin-regulatory small GTPases Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42. Supervillin knockdown reduced Rac1-GTP loading, but not the GTP loading of RhoA or Cdc42, in HeLa cells with normal levels of the Rac1-activating protein Trio. No reduction in Rac1-GTP loading was observed when supervillin levels were reduced in Trio-depleted cells. Conversely, overexpression of supervillin isoform 1 (SV1) or, especially, isoform 4 (SV4) increased Rac1 activation. Inhibition of the Trio-mediated Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange activity with ITX3 partially blocked the SV4-mediated increase in Rac1-GTP. Both SV4 and SV1 co-localized with Trio at or near the plasma membrane in ruffles and cell surface projections. Two sequences within supervillin bound directly to Trio spectrin repeats 4-7: SV1-171, which contains N-terminal residues found in both SV1 and SV4 and the SV4-specific differentially spliced coding exons 3, 4, and 5 within SV4 (SV4-E345; SV4 amino acids 276-669). In addition, SV4-E345 interacted with the homologous sequence in rat kalirin (repeats 4-7, amino acids 531-1101). Overexpressed SV1-174 and SV4-E345 affected Rac1-GTP loading, but only in cells with endogenous levels of Trio. Trio residues 771-1057, which contain both supervillin-interaction sites, exerted a dominant-negative effect on cell spreading. Supervillin and Trio knockdowns, separately or together, inhibited cell spreading, suggesting that supervillin regulates the Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange activity of Trio, and potentially also kalirin, during cell spreading and lamellipodia extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyonghee Son
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Cell & Developmental Dynamics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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27
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Lefort R. Reversing synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease: Rho-guanosine triphosphatases and insights from other brain disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:19-28. [PMID: 25588580 PMCID: PMC4322073 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a monumental public health crisis with no effective cure or treatment. To date, therapeutic strategies have focused almost exclusively on upstream signaling events in the disease, namely on β-amyloid and amyloid precursor protein processing, and have, unfortunately, yielded few, if any, promising results. An alternative approach may be to target signaling events downstream of β-amyloid and even tau. However, with so many pathways already linked to the disease, understanding which ones are "drivers" versus "passengers" in the pathogenesis of the disease remains a tremendous challenge. Given the critical roles of Rho-guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and spine dynamics, and the strong association between spine abnormalities and cognition, it is not surprising that mutations in a number of genes involved in Rho-GTPase signaling have been implicated in several brain disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. And now, there is mounting literature implicating Rho-GTPase signaling in AD pathogenesis as well. Here, I review this evidence, with a particular emphasis on the regulators of Rho-GTPase signaling, namely guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins. Several of these have been linked to various aspects of AD, and each offers a novel potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lefort
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA,
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28
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Jones KA, Eng AG, Raval P, Srivastava DP, Penzes P. Scaffold protein X11α interacts with kalirin-7 in dendrites and recruits it to Golgi outposts. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35517-29. [PMID: 25378388 PMCID: PMC4271236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.587709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons in the mammalian forebrain receive their synaptic inputs through their dendritic trees, and dendritic spines are the sites of most excitatory synapses. Dendritic spine structure is important for brain development and plasticity. Kalirin-7 is a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor for the small GTPase Rac1 and is a critical regulator of dendritic spine remodeling. The subcellular localization of kalirin-7 is thought to be important for regulating its function in neurons. A yeast two-hybrid screen has identified the adaptor protein X11α as an interacting partner of kalirin-7. Here, we show that kalirin-7 and X11α form a complex in the brain, and this interaction is mediated by the C terminus of kalirin-7. Kalirin-7 and X11α co-localize at excitatory synapses in cultured cortical neurons. Using time-lapse imaging of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we show that X11α is present in a mobile fraction of the postsynaptic density. X11α also localizes to Golgi outposts in dendrites, and its overexpression induces the removal of kalirin-7 from spines and accumulation of kalirin-7 in Golgi outposts. In addition, neurons overexpressing X11α displayed thinner spines. These data support a novel mechanism of regulation of kalirin-7 localization and function in dendrites, providing insight into signaling pathways underlying neuronal plasticity. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of synaptic structural plasticity will improve our understanding of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, as kalirin-7 has been associated with schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew G Eng
- the Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
| | - Pooja Raval
- the Department of Neuroscience and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- From the Departments of Physiology and the Department of Neuroscience and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, The James Black Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Penzes
- From the Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611,
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29
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Barrantes FJ. Cell-surface translational dynamics of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:25. [PMID: 25414663 PMCID: PMC4220116 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse efficacy heavily relies on the number of neurotransmitter receptors available at a given time. In addition to the equilibrium between the biosynthetic production, exocytic delivery and recycling of receptors on the one hand, and the endocytic internalization on the other, lateral diffusion and clustering of receptors at the cell membrane play key roles in determining the amount of active receptors at the synapse. Mobile receptors traffic between reservoir compartments and the synapse by thermally driven Brownian motion, and become immobilized at the peri-synaptic region or the synapse by: (a) clustering mediated by homotropic inter-molecular receptor–receptor associations; (b) heterotropic associations with non-receptor scaffolding proteins or the subjacent cytoskeletal meshwork, leading to diffusional “trapping,” and (c) protein-lipid interactions, particularly with the neutral lipid cholesterol. This review assesses the contribution of some of these mechanisms to the supramolecular organization and dynamics of the paradigm neurotransmitter receptor of muscle and neuronal cells -the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Currently available information stemming from various complementary biophysical techniques commonly used to interrogate the dynamics of cell-surface components is critically discussed. The translational mobility of nAChRs at the cell surface differs between muscle and neuronal receptors in terms of diffusion coefficients and residence intervals at the synapse, which cover an ample range of time regimes. A peculiar feature of brain α7 nAChR is its ability to spend much of its time confined peri-synaptically, vicinal to glutamatergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. An important function of the α7 nAChR may thus be visiting the territories of other neurotransmitter receptors, differentially regulating the dynamic equilibrium between excitation and inhibition, depending on its residence time in each domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina-National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Editorial. Brain Res Bull 2014; 103:1. [PMID: 24513428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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