Efficient extraction, antioxidant activities and anti-inflammation of polysaccharides from Notopterygium franchetii Boiss

Prospects and applications of efficient physical field processing technologies for polysaccharide extraction and quality improvement in edible mushrooms: A systematic review

Edible mushroom-derived polysaccharides (EMPs) have been widely used in foods, medicine, and cosmetics due to theirs' diverse and versatile biological activities. Currently, many conventional extraction methods for extracting EMPs are struggling to meet the growing demand, and the produced EMPs with poor quality and low bioactivity. Novel physical field (e.g., acoustic, electromagnetic, electrical, and mechanical field) processing technologies not only overcome the shortcomings of conventional extraction methods, but also improve the structural feature, bioactivity, and solution behavior of EMPs. Moreover, physical field-assisted techniques can induce the degradation or modification of EMPs, thereby effectively altering the physicochemical properties and structural features of EMPs to improve their bioactivities or processing properties. Therefore, a comprehensive review of physical field processing technologies such as ultrasound, high pressure, pulsed electric field, and microwave for extracting and modifying EMPs in recent years, is presented. In addition, recent advances in physical field-assisted extraction/degradation techniques for EMPs, as well as their mechanisms of action and synergistic effects, are discussed and summarized. In summary, this review provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the physical field processing technology in improving the extraction yield and quality of EMPs, as well as large-scale industrial production.

A systematic review of the botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, analytical methods, pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetics of NOTOPTERYGII RHIZOMA ET RADIX

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

NOTOPTERYGII RHIZOMA ET RADIX (NRR), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been utilized in China for millennia. Thriving in high-altitude regions with cold climates, wild NRR has been heavily exploited for its significant economic worth, particularly in the medical sector.

THE AIM OF THE REVIEW

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, analytical methods, quality control, processing methods, pharmacological effects, and pharmacokinetics of NRR. These findings offer valuable insights for future research endeavors and establish a solid groundwork for the judicious clinical utilization of NRR.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

The related information for NRR comes from scientific databases (such as Baidu Scholar, CNKI, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, SciFinder Scholar, Chinese Herb Classics, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, PhD and MSC Dissertations, etc.).

RESULTS

Currently, components isolated from NRR are identified as coumarins, volatile oils, organic acids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyacetylenes, and trace elements. Most compounds are analyzed using HPLC and GC techniques. NRR exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, immunosuppressive activities, as well as promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, providing neuroprotection, and liver protection.

CONCLUSION

The research on NRR in phytochemistry and pharmacology has made great progress, and some traditional uses have been proven by modern pharmacology. However, because the complex chemical composition of NRR has not been effectively related to its pharmacological action, its mechanism of action has not been clearly expounded. In this review, the processing methods of NRR are summarized, and the exploration of further strengthening the processing mechanism of NRR is put forward, which provides some theoretical help for the clinical application of NRR. Furthermore, the complex chemical composition of NRR makes quality control difficult, so we must study its quality control thoroughly. In order to better develop and utilize NRR, we should establish a reasonable, reliable, and accurate quality control standard, and focus on the relationship between its active components and pharmacodynamic indicators and the study of its mechanism of pharmacological effects.

Integrated approach to predicting habitat suitability and evaluating quality variations of Notopterygium franchetii under climate change

The impact of climate change on medicinal plants has significantly altered their suitable environments, thereby affecting the quality of herbal medicines. Notopterygium franchetii (N. franchetii), a medicinal plant intricately linked to its natural habitat, exhibits substantial quality variations influenced by the ecological conditions of its native region. In this study, comprehensive field surveys were conducted to gather occurrence records and samples of N. franchetii. The Maxent model and ArcGIS software were employed to predict the suitable habitats of N. franchetii during different time periods. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to establish the chemical fingerprints of 21 sample batches. Fourteen common peaks were subjected to cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The findings revealed quality variations correlated with their geographic origins, identifying peaks 10, 1, 14, 3, and 4 as crucial for quality differentiation. The study indicates that precipitation, temperature, and altitude significantly influence the distribution of N. franchetii. Under current climate conditions, the suitable habitat area for N. franchetii is estimated to be approximately 94,637.33 km2. However, projections under three future climate scenarios suggest a declining trend in suitable habitat areas. A quality zoning map of N. franchetii was developed, integrating a correlation model between chemical composition and environmental variables with the spatial analysis and visualization capabilities of ArcGIS. The high-quality regions for N. franchetii are predominantly located in the Gannan, Linxia, Dingxi, Longnan, and Wuwei districts. These research outcomes offer a valuable reference for identifying suitable cultivation areas and assessing the quality of N. franchetii in Gansu Province.

A Reverse Thinking Based on Partially Methylated Aldononitrile Acetates to Analyze Glycoside Linkages of Polysaccharides Using Liquid Chromatography-Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry

Glycoside linkage analyses of medicine and food homologous plant polysaccharides have always been a key point and a difficulty of structural characterization. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is one of the commonly used traditional techniques to determine glycoside linkages via partially methylated alditol acetates and aldononitrile acetates (PMAAs and PMANs). Due to the simplicity of derivatization and the highly structural asymmetry of PMANs, reverse thinking is proposed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MRM-MS) for the first time to directly determine the neutral and acidic glycosyl linkages of polysaccharides. The complete characterization of glycoside linkages deduced from PMANs was achieved using a combination of tR values, characteristic MRM ion pairs, diagnostic ESI+-MS/MS fragmentation ions (DFIs), and optimal collision energy (OCE). The DFI and OCE parameters were confirmed to be effective for the auxiliary discrimination of some isomers of the PMANs. The practicality of LC-ESI+-MRM-MS was further verified by analyzing the glycoside linkages of polysaccharides in five medicine and food homologous plants. This method can serve as an alternative to GC-MS for the simultaneous determination of neutral and acidic glycosyl linkages in polysaccharides.

Phytochemistry and Biological Profile of the Chinese Endemic Herb Genus Notopterygium

Notopterygium, a plant genus belonging to the Apiaceae family, is utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for its medicinal properties. Specifically, the roots and rhizomes of these plants are employed in phytotherapy to alleviate inflammatory conditions and headaches. This review provides a concise overview of the existing information regarding the botanical description, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and molecular mechanisms of the two Notopterygium species: Notopterygium incisum and N. franchetii. More than 500 distinct compounds have been derived from these plants, with the root being the primary source. These components include volatile oils, coumarins, enynes, sesquiterpenes, organic acids and esters, flavonoids, and various other compounds. Research suggests that Notopterygium incisum and N. franchetii exhibit a diverse array of pharmacological effects, encompassing antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties on various organs such as the brain, heart, digestive system, and respiratory system. Building activity screening models based on the pharmacological effects of Notopterygium species, as well as discovering and studying the pharmacological mechanisms of novel active ingredients, will constitute the primary development focus of Notopterygium medicinal research in the future.

Extraction of Lentinus Edodes Polysaccharides with Ultrasound Enhanced with Deep Eutectic Solvent and Their Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity

Ultrasound extraction (UE) enhanced with deep eutectic solvent (DES) was used to extract Lentinus edodes polysaccharides. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to investigate the influences of water content (10-90 %), solid-liquid solvent (1 : 10-1 : 50 g/mL), time (4-12 min), temperature (40-80 °C) and ultrasonic power (100-500 W) on the yield of Lentinus edodes polysaccharides. The optimal extraction conditions were ultrasonic power of 300 W, extraction time of 8 min, water content of 80 %, a solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 30 g/mL and a temperature of 60 °C, respectively. The highest extraction yield of Lentinus edodes polysaccharide was 10.17 % under optimal conditions. The results of FT-IR, SEM, and monosaccharide composition confirmed that the extracts possessed the characteristics of polysaccharides. In addition, the polysaccharides obtained with the UE enhanced with DES method exhibited higher antioxidant activities than the polysaccharides extracted with the UE method and HWE method. This extraction method can further expand the production efficiency and structural diversity of Lentinus edodes polysaccharides and meet the supply and demand relationship. It can be foreseen that this method can be applied to the extraction of more active substances.

Potential inhibitory effect of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide on advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)

In this study, a novel polysaccharide, AAP-2S, was extracted from Auricularia auricula, and the anti-glycosylation effect of AAP-2S and its underlying mechanisms were investigated using an in vitro BSA-fructose model and a cellular model. The results demonstrated the inhibiting formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro by AAP-2S. Concurrently, it attenuated oxidative damage to proteins in the model, preserved protein sulfhydryl groups from oxidation, reduced protein carbonylation, prevented structural alterations in proteins, and decreased the formation of β-crosslinked structures. Furthermore, AAP-2S demonstrated metal-chelating capabilities. GC-MS/MS-based metabolomics were employed to analyze changes in metabolic profiles induced by AAP-2S in a CML-induced HK-2 cell model. Mechanistic investigations revealed that AAP-2S could mitigate glycosylation and ameliorate cell fibrosis by modulating the RAGE/TGF-β/NOX4 pathway. This study provides a foundational framework for further exploration of Auricularia auricular polysaccharide as a natural anti-AGEs agent, paving the way for its potential development and application as a food additive.

Polysaccharide extracted from cultivated Sanghuangporous vaninii spores using three-phase partitioning with enzyme/ultrasound pretreatment: Physicochemical characteristics and its biological activity in vitro

Sanghuangporous vaninii, as a valuable dietary supplement and medicinal ingredient, contains abundant bioactive polysaccharides that have health-promoting effects. In the present study, four polysaccharides (SVSPs-C, SVSPs-E, SVSPs-U, and SVSPs-E/U) were extracted for the first time from S. vaninii spores by three-phase partitioning (TPP), enzyme pretreatment before TPP (E-TPP), ultrasonic pretreatment before TPP (U-TPP), and enzyme pretreatment followed by ultrasonic before TPP (E/U-TPP) methods, respectively. Their physicochemical characteristics and in vitro pharmacological functions were determined and compared. Results showed that four TPP-based extraction methods had remarkable impacts on the extraction yield, chemical properties, monosaccharide compositions, and molecular weights (Mw) of SVSPs. Specifically, SVSPs-E/U obtained by E/U-TPP showed the highest extraction yield (25.40 %), carbohydrate content (88.50 %), and the lowest protein content (0.86 %). The four SVSPs had high-Mw (183.8-329.1 kDa) and low-Mw (23.0-156.4 kDa) fractions and mainly consisted of galactose, glucose, and mannose with different contents. In vitro bioactivities assays indicated that SVSPs-E/U possessed stronger antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypouricemic, immunostimulatory, and antitumor activities than those of SVSPs-C, SVSPs-E, and SVSPs-U. Therefore, our results provide an efficient and promising extraction technique for bioactive polysaccharides from S. vaninii spores, as well as SVSPs had the potential to be applied in functional food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics fields.

Optimization of Three Extraction Methods and Their Effect on the Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides in Dendrobium huoshanense

Dendrobium huoshanense is a famous edible and medicinal herb, and polysaccharides are the main bioactive component in it. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE), and hot water extraction (HWE) conditions and obtain the polysaccharides named DHP-E, DHP-UM, and DHP-H. The effects of different extraction methods on the physicochemical properties, structure characteristics, and bioactivity of polysaccharides were compared. The differential thermogravimetric curves indicated that DHP-E showed a broader temperature range during thermal degradation compared with DHP-UM and DHP-H. The SEM results showed that DHP-E displayed an irregular granular structure, but DHP-UM and DHP-H were sponge-like. The results of absolute molecular weight indicated that polysaccharides with higher molecular weight detected in DHP-H and DHP-UM did not appear in DHP-E due to enzymatic degradation. The monosaccharide composition showed that DHPs were all composed of Man, Glc, and Gal but with different proportions. Finally, the glycosidic bond types, which have a significant effect on bioactivity, were decoded with methylation analysis. The results showed that DHPs contained four glycosidic bond types, including Glcp-(1→, →4)-Manp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, and →4,6)-Manp-(1→ with different ratios. Furthermore, DHP-E exhibited better DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. These findings could provide scientific foundations for selecting appropriate extraction methods to obtain desired bioactivities for applications in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Mitochondrion-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages: A novel mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of Notopterygium in rheumatoid arthritis treatment

OBJECTIVE

The mechanism by which Notopterygium (NE) regulates the nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was investigated to reveal the scientific implications of NE in RA treatment.

METHODS

Adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats were replicated. After NE intervention, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of NE in vivo was determined. The mechanism of NE in RA treatment was predicted by network pharmacology, and the key target for further experiments was found through the analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The effect of NE on the NLRP3 inflammasome in AA rats was verified. Furthermore, with the induction of inflammation in RAW264.7 cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), several techniques, such as Griess assay, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, electron microscopy, and fluorescence probe technology, were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory and related mechanisms of NE in RA treatment.

RESULTS

NE could inhibit inflammation in AA rats. KEGG results showed that NLRP3 participated in the top three pathways of NE in RA treatment. Through Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays, this study demonstrated that NE can regulate NLRP3, pro-Caspase-1, Caspase-1, and CD11b in the ankle joint of AA rats. NE may significantly reduce the LPS-induced inflammatory response of RAW264.7 cells by alleviating mitochondrial damage, reducing the number of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic Acid and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

CONCLUSION

The anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic effect of NE may involve regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation through mitochondria. NLRP3 is probably the key target molecule of NE in the treatment of RA.

Constituents, Antibacterial Effect, and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Notopterygium incisum

Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang (N. incisum) is a precious Chinese traditional medicine distributed in high-altitude regions of southwest China. The aim of this study was to investigate the composition, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity of essential oil from aerial parts of N. incisum. N. incisum essential oil (NI-EO) was extracted by hydro-distillation, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the major components of NI-EO were D-limonene (18.42%) and γ-terpinene (15.03%). The antibacterial activity and mechanism study showed that the diameters of inhibition zone (DIZs) of NI-EO against E. coli and S. aureus were 14.63 and 11.25 mm and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 3.75 and 7.5 μL/mL, respectively. NI-EO not only caused intracellular biomacromolecule leakage and cell deformation by destroying bacterial cell wall integrity and cell membrane permeability, but also degraded the mature biofilm. The low toxicity of NI-EO was demonstrated in an assay on bovine mammary epithelial cells. These results implied that NI-EO was mainly composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes and had excellent antibacterial activity and showed low levels of cytotoxicity. It is expected to be applied as a natural antibacterial agent in the future.

In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Ulvan Polysaccharides from Ulva rigida

One of the main bioactive compounds of interest from the Ulva species is the sulfated polysaccharide ulvan, which has recently attracted attention for its anticancer properties. This study investigated the cytotoxic activity of ulvan polysaccharides obtained from Ulva rigida in the following scenarios: (i) in vitro against healthy and carcinogenic cell lines (1064sk (human fibroblasts), HACAT (immortalized human keratinocytes), U-937 (a human leukemia cell line), G-361 (a human malignant melanoma), and HCT-116 (a colon cancer cell line)) and (ii) in vivo against zebrafish embryos. Ulvan exhibited cytotoxic effects on the three human cancer cell lines tested. However, only HCT-116 demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to this ulvan to make it relevant as a potential anticancer treatment, presenting an LC₅₀ of 0.1 mg mL^-1. The in vivo assay on the zebrafish embryos showed a linear relationship between the polysaccharide concentration and growth retardation at 7.8 hpf mL mg^-1, with an LC₅₀ of about 5.2 mg mL^-1 at 48 hpf. At concentrations near the LC₅₀, toxic effects, such as pericardial edema or chorion lysis, could be found in the experimental larvae. Our in vitro study supports the potential use of polysaccharides extracted from U. rigida as candidates for treating human colon cancer. However, the in vivo assay on zebrafish indicated that the potential use of ulvan as a promising, safe compound should be limited to specific concentrations below 0.001 mg mL^-1 since it revealed side effects on the embryonic growth rate and osmolar balance.

Three acidic polysaccharides derived from sour jujube seeds protect intestinal epithelial barrier function in LPS induced Caco-2 cell inflammation model

Normal intestinal epithelial barrier function plays a key role in the prevention of many diseases such as infectious enteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, etc. In this study, three novel acidic polysaccharides ZY-2, ZY-3 and ZY-4 were isolated from sour jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. Spinosa) seeds and purified by DEAE Sephrose Fast Flow gel. The molecular weight of ZY-2, ZY-3 and ZY-4 was 7.76 kDa, 10.71 kDa and 8.31 kDa respectively, mainly composed of different proportions of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, galactose, xylose and arabinose. ¹H NMR and Congo red experiment results showed that the three polysaccharides mainly contained both α-type and β-type glycosidic bonds with obvious triple helix structural traits. The polysaccharides could up-regulate the expression levels of occludin and ZO-1 in LPS-induced inflammation Caco-2 cells, and reduce IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α significantly. In conclusion, the acidic polysaccharides from sour jujube seeds exhibited great potential in protection intestinal epithelial barrier function through anti-inflammatory effects.

Isolation, structures, bioactivities, application and future prospective for polysaccharides from Tremella aurantialba: A review

Since ancient times, Tremella aurantialba has been proposed to have medicinal and food benefits. Modern phytochemistry and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides, the main components from T. aurantialba appear to be an all-round talent resisting a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases and protecting against different types of tumors, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These health and pharmacological benefits have gained much attention from scholars around the world. Further, more and more methods for polysaccharides extraction, purification, structure identification have been proposed. Significantly, the bioactivity of fungus polysaccharides is affected by many factors such as extraction and purification conditions and chemical structure. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in the isolation, structural features and biological effects of polysaccharides derived from T. aurantialba, covers recent advances in the field and outlines future research and applications of these polysaccharides.

Effects of Lycium barbarum L. Polysaccharides on Vascular Retinopathy: An Insight Review

Vascular retinopathy is a pathological change in the retina caused by ocular or systemic vascular diseases that can lead to blurred vision and the risk of blindness. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are extracted from the fruit of traditional Chinese medicine, L. barbarum. They have strong biological activities, including immune regulation, antioxidation, and neuroprotection, and have been shown to improve vision in numerous studies. At present, there is no systematic literature review of LBPs on vascular retinal prevention and treatment. We review the structural characterization and extraction methods of LBPs, focus on the mechanism and pharmacokinetics of LBPs in improving vascular retinopathy, and discuss the future clinical application and lack of work. LBPs are involved in the regulation of VEGF, Rho/ROCK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Nrf2/HO-1, AGEs/RAGE signaling pathways, which can alleviate the occurrence and development of vascular retinal diseases in an inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and neuroprotection. LBPs are mainly absorbed by the small intestine and stomach and excreted through urine and feces. Their low bioavailability in vivo has led to the development of novel dosage forms, including multicompartment delivery systems and scaffolds. Data from the literature confirm the medicinal potential of LBPs as a new direction for the prevention and complementary treatment of vascular retinopathy.

Structural characterization of polysaccharides recovered from extraction residue of ginseng root saponins and its fruit nutrition preservation performance

Polysaccharides recovered from extraction residue of ginseng root saponins, i.e., ginsenosides-extracting residue polysaccharides (GRP), were separated into two fractions, GRP-1 and GRP-2. Fourier infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography and gel permeation chromatography measurements, showed GRP-1 was composed of mainly starch-like glucans and GRP-2, relatively a smaller portion, was a mixture of heteropolysaccharides composed of starch-like glucans, rhamnogalacturonan-I pectin, and arabinogalactans, and they had similar molecular weights. These results proved that the structure of GRP was not destroyed and GRP still maintained strong antioxidant activities. In addition, GRP coating on surfaces of fruit slowed their deterioration and maintained their nutritional effects. Correlation and PCA analyses on various quality and antioxidant parameters supported the above findings and a possible mechanism in fruit preservation was then proposed. Knowing the structural features and bioactivities of GRP gives insights into its application. Specifically, GRP served as an environmentally friendly coating that can be used to preserve the nutrients and other quality indicators of strawberries and fresh-cut apples, paving the way for future new approaches to food preservation using polysaccharides or other natural products.

Comparison of structural and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide extracted from truffles

As the main component of truffles, polysaccharides have a variety of biological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and hypoglycemic activity, and these activities are closely related to its structure. In this study, Tuber Aestivum crude polysaccharide (TACP) and Tuber Melanosporum crude polysaccharide (TMCP) were obtained from Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Melanosporum by using microwave-assisted hot water, and then the Sephadex G-200 column was utilized to further separate and purify Tuber Aestivum polysaccharide (TAP) and Tuber Melanosporum polysaccharide (TMP) from TACP and TMCP. The structural characterization results showed that the molecular weight of TAP was 2.18 × 10⁴  kDa, while TMP was 8.79 × 10³  kDa. Although the two polysaccharide components were mainly composed of mannose (Man) and glucose (Glc), the molar ratio of Man and Glc in TAP was 14.76: 12.31, with a molar ratio of 5.43:10.94 in TMP. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of two polysaccharide components was evaluated. TAP and TMP could protect porcine jejunal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells from oxidative damage by H₂ O₂ , but TAP exhibited stronger antioxidant effects. It was mainly reflected that TAP could increase the secretion level of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in IPEC-J2 cells, and had a significant effect on the total antioxidant capacity of cells. The reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde had better scavenging ability at the concentration of 20 µg/ml. The difference between TAP and TMP may be due to the dissimilar structure. Its structure-activity relationship needs further study. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The structure of TAP and TMP were different, and TAP had higher molecular weight. Besides, TAP and TMP can protect IPEC-J2 cells from oxidative stress, providing a theoretical basis for developing potential antioxidant drugs of practical significance.

The structure-activity mechanism of the changes in the physicochemical properties of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides during ultrasonic extraction

BACKGROUND

The high yield of ultrasonic extraction has been widely studied. However, the effects of ultrasound on the properties of products has generally been ignored. In this study, the structural characteristics, rheological properties, and thermal stability of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides (FVPs) under different ultrasonic power (200, 600, 1000 W) and time (10, 20, 30 min) were investigated to explore the effects of ultrasonic extraction on FVPs and the structure-physicochemical properties relationship. The ultrasonic intensity at the corresponding rated power was also measured.

RESULTS

The results showed that the molecular weight, particle size, and zeta potential of FVPs decreased as the ultrasonic intensity or time increased. The galactose, mannose, and fucose contents were increased, but the glucose content was decreased by ultrasonic extraction. Viscosity and weak gel strength were positively correlated with molecular weight. Thermal degradation enthalpy was positively correlated with the galactose and fucose contents.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasound reduced the viscosity and gel strength of FVPs by breaking the polysaccharide chain and improving the galactose and fucose contents, which improved the thermal stability of FVPs. This work provides a theoretical basis for the development of FVP foods with a clear structure-function relationship, which makes it possible to directionally produce FVPs by adjusting ultrasonic parameters during extraction. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Scorias spongiosa Polysaccharides Promote the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capacity and Its Effect on Intestinal Microbiota in Mice

Scorias spongiosa, as an edible fungus, has multiple health benefits. However, the effects of S. spongiosa on intestinal health are rarely explored. Hence, our study aims to elaborate on the influences of S. spongiosa polysaccharides (SSPs) on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and intestinal microflora in C57BL/6J mice. In the present study, 18 male mice were randomly distributed into three groups: (1) Control group (CON); (2) Low dose SSPs group (LSSP); (3) High dose SSPs group (HSSP). After 14-day administration, the jejunum and serum samples were collected for detection. The results showed that SSPs exert no effects on the growth performance of mice regardless of doses. Meanwhile, SSPs administration reduced the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and elevated the anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity was elevated by SSPs administration, as evidenced by the increased contents of T-AOC, GSH-Px, and the decreased content of MDA. Mechanistically, the administration of SSPs enhanced the protein abundances of p-Nrf2, Keap1, and HO-1 in mice. The results of 16S rDNA demonstrated that the microbial community and composition were altered by SSPs administration. To summarize, SSPs benefit intestinal health in C57BL/6J mice via a mechanism that involves elevating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and regulating intestinal microbiota.

Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction, Antioxidant and Renal Protective Effects of Polysaccharides from Spores of Cordyceps cicadae

The aim of this study was to investigate the aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE), in vitro antioxidant, and in vivo renal protective effects of polysaccharides from spores of Cordyceps cicadae (CCSPs). The optimal ATPE parameters were as follows: an extraction temperature of 61 °C, an ammonium sulfate concentration of 18%, an ethanol concentration of 40%, a liquid-to-material ratio of 33 mL/g, and an extraction time of 60 min. Under these parameters, the CCSPs yield was 6.96 ± 0.11% (n = 3), which was consistent with the predicted yield (6.92%). Among the three purified polysaccharide fractions, CCSP-2 displayed stronger scavenging activities against DPPH radicals and hydroxyl radicals, reducing power and ferrous-ion-chelating ability to a greater extent than CCSP-1 and CCSP-3. CCSP-2 exhibited its protective effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic acute kidney injury (AKI) mice by significantly alleviating renal edema; reducing 24 h urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (SCr); inhibiting the release of serum proinflammatory cytokines; boosting the activities of antioxidant enzymes; and reducing the levels of oxidative damage products. These results suggest that CCSP-2 exerted its protective effect against LPS-induced septic AKI in mice through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways.

Structural characterisation and antitumor activity against non-small cell lung cancer of polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus vaninii

The medicinal fungus Sanghuangporus vaninii can be cultivated in large scale and has outstanding antitumour activity. In this study, water-soluble S. vaninii polysaccharides (SVPs) were extracted from fruiting bodies. Four polysaccharide sub-fractions (SVP-W, SVP-1, SVP-2 and SVP-3) were isolated, with molecular weights from 90.50 kDa to 261.70 kDa, and all inhibited the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines A549, 95-D and NCI-H460, especially the acidic SVP-1. SVP-1 affected cell morphology and colony formation in NCI-H460 cells. It also promoted cell apoptosis following nuclear fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that SVP-1 is a heteroglycan with the main chain →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, and the branched chain α-D-Manp-(1 → 2)-α-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 3,6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→. The findings indicate that this natural acidic polysaccharide has potential for non-small cell lung cancer therapy.

Isolation, Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Pectic Polysaccharides of Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.)

The aim of this study was to isolate pectins with antioxidant activity from the leaves of Epilobium angustifolium L. Two pectins, EA-4.0 and EA-0.8, with galacturonic acid contents of 88 and 91% were isolated from the leaves of E. angustifolium L. by the treatment of plant raw materials with aqueous hydrochloric acid at pH 4.0 and 0.8, respectively. EA-4.0 and EA-0.8 were found to scavenge the DPPH radical in a concentration-dependent manner at 17–133 μg/mL, whereas commercial apple pectin scavenged at 0.5–2 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of EA-4.0 was the highest and exceeded the activity of EA-0.8 and a commercial apple pectin by 2 and 39 times (IC₅₀—0.050, 0.109 and 1.961 mg/mL), respectively. Pectins EA-4.0 and EA-0.8 were found to possess superoxide radical scavenging activity, with IC₅₀s equal to 0.27 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. Correlation analysis of the composition and activity of 32 polysaccharide fractions obtained by enzyme hydrolysis and anionic exchange chromatography revealed that the antioxidant capacity of fireweed pectins is mainly due to phenolics and is partially associated with xylogalacturonan chains. The data obtained demonstrate that pectic polysaccharides appeared to be bioactive components of fireweed leaves with high antioxidant activity, which depend on pH at their extraction.

A novel LC-MS/MS method for complete composition analysis of polysaccharides by aldononitrile acetate and multiple reaction monitoring

Carbohydrate analysis has always been a challenging task due to the occurrence of high polarity and multiple isomers. Aldoses are commonly analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) following aldononitrile acetate derivatization (AND). However, the GLC technique cannot be applied for the simultaneous determination of aldoses, ketoses, and uronic acids. In this study, a new method based on the combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and AND is developed for the complete characterization of monosaccharide composition (i.e., aldoses, ketoses, alditols, amino sugars, and uronic acids) in plant-derived polysaccharides. In addition to discussing the possible byproducts, the study optimizes the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) parameters and LC conditions. The final separation of 17 carbohydrates is performed on a BEH Shield RP18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) within 25 min, without using any buffer salt. Notably, the complex polysaccharides extracted from Ligusticum chuanxiong, Platycodon grandiflorum, Cyathula officinalis Kuan, Juglans mandshurica Maxim, and Aralia elata (Miq.). Seem bud can be successfully characterized using the developed method. Overall, the results demonstrated that the newly established LC-MS/MS MRM method is more effective and powerful than the GLC-based methods reported previously, and it is more suitable for the analysis of highly complex natural polysaccharides, including complex pectins, fructosans, and glycoproteins.

Microwave technology: a novel approach to the transformation of natural metabolites

Microwave technology is used throughout the world to generate heat using energy from the microwave range of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is characterized by uniform energy transfer, low energy consumption, and rapid heating which preserves much of the nutritional value in food products. Microwave technology is widely used to process food such as drying, because food and medicinal plants are the same organisms. Microwave technology is also used to process and extract parts of plants for medicinal purposes; however, the special principle of microwave radiation provide energy to reaction for transforming chemical components, creating a variety of compounds through oxidation, hydrolysis, rearrangement, esterification, condensation and other reactions that transform original components into new ones. In this paper, the principles, influencing factors of microwave technology, and the transformation of natural metabolites using microwave technology are reviewed, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for the further study of microwave technology in the processing of medicinal materials.

Structural characterization and antioxidant activities of one neutral polysaccharide and three acid polysaccharides from Ziziphus jujuba cv. Hamidazao: A comparison

A neutral polysaccharide (HJP-1a) and three acid polysaccharides (HJP-2, HJP-3 and HJP-4) were obtained from Z. jujuba cv. Hamidazao. HJP-1a was mainly composed of arabinose and galactose in a ratio of 56.9:20.0, with an average molecular weight of 3.115 × 10⁴ g/mol. HJP-2, HJP-3 and HJP-4 were homogeneous heteropolysaccharides mainly containing galacturonic acid, arabinose and galactose, with average molecular weights of 4.590 × 10⁴, 6.986 × 10⁴ and 1.951 × 10⁵ g/mol, respectively. Structural characterization indicated that the backbone of HJP-3 appeared to be mainly composed of →4)-α-d-GalpA (1→ and →2,4)-α-l-Rhap (1→ residues with some branches consisting of →5)-α-l-Araf (1→ residues and terminals of T-α-l-Araf (1→ and T-β-d-Galp residues. The four purified fractions displayed dose-dependent radical scavenging activity on ABTS⁺ radicals and reducing capacity, as well as excellent protective effect on H₂O₂-induced HepG2 cells and metronidazole-damaged zebrafish embryos, especially HJP-2 in vitro and HJP-1a in vivo. Therefore, the polysaccharides from Z. jujuba cv. Hamidazao could be used as a potential antioxidant in functional foods.

Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of acid-soluble pectin from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Currently, there are few studies on acid-soluble pectin from okra, especially in biological activity for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. In this study, the antioxidant properties of acid-soluble okra pectin components and their anti-inflammatory were explored. Firstly, two acid-soluble okra pectic fractions, namely crude acid-soluble okra pectin (CAOP) and acid-soluble okra pectin (AOP), were obtained and exhibited structural and compositional variation. The two pectic fractions contained a low degree of esterification (42.0-46.5%) and a relatively high uronic acid content (31.6-37.3%). AOP was composed of galacturonic acid (79.1 mol/%), galactose (4.3 mol/%), rhamnose (14.5 mol/%) and xylose (2.1 mol/%), and the molecular weight was 92.8 kDa. Morphological and thermal properties of acid-soluble okra pectin components were also investigated. Compared to CAOP, AOP expressed better antioxidant activity, and suppressed the NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. All the above results indicated that AOP had the potential to act as a natural antioxidant or a functional anti-inflammatory food, which would broaden the development and utilization of okra resources.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous two phase extraction of polyphenols from olive leaves

In this study, polyphenols from olive leaves was extracted by ultrasound-assisted aqueous two phase extraction (UAATPE). Based on single factor experiment and response surface methodology (RSM), the optimum extraction conditions of polyphenols contained 29% (w/w) (NH₄)₂SO₄, 35% (w/w) ethanol, pH 6.7, and 45 °C. The maximum extraction yield of polyphenols and oleuropein content were 34.06 mg/g and 44.13 mg/L, respectively. Compared with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and aqueous two phase extraction (ATPE), the extraction yield of polyphenols by UAATPE was 9.48 and 61.19% higher, respectively. In addition, the extract of UAATPE had higher purity. The results of antioxidant activity showed that polyphenols extracted by UAATPE had stronger DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging ability and reducing power. Therefore, UAATPE is an efficient method for extracting polyphenols from olive leaves.

Preparation and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides obtained from abalone viscera by combination of enzymolysis and multiple separation methods

Abalone viscera were byproducts of the abalone processing and usually discarded as wastes. In this study, we tried to obtain functional polysaccharides from abalone viscera by a combination of enzymatic hydrolysis, membrane separation, anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration techniques. Abalone viscera underwent successive hydrolyzation with alcalase and flavourzyme. Each enzymolysis was followed by deproteinization via membrane separation. The final yield of crude abalone viscera polysaccharide (CAVP) was 19.72%; the polysaccharide content of CAVP was 51.75%. Furthermore, three fractions of polysaccharides (AVP1, AVP2, and AVP3) were isolated from the CAVP by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The molecular weights of each AVP were 14.99 kDa, 58.48 kDa, and 39.63 kDa, with a carbohydrate content of 62.75, 23.09, and 44.67%, respectively. These AVPs showed excellent antioxidant activities in vitro. Our results provide a scientific basis for the further utilization of polysaccharides from abalone viscera. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrated an eco-friendly approach for industrial production of high purity animal-derived polysaccharides without any environmental pollution caused by the viscera waste of abalone and promoting the comprehensive utilization of abalone resources.