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Manna D, Akhtar S, Maiti P, Mondal S, Kumar Mandal T, Ghosh R. Anticancer activity of a 1,4-dihydropyridine in DMBA-induced mouse skin tumor model. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 31:394-402. [PMID: 32011364 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor potential of a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative (DHP-8) has been successfully studied previously in a number of cancer cell lines including the human melanoma cells, A375. In order to validate its anticancer activity, DMBA induced tumor in Swiss Albino mice was considered for this study. DMBA causes skin carcinoma in murine systems and is an important in vivo model for evaluating the efficacy of any new chemical entity against skin cancer. Topical administration of DHP-8 at the dose rate of 33.3 and 50.0 mg/kg body weight showed a significant reduction in tumor parameters. It also prevented the progression and differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma, as evidenced from histopathological studies. Immunohistochemical analysis for the expression of Ki67 indicated that it also reduced cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, it induced apoptosis in the tumor cells by activation of Caspase3. Our results indicated that DHP-8 efficiently attenuated DMBA induced tumor progression and it could be a potent therapeutic agent for skin cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashri Manna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani
| | - Shabnam Akhtar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
| | - Pragati Maiti
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Sikkim University, Rongpo, East Sikkim, Sikkim
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mandal
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani
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Hou B, Cai W, Chen T, Zhang Z, Gong H, Yang W, Qiu L. Vaccarin hastens wound healing by promoting angiogenesis via activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in vivo. Acta Cir Bras 2020; 34:e201901202. [PMID: 32049183 PMCID: PMC7006371 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190120000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the potential role and unclear molecular mechanisms of vaccarin in wound healing. Methods Rats’ skin excision model to study the effects of vaccarin on wound healing in vivo . Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to evaluate Histopathologic characteristics. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the effects of vaccarin in accelerating angiogenesis. Western blot was used to evaluate relative protein expressed levels. Results Vaccarin could significantly promote wound healing and endothelial cells and fibroblasts proliferation in the wound site. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot studies showed that the nodal proteins and receptor (bFGFR) related to angiogenesis signaling pathway were activated, and the microvascular density in the wound site was markedly higher than that in the control group. Conclusions The present study was the first to demonstrate that vaccarin is able to induce angiogenesis and accelerate wound healing in vivo by increasing expressions of p-Akt, p-Erk and p-bFGFR. This process is mediated by MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
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Cardoso APF, Al-Eryani L, States JC. Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis: The Impact of miRNA Dysregulation. Toxicol Sci 2019; 165:284-290. [PMID: 29846715 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid widely present in the earth's crust, and is a proven human carcinogen. Chronic arsenic exposure mainly through drinking water causes skin, lung, and urinary bladder cancers, and is associated with liver, prostate, and kidney cancers, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, and diabetes. Several modes of action have been suggested in arsenic carcinogenesis. However, the molecular etiology of arsenic-induced cancer remains unclear. Recent evidence clearly indicates that gene expression modifications induced by arsenic may involve epigenetic alterations, including miRNA dysregulation. Many miRNAs have been implicated in different human cancers as a consequence of losses and or gains of miRNA function that contribute to cancer development. Progress in identifying miRNA dysregulation induced by arsenic has been made using different approaches and models. The present review discusses the recent data regarding dysregulated expression of miRNA in arsenic-induced malignant transformation in vitro, gaps in current understanding and deficiencies in current models for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, and future directions of research that would improve our knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Ferragut Cardoso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Laila Al-Eryani
- DNA Repair Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4262
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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Holcomb N, Goswami M, Han SG, Scott T, D'Orazio J, Orren DK, Gairola CG, Mellon I. Inorganic arsenic inhibits the nucleotide excision repair pathway and reduces the expression of XPC. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 52:70-80. [PMID: 28237621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic, most often through contaminated drinking water, has been linked to several types of cancer in humans, including skin and lung cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying its role in causing cancer are not well understood. There is evidence that exposure to arsenic can enhance the carcinogenicity of UV light in inducing skin cancers and may enhance the carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke in inducing lung cancers. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway removes different types of DNA damage including those produced by UV light and components of tobacco smoke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sodium arsenite on the NER pathway in human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90 cells) and primary mouse keratinocytes. To measure NER, we employed a slot-blot assay to quantify the introduction and removal of UV light-induced 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP) and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). We find a concentration-dependent inhibition of the removal of 6-4 PPs and CPDs in both cell types treated with arsenite. Treatment of both cell types with arsenite resulted in a significant reduction in the abundance of XPC, a protein that is critical for DNA damage recognition in NER. The abundance of RNA expressed from several key NER genes was also significantly reduced by treatment of IMR-90 cells with arsenite. Finally, treatment of IMR-90 cells with MG-132 abrogated the reduction in XPC protein, suggesting an involvement of the proteasome in the reduction of XPC protein produced by treatment of cells with arsenic. The inhibition of NER by arsenic may reflect one mechanism underlying the role of arsenic exposure in enhancing cigarette smoke-induced lung carcinogenesis and UV light-induced skin cancer, and it may provide some insights into the emergence of arsenic trioxide as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Holcomb
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mamta Goswami
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tim Scott
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John D'Orazio
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David K Orren
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - C Gary Gairola
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Isabel Mellon
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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Use of asymmetric multilayer polylactide nanofiber mats in controlled release of drugs and prevention of liver cancer recurrence after surgery in mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1047-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kumasaka MY, Yamanoshita O, Shimizu S, Ohnuma S, Furuta A, Yajima I, Nizam S, Khalequzzaman M, Shekhar HU, Nakajima T, Kato M. Enhanced carcinogenicity by coexposure to arsenic and iron and a novel remediation system for the elements in well drinking water. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:439-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bhattacharyya SS, Paul S, Dutta S, Boujedaini N, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Anti-oncogenic potentials of a plant coumarin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin) against 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene-induced skin papilloma in mice: the possible role of several key signal proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:645-54. [PMID: 20619141 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-cancer potentials of scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin) separated from plant extract (Gelsemium sempervirens) were demonstrated earlier from our in vitro studies. In the present study, its in vivo effects have been evaluated in mice. METHODS Mice were chronically administered 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) once a week and croton oil twice a week on their back, which resulted in the development of fully grown finger-like projections (papilloma) after 24 weeks. Two subgroups of mice (drug-treated) were treated with two doses of scopoletin (50 mg and 100 mg/kg body weight) respectively while control received 2% ethyl alcohol (the "vehicle" of scopoletin). After the 24-week drug administration, expressions of several key receptors such as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and signal proteins like p53, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat-3), survivin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), cyclin D1, c-myc, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and caspase-3, and some anti-oxidant markers were studied. Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase in supernatant were also detected. RESULTS Carcinogens induced toxicity, and over-expression of AhR, CYP1A1, PCNA, Stat-3, survivin, MMP-2, cyclin D1 and c-myc and down-regulation of p53, caspase-3 and TIMP-2. In mice treated with scopoletin, the expressions of these proteins and toxicity biomarkers were reverted. CONCLUSION Since AhR is known to be ligand-activated by DMBA to release signals for several downstream proteins initiating reactive oxygen species generation, the down-regulation of AhR by scopoletin appeared to play a significant role in subsequent down-regulation of some key signal proteins. One possible mechanism of down-regulation of AhR may be through competitive inhibition by scopoletin. Mitogen-activated protein kinases may also have some critical role. This compound can be considered as a possible candidate for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sundar Bhattacharyya
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, India
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Ghosh R, Bhowmik S, Guha D. 9-Phenyl acridine exhibits antitumour activity by inducing apoptosis in A375 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 361:55-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khuda-Bukhsh AR, Bhattacharyya SS, Paul S, Dutta S, Boujedaini N, Belon P. Modulation of Signal Proteins: A Plausible Mechanism to Explain How a Potentized Drug Secale Cor 30C Diluted beyond Avogadro's Limit Combats Skin Papilloma in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2011:286320. [PMID: 19617203 PMCID: PMC3136355 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In homeopathy, ability of ultra-high diluted drugs at or above potency 12C (diluted beyond Avogadro's limit) in ameliorating/curing various diseases is often questioned, particularly because the mechanism of action is not precisely known. We tested the hypothesis if suitable modulations of signal proteins could be one of the possible pathways of action of a highly diluted homeopathic drug, Secale cornutum 30C (diluted 10(60) times; Sec cor 30). It could successfully combat DMBA + croton oil-induced skin papilloma in mice as evidenced by histological, cytogenetical, immunofluorescence, ELISA and immunoblot findings. Critical analysis of several signal proteins like AhR, PCNA, Akt, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, NF-κB and IL-6 and of pro-apoptotic proteins like cytochrome c, Bax, Bad, Apaf, caspase-3 and -9 revealed that Sec cor 30 suitably modulated their expression levels along with amelioration of skin papilloma. FACS data also suggested an increase of cell population at S and G2 phases and decrease in sub-G1 and G1 phages in carcinogen-treated drug-unfed mice, but these were found to be near normal in the Sec cor 30-fed mice. There was reduction in genotoxic and DNA damages in bone marrow cells of Sec Cor 30-fed mice, as revealed from cytogenetic and Comet assays. Changes in histological features of skin papilloma were noted. Immunofluorescence studies of AhR and PCNA also suggested reduced expression of these proteins in Sec cor 30-fed mice, thereby showing its anti-cancer potentials against skin papilloma. Furthermore, this study also supports the hypothesis that potentized homeopathic drugs act at gene regulatory level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumya Sundar Bhattacharyya
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Saili Paul
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Dutta
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
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Bailey KA, Hester SD, Knapp GW, Owen RD, Thai SF. Gene expression of normal human epidermal keratinocytes modulated by trivalent arsenicals. Mol Carcinog 2011; 49:981-98. [PMID: 20886546 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is associated with the development of benign and malignant human skin lesions including nonmelanoma skin cancers. The precise arsenical form(s) responsible for this carcinogenic effect are unknown, although trivalent inorganic arsenic (iAs(III)) and two of its toxic metabolites, monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and methylarsinous acid (DMA(III)), are attractive candidates. In an effort to better understand and compare their toxic effects in the skin, we compared the global gene expression profiles of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) exposed to varying noncytotoxic/slightly cytotoxic concentrations of iAs(III), MMA(III), and DMA(III) for 24 h. Exposure to each arsenical treatment group exhibited a dose effect in the number of altered genes and the magnitude of expression change in NHEKs. The most significant gene expression changes associated with iAs(III) and MMA(III) exposure were consistent with several key events believed to be important to As-driven skin carcinogenesis, namely induction of oxidative stress, increased transcript levels of keratinocyte growth factors, and modulation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways. At both comparable arsenical concentrations and comparable NHEK toxicity, greater potential carcinogenic effects were observed in MMA(III)-exposed NHEKs than those exposed to iAs(III), including involvement of more proinflammatory signals and increased transcript levels of more growth factor genes. In contrast, none of these above-mentioned transcriptional trends were among the most significantly altered functions in the DMA(III) treatment group. This study suggests the relative capacity of each of the tested arsenicals to drive suspected key events in As-mediated skin carcinogenesis is MMA(III) > iAs(III) with little contribution from DMA(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Bailey
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Tokar EJ, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Ward JM, Lunn R, Sams RL, Waalkes MP. Cancer in experimental animals exposed to arsenic and arsenic compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:912-27. [PMID: 20812815 PMCID: PMC3076186 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.506641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that has long been considered a human carcinogen. Recent studies raise further concern about the metalloid as a major, naturally occurring carcinogen in the environment. However, during this same period it has proven difficult to provide experimental evidence of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic in laboratory animals and, until recently, there was considered to be a lack of clear evidence for carcinogenicity of any arsenical in animals. More recent work with arsenical methylation metabolites and early life exposures to inorganic arsenic has now provided evidence of carcinogenicity in rodents. Given that tens of millions of people worldwide are exposed to potentially unhealthy levels of environmental arsenic, in vivo rodent models of arsenic carcinogenesis are a clear necessity for resolving critical issues, such as mechanisms of action, target tissue specificity, and sensitive subpopulations, and in developing strategies to reduce cancers in exposed human populations. This work reviews the available rodent studies considered relevant to carcinogenic assessment of arsenicals, taking advantage of the most recent review by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) that has not yet appeared as a full monograph but has been summarized (IARC, 2009 , IARC Special Report: Policy, Vol. 10. Lyon: IARC Press, 453–454). Many valid studies show that arsenic can interact with other carcinogens/agents to enhance oncogenesis, and help elucidate mechanisms, and these too are summarized in this review. Finally, this body of rodent work is discussed in light of its impact on mechanisms and in the context of the persistent argument that arsenic is not carcinogenic in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Tokar
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Jerold M. Ward
- Global VetPathology, 10513 Wayridge Drive, Montgomery Village, MD
| | - Ruth Lunn
- Report on Carcinogens Office, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Reeder L. Sams
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
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Delker DA, Geter DR, Roop BC, Ward WO, Ahlborn GJ, Allen JW, Nelson GM, Ouyang M, Welsh W, Chen Y, O'Brien T, Kitchin KT. Oncogene expression profiles in K6/ODC mouse skin and papillomas following a chronic exposure to monomethylarsonous acid. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 23:406-18. [PMID: 20024957 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously observed that a chronic drinking water exposure to monomethylarsonous acid [MMA(III)], a cellular metabolite of inorganic arsenic, increases tumor frequency in the skin of keratin VI/ornithine decarboxylase (K6/ODC) transgenic mice. To characterize gene expression profiles predictive of MMA(III) exposure and mode of action of carcinogenesis, skin and papilloma RNA was isolated from K6/ODC mice administered 0, 10, 50, and 100 ppm MMA(III) in their drinking water for 26 weeks. Following RNA processing, the resulting cRNA samples were hybridized to Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 GeneChips(R). Micoarray data were normalized using MAS 5.0 software, and statistically significant genes were determined using a regularized t-test. Significant changes in bZIP transcription factors, MAP kinase signaling, chromatin remodeling, and lipid metabolism gene transcripts were observed following MMA(III) exposure as determined using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery 2.1 (DAVID) (Dennis et al., Genome Biol 2003;4(5):P3). MMA(III) also caused dose-dependent changes in multiple Rho guanine nucleotide triphosphatase (GTPase) and cell cycle related genes as determined by linear regression analyses. Observed increases in transcript abundance of Fosl1, Myc, and Rac1 oncogenes in mouse skin support previous reports on the inducibility of these oncogenes in response to arsenic and support the relevance of these genomic changes in skin tumor induction in the K6/ODC mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don A Delker
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Shen J, Barrios RJ, Jaiswal AK. Inactivation of the quinone oxidoreductases NQO1 and NQO2 strongly elevates the incidence and multiplicity of chemically induced skin tumors. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1006-14. [PMID: 20103645 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytosolic quinone oxidoreductases NQO1 and NQO2 protect cells against oxidative stress by detoxifying quinones and preventing redox cycling. In this study, we used double knockout (DKO) mice deficient for NQO1 and NQO2 to investigate the role of these antioxidative enzymes in a two-stage model of inflammatory skin carcinogenesis. In this model, tumors are caused by exposure to topical carcinogen dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or benzo(a)pyrene (BP) followed by twice weekly application of proinflammatory phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. On this classic chemical carcinogenesis protocol, DKO mice showed a significantly higher skin tumor frequency and multiplicity compared with control wild-type or single knockout mice. Analysis of skin from wild-type and DKO mice exposed to BP for 6, 12, or 24 hours revealed a relative delay in the activation of p53, p63, p19ARF, and apoptosis in DKO mice, consistent with a negative modifier role for NQO1/NQO2 in carcinogenesis. Our findings offer genetic evidence of the significance of quinone oxidoreductases NQO1 and NQO2 in limiting chemical skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Nelson GM, Ahlborn GJ, Allen JW, Ren H, Corton JC, Waalkes MP, Kitchin KT, Diwan BA, Knapp G, Delker DA. Transcriptional changes associated with reduced spontaneous liver tumor incidence in mice chronically exposed to high dose arsenic. Toxicology 2009; 266:6-15. [PMID: 19822182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of male C3H mice in utero (from gestational days 8-18) to 85ppm sodium arsenite via the dams' drinking water has previously been shown to increase liver tumor incidence by 2 years of age. However, in our companion study (Ahlborn et al., 2009), continuous exposure to 85ppm sodium arsenic (from gestational day 8 to postnatal day 365) did not result in increased tumor incidence, but rather in a significant reduction (0% tumor incidence). The purpose of the present study was to examine the gene expression responses that may lead to the apparent protective effect of continuous arsenic exposure. Genes in many functional categories including cellular growth and proliferation, gene expression, cell death, oxidative stress, protein ubiquitination, and mitochondrial dysfunction were altered by continuous arsenic treatment. Many of these genes are known to be involved in liver cancer. One such gene associated with rodent hepatocarcinogenesis, Scd1, encodes stearoyl-CoA desaturase and was down-regulated by continuous arsenic treatment. An overlap between the genes in our study affected by continuous arsenic exposure and those from the literature affected by long-term caloric restriction suggests that reduction in the spontaneous tumor incidence under both conditions may involve similar gene pathways such as fatty acid metabolism, apoptosis, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Nelson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
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Ahlborn GJ, Nelson GM, Grindstaff RD, Waalkes MP, Diwan BA, Allen JW, Kitchin KT, Preston RJ, Hernandez-Zavala A, Adair B, Thomas DJ, Delker DA. Impact of life stage and duration of exposure on arsenic-induced proliferative lesions and neoplasia in C3H mice. Toxicology 2009; 262:106-13. [PMID: 19450653 PMCID: PMC3496158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic is associated with cancer of the skin, urinary bladder and lung as well as the kidney and liver. Previous experimental studies have demonstrated increased incidence of liver, lung, ovary, and uterine tumors in mice exposed to 85 ppm (approximately 8 mg/kg) inorganic arsenic during gestation. To further characterize age susceptibility to arsenic carcinogenesis we administered 85 ppm inorganic arsenic in drinking water to C3H mice during gestation, prior to pubescence and post-pubescence to compare proliferative lesion and tumor outcomes over a one-year exposure period. Inorganic arsenic significantly increased the incidence of hyperplasia in urinary bladder (48%) and oviduct (36%) in female mice exposed prior to pubescence (beginning on postnatal day 21 and extending through one year) compared to control mice (19 and 5%, respectively). Arsenic also increased the incidence of hyperplasia in urinary bladder (28%) of female mice continuously exposed to arsenic (beginning on gestation day 8 and extending though one year) compared to gestation only exposed mice (0%). In contrast, inorganic arsenic significantly decreased the incidence of tumors in liver (0%) and adrenal glands (0%) of male mice continuously exposed from gestation through one year, as compared to levels in control (30 and 65%, respectively) and gestation only (33 and 55%, respectively) exposed mice. Together, these results suggest that continuous inorganic arsenic exposure at 85 ppm from gestation through one year increases the incidence and severity of urogenital proliferative lesions in female mice and decreases the incidence of liver and adrenal tumors in male mice. The paradoxical nature of these effects may be related to altered lipid metabolism, the effective dose in each target organ, and/or the shorter one-year observational period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene J. Ahlborn
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Raleigh, NC
| | - Gail M. Nelson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Rachel D. Grindstaff
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - James W. Allen
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kirk T. Kitchin
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - R. Julian Preston
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Araceli Hernandez-Zavala
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Blakely Adair
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - David J. Thomas
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Don A. Delker
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC
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17
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Shen S, Lee J, Cullen WR, Le XC, Weinfeld M. Arsenite and its mono- and dimethylated trivalent metabolites enhance the formation of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:382-90. [PMID: 19146383 DOI: 10.1021/tx800335p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, inorganic arsenite (iAs(III)) and its mono- and dimethylated metabolites have been examined for their interference with the formation and repair of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)-induced DNA adducts in human cells (Schwerdtle, ., Walter, I., and Hartwig, A. (2003) DNA Repair 2, 1449 - 1463). iAs(III) and monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) were found to be able to enhance the formation of BPDE-DNA adducts, whereas dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) had no enhancing effect at all. The anomaly manifested by DMA(III) prompted us to further investigate the effects of the three trivalent arsenic species on the formation of BPDE-DNA adducts. Use of a nucleotide excision repair (NER)-deficient Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A cell line (GM04312C) allowed us to dissect DNA damage induction from DNA repair and to examine the effects of arsenic on the formation of BPDE-DNA adducts only. At concentrations comparable to those used in the study by Schwerdtle et al., we found that each of the three trivalent arsenic species was able to enhance the formation of BPDE-DNA adducts with the potency in a descending order of MMA(III) > DMA(III) > iAs(III), which correlates well with their cytotoxicities. Similar to iAs(III), DMA(III) modulation of reduced glutathione (GSH) or total glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity could not account for its enhancing effect on DNA adduct formation. Additionally, the enhancing effects elicited by the trivalent arsenic species were demonstrated to be highly time-dependent. Thus, although our study made use of short-term assays with relatively high doses, our data may have meaningful implications for carcinogenesis induced by chronic exposure to arsenic at low doses encountered environmentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Kundu JK, Hwang DM, Lee JC, Chang EJ, Shin YK, Fujii H, Sun B, Surh YJ. Inhibitory effects of oligonol on phorbol ester-induced tumor promotion and COX-2 expression in mouse skin: NF-kappaB and C/EBP as potential targets. Cancer Lett 2008; 273:86-97. [PMID: 18848748 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant polyphenols possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and are hence potential candidates for preventing cancer. The present study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor promoting activity of oligonol, a formulation of catechin-type oligomers, in mouse skin stimulated with a proto-type tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Pretreatment of mouse skin with oligonol significantly inhibited TPA-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Oligonol diminished nuclear translocation and DNA binding of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) via blockade of phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IkappaB alpha in TPA-treated mouse skin. Moreover, oligonol suppressed TPA-induced DNA binding of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) in mouse skin. Oligonol pretreatment also attenuated the phosphorylation and/or catalytic activities of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Moreover, p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580, but not the MEK inhibitor U0126, negated TPA-induced DNA binding of C/EBP. In addition, oligonol reduced the incidence and the multiplicity of papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated and TPA-promoted mouse skin, and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Pretreatment with oligonol diminished the levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and expression of COX-2 in papillomas and carcinomas, respectively, as compared to DMBA plus TPA treatment alone. Taken together, the above findings suggest that oligonol inhibits TPA-induced COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of NF-kappaB and C/EBP via modulation of MAP kinases and suppresses chemically induced mouse skin tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Kumar Kundu
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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19
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Ahlborn GJ, Nelson GM, Ward WO, Knapp G, Allen JW, Ouyang M, Roop BC, Chen Y, O'Brien T, Kitchin KT, Delker DA. Dose response evaluation of gene expression profiles in the skin of K6/ODC mice exposed to sodium arsenite. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 227:400-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Li K, Li Q, Li J, Gao D, Zhang T, Han Z, Zheng F. Effect of procyanidins fromPinus koraiensisbark on growth inhibition and expression of PCNA and TNF-α in mice with U14 cervical cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14750708.4.5.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Waalkes MP, Liu J, Diwan BA. Transplacental arsenic carcinogenesis in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:271-80. [PMID: 17306315 PMCID: PMC1995036 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Our work has focused on the carcinogenic effects of in utero arsenic exposure in mice. Our data show that a short period of maternal exposure to inorganic arsenic in the drinking water is an effective, multi-tissue carcinogen in the adult offspring. These studies have been reproduced in three temporally separate studies using two different mouse strains. In these studies pregnant mice were treated with drinking water containing sodium arsenite at up to 85 ppm arsenic from days 8 to 18 of gestation, and the offspring were observed for up to 2 years. The doses used in all these studies were well tolerated by both the dam and offspring. In C3H mice, two separate studies show male offspring exposed to arsenic in utero developed liver carcinoma and adrenal cortical adenoma in a dose-related fashion during adulthood. Prenatally exposed female C3H offspring show dose-related increases in ovarian tumors and lung carcinoma and in proliferative lesions (tumors plus preneoplastic hyperplasia) of the uterus and oviduct. In addition, prenatal arsenic plus postnatal exposure to the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in C3H mice produces excess lung tumors in both sexes and liver tumors in females. Male CD1 mice treated with arsenic in utero develop tumors of the liver and adrenal and renal hyperplasia while females develop tumors of urogenital system, ovary, uterus and adrenal and hyperplasia of the oviduct. Additional postnatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol or tamoxifen after prenatal arsenic in CD1 mice induces urinary bladder transitional cell proliferative lesions, including carcinoma and papilloma, and enhances the carcinogenic response in the liver of both sexes. Overall this model has provided convincing evidence that arsenic is a transplacental carcinogen in mice with the ability to target tissues of potential human relevance, such as the urinary bladder, lung and liver. Transplacental carcinogenesis clearly occurs with other agents in humans and investigating a potential transplacental component of the human carcinogenic response to arsenic should be a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Waalkes
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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22
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Klein CB, Leszczynska J, Hickey C, Rossman TG. Further evidence against a direct genotoxic mode of action for arsenic-induced cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:289-97. [PMID: 17316729 PMCID: PMC1986829 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic in drinking water, a mixture of arsenite and arsenate, is associated with increased skin and other cancers in Asia and Latin America, but not the United States. Arsenite alone in drinking water does not cause skin cancers in experimental animals; therefore, it is not a complete carcinogen in skin. We recently showed that low concentrations of arsenite enhanced the tumorigenicity of solar UV irradiation in hairless mice, suggesting arsenic cocarcinogenesis with sunlight in skin cancer and perhaps with different carcinogenic partners for lung and bladder tumors. Cocarcinogenic mechanisms could include blocking DNA repair, stimulating angiogenesis, altering DNA methylation patterns, dysregulating cell cycle control, induction of aneuploidy and blocking apoptosis. Arsenicals are documented clastogens but not strong mutagens, with weak mutagenic activity reported at highly toxic concentrations of inorganic arsenic. Previously, we showed that arsenite, but not monomethylarsonous acid (MMA[III]), induced delayed mutagenesis in HOS cells. Here, we report new data on the mutagenicity of the trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites MMA(III) and dimethylarsinous acid [DMA(III)] at the gpt locus in Chinese hamster G12 cells. Both methylated arsenicals seemed mutagenic with apparent sublinear dose responses. However, significant mutagenesis occurred only at highly toxic concentrations of MMA(III). Most mutants induced by MMA(III) and DMA(III) exhibited transgene deletions. Some non-deletion mutants exhibited altered DNA methylation. A critical discussion of cell survival leads us to conclude that clastogenesis occurs primarily at highly cytotoxic arsenic concentrations, casting further doubt as to whether a genotoxic mode of action (MOA) for arsenicals is supportable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Klein
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Joanna Leszczynska
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Christina Hickey
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Toby G. Rossman
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
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23
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Cheng B, Liu HW, Fu XB, Sun TZ, Sheng ZY. Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor enhanced dermal wound healing by a pathway involving ERK and c-fos in diabetic rats. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 45:193-201. [PMID: 17270401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been shown to promote dermal wound healing, however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible signaling mechanisms by which PDGF improved healing of cutaneous wound in diabetic rats. METHODS Four full-thickness skin wounds were created on the dorsum of Wistar diabetic rats. Animals were treated with or without recombinant human PDGF (rhPDGF) at 7.0 microg/cm(2) wound or vehicle daily 1 day after wounding. The animals were then killed after various intervals of wounding, and the wounded skin tissues were used for histological evaluation, analysis of the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and the expression of c-fos protein, as well as the labeling indices of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). RESULTS Topical application of rhPDGF significantly accelerated the rate of reepithelialization compared with vehicle-treated or untreated group at 7 days after wounding. At the histological level, the significant increases in the degree of reepithelialization, the thickness of granulation tissue and the density of capillary bud were observed in the wound sites in rhPDGF-treated group at 7 and 14 days after wounding. Moreover, treatment with rhPDGF increased PCNA labeling indices, c-fos protein expression and ERK phosphorylation in the wounded tissues at the indicated time after wounding. CONCLUSION These results suggest that application of rhPDGF increases cell proliferation, and enhances dermal tissue repair in diabetic skin lesion of rats, which might be partly mediated by ERK activation and c-fos protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Cheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital, Guangzhou 510010, Guangdong Province 510010, PR China
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