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Wang X, Yang X, Xiao X, Li X, Chen C, Sun D. Biomimetic design of platelet-rich plasma controlled release bacterial cellulose/hydroxyapatite composite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132124. [PMID: 38723802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel is renowned in the field of tissue engineering for its high biocompatibility, excellent mechanical strength, and eco-friendliness. Herein, we present a biomimetic mineralization method for preparing BC/hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite hydrogel scaffolds with different mineralization time and ion concentration of the mineralized solution. Spherical HAP reinforcement enhanced bone mineralization, thereby imparting increased bioactivity to BC matrix materials. Subsequently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was introduced into the scaffold. The PRP-loaded hydrogel enhanced the release of growth factors, which promoted cell adhesion, growth, and bone healing. After 3 weeks of MC3T3-E1 cell-induced osteogenesis, PRP positively affected cell differentiation in BC/HAP@PRP scaffolds. Overall, these scaffolds exhibited excellent biocompatibility, mineralized nodule formation, and controlled release in vitro, demonstrating great potential for application in bone tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Wang
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xueqian Li
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chuntao Chen
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Dongping Sun
- Institute of Chemicobiology and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing 210094, China.
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2
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Heydari P, Zargar Kharazi A, Shariati L. Enhanced wound regeneration by PGS/PLA fiber dressing containing platelet-rich plasma: an in vitro study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12019. [PMID: 38797743 PMCID: PMC11128439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel wound dressings with therapeutic effects are being continually designed to improve the wound healing process. In this study, the structural, chemical, physical, and biological properties of an electrospun poly glycerol sebacate/poly lactide acid/platelet-rich plasma (PGS/PLA-PRP) nanofibers were evaluated to determine its impacts on in vitro wound healing. Results revealed desirable cell viability in the Fibroblast (L929) and macrophage (RAW-264.7) cell lines as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cell migration was evident in the scratch assay (L929 cell line) so that it promoted scratch contraction to accelerate in vitro wound healing. Moreover, addition of PRP to the fiber structure led to enhanced collagen deposition (~ 2 times) in comparison with PGS/PLA scaffolds. While by addition PRP to PGS/PLA fibers not only decreased the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in RAW-264.7 cells but also led to significantly increased levels of cytokine (IL-10) and the growth factor (TGF-β), which are related to the anti-inflammatory phase (M2 phenotype). Finally, PGS/PLA-PRP was found to induce a significant level of angiogenesis by forming branching points, loops, and tubes. Based on the results obtained, the PGS/PLA-PRP dressing developed might be a promising evolution in skin tissue engineering ensuring improved wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Heydari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Anousheh Zargar Kharazi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Biomaterials Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Faculty, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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You C, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Liu S, Hu K, Zhan Y, Aihemaiti S, Tao S, Chu Y, Fan L. Application of extracellular matrix cross-linked by microbial transglutaminase to promote wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131384. [PMID: 38580012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
One primary focus of skin tissue engineering has been the creation of innovative biomaterials to facilitate rapid wound healing. Extracellular matrix (ECM), an essential biofunctional substance, has recently been discovered to play a crucial role in wound healing. Consequently, we endeavored to decellularize ECM from pig achilles tendon and refine its mechanical and biological properties through modification by utilizing cross-linking agents. Glutaraldehyde (GA), 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), double aldol starch (DAS), and microbial transglutaminase (MTG) were utilized to produce crosslinked ECM variants (GA-ECM, EDC/NHS-ECM, DAS-ECM, and MTG-ECM). Comprehensive assessments were conducted to evaluate the physical properties, biocompatibility, and wound healing efficacy of each material. The results indicated that MTG-ECM exhibited superior tensile strength, excellent hydrophilicity, minimal cytotoxicity, and the best pro-healing impact among the four modified scaffolds. Staining analysis of tissue sections further revealed that MTG-ECM impeded the transition from type III collagen to type I collagen in the wound area, potentially reducing the development of wound scar. Therefore, MTG-ECM is expected to be a potential pro-skin repair scaffold material to prevent scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai You
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China
| | - Yuandong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, PR China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, PR China
| | - Kangdi Hu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuhang Zhan
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China
| | - Shami Aihemaiti
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China
| | - Shengxiang Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China.
| | - Yingying Chu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, PR China.
| | - Lihong Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, PR China.
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4
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Liu C, Li M, Liu Z, Shi Z, Wang X, Huang F. Chitosan thermogelation and cascade mineralization via sequential CaCO 3 incorporations for wound care. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131076. [PMID: 38531522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Physically crosslinked hydrogels have shown great potential as excellent and eco-friendly matrices for wound management. Herein, we demonstrate the development of a thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel system using CaCO3 as a gelling agent, followed by CaCO3 mineralization to fine-tune its properties. The chitosan hydrogel effectively gelled at 37 °C and above after an incubation period of at least 2 h, facilitated by the CaCO3-mediated slow deprotonation of primary amine groups on chitosan polymers. Through synthesizing and characterizing various chitosan hydrogel compositions, we found that mineralization played a key role in enhancing the hydrogels' mechanical strength, viscosity, and thermal inertia. Moreover, thorough in vitro and in vivo assessments of the chitosan-based hydrogels, whether modified with mineralization or not, demonstrated their outstanding hemostatic activity (reducing coagulation time by >41 %), biocompatibility with minimal inflammation, and biodegradability. Importantly, in vivo evaluations using a rat burn wound model unveiled a clear wound healing promotion property of the chitosan hydrogels, and the mineralized form outperformed its precursor, with a reduction of >7 days in wound closure time. This study presents the first-time utilization of chitosan/CaCO3 as a thermogelation formulation, offering a promising prototype for a new family of thermosensitive hydrogels highly suited for wound care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Menghan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Zhuang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 West Changjiang Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
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5
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Omidian H, Wilson RL, Gill EJ. Advancements and Challenges in Self-Healing Hydrogels for Wound Care. Gels 2024; 10:241. [PMID: 38667660 PMCID: PMC11048759 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This manuscript explores self-healing hydrogels as innovative solutions for diverse wound management challenges. Addressing antibiotic resistance and tailored wound care, these hydrogels exhibit promising outcomes, including accelerated wound closure and tissue regeneration. Advancements in multifunctional hydrogels with controlled drug release, antimicrobial properties, and real-time wound assessment capabilities signal a significant leap toward patient-centered treatments. However, challenges such as scalability, long-term safety evaluation, and variability in clinical outcomes persist. Future directions emphasize personalized medicine, manufacturing innovation, rigorous evaluation through clinical trials, and interdisciplinary collaboration. This manuscript features the ongoing pursuit of effective, adaptable, and comprehensive wound care solutions to transform medical treatments and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Omidian
- Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA; (R.L.W.); (E.J.G.)
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Lai S, Wu T, Shi C, Wang X, Liu P, Wang L, Yu H. Triple-layered core-shell fiber dressings with enduring platelet conservation and sustained growth factor release abilities for chronic wound healing. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae034. [PMID: 38601330 PMCID: PMC11004556 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is one of the most popular biomaterials in regenerative medicine. However, the difficulties encountered in its preservation, and the requirement for on-demand preparation severely limit its application. In addition, its rapid degradation in the wound microenvironment makes the sustained release of growth factors impossible and finally reduces the therapeutic effect on chronic wounds. Here, a multifunctional dressing based on triple-layered core-shell fibers for loading and enduring preservation of PRP was developed using a one-step coaxial bioprinting technique combined with freeze-drying. The platelets were effectively dispersed and immobilized in the core layer of the fiber, leading to a sustained release of growth factors from the PRP. The rate of release can be controlled by adjusting the triple-layered core-shell structure. Simultaneously, the triple-layered core-shell structure can reduce the deactivation of PRP during freezing and storage. The experimental findings suggest that PRP exhibits sustained activity, facilitating the process of wound healing even after a storage period of 180 days. Furthermore, the protective mechanism of PRP by the triple-layered core-shell fiber was investigated, and the conditions for freeze-drying and storage were optimized, further enhancing the long-term storability of PRP. As a result, the multifunctional core-shell fiber dressings developed in this study offer a novel approach for sustained growth factor release and the enduring preservation of active PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Lai
- Guangdong–Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Tingbin Wu
- Guangdong–Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Chenxi Shi
- Guangdong–Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | | | - Pengbi Liu
- Guangdong–Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Lihuan Wang
- Guangdong–Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong–Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
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7
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Yang P, Lu Y, Gou W, Qin Y, Tan J, Luo G, Zhang Q. Glycosaminoglycans' Ability to Promote Wound Healing: From Native Living Macromolecules to Artificial Biomaterials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305918. [PMID: 38072674 PMCID: PMC10916610 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important for the occurrence of signaling molecules and maintenance of microenvironment within the extracellular matrix (ECM) in living tissues. GAGs and GAG-based biomaterial approaches have been widely explored to promote in situ tissue regeneration and repair by regulating the wound microenvironment, accelerating re-epithelialization, and controlling ECM remodeling. However, most approaches remain unacceptable for clinical applications. To improve insights into material design and clinical translational applications, this review highlights the innate roles and bioactive mechanisms of native GAGs during in situ wound healing and presents common GAG-based biomaterials and the adaptability of application scenarios in facilitating wound healing. Furthermore, challenges before the widespread commercialization of GAG-based biomaterials are shared, to ensure that future designed and constructed GAG-based artificial biomaterials are more likely to recapitulate the unique and tissue-specific profile of native GAG expression in human tissues. This review provides a more explicit and clear selection guide for researchers designing biomimetic materials, which will resemble or exceed their natural counterparts in certain functions, thereby suiting for specific environments or therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Weiming Gou
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Yiming Qin
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of DermatologyClinical Institute of Inflammation and ImmunologyFrontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular NetworkWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu610041China
| | - Jianglin Tan
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of TraumaBurn and Combined InjurySouthwest HospitalThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
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8
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Wang X, Yang Y, Zhao W, Zhu Z, Pei X. Recent advances of hydrogels as smart dressings for diabetic wounds. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1126-1148. [PMID: 38205636 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic diabetic wounds have been an urgent clinical problem, and wound dressings play an important role in their management. Due to the design of traditional dressings, it is difficult to achieve adaptive adhesion and on-demand removal of complex diabetic wounds, real-time monitoring of wound status, and dynamic adjustment of drug release behavior according to the wound microenvironment. Smart hydrogels, as smart dressings, can respond to environmental stimuli and achieve more precise local treatment. Here, we review the latest progress of smart hydrogels in wound bandaging, dynamic monitoring, and drug delivery for treatment of diabetic wounds. It is worth noting that we have summarized the most important properties of smart hydrogels for diabetic wound healing. In addition, we discuss the unresolved challenges and future prospects in this field. We hope that this review will contribute to furthering progress on smart hydrogels as improved dressing for diabetic wound healing and practical clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xibo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Peoples Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Alinezhad V, Esmaeilzadeh K, Bagheri H, Zeighami H, Kalantari-Hesari A, Jafari R, Makvandi P, Xu Y, Mohammadi H, Shahbazi MA, Maleki A. Engineering a platelet-rich plasma-based multifunctional injectable hydrogel with photothermal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties for skin regeneration. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5872-5892. [PMID: 37482933 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing remains a significant challenge worldwide, necessitating the development of new wound dressings to aid in the healing process. This study presents a novel photothermally active hydrogel that contains platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for infected wound healing. The hydrogel was formed in a one pot synthesis approach by mixing alginate (Alg), gelatin (GT), polydopamine (PDA), and PRP, followed by the addition of CaCl2 as a cross-linker to prepare a multifunctional hydrogel (AGC-PRP-PDA). The hydrogel exhibited improved strength and good swelling properties. PDA nanoparticles (NPs) within the hydrogel endowed them with high photothermal properties and excellent antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Moreover, the hydrogels sustained the release of growth factors due to their ability to protect PRP. The hydrogels also exhibited good hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility, as well as high hemostatic properties. In animal experiments, the injectable hydrogels effectively filled irregular wounds and promoted infected wound healing by accelerating re-epithelialization, facilitating collagen deposition, and enhancing angiogenesis. The study also indicated that near-infrared light improved the healing process. Overall, these hydrogels with antibacterial, antioxidant, and hemostatic properties, as well as sustained growth factor release, show significant potential for skin regeneration in full-thickness, bacteria-infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajihe Alinezhad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Kimia Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hadi Bagheri
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Habib Zeighami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
| | - Ali Kalantari-Hesari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan 6516738695, Iran
| | - Rahim Jafari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Science & Technology, Department of Urology, Nano Medical Innovation & Collaboration Group (NMICG), The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology/Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran.
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan 45139-56184, Iran
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