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Bozsó Z, Lapat V, Ott PG, Móricz ÁM. Disparate Effects of Two Clerodane Diterpenes of Giant Goldenrod ( Solidago gigantea Ait.) on Bacillus spizizenii. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1531. [PMID: 38338810 PMCID: PMC10855248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
New substances with antimicrobial properties are needed to successfully treat emerging human, animal, or plant pathogens. Seven clerodane diterpenes, previously isolated from giant goldenrod (Solidago gigantea) root, were tested against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus spizizenii and Rhodococcus fascians by measuring minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Two of them, Sg3a (a dialdehyde) and Sg6 (solidagoic acid B), were proved to be the most effective and were selected for further study. Bacillus spizizenii was incubated with the two diterpenes for shorter (1 h) or longer (5 h) periods and then subjected to genome-wide transcriptional analyses. Only a limited number of common genes (28 genes) were differentially regulated after each treatment, and these were mainly related to the restoration of cell membrane integrity and to membrane-related transports. Changes in gene activity indicated that, among other things, K+ and Na+ homeostasis, pH and membrane electron transport processes may have been affected. Activated export systems can be involved in the removal of harmful molecules from the bacterial cells. Inhibition of bacterial chemotaxis and flagellar assembly, as well as activation of genes for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, were observed as a general response. Depending on the diterpenes and the duration of the treatments, down-regulation of the protein synthesis-related, oxidative phosphorylation, signal transduction and transcription factor genes was found. In other cases, up-regulation of the genes of oxidation-reduction processes, sporulation and cell wall modification could be detected. Comparison of the effect of diterpenes with the changes induced by different environmental and nutritional conditions revealed several overlapping processes with stress responses. For example, the Sg6 treatment seems to have caused a starvation-like condition. In summary, there were both common and diterpene-specific changes in the transcriptome, and these changes were also dependent on the length of treatments. The results also indicated that Sg6 exerted its effect more slowly than Sg3a, but ultimately its effect was greater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ágnes M. Móricz
- Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó Str. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.B.); (P.G.O.)
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Walczyk AM, Hersch-Green EI. Genome-material costs and functional trade-offs in the autopolyploid Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod) series. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16218. [PMID: 37551707 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Increased genome-material costs of N and P atoms inherent to organisms with larger genomes have been proposed to limit growth under nutrient scarcities and to promote growth under nutrient enrichments. Such responsiveness may reflect a nutrient-dependent diploid versus polyploid advantage that could have vast ecological and evolutionary implications, but direct evidence that material costs increase with ploidy level and/or influence cytotype-dependent growth, metabolic, and/or resource-use trade-offs is limited. METHODS We grew diploid, autotetraploid, and autohexaploid Solidago gigantea plants with one of four ambient or enriched N:P ratios and measured traits related to material costs, primary and secondary metabolism, and resource-use. RESULTS Relative to diploids, polyploids invested more N and P into cells, and tetraploids grew more with N enrichments, suggesting that material costs increase with ploidy level. Polyploids also generally exhibited strategies that could minimize material-cost constraints over both long (reduced monoploid genome size) and short (more extreme transcriptome downsizing, reduced photosynthesis rates and terpene concentrations, enhanced N-use efficiencies) evolutionary time periods. Furthermore, polyploids had lower transpiration rates but higher water-use efficiencies than diploids, both of which were more pronounced under nutrient-limiting conditions. CONCLUSIONS N and P material costs increase with ploidy level, but material-cost constraints might be lessened by resource allocation/investment mechanisms that can also alter ecological dynamics and selection. Our results enhance mechanistic understanding of how global increases in nutrients might provide a release from material-cost constraints in polyploids that could impact ploidy (or genome-size)-specific performances, cytogeographic patterning, and multispecies community structuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Walczyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
- Biology Department, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 West College Avenue, St. Peter, MN, 56082, USA
| | - Erika I Hersch-Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Dussarrat T, Schweiger R, Ziaja D, Nguyen TTN, Krause L, Jakobs R, Eilers EJ, Müller C. Influences of chemotype and parental genotype on metabolic fingerprints of tansy plants uncovered by predictive metabolomics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11645. [PMID: 37468576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific plant chemodiversity shapes plant-environment interactions. Within species, chemotypes can be defined according to variation in dominant specialised metabolites belonging to certain classes. Different ecological functions could be assigned to these distinct chemotypes. However, the roles of other metabolic variation and the parental origin (or genotype) of the chemotypes remain poorly explored. Here, we first compared the capacity of terpenoid profiles and metabolic fingerprints to distinguish five chemotypes of common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) and depict metabolic differences. Metabolic fingerprints captured higher variation in metabolites while preserving the ability to define chemotypes. These differences might influence plant performance and interactions with the environment. Next, to characterise the influence of the maternal origin on chemodiversity, we performed variation partitioning and generalised linear modelling. Our findings revealed that maternal origin was a higher source of chemical variation than chemotype. Predictive metabolomics unveiled 184 markers predicting maternal origin with 89% accuracy. These markers included, among others, phenolics, whose functions in plant-environment interactions are well established. Hence, these findings place parental genotype at the forefront of intraspecific chemodiversity. We recommend considering this factor when comparing the ecology of various chemotypes. Additionally, the combined inclusion of inherited variation in main terpenoids and other metabolites in computational models may help connect chemodiversity and evolutionary principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dussarrat
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dominik Ziaja
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thuan T N Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Liv Krause
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Eilers
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- CTL GmbH Bielefeld, Krackser Straße 12, 33659, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Sesquiterpene Induction by the Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Adelges piceae) in Putatively Resistant Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., is a tree endemic to the Southern Appalachians and is found only in a few isolated populations at high elevations. Fraser firs are also cultivated on a commercial scale as Christmas trees. The species is imperiled by an introduced insect, the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae Ratzeburg (BWA). The insect severely damages Christmas tree crops and has caused substantial Fraser fir mortality in natural stands. Foliar terpenoids are one mechanism of host plant defense against invading insects and may be one focus of future Christmas tree breeding efforts. This study examines the correlation of foliar terpenoids with Fraser fir performance when infested with BWA. GC-MS and GC-FID analysis of artificially infested Fraser fir foliage reveals that increased concentrations of four terpenoid compounds are associated with BWA infestations. Foliar concentrations of two sesquiterpenes, camphene and humulene, are significantly higher in putatively resistant Fraser fir clones than in more susceptible clones after sustained adelgid feeding for a period of 20 weeks. Although it is unclear if the induction of these sesquiterpenes in the host fir is directly contributing to adelgid resistance, these compounds could serve as effective indicators while screening for BWA resistance in future Christmas tree breeding programs.
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Móricz ÁM, Krüzselyi D, Lapat V, Ott PG. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the giant goldenrod root. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1185:123004. [PMID: 34710804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Eight bioactive clerodane diterpenes from the root extract of Solidago gigantea Ait. (giant goldenrod) were quantified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and two newly developed hyphenated methods. One uses vanillin sulphuric acid derivatization and densitometry, and the other an inhibition assay of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and video densitometry. Both methods gave figures of merit for quantification including 5.8-33.9 ng and 175.5-448.7 ng LOQs and 2.7-6.9 RSD% and 8.8-13.9 RSD% inter-day precisions, respectively. Based on the diterpenes' content of 14 root samples collected over a year from the same plant population, the fully flowering plant is suggested to collect the root as a source of these compounds. Excepting one diterpene (with the lowest retardation factor), the quantitative results for the richest sample obtained by the two methods were in harmony. The difference could be due to a matrix effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes M Móricz
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Krüzselyi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virág Lapat
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter G Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
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Intra-Individual and Intraspecific Terpenoid Diversity in Erodium cicutarium. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081574. [PMID: 34451618 PMCID: PMC8398229 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemodiversity between and within individuals of several plant species is remarkable and shaped by the local habitat environment and the genetic background. The forb Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae) is globally distributed and partly invasive. This paper hypothesizes a high intra-specific and inter-individual chemical diversity in this species and investigates this by comparing the concentration and diversity of terpenoid compounds in different plant parts, i.e., leaves, blossoms and fruits. Plants were grown from seeds, originating from native range Bavaria (BY), Germany, and invaded range California (CA), USA, populations. In total, 20 different terpenoids were found, which occurred in distinct combinations and the patterns clustered into groups of distinct chemotypes for all plant parts. Several of the chemotypes were specific to plants of one region. The terpenoid compositions of different plant parts within individuals were highly correlated. Chemodiversity was higher in reproductive plant parts compared to the leaves, and higher in plants from BY compared to CA. This study highlights the intra-specific and inter-individual chemodiversity in E. cicutarium, linked to its geographical origin, which may facilitate its invasion success but also calls for further investigation of the role of chemodiversity in invasive plants on interactions with the environment.
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Pal RW, Maron JL, Nagy DU, Waller LP, Tosto A, Liao H, Callaway RM. What happens in Europe stays in Europe: apparent evolution by an invader does not help at home. Ecology 2020; 101:e03072. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences Montana Technological University Butte Montana 59701 USA
- Institute of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Pecs H‐7624 Pecs Hungary
| | - John L. Maron
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems The University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - David U. Nagy
- Institute of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Pecs H‐7624 Pecs Hungary
| | - Lauren P. Waller
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems The University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Ambra Tosto
- Centre for Crop System Analysis Wageningen University 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Huixuan Liao
- School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ragan M. Callaway
- Division of Biological Sciences and the Institute on Ecosystems The University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
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Ecological costs of goldenrod’s ducking strategy in the currency of antixenosis, antibiosis, and indirect resistance to aphids. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Eilers EJ, Heger T. Past Competition Affects Offspring Foliar Terpenoid Concentrations, Seed Traits, and Fitness in the Invasive Forb Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae). Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Woźniak D, Ślusarczyk S, Domaradzki K, Dryś A, Matkowski A. Comparison of Polyphenol Profile and Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Activities in Two Species Used as Source of Solidaginis herba - Goldenrod. Chem Biodivers 2018. [PMID: 29537689 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
European Pharmacopoeia accepts two equivalent species Solidago canadensis L. and S. gigantea Aiton as goldenrod (Solidaginis herba). We compared phytochemical profile of both species from invasive populations in Poland. Further, we compared in vitro antimutagenic and antioxidant activities of solvent extracts from aerial (AP) and underground parts (UP). In S. gigantea, flavonoid profile was dominated by quercetin glycosides, with quercitrin as the major compound. In S. canadensis, quercetin and kaempferol rutinosides were two major constituents. Caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) were less diverse with 5-CQA as a main compound. In UP, over 20 putative diterpenoids were detected, mostly unidentified. Several CQAs were present in higher amounts than in AP. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities were different between species and organs, with the strongest inhibition of lipid peroxidation by Et2 O and AcOEt fractions from AP of both species (IC50 13.33 - 16.89 μg/mL) and BuOH fraction from S. gigantea UP (IC50 = 13.32 μg/mL). Chemical mutagenesis was completely inhibited by non-polar fractions, but oxidative mutagenesis was inhibited up to 35% only by S. canadensis. No clear relationship was found between chemical profiles and antimutagenic activity. In conclusion, both species have diverse activity and their phytochemical profiles should be considered in quality evaluation. UP of these weeds can also provide potential chemopreventive substances for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Woźniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sylwester Ślusarczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry, IUNG-Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Domaradzki
- Department of Weed Science and Tillage Systems, IUNG-Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, 50-555, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dryś
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.,Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-601, Wroclaw, Poland
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Williams RS, Howells JM. Effects of Intraspecific Genetic Variation and Prior Herbivory in an Old-Field Plant on the Abundance of the Specialist Aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum (Hemiptera: Aphididae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:422-431. [PMID: 29425269 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic variation in plants can contribute to the diversity and abundance of associated insects, though many questions remain about why some genotypes support more insects than others. Since plant secondary metabolites, which may be induced after insect attack, may potentially vary among genotypes, these compounds provide a possible explanation for insect abundance variation in plants with substantial genetic variation. In this study, we examined four genotypes of the old-field plant species Solidago altissima (L.; Asterales: Asteraceae) and asked if the abundance of the specialist aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum (Olive; Hemiptera: Aphididae) was affected by genotype and previous foliage damage by a specialist beetle. We hypothesized that different genotypes and prior herbivory would result in different quantities of terpenes produced by S. altissima, and that terpenes would affect aphid abundance. We found evidence of foliar terpene induction in a greenhouse environment, and significant differences in terpene production among genotypes in a field setting, though prior damage had little effect on aphid abundance in the field. There were significant effects of genotypes on aphid abundance, as well as genotype effects on terpenes and foliar nutrients (leaf N and C:N). Noteworthy was a change in the allocation of particular terpenes among genotypes that related to aphid abundance. Our analyses demonstrated that phytochemicals, and especially terpenes, related to aphid abundance. This study adds to a previous finding that variation in leaf terpenes in S. altissima provides a partial explanation for variable abundance among genotypes of a specialist aphid, and suggests that differences in the allocation of compounds is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray S Williams
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Rivers Street, Boone, NC
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Ratiu IA, Al-Suod H, Ligor M, Ligor T, Railean-Plugaru V, Buszewski B. Complex investigation of extraction techniques applied for cyclitols and sugars isolation from different species of Solidago genus. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1966-1974. [PMID: 29543989 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclitols are phytochemicals naturally occurring in plant material, which attracted an increasing interest due to multiple medicinal attributes, among which the most important are the antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Due to their valuable properties, sugars are used in the food industry as sweeteners, preservatives, texture modifiers, fermentation substrates, and flavoring and coloring agents. In this study, we report for the first time the quantitative analysis of sugars and cyclitols isolated from Solidago virgaurea L., which was used for the selection of the optimal solvent and extraction technique that can provide the best possible yield. Moreover, the quantities of sugars and cyclitols extracted from two other species, Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea, were investigated using the best extraction method and the most appropriate solvent. Comparative analysis of natural plant extracts obtained using five different techniques-maceration, Soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction-was performed in order to decide the most suitable, efficient, and economically convenient extraction method. Three different solvents were used. Analysis of samples has been performed by solid-phase extraction for purification and pre-concentration, followed by derivation and GC-MS analysis. Highest efficiency for the total amount of obtained compounds has been reached by PLE, when water was used as a solvent. d-pinitol amount was almost similar for every solvent and for all the extraction techniques involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Hossam Al-Suod
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Wang Z, Kim JH, Jang YS, Kim CH, Lee JY, Lim SS. Anti-obesity effect of Solidago virgaurea var. gigantea extract through regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis pathways in high-fat diet-induced obese mice (C57BL/6N). Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1273479. [PMID: 28326002 PMCID: PMC5345588 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2016.1273479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with an increase in adipogenesis and is becoming a serious health problem in modern society. Objective: The effects of various Solidago virgaurea var. gigantean (SV) ethanolic aqueous extracts on anti-adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells were investigated. In addition, the effect of SV 10% ethanolic extract (SV10E) on preventing obesity was studied in high-fat diet-induced obese mice (C57BL/6 N). Design: The effect of SV10E on preventing obesity was studied in mice (n = 6): normal-fat diet, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD supplemented with 1% (10 g/kg) Garcinia cambogia extract of 60% (–)-hydroxycitric acid (positive control), HFD supplemented with 0.5% (5 g/kg) SV10E, and HFD supplemented with 2% (20 g/kg) SV10E. Results: SV10E showed the highest anti-adipogenic activity in vitro and reduced body weight gain, adipose tissue size, and liver weight, without affecting food intake in vivo. SV10E administration decreased the levels of total triacylglycerol and cholesterol in serum, and lipid metabolites in liver. Adipogenic and lipogenic genes such as PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, aP2, FAS, SCD-1, SREBP-1c, and CD36 in white adipose tissue and liver were suppressed by SV10E administration. Conclusion: SV10E can be a potent functional food ingredient for preventing HFD-induced obesity by suppressing adipogenesis and lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kim
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Jang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Chea Ha Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Institute of Korean Nutrition, Hallym University, Republic of Korea
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Brückner A, Stabentheiner E, Leis HJ, Raspotnig G. Chemical basis of unwettability in Liacaridae (Acari, Oribatida): specific variations of a cuticular acid/ester-based system. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:313-335. [PMID: 25913033 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oribatid mites of the family Liacaridae comprise a large number of species with smooth and shiny body surfaces that display extraordinary anti-wetting properties. The principle of liacarid unwettability is not related to micro-structured surfaces as present in many Oribatida ("Lotus effect") but the formation of raincoat-like lipid layers covering the epicuticle. We here conducted a comparative study on the chemistry of cuticular lipid layers in a selection of Liacaridae, including representatives of all major Central European genera, Liacarus, Dorycranosus, Adoristes, and Xenillus. Cuticular lipids of unwettable individuals were removed from mite bodies by hexane extraction, and were analyzed by GC-MS. Basically, two chemically distinguishable systems were found. Type I: cuticular lipids of Liacarus subterraneus, L. coracinus, L. nitens, Dorycranosus curtipilis, and Xenillus tegeocranus contained different carboxylic acids (C8-, C10-, C10:1-, C10:2-acids) and their corresponding di-glycerides in species-specific combinations. Type II: Adoristes ovatus exhibited a system of cuticular lipids composed of esters of pentanoic- and heptanoic acids with C14-, C15-, C16- and C17-alcohols. Interestingly, the chemistry of surface lipids did not reflect the morphology of the cuticle in the species investigated. Smooth and shiny cuticles, though exhibiting a specific pattern of round or slit-like pores, were found in representatives of Liacarus, Dorycranosus (all of which exhibiting cuticular chemistry of type I) and Adoristes (exhibiting cuticular chemistry of type II). Xenillus, possessing a rough, cerotegumental cement layer-covered surface, showed type I-chemistry. The acid-esters systems herein investigated are considered characteristic for the cuticular chemistry of Liacaridae or a lineage of these, and provide first insights into the comparative chemistry of the inner (=lipid) layer of the oribatid cerotegument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Brückner
- Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Smith DS, Lau MK, Jacobs R, Monroy JA, Shuster SM, Whitham TG. Rapid plant evolution in the presence of an introduced species alters community composition. Oecologia 2015; 179:563-72. [PMID: 26062439 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Because introduced species may strongly interact with native species and thus affect their fitness, it is important to examine how these interactions can cascade to have ecological and evolutionary consequences for whole communities. Here, we examine the interactions among introduced Rocky Mountain elk, Cervus canadensis nelsoni, a common native plant, Solidago velutina, and the diverse plant-associated community of arthropods. While introduced species are recognized as one of the biggest threats to native ecosystems, relatively few studies have investigated an evolutionary mechanism by which introduced species alter native communities. Here, we use a common garden design that addresses and supports two hypotheses. First, native S. velutina has rapidly evolved in the presence of introduced elk. We found that plants originating from sites with introduced elk flowered nearly 3 weeks before plants originating from sites without elk. Second, evolution of S. velutina results in a change to the plant-associated arthropod community. We found that plants originating from sites with introduced elk supported an arthropod community that had ~35 % fewer total individuals and a different species composition. Our results show that the impacts of introduced species can have both ecological and evolutionary consequences for strongly interacting species that subsequently cascade to affect a much larger community. Such evolutionary consequences are likely to be long-term and difficult to remediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Solance Smith
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA. .,Department of Biology, Denison University, PO Box 810, Granville, OH, 43023-0810, USA.
| | - Matthew K Lau
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA.,Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N. Main St, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
| | - Ryan Jacobs
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
| | - Jenna A Monroy
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA.,Department of Biology, Denison University, PO Box 810, Granville, OH, 43023-0810, USA
| | - Stephen M Shuster
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-5640, USA.,Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, 800 S. Beaver, PO Box 6077, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-6077, USA
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16
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Colonization of Solidago altissima by the specialist aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum: effects of genetic identity and leaf chemistry. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:129-38. [PMID: 25616613 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In dominant old-field plant species, genotypic variation in traits important for herbivorous insects may explain variation in insect species abundance. While the importance of plant genetic identity on arthropod abundance has been demonstrated, specific factors that drive genotype choice by insects remain largely unknown. Sixteen genotypes of the widely distributed plant species Solidago altissima were used to investigate the possible role of nutrients and terpene secondary metabolites in shaping the abundance of a common specialist aphid, Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum. Ramets were propagated in a greenhouse and then transferred to a natural field setting. After 76 days, aphid abundance was quantified and leaf tissue assayed for nutrients and terpenes. Aphids/g plant biomass significantly differed among genotypes, with a 30-fold difference observed among plant genotypes. Leaf nitrogen, C:N ratio and water did not vary among genotypes. Of eight terpenes quantified, five were influenced by plant genotype. Aphid abundance increased marginally with the concentration of the monoterpene β-pinene in leaf tissue (P = 0.056). A partial least squares analysis determined that nutritional chemicals did not explain aphid responses, while 49% of the variation in aphid colonization among genotypes was explained by terpenes. This study is one of the first to demonstrate that variation in allelochemicals may be related to differences in the abundance of a key herbivore among genotypes of a plant species that exhibits large intraspecific genetic variation.
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17
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Heath JJ, Kessler A, Woebbe E, Cipollini D, Stireman JO. Exploring plant defense theory in tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1357-1370. [PMID: 24611577 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary reasons for patterns of chemical defense in plants is an ongoing theoretical and empirical challenge. The goal is to develop a model that can reliably predict how defenses are distributed within the plant over space and time. This is difficult given that evolutionary, ecological, and physiological processes and tradeoffs can operate over different spatial and temporal scales. We evaluated the major predictions of two leading defense theories, the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH) and optimal defense theory (ODT). To achieve this, enemies, fitness components, terpenoids, and protease inhibitors were measured in Solidago altissima and used to construct conventional univariate and structural equation models (SEMs). Leaf-tissue value indices extracted from an SEM revealed a strong correlation between tissue value and terpenoid defense that supports ODT. A tradeoff between serine protease inhibition and growth as well as an indirect tradeoff between growth and terpenoids manifested through galling insects supported the GDBH. Interestingly, there was a strong direct effect of terpenoids on rhizome mass, suggesting service to both storage and defense. The results support established theories but unknown genotypic traits explained much of the variation in defense, confirming the need to integrate emerging theories such as pollination constraints, defense syndromes, tolerance, mutualisms, and facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Heath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 445 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eric Woebbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - John O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
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18
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Kleine S, Müller C. Differences in shoot and root terpenoid profiles and plant responses to fertilisation in Tanacetum vulgare. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:123-31. [PMID: 24128753 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific chemical diversity is a common phenomenon especially found in shoots of essential oil-accumulating plant species. Abiotic factors can influence the concentration of essential oils, but the effects are inconsistent and little is known in how far these may vary within an individual and within species between chemotypes. Tanacetum vulgare L. occurs in various chemotypes that differ in the composition of mono- and sesquiterpenoids in their shoot tissues. We investigated how far shoot chemotype grouping is mirrored in root terpenoid profiles. Furthermore, we studied whether different fertilisation amounts influence the plant growth and morphological traits as well as the constitutive terpenoid concentration of leaves and roots of three chemotypes, trans-carvyl acetate, β-thujone, and camphor, to different degrees. Shoot terpenoids were dominated by monoterpenoids, while the roots contained mainly sesquiterpenoids. The clear grouping in three chemotypes based on leaf chemistry was weakly mirrored in the root terpenoid composition. Furthermore, the leaf C/N ratio and the stem height differed between chemotypes. All plants responded to increased nutrient availability with increased total biomass and specific leaf area but decreased C/N and root/shoot ratios. Leaf terpenoid concentrations decreased with increasing fertiliser supply, independent of chemotype. In contrast to the leaves, the terpenoid concentrations of the roots were unaffected by fertilisation. Our results demonstrate that aboveground and belowground organs within a species can be under different selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kleine
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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19
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Felker-Quinn E, Schweitzer JA, Bailey JK. Meta-analysis reveals evolution in invasive plant species but little support for Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA). Ecol Evol 2013; 3:739-51. [PMID: 23531703 PMCID: PMC3605860 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological explanations for the success and persistence of invasive species vastly outnumber evolutionary hypotheses, yet evolution is a fundamental process in the success of any species. The Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis (Blossey and Nötzold 1995) proposes that evolutionary change in response to release from coevolved herbivores is responsible for the success of many invasive plant species. Studies that evaluate this hypothesis have used different approaches to test whether invasive populations allocate fewer resources to defense and more to growth and competitive ability than do source populations, with mixed results. We conducted a meta-analysis of experimental tests of evolutionary change in the context of EICA. In contrast to previous reviews, there was no support across invasive species for EICA's predictions regarding defense or competitive ability, although invasive populations were more productive than conspecific native populations under noncompetitive conditions. We found broad support for genetically based changes in defense and competitive plant traits after introduction into new ranges, but not in the manner suggested by EICA. This review suggests that evolution occurs as a result of plant introduction and population expansion in invasive plant species, and may contribute to the invasiveness and persistence of some introduced species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Felker-Quinn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee - Knoxville 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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20
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Atwood J, Meyerson L. Beyond EICA: understanding post-establishment evolution requires a broader evaluation of potential selection pressures. NEOBIOTA 2011. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.10.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Beaton LL, Van Zandt PA, Esselman EJ, Knight TM. Comparison of the herbivore defense and competitive ability of ancestral and modern genotypes of an invasive plant, Lespedeza cuneata. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.18893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Herrera AM, Carruthers RI, Mills NJ. No evidence for increased performance of a specialist psyllid on invasive French broom. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Johnson RH, Halitschke R, Kessler A. Simultaneous analysis of tissue- and genotype-specific variation in Solidago altissima (Asteraceae) rhizome terpenoids, and the polyacetylene dehydromatricaria ester. CHEMOECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-010-0055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Why only tetraploid Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae) became invasive: a common garden comparison of ploidy levels. Oecologia 2010; 163:661-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Sardans J, Llusià J, Niinemets U, Owen S, Peñuelas J. Foliar mono- and sesquiterpene contents in relation to leaf economic spectrum in native and alien species in Oahu (Hawai'i). J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:210-26. [PMID: 20148357 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capacity for terpene production may confer advantage in protection against abiotic stresses such as heat and drought, and also against herbivore and pathogen attack. Plant invasive success has been intense in the Hawaiian islands, but little is known about terpene content in native and alien plant species on these islands. We conducted a screening of leaf terpene concentrations in 35 native and 38 alien dominant plant species on Oahu island. Ten (29%) of the 35 native species and 15 (39%) of the 38 alien species contained terpenes in the leaves. This is the first report of terpene content for the ten native species, and for 10 of the 15 alien species. A total of 156 different terpenes (54 monoterpenes and 102 sesquiterpenes) were detected. Terpene content had no phylogenetic significance among the studied species. Alien species contained significantly more terpenes in leaves (average+/-SE=1965+/-367 microg g(-1)) than native species (830+/-227 microg g(-1)). Alien species showed significantly higher photosynthetic capacity, N content, and lower Leaf Mass Area (LMA) than native species, and showed higher total terpene leaf content per N and P leaf content. Alien species, thus, did not follow the expected pattern of "excess carbon" in comparison with native species. Instead, patterns were consistent with the "nutrient driven synthesis" hypothesis. Comparing alien and native species, the results also support the modified Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis that suggests that alien success may be favored by a defense system based on an increase in concentrations of less costly defenses (terpenes) against generalist herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- Global Ecology Unit CSIC-CEAB-CREAF, Facultat de Ciencies, Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08913, Bellaterra, Spain.
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26
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How many heteropteran species can live on alien goldenrods Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea in Europe? Biologia (Bratisl) 2009. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-009-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Hull-Sanders HM, Johnson RH, Owen HA, Meyer GA. Influence of polyploidy on insect herbivores of native and invasive genotypes of Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:893-5. [PMID: 19938375 PMCID: PMC2802799 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.9.9520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores are sensitive to the genetic structure of plant populations, as genetics underlies plant phenotype and host quality. Polyploidy is a widespread feature of angiosperm genomes, yet few studies have examined how polyploidy influences herbivores. Introduction to new ranges, with consequent changes in selective regimes, can lead to evolution of changes in plant defensive characteristics and also affect herbivores. Here, we examine how insect herbivores respond to polyploidy in Solidago gigantea, using plants derived from both the native range (USA) and introduced range (Europe). S. gigantea has 3 cytotypes in the US, with 2 of these present in Europe. We performed bioassays with generalist (Spodoptera exigua) and specialist (Trirhabda virgata) leaf-feeding insects. Insects were reared on detached leaves (Spodoptera) or potted host plants (Trirhabda) and mortality and mass were measured. Trirhabda larvae showed little variation in survival or pupal mass attributable to either cytotype or plant origin. Spodoptera larvae were more sensitive to both cytotype and plant origin: they grew best on European tetraploids and poorly on US diploids (high mortality) and US tetraploids (low larval mass). These results show that both cytotype and plant origin influence insect herbivores, but that generalist and specialist insects may respond differently.
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28
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Hull-Sanders HM, Johnson RH, Owen HA, Meyer GA. Effects of polyploidy on secondary chemistry, physiology, and performance of native and invasive genotypes of Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:762-70. [PMID: 21628231 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of polyploidy in facilitating invasiveness of introduced plants has not been well explored. Examination of traits of diploid and polyploid plants in both their native and introduced ranges can shed light on evolutionary processes occurring postintroduction in invasive plants. We determined the distribution and prevalence of cytotypes of Solidago gigantea in both its native range (USA) and introduced range (Europe), and measured a suite of biochemical, physiological, and reproductive characters for plants from both continents. Tetraploids were the most frequent cytotype encountered on both continents, while hexaploids were found only in the USA. Hexaploids were the most distinctive cytotype, with fewer differences observed between diploids and tetraploids. Comparison of diploids and tetraploids in the USA and Europe showed that traits changed in concert for both cytotypes. Both diploids and tetraploids in Europe had reduced concentrations of three classes of secondary chemical and invested relatively more into rhizomes than into flowers. The same changes occurring in both cytotypes in the introduced range show that altered phenotypes of European plants are not due to shifts in the proportions of cytotypes but instead occur within them. There was no evidence that polyploids evolve more quickly in the introduced range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Hull-Sanders
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Field Station, 3095 Blue Goose Rd., Saukville, Wisconsin 53080 USA
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29
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Altered patterns of growth, physiology and reproduction in invasive genotypes of Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae). Biol Invasions 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-007-9131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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