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Taj T, Chen J, Rodopoulou S, Strak M, de Hoogh K, Poulsen AH, Andersen ZJ, Bellander T, Brandt J, Zitt E, Fecht D, Forastiere F, Gulliver J, Hertel O, Hoffmann B, Hvidtfeldt UA, Jørgensen JT, Katsouyanni K, Ketzel M, Lager A, Leander K, Liu S, Ljungman P, Severi G, Besson C, Magnusson PKE, Nagel G, Pershagen G, Peters A, Rizzuto D, Samoli E, Sørensen M, Stafoggia M, Tjønneland A, Weinmayr G, Wolf K, Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma in a pooled European cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123097. [PMID: 38065336 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia and lymphoma are the two most common forms of hematologic malignancy, and their etiology is largely unknown. Pathophysiological mechanisms suggest a possible association with air pollution, but little empirical evidence is available. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term residential exposure to outdoor air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma. We pooled data from four cohorts from three European countries as part of the "Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: a Study in Europe" (ELAPSE) collaboration. We used Europe-wide land use regression models to assess annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) at residences. We also estimated concentrations of PM2.5 elemental components: copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn); sulfur (S); nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), silicon (Si) and potassium (K). We applied Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the associations. Among the study population of 247,436 individuals, 760 leukemia and 1122 lymphoma cases were diagnosed during 4,656,140 person-years of follow-up. The results showed a leukemia hazard ratio (HR) of 1.13 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01-1.26) per 10 μg/m3 NO2, which was robust in two-pollutant models and consistent across the four cohorts and according to smoking status. Sex-specific analyses suggested that this association was confined to the male population. Further, the results showed increased lymphoma HRs for PM2.5 (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02-1.34) and potassium content of PM2.5, which were consistent in two-pollutant models and according to sex. Our results suggest that air pollution at the residence may be associated with adult leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Taj
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophia Rodopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Maciej Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Zorana J Andersen
- Section of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tom Bellander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Emanuel Zitt
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine 3, LKH Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria.
| | - Daniela Fecht
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy; Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
| | - John Gulliver
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - Ole Hertel
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Jeanette T Jørgensen
- Section of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Anton Lager
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karin Leander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shuo Liu
- Section of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gianluca Severi
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP UMR1018, 94805, Villejuif, France; Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "G. Parenti" (DISIA), University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Caroline Besson
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP UMR1018, 94805, Villejuif, France.
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gudrun Weinmayr
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Bus JS, Gollapudi BB, Hard GC. Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE): integration of rat and mouse carcinogenicity data with mode of action and human and rodent bioassay dosimetry and toxicokinetics indicates MTBE is not a plausible human carcinogen. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:135-161. [PMID: 35291916 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2041516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a fuel oxygenate used in non-United States geographies. Multiple health reviews conclude that MTBE is not a human-relevant carcinogen, and this review provides updated mode of action (MOA), exposure, dosimetry and risk perspectives supporting those conclusions. MTBE is non-genotoxic and has large margins of exposure between blood concentrations at the overall rat 400 ppm inhalation NOAEL and blood concentrations in typical workplace or general population exposures. Non-cancer and threshold cancer hazard quotients range from a high of 0.046 for fuel-pump gasoline station attendants and are 100-1,000-fold lower for general population exposures. Cancer risks conservatively assuming genotoxicity for these same scenarios are all less than 1 × 10-6. The onset of MTBE nonlinear toxicokinetics (TK) in rats at inhalation exposures less than 3,000 ppm, a dose that is also not practically achievable in fuel-use scenarios, indicates that high-dose specific male rat kidney and testes (3,000 and 8,000 ppm) and female mouse liver tumors (8000 ppm) are not quantitatively relevant to humans. Mode of action analyses also indicate MTBE male rat kidney tumors, and lesser so female mouse liver tumors, are not qualitatively relevant to humans. Thus, an integrated analysis of the toxicology, exposure/dosimetry, TK, and MOA data indicates that MTBE presents minimal human cancer and non-cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Bus
- Toxicology and Mechanistic Biology, Exponent Inc, Apex, NC, USA
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Matrat M, Gain M, Haioun C, Le Bras F, Nisse C, Morschhauser F, Clin B, Baldi I, Verdun-Esquer C, Garnier R, Laborde-Castérot H, Hérin F, Esquirol Y, Andujar P, Belacel M, Chouaïd C, Chauvet C, Lasfargues G, Pairon JC. Development of a Questionnaire for the Search for Occupational Causes in Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: The RHELYPRO Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4008. [PMID: 33920383 PMCID: PMC8068898 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia are possibly related to environmental and/or occupational exposure. The primary objective of this study was to develop a questionnaire for screening patients with these blood disorders who might benefit from a specialized consultation for possible recognition of the disease as an occupational disease. The study included 205 subjects (male gender, 67.3%; mean age, 60 years; NHL, 78.5%). The questionnaire performed very satisfactorily in identifying the exposures most frequently retained by experts for their potential involvement in the occurrence of NHL. Its sensitivity and specificity in relation to the final expertise were 96% and 96% for trichloroethylene, 85% and 82% for benzene, 78% and 87% for solvents other than trichloroethylene and dichloromethane, 87% and 95% for pesticides, respectively. Overall, 15% of the subjects were invited to ask National Social Insurance for compensation as occupational disease. These declarations concerned exposure to pesticides (64%), solvents (trichloroethylene: 29%; benzene: 18%; other than chlorinated solvents: 18%) and sometimes multiple exposures. In conclusion, this questionnaire appears as a useful tool to identify NHL patients for a specialized consultation, in order to ask for compensation for occupational disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Matrat
- Service des Pathologies Professionnelles et de l’Environnement, CHI Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (P.A.)
| | - Murielle Gain
- Service des Pathologies Professionnelles et de l’Environnement, CHI Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (P.A.)
| | - Corinne Haioun
- INSERM, IMRB, Paris Est Créteil University, F-94010 Créteil, France;
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Unité Hémopathies Lymphoïdes, F-94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Fabien Le Bras
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Unité Hémopathies Lymphoïdes, F-94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Catherine Nisse
- CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, 4483-IMPECS-Impact de l’environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Franck Morschhauser
- ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Bénédicte Clin
- Centre Régional de Pathologies Professionnelles et Environnementales, CHU de Caen, INSERM U1086, Cancers et Préventions, Université de Caen Normandie, F-14033 Caen, France;
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Service Santé Travail Environnement, CHU Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, EPICENE, Bordeaux University, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; (I.B.); (C.V.-E.)
| | - Catherine Verdun-Esquer
- Service Santé Travail Environnement, CHU Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, EPICENE, Bordeaux University, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; (I.B.); (C.V.-E.)
| | - Robert Garnier
- Centre Antipoison de Paris, Consultation de Pathologie Professionnelle et de l’Environnement, AP-HP, Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal-St Louis, F-75475 Paris, France; (R.G.); (H.L.-C.)
| | - Hervé Laborde-Castérot
- Centre Antipoison de Paris, Consultation de Pathologie Professionnelle et de l’Environnement, AP-HP, Nord-Université de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal-St Louis, F-75475 Paris, France; (R.G.); (H.L.-C.)
| | - Fabrice Hérin
- Centre Régional de Pathologies Professionnelles et Environnementales, CHU Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (F.H.); (Y.E.)
| | - Yolande Esquirol
- Centre Régional de Pathologies Professionnelles et Environnementales, CHU Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France; (F.H.); (Y.E.)
| | - Pascal Andujar
- Service des Pathologies Professionnelles et de l’Environnement, CHI Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM, IMRB, Paris Est Créteil University, F-94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Milia Belacel
- Institut Santé-Travail Paris-Est, CHI Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Christos Chouaïd
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, CHI Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Claire Chauvet
- Anses, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du Travail, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Gérard Lasfargues
- Anses, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du Travail, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Jean-Claude Pairon
- Service des Pathologies Professionnelles et de l’Environnement, CHI Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France; (M.M.); (M.G.); (P.A.)
- INSERM, IMRB, Paris Est Créteil University, F-94010 Créteil, France;
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Taj T, Poulsen AH, Ketzel M, Geels C, Brandt J, Christensen JH, Puett R, Hvidtfeldt UA, Sørensen M, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and its constituents and risk of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Denmark: A population-based case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109762. [PMID: 32535359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a complex mixture and the various PM constituents likely affect health differently. The literature on the relationships among specific PM constituents and the risk of cancer is sparse. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of PM2.5 and its constituents with the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and the two main NHL subtypes. METHODS We undertook a nationwide register-based case-control study including 20,847 cases registered in the Danish Cancer Registry with NHL between 1989 and 2014. Among the entire Danish population, we selected 41,749 age and sex-matched controls randomly from the Civil Registration System. We assessed modelled outdoor PM concentrations at addresses of cases and controls with a state-of-the-art multi scale air pollution modelling system and used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for individual and neighborhood level socio-demographic variables. RESULTS The 10-year time-weighted average concentrations of PM2.5, primary carbonaceous particles (BC/OC), secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and sea salt were 17.4, 2.3, 7.8, 0.3, and 4.1 μg/m3, respectively among controls. The results showed higher risk for NHL in association with exposure to BC/OC (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.07, per interquartile range (IQR)) and SOA (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.09, per IQR). The results indicated a higher risk for follicular lymphoma in association with several PM components. Including PM2.5 (OR = 1.16; 95% CI: 0.98-1.38), BC/OC (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.97-1.14), SIA (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 0.80-1.08), SOA (OR = 4.52; 95% CI: 0.86-23.83) per IQR. CONCLUSION This is the first study on PM constituents and the risk of NHL. The results indicated an association with primary carbonaceous and secondary organic PM. The results need replication in other settings before any firm conclusion can be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Taj
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Aslak Harbo Poulsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Robin Puett
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Mette Sørensen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Edokpolo B, Yu QJ, Connell D. Use of toxicant sensitivity distributions (TSD) for development of exposure guidelines for risk to human health from benzene. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:386-396. [PMID: 31022644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This technique for setting guideline values differs from that currently used by regulatory agencies throughout the world. Data for benzene were evaluated from epidemiological studies on human populations (29 studies). Exposure durations were evaluated in terms of Long Term Exposure (LTE) and Lifetime Exposure. All data was reported as Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Levels (LOAEL) and converted into exposure doses using Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD). These values were plotted as a Toxicant Sensitivity Distribution (TSD) which was the cumulative probability of LOAEL-ADD and LOAEL-LADD. From the TSD plots, linear regression equations gave correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.69 to 0.97 indicating normal distributions. Guideline Values (GVs) for LTE (8hr/day) and Lifetime (24hr/70yrs) exposure to benzene were calculated using data from human epidemiological studies as 5% level of cumulative probability (CP) of LOAEL-ADD and LOAEL-LADD from the cumulative probability distributions (CPD). The derived guideline values from the human epidemiological studies were 92 μg/kg/day for LTE and 3.4 μg/kg/day for lifetime exposure. GV for LTE is appropriate for occupational exposure and GV derived for lifetime exposure appropriate for the general population. The guideline value for occupational exposure limit was below all the guideline values developed by regulatory agencies. But the general population guideline is within the range of values formulated by European Union, ATSDR, EPAQS, USEPA and OEHHA for air quality for the general population. This is an alternative method which eliminates the application of safety factors and other sources of errors in deriving guideline values for benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Edokpolo
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Qiming Jimmy Yu
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia.
| | - Des Connell
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
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Bonzini M, Grillo P, Consonni D, Cacace R, Ancona C, Forastiere F, Cocco PL, Satta G, Boldori L, Carugno M, Pesatori CA. Cancer risk in oil refinery workers: a pooled mortality study in Italy. LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 2019; 110:3-10. [PMID: 30794243 PMCID: PMC7810000 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v110i1.7842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oil refinery workers are exposed to several well-established carcinogens and working in this type of industry has been classified by IARC as probable carcinogen to humans (Group 2A). Objectives: To examine the mortality experience of workers employed in four Italian oil refineries. Methods: The cohort included 5112 male workers ever employed between 1949 and 2011. The average follow-up period was 49 years. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using as reference age-gender-calendar specific regional rates. Analyses by duration of employment and latency were performed. Results: In the whole cohort, pleural cancer (6 deaths, SMR 1.59; 95% CI 0.71-3.53), brain cancer (14 deaths, SMR 1.47; 95% CI 0.87-2.49) and lymphatic leukemia (LL) (8 deaths, SMR 1.81; 95% CI 0.91-3.62) showed increased risks. All pleural cancers occurred after 10 years of latency and the highest risk was observed among workers with duration ≥20 years; the brain cancer excess was confined in the shortest duration and latency. The LL (and chronic lymphatic leukemia in particular) excess regarded workers with latency and duration longer than 20 years. Four deaths from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were observed and all occurred after 20 years of latency (SMR 1.55, 95% CI 0.58-4.12); a two-fold-increased risk was observed in the longest duration. No increased risk for skin cancer has been observed in our study population. Conclusion: Our findings are consistent with recent evidence of an increased mortality from pleural and hematopoietic malignancies (AML and LL) among oil refinery workers. However, the lack of individual quantitative exposure data and the small number of observed events prevent the identification of the possible causal role of individual chemicals, including benzene, especially at the current very low exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bonzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano.
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Rieutort D, Moyne O, Cocco P, de Gaudemaris R, Bicout DJ. Ranking occupational contexts associated with risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:561-74. [PMID: 27214653 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) remain unknown, but certain occupational contexts (OCs) have been implicated. The objective of this study was to inventory, from the accumulated knowledge, associations between OCs and NHL risk. METHODS Literature was used to identify the NHL-associated OCs. For each context, items were ranked both by scientific interest and the association strength. RESULTS Three ranked lists of OCs related to NHL were constructed. We found that NHL was associated with 31 occupational activities, 91 occupational exposures, and 35 occupational activity-exposure combinations. Among them, 5 activities, 2 exposures, and 3 combinations, involving agricultural or industrial sector and solvents or pesticides, were highlighted with the highest publications number and the strongest association with NHL risk. CONCLUSION These results could be useful in both providing a ranked inventory of OCs associated with NHL risk and highlighting "hot" occupational activities and exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:561-574, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Rieutort
- UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525 (EPSP Team-Environment and Health Prediction of Populations); Grenoble France
| | - Oriane Moyne
- UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525 (EPSP Team-Environment and Health Prediction of Populations); Grenoble France
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Occupational Health Section; University of Cagliari; Cagliari Italy
| | - Régis de Gaudemaris
- UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525 (EPSP Team-Environment and Health Prediction of Populations); Grenoble France
- Occupational and Environmental Diseases Centre; Grenoble Teaching Hospital (CHU Grenoble); Grenoble France
| | - Dominique J. Bicout
- UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525 (EPSP Team-Environment and Health Prediction of Populations); Grenoble France
- Biomathematics and Epidemiology EPSP-TIMC, VetAgro Sup; Veterinary Campus of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
- Laue-Langevin Institute; Theory Group; Grenoble Cedex 9 France
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Overview of Emerging Contaminants and Associated Human Health Effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:404796. [PMID: 26713315 PMCID: PMC4680045 DOI: 10.1155/2015/404796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, because of significant progress in the analysis and detection of trace pollutants, emerging contaminants have been discovered and quantified in living beings and diverse environmental substances; however, the adverse effects of environmental exposure on the general population are largely unknown. This review summarizes the conclusions of the comprehensive epidemic literature and representative case reports relevant to emerging contaminants and the human body to address concerns about potential harmful health effects in the general population. The most prevalent emerging contaminants include perfluorinated compounds, water disinfection byproducts, gasoline additives, manufactured nanomaterials, human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, and UV-filters. Rare but statistically meaningful connections have been reported for a number of contaminants and cancer and reproductive risks. Because of contradictions in the outcomes of some investigations and the limited number of articles, no significant conclusions regarding the relationship between adverse effects on humans and extents of exposure can be drawn at this time. Here, we report that the current evidence is not conclusive and comprehensive and suggest prospective cohort studies in the future to evaluate the associations between human health outcomes and emerging environmental contaminants.
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Parity, Age at First Birth, and Risk of Death from Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9131-40. [PMID: 26251917 PMCID: PMC4555269 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We undertook this study to examine whether there exists an association between parity and age at first birth and risk of death from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Our sample included a total of 1,292,462 women who had a first and singleton childbirth between 1 January 1978 and 31 December 1987. We followed each subject from their first childbirth to 31 December 2009, and determined their vital status by merging natality data with Taiwan’s national death certificate database. Hazard ratios (HR) of death from NHL associated with parity and age at first birth were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. In all, 412 NHL deaths were recorded during 34,980,246 person-years of follow-up. NHL mortality rate was 1.18 cases per 100,000 person-years. Older age at first birth (>23 vs. ≤23 years) was linked to an increased risk of death from NHL (adjusted HR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.13–1.75). Controlling for age at first birth, the adjusted HR were 0.74 (95% CI = 0.55–0.98) for women with 2 births, and 0.71 (95% CI = 0.53–0.95) for women with 3 births or more, respectively, when compared with women with only 1 birth. A statistically significant downward trend in the adjusted HR for NHL death was detected with increasing parity (p for trend = 0.05). The HR of death from NHL was decreased by 7% (HR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.87–0.99) for each additional parity. Our findings are consistent with reproductive factors (parity and early age at first birth) conferring a protective effect against the risk of NHL death.
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Claxton LD. The history, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of carbon-based fuels and their emissions. Part 3: Diesel and gasoline. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 763:30-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential association between occupational exposure to chlorinated and petroleum solvents and mycosis fungoides (MF). METHODS A questionnaire on lifetime job history was administered to 100 patients diagnosed with MF and 2846 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated as the measure of the association between exposure to each specific solvent and MF. RESULTS In the total sample and in men, cases and controls did not differ in relation to exposure to any of the solvents studied. In women, an association with MF was seen for the highest level of estimated exposure to perchloroethylene (OR = 11.38; 95% confidence interval: 1.04 to 124.85) and for exposure less than the median to kerosene/fuel/gasoil (OR = 8.53; 95% confidence interval: 1.11 to 65.62). CONCLUSIONS These results do not provide conclusive evidence that exposure to solvents may increase risk of MF because they were not found in men.
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Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell NHL and it accounts for about 6% of all NHL cases. Its epidemiologic and clinical features, as well as biomarkers, can differ from those of other NHL subtypes. This article first provides a very brief description of MCL's epidemiology and clinical features. For etiology and prognosis separately, we review clinical, environmental, and molecular risk factors that have been suggested in the literature. Among a large number of potential risk factors, only a few have been independently validated, and their clinical utilization has been limited. More data need to be accumulated and effectively analyzed before clinically useful risk factors can be identified and used for prevention, diagnosis, prediction of prognosis path, and treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, 59 Zhongguancun Ave. Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Shuangge Ma
- School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College ST, New Haven CT, 06520, USA
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Keenan JJ, Gaffney S, Gross SA, Ronk CJ, Paustenbach DJ, Galbraith D, Kerger BD. An evidence-based analysis of epidemiologic associations between lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers and occupational exposure to gasoline. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:1007-27. [PMID: 23739846 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113476909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The presence of benzene in motor gasoline has been a health concern for potential increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia and perhaps other lymphatic/hematopoietic cancers for approximately 40 years. Because of the widespread and increasing use of gasoline by consumers and the high exposure potential of occupational cohorts, a thorough understanding of this issue is important. The current study utilizes an evidence-based approach to examine whether or not the available epidemiologic studies demonstrate a strong and consistent association between occupational exposure to gasoline and lymphatic/hematopoietic cancers. Among 67 epidemiologic studies initially identified, 54 were ranked according to specific criteria relating to the relevance and robustness of each study for answering the research question. The 30 highest-ranked studies were sorted into three tiers of evidence and were analyzed for strength, specificity, consistency, temporality, dose-response trends and coherence. Meta statistics were also calculated for each general and specific lymphatic/hematopoietic cancer category with adequate data. The evidence-based analysis did not confirm any strong and consistent association between occupational exposure to gasoline and lymphatic/hematopoietic cancers based on the epidemiologic studies available to date. These epidemiologic findings, combined with the evidence showing relatively low occupational benzene vapor exposures associated with gasoline formulations during the last three decades, suggest that current motor gasoline formulations are not associated with increased lymphatic/hematopoietic cancer risks related to benzene.
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Smedby KE, Hjalgrim H. Epidemiology and etiology of mantle cell lymphoma and other non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21:293-8. [PMID: 21945518 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to give an overview of the descriptive epidemiology and etiology of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in the context of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and major NHL subtypes, based on available published reports. In retrospective case series, MCL cases represent between 2 and 10% of all NHL. Population-based studies of MCL incidence by basic demographic characteristics are limited to the past 15-20 years and to Europe and the US. In both regions, average incidence rates of approximately 0.5 cases per 100,000 person-years were reported, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.3-2.5:1, and a median age at diagnosis of close to 70 years. Some data suggest a possible increase in MCL incidence over the last two decades, but the observation may also reflect improved diagnostics. The causes of MCL are not known. Studies of potential risk factors of MCL are few and conducted primarily within the framework of all NHL. Moderate associations with MCL risk have been reported for Borrelia burgdorferi infection, family history of hematopoietic malignancies, and genetic variation in the interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor genes, but findings remain unconfirmed. Large multicenter studies are needed to address these and other factors in risk of MCL with sufficient statistical power in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Smedby
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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