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Koyani CN, Scheruebel S, Jin G, Kolesnik E, Zorn-Pauly K, Mächler H, Hoefler G, von Lewinski D, Heinzel FR, Pelzmann B, Malle E. Hypochlorite-Modified LDL Induces Arrhythmia and Contractile Dysfunction in Cardiomyocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:25. [PMID: 35052529 PMCID: PMC8772905 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) and its potent oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), gained attention as important oxidative mediators in cardiac damage and dysfunction. As cardiomyocytes generate low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particles, we aimed to identify the footprints of proatherogenic HOCl-LDL, which adversely affects cellular signalling cascades in various cell types, in the human infarcted myocardium. We performed immunohistochemistry for MPO and HOCl-LDL in human myocardial tissue, investigated the impact of HOCl-LDL on electrophysiology and contractility in primary cardiomyocytes, and explored underlying mechanisms in HL-1 cardiomyocytes and human atrial appendages using immunoblot analysis, qPCR, and silencing experiments. HOCl-LDL reduced ICa,L and IK1, and increased INaL, leading to altered action potential characteristics and arrhythmic events including early- and delayed-afterdepolarizations. HOCl-LDL altered the expression and function of CaV1.2, RyR2, NCX1, and SERCA2a, resulting in impaired contractility and Ca2+ homeostasis. Elevated superoxide anion levels and oxidation of CaMKII were mediated via LOX-1 signaling in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, HOCl-LDL-mediated alterations of cardiac contractility and electrophysiology, including arrhythmic events, were ameliorated by the CaMKII inhibitor KN93 and the INaL blocker, ranolazine. This study provides an explanatory framework for the detrimental effects of HOCl-LDL compared to native LDL and cardiac remodeling in patients with high MPO levels during the progression of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan N. Koyani
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.J.); (E.K.); (D.v.L.)
| | - Susanne Scheruebel
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.S.); (K.Z.-P.)
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.J.); (E.K.); (D.v.L.)
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ewald Kolesnik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.J.); (E.K.); (D.v.L.)
| | - Klaus Zorn-Pauly
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.S.); (K.Z.-P.)
| | - Heinrich Mächler
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Dirk von Lewinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (G.J.); (E.K.); (D.v.L.)
| | - Frank R. Heinzel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Pelzmann
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.S.); (K.Z.-P.)
| | - Ernst Malle
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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Zingg JM, Vlad A, Ricciarelli R. Oxidized LDLs as Signaling Molecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081184. [PMID: 34439432 PMCID: PMC8389018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) are usually low in vivo but can increase whenever the balance between formation and scavenging of free radicals is impaired. Under normal conditions, uptake and degradation represent the physiological cellular response to oxLDL exposure. The uptake of oxLDLs is mediated by cell surface scavenger receptors that may also act as signaling molecules. Under conditions of atherosclerosis, monocytes/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells highly exposed to oxLDLs tend to convert to foam cells due to the intracellular accumulation of lipids. Moreover, the atherogenic process is accelerated by the increased expression of the scavenger receptors CD36, SR-BI, LOX-1, and SRA in response to high levels of oxLDL and oxidized lipids. In some respects, the effects of oxLDLs, involving cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, senescence, and gene expression, can be seen as an adaptive response to the rise of free radicals in the vascular system. Unlike highly reactive radicals, circulating oxLDLs may signal to cells at more distant sites and possibly trigger a systemic antioxidant defense, thus elevating the role of oxLDLs to that of signaling molecules with physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: (J.-M.Z.); (R.R.); Tel.: +1-(305)-2433531 (J.-M.Z.); +39-010-3538831 (R.R.)
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Physiology Department, “Carol Davila” UMPh, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.-M.Z.); (R.R.); Tel.: +1-(305)-2433531 (J.-M.Z.); +39-010-3538831 (R.R.)
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Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Navarro-García JA, González-Lafuente L, Aceves-Ripoll J, Vázquez-Sánchez S, Poveda J, Mercado-García E, Corbacho-Alonso N, Calvo-Bonacho E, Fernández-Velasco M, Álvarez-Llamas G, Barderas MG, Ruilope LM, Ruiz-Hurtado G. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Associates with Ventricular Stress in Young Adults and Triggers Intracellular Ca 2+ Alterations in Adult Ventricular Cardiomyocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121213. [PMID: 33271910 PMCID: PMC7761043 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is associated with cardiac damage and causes injury to multiple cell types. We aimed to investigate the role of oxLDL in ventricular stress. We first examined the association between circulating oxLDL and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a marker of myocardial stress, in young subjects (30-50 years) with or without stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). oxLDL and NT-proBNP were significantly higher in subjects at high cardiovascular risk (CVR) than in subjects at low CVR and were associated independently of traditional CVR factors and C-reactive protein. Furthermore, the levels of oxLDL and NT-proBNP were significantly lower in subjects with SCAD than in peers at high CVR. To determine the intracellular mechanisms involved in the cardiac effects of oxLDL, we analyzed the in vitro effect of oxLDL on intracellular Ca2+ handling in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes using confocal microscopy. Acute challenge of adult ventricular cardiomyocytes to oxLDL reduced systolic Ca2+ transients and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load. Moreover, diastolic spontaneous Ca2+ leak increased significantly after acute exposure to oxLDL. Thus, we demonstrate that oxLDL associates with NT-proBNP in young subjects, and can directly induce Ca2+ mishandling in adult ventricular cardiomyoyctes, predisposing cardiomyocytes to cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
| | - José Alberto Navarro-García
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
| | - Laura González-Lafuente
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
| | - Jennifer Aceves-Ripoll
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
| | - Sara Vázquez-Sánchez
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
| | - Jonay Poveda
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
| | - Elisa Mercado-García
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
| | - Nerea Corbacho-Alonso
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45004 Toledo, Spain; (N.C.-A.); (M.G.B.)
| | | | - María Fernández-Velasco
- IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, CIBER-CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - María G. Barderas
- Department of Vascular Physiopathology, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45004 Toledo, Spain; (N.C.-A.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Luis M. Ruilope
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
- Hypertension Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.-S.); (J.A.N.-G.); (L.G.-L.); (J.A.-R.); (S.V.-S.); (J.P.); (E.M.-G.); (L.M.R.)
- Hypertension Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-390-8001
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Zhao L, Fu K, Li X, Zhang R, Wang W, Xu F, Ji X, Chen Y, Li C. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 protects cardiomyocytes against lipotoxicity via the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:360-365. [PMID: 32089266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, a mitochondrial matrix enzyme, plays a crucial role in protecting the heart against stress, such as ischemia reperfusion and alcohol injury. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 on lipotoxic cardiomyopathy and to explore the possible mechanisms in vitro. Primary cardiomyocytes in the lipotoxic group were treated with oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (50 mg/L) for 24 h. Overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 was achieved using the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activator, Alda-1 (20 μM). We found that cardiomyocyte apoptosis was attenuated by aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 overexpression. In addition, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 overexpression inhibited the expression of BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX) and caspase 3, while it enhanced protein kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) phosphorylation. The results suggested that aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 is cardioprotective against lipotoxic cardiomyopathy, probably by reducing apoptosis through the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) pathway. Our findings partially revealed the molecular mechanism of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2's cardioprotective effect against lipotoxic injury, and suggest a new therapeutic strategy to treat lipotoxic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Chuanbao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Emergency and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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5
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Platzer D, Zorn-Pauly K. Accuracy considerations for capacitance estimation by voltage steps in cardiomyocytes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 157:3-10. [PMID: 32217074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiologists routinely use simple voltage steps to evaluate cell membrane capacitance derived from corresponding current responses. Frequently, the resting membrane voltage Vrest is employed as holding potential for the subsequent command voltage step and more or less accurate methods are utilised to analyse the transient current. Another choice as holding potential is the peak of the "quasi steady-state" current to voltage relationship, Vpeak. The aim of this study is the systematic evaluation of capacitance estimation accuracy from voltage step experiments depending on the choice of holding potential and analysis method. In this paper, a simulation approach is employed to analyse the current response of a model patch-clamp circuit. Four commonly accepted methods are implemented, utilizing different aspects of the transient current (charge, membrane time constant, and influence of the series resistance) in various combinations and with various degrees of refinement. This simulation study indicates an acceptable accuracy of the elaborated methods for capacitance estimation at holding potentials Vrest and Vpeak over a broad range of capacitance as well as series resistance values. Simple integration of the current transient provides sufficient accuracy at holding potentials, which effectively minimizes changes in resistive membrane current flow during command voltage steps (particularly around Vpeak). However, biphasic command protocols performed at Vpeak activate voltage dependent sodium channels, thereby possibly leading to the threshold voltage for an action potential. Compared to Vrest, all methods utilizing monophasic step protocols, gain additional accuracy, when applied at Vpeak as holding potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Platzer
- Chair of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zorn-Pauly
- Chair of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Cavalcante PAM, Gregnani MF, Henrique JS, Ornellas FH, Araújo RC. Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2017; 3:42. [PMID: 29185059 PMCID: PMC5705532 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have addressed the relationship between toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) and the production of local and systemic cytokines in response to physical exercise, and they have produced conflicting results. We aimed to determine whether acute and chronic exercise outcomes are associated with changes in TLR2 and TLR4 expression and signaling and if so, the mechanisms that connect them. METHODS PubMed database were consulted. This systematic review selected 39 articles, 26 involving humans and 13 based on rodents. RESULTS In acute resistance exercise studies, 75% reported a decrease in TLR4 or TLR2 expression and 25% did not find differences. For chronic resistance exercise studies, 67% reported a reduction of expression and 33% did not find differences. Studies of both types reported reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines. In acute aerobic exercise studies, 40% revealed a decline in the expression of the receptors, 7% reported no significant difference, 40% showed an increase, and 13% did not evaluate their expression. Fifty-eight percent of studies of chronic aerobic exercise revealed a reduction in expression, 17% did not find a difference, and 25% reported increases; they also suggested that the expression of the receptors might be correlated with that of inflammatory cytokines. In studies on combined exercise, 50% reported a decline in receptors expression and 50% did not find a difference. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the articles (54%) link different types of exercise to a decline in TLR4 and TLR2 expression. However, aerobic exercise may induce inflammations through its influence on these receptor pathways. Higher levels of inflammation were seen in acute sessions (40%) than regular sessions (25%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andréa Malveira Cavalcante
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669/9and., 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Fernandes Gregnani
- Molecular Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Salles Henrique
- Neurology/Neuroscience Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Exercise Neurophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Henrique Ornellas
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araújo
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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7
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Wölkart G, Schrammel A, Koyani CN, Scherübel S, Zorn‐Pauly K, Malle E, Pelzmann B, Andrä M, Ortner A, Mayer B. Cardioprotective effects of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural mediated by inhibition of L-type Ca 2+ currents. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3640-3653. [PMID: 28768052 PMCID: PMC5610158 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The antioxidant 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) exerts documented beneficial effects in several experimental pathologies and is currently tested as an antisickling drug in clinical trials. In the present study, we examined the cardiovascular effects of 5-HMF and elucidated the mode of action of the drug. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The cardiovascular effects of 5-HMF were studied with pre-contracted porcine coronary arteries and rat isolated normoxic-perfused hearts. Isolated hearts subjected to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury were used to test for potential cardioprotective effects of the drug. The effects of 5-HMF on action potential and L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L ) were studied by patch-clamping guinea pig isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes. KEY RESULTS 5-HMF relaxed coronary arteries in a concentration-dependent manner and exerted negative inotropic, lusitropic and chronotropic effects in rat isolated perfused hearts. On the other hand, 5-HMF improved recovery of inotropic and lusitropic parameters in isolated hearts subjected to I/R. Patch clamp experiments revealed that 5-HMF inhibits L-type Ca2+ channels. Reduced ICa,L density, shift of ICa,L steady-state inactivation curves toward negative membrane potentials and slower recovery of ICa,L from inactivation in response to 5-HMF accounted for the observed cardiovascular effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data revealed a cardioprotective effect of 5-HMF in I/R that is mediated by inhibition of L-type Ca2+ channels. Thus, 5-HMF is suggested as a beneficial additive to cardioplegic solutions, but adverse effects and contraindications of Ca2+ channel blockers have to be considered in therapeutic application of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wölkart
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - A Schrammel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - C N Koyani
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - S Scherübel
- Institute of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - K Zorn‐Pauly
- Institute of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - E Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - B Pelzmann
- Institute of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - M Andrä
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular SurgeryKlinikum KlagenfurtKlagenfurtAustria
| | - A Ortner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - B Mayer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
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Schlüter KD, Wolf A, Weber M, Schreckenberg R, Schulz R. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) affects load-free cell shortening of cardiomyocytes in a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9)-dependent way. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:63. [PMID: 28913715 PMCID: PMC5599470 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented that oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (oxLDL) levels directly impact myocardial structure and function. However, the molecular mechanisms by which oxLDL affects cardiac myocytes are not well established. We addressed the question whether oxLDL modifies load-free cell shortening, a standardized readout of cardiac cellular function, and investigated whether proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 (PCSK9) is involved on oxLDL-dependent processes. Adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated and incubated for 24 h with oxLDL. PCSK9 was silenced by administration of siRNA. Load-free cell shortening was analyzed via a line camera at a beating frequency of 2 Hz. RT-PCR and immunoblots were used to identify molecular pathways. We observed a concentration-dependent reduction of load-free cell shortening that was independent of cell damage (apoptosis, necrosis). The effect of oxLDL was attenuated by silencing of oxLDL receptors (LOX-1), blockade of p38 MAP kinase activation, and silencing of PCSK9. oxLDL increased the expression of PCSK9 and caused oxidative modification of tropomyosin. In conclusion, we found that oxLDL significantly impaired contractile function via induction of PCSK9. This is the first report about the expression of PCSK9 in adult terminal differentiated ventricular cardiomyocytes. The data are important in the light of recent development of PCSK9 inhibitory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Dieter Schlüter
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Annemarie Wolf
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Weber
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf Schreckenberg
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Lee AS, Xi Y, Lai CH, Chen WY, Peng HY, Chan HC, Chen CH, Chang KC. Human electronegative low-density lipoprotein modulates cardiac repolarization via LOX-1-mediated alteration of sarcolemmal ion channels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10889. [PMID: 28883612 PMCID: PMC5589822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is associated with greater risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to examine whether the most electronegative subfraction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), L5, is correlated with QTc prolongation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and investigate the effects of human L5 on the electrophysiological properties of cardiomyocytes in relation to the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1). L5 was isolated from the plasma of 40 patients with angiography documented CAD and 13 patients with no CAD to correlate the QTc interval respectively. The mean concentration of L5 was higher and correlated with QTc in patients with CAD compared to controls. To examine the direct effect of L5 on QTc, mice were intravenously injected with L5 or L1. L5-injected wild-type but not LOX-1−/− mice showed longer QTc compared to L1-injected animals in vivo with corresponding longer action potential duration (APD) in cardiomyocytes incubated with L5 in vitro. The APD prolongation was mediated by an increase of L-type calcium current and a decrease of transient outward potassium current. We show that L5 was positively correlated with QTc prolongation in patients with ischemic heart disease. L5 can modulate cardiac repolarization via LOX-1-mediated alteration sarcolemmal ionic currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sheng Lee
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yutao Xi
- Texas Heart Institute/St. Luke's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chin-Hu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yu Peng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Cheng Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 independent cardiac dysfunction links saxagliptin to heart failure. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 145:64-80. [PMID: 28859968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Saxagliptin treatment has been associated with increased rate of hospitalization for heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients, though the underlying mechanism(s) remain elusive. To address this, we assessed the effects of saxagliptin on human atrial trabeculae, guinea pig hearts and cardiomyocytes. We found that the primary target of saxagliptin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, is absent in cardiomyocytes, yet saxagliptin internalized into cardiomyocytes and impaired cardiac contractility via inhibition of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-phospholamban-sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a axis and Na+-Ca2+ exchanger function in Ca2+ extrusion. This resulted in reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content, diastolic Ca2+ overload, systolic dysfunction and impaired contractile force. Furthermore, saxagliptin reduced protein kinase C-mediated delayed rectifier K+ current that prolonged action potential duration and consequently QTc interval. Importantly, saxagliptin aggravated pre-existing cardiac dysfunction induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. In conclusion, our novel results provide mechanisms for the off-target deleterious effects of saxagliptin on cardiac function and support the outcome of SAVOR-TIMI 53 trial that linked saxagliptin with the risk of heart failure.
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Proskurnina EV, Dzhatdoeva AA, Lobichenko EN, Shalina RI, Vladimirov YA. Chemiliminescence determination of lipid hydroperoxides in biological fluids. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817050094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Physiological and therapeutic regulation of PCSK9 activity in cardiovascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:32. [PMID: 28439730 PMCID: PMC5403857 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death worldwide and is accelerated by increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a potent circulating regulator of LDL-C through its ability to induce degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the lysosome of hepatocytes. Only in the last few years, a number of breakthroughs in the understanding of PCSK9 biology have been reported illustrating how PCSK9 activity is tightly regulated at several levels by factors influencing its transcription, secretion, or by extracellular inactivation and clearance. Two humanized antibodies directed against the LDLR-binding site in PCSK9 received approval by the European and US authorities and additional PCSK9 directed therapeutics are climbing up the phases of clinical trials. The first outcome data of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab reported a significant reduction in the composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and further outcome data are awaited. Meanwhile, it became evident that PCSK9 has (patho)physiological roles in several cardiovascular cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent biological and clinical data on PCSK9, the regulation of PCSK9, its extra-hepatic activities focusing on cardiovascular cells, molecular concepts to target PCSK9, and finally briefly summarize the data of recent clinical studies.
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13
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Electronegative LDL-mediated cardiac electrical remodeling in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40676. [PMID: 28094801 PMCID: PMC5240592 DOI: 10.1038/srep40676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying chronic kidney disease (CKD)–associated higher risks for life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias remain poorly understood. In rats subjected to unilateral nephrectomy (UNx), we examined cardiac electrophysiological remodeling and relevant mechanisms predisposing to ventricular arrhythmias. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent UNx (n = 6) or sham (n = 6) operations. Eight weeks later, the UNx group had higher serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels and a longer electrocardiographic QTc interval than did the sham group. Patch-clamp studies revealed epicardial (EPI)-predominant prolongation of the action potential duration (APD) at 50% and 90% repolarization in UNx EPI cardiomyocytes compared to sham EPI cardiomyocytes. A significant reduction of the transient outward potassium current (Ito) in EPI but not in endocardial (ENDO) cardiomyocytes of UNx rats led to a decreased transmural gradient of Ito. The reduction of Ito currents in UNx EPI cardiomyocytes was secondary to downregulation of KChIP2 but not Kv4.2, Kv4.3, and Kv1.4 protein expression. Incubation of plasma electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from UNx rats with normal EPI and ENDO cardiomyocytes recapitulated the electrophysiological phenotype of UNx rats. In conclusion, CKD disrupts the physiological transmural gradient of Ito via downregulation of KChIP2 proteins in the EPI region, which may promote susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Electronegative LDL may underlie downregulation of KChIP2 in CKD.
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He F, Xu X, Yuan S, Tan L, Gao L, Ma S, Zhang S, Ma Z, Jiang W, Liu F, Chen B, Zhang B, Pang J, Huang X, Weng J. Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein (ox-LDL) Cholesterol Induces the Expression of miRNA-223 and L-type Calcium Channel Protein in Atrial Fibrillation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30368. [PMID: 27488468 PMCID: PMC4973266 DOI: 10.1038/srep30368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia causing high morbidity and mortality. While changing of the cellular calcium homeostasis plays a critical role in AF, the L-type calcium channel α1c protein has suggested as an important regulator of reentrant spiral dynamics and is a major component of AF-related electrical remodeling. Our computational modeling predicted that miRNA-223 may regulate the CACNA1C gene which encodes the cardiac L-type calcium channel α1c subunit. We found that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) cholesterol significantly up-regulates both the expression of miRNA-223 and L-type calcium channel protein. In contrast, knockdown of miRNA-223 reduced L-type calcium channel protein expression, while genetic knockdown of endogenous miRNA-223 dampened AF vulnerability. Transfection of miRNA-223 by adenovirus-mediated expression enhanced L-type calcium currents and promoted AF in mice while co-injection of a CACNA1C-specific miR-mimic counteracted the effect. Taken together, ox-LDL, as a known factor in AF-associated remodeling, positively regulates miRNA-223 transcription and L-type calcium channel protein expression. Our results implicate a new molecular mechanism for AF in which miRNA-223 can be used as an biomarker of AF rheumatic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping He
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuguo Yuan
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangqiu Tan
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingjun Gao
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaochun Ma
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shebin Zhang
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanzhong Ma
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fenglian Liu
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baofeng Chen
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jungang Pang
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuyan Huang
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqiang Weng
- Department Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Yuebei People’s Hospital, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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15
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Wang X, Sun Y, Yang H, Lu Y, Li L. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Induces Apoptosis in Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes by Modulating the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27866. [PMID: 27279424 PMCID: PMC4899754 DOI: 10.1038/srep27866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and explore the possible mechanisms. We evaluated whether ox-LDL-induced apoptosis depended in part on the activation of toll-like receptor-4(TLR4)/Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Cells were cultivated with and without ox-LDL. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence, western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were conducted to assess protein or mRNA expressions. Resatorvid (TAK-242), an exogenous synthetic antagonist for TLR4, was used to inhibit TLR4 signal transduction. Dose- and time-dependent apoptotic index of cardiomyocytes occurred after ox-LDL treatment. Incubation of cardiomyocytes with ox-LDL (50 μg/mL) for 24 hours increased TLR4 and NF-κB expressions significantly. Decrease of Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio, activation of caspase-3 and 9 were also detected. Ox-LDL-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, TLR4 and NF-κB expressions were attenuated by pretreatment with TAK-242. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the apoptosis induced by ox-LDL in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes at least in part by modulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiantao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Huafeng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yuanxi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
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16
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Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein and High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein in Non-Diabetic, Pre-Diabetic and Diabetic Patients in the Acute Phase of the First Myocardial Infarction Treated by Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Med Biochem 2015; 34:160-169. [PMID: 28356828 PMCID: PMC4922321 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2014-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are elevated in diabetes mellitus (DM) and associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Little is known about their dynamics in the acute phase of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), especially in relation to the presence of DM and pre-diabetes (pre-DM). This study aimed to analyze time-dependent changes in ox-LDL and hs-CRP regarding the presence of pre-DM and DM in STEMI patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Methods In 103 consecutive patients with the first anterior STEMI ox-LDL and hs-CRP were measured before pPCI, on day 2 and day 7 after pPCI. Results Patients were classified into: non-diabetics, pre-diabetics and diabetics. In each group the maximal ox-LDL concentration was found on admission, decreased on day 2 and reached the lowest values on day 7 (p<0.001). Diabetics had the highest ox-LDL concentrations compared to pre-diabetics and non-diabetics (on admission: p=0.028, on day 2: p=0.056, on day 7: p=0.004). hs-CRP concentration rose from admission, reached its peak on day 2 and decreased on day 7, in each group (p<0.001). Significant differences in hs-CRP concentrations were found between non-diabetics and pre-diabetics on admission (p=0.018) and day 2 (p=0.026). In a multivariate analysis DM was an independent determinant of high ox-LDL concentrations. Both ox-LDL and hs-CRP significantly correlated with Killip class, left ventricular ejection fraction, NT-proBNP and peak troponin I. Conclusions In patients with the first STEMI treated by pPCI there were significant differences in ox-LDL and hs-CRP concentrations between non-diabetics, pre-diabetics and diabetics. Ox-LDL and hs-CRP concentrations were related to heart failure parameters.
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17
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Perrotta I, Perrotta E, Sesti S, Cassese M, Mazzulla S. MnSOD expression in human atherosclerotic plaques: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 22:428-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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18
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Valente AJ, Yoshida T, Clark RA, Delafontaine P, Siebenlist U, Chandrasekar B. Advanced oxidation protein products induce cardiomyocyte death via Nox2/Rac1/superoxide-dependent TRAF3IP2/JNK signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:125-35. [PMID: 23453926 PMCID: PMC3714806 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are formed during chronic oxidative stress as a result of reactions between plasma proteins and chlorinated oxidants. Their levels are elevated during various cardiovascular diseases. Because elevated AOPPs serve as independent risk factors for ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyocyte death is a hallmark of ischemic heart disease, we hypothesized that AOPPs will induce cardiomyocyte death. AOPP-modified mouse serum albumin (AOPP-MSA) induced significant death of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes that was attenuated by knockdown of the receptor for advanced glycation end products, but not CD36. Notably, TRAF3-interacting protein 2 (TRAF3IP2; also known as CIKS or Act1) knockdown blunted AOPP-induced apoptosis. AOPP-MSA stimulated Nox2/Rac1-dependent superoxide generation, TRAF3IP2 expression, and TRAF3IP2-dependent JNK activation. The superoxide anion generating xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and hydrogen peroxide both induced TRAF3IP2 expression. Further, AOPP-MSA induced mitochondrial Bax translocation and release of cytochrome c into cytoplasm. Moreover, AOPP-MSA suppressed antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression. These effects were reversed by TRAF3IP2 knockdown or forced expression of mutant JNK. Similar to its effects in neonatal cardiomyocytes, AOPP-MSA induced adult cardiomyocyte death in part via TRAF3IP2. These results demonstrate for the first time that AOPPs induce cardiomyocyte death via Nox2/Rac1/superoxide-dependent TRAF3IP2/JNK activation in vitro and suggest that AOPPs may contribute to myocardial injury in vivo. Thus TRAF3IP2 may represent a potential therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Valente
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | | | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Research Service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70161
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Bysani Chandrasekar, DVM. Ph.D., Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-48, New Orleans, LA 70112, Tel.: 504-988-3034,
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Huang B, Cheng Y, Xie Q, Lin G, Wu Y, Feng Y, Gao J, Xu D. Effect of 40 mg versus 10 mg of atorvastatin on oxidized low-density lipoprotein, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, circulating endothelial-derived microparticles, and endothelial progenitor cells in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol 2012; 35:125-30. [PMID: 22271072 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few recent data to delineate the beyond lipids-decreased effect of statins and the effect of different doses of statins on endothelial-derived microparticles (EMPs) and circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). HYPOTHESIS Statins might have the beyond lipids-decreased effect and there were different effects between different doses of statins on EMPs and circulating EPCs in patients with ICM. METHODS One hundred patients with ICM and 100 healthy examined people, who served as the normal control group, were recruited to this study. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: 10-mg atorvastatin group (n = 50) and 40-mg atorvastatin group (n = 50). All subjects were followed for 1 year. The levels of serum lipids, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), circulating EPCs, and EMPs were examined in all subjects. The incidences of adverse reactions in the 2 study groups were determined. RESULTS At the beginning of this study, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the 2 study groups. At the end of this study, the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, serum hsCRP, oxLDL, and circulating EMPs were significantly decreased; circulating EPCs were significantly increased in the 40-mg atorvastatin group compared to the 10-mg atorvastatin group, P < 0.05. The multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that receiving only 40 mg of atorvastatin had a significant effect on the levels of circulating EPCs (β = 0.252,P = 0.014). There were no significant differences in the adverse reactions between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Use of 40 mg of atorvastatin might decrease the levels of circulating EMPs and increase the number of circulating EPCs in patients with ICM in comparison with 10 mg of atorvastatin, and the effect might be independent of the decrease of lipids, oxLDL, and hsCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsheng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Chang HC, Chen TG, Tai YT, Chen TL, Chiu WT, Chen RM. Resveratrol attenuates oxidized LDL-evoked Lox-1 signaling and consequently protects against apoptotic insults to cerebrovascular endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:842-54. [PMID: 20940732 PMCID: PMC3063630 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) are crucial components of the blood-brain barrier. Our previous study showed that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) induces apoptosis of CECs. This study was designed to further evaluate the effects of resveratrol on oxLDL-induced CEC insults and its possible molecular mechanisms. Resveratrol decreased the oxidation of LDL into oxLDL. Additionally, the oxLDL-caused oxidative stress and cell damage were attenuated by resveratrol. Exposure of CECs to oxLDL induced cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and cell apoptosis, but resveratrol defended against such injuries. Application of Lox-1 small interference (si)RNA into CECs reduced the translation of this membrane receptor, and simultaneously increased resveratrol protection from oxLDL-induced cell apoptosis. By comparison, overexpression of Lox-1 attenuated resveratrol protection. Resveratrol inhibited oxLDL-induced Lox-1 mRNA and protein expressions. Both resveratrol and Lox-1 siRNA decreased oxLDL-enhanced translocation of proapoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. Sequentially, oxLDL-induced alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and activities of caspases-9, -3, and -6 were decreased by resveratrol. Pretreatment with Z-VEID-FMK (benzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Glu-His-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) synergistically promoted resveratrol's protection against DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Therefore, this study shows that resveratrol can protect CECs from oxLDL-induced apoptotic insults via downregulating Lox-1-mediated activation of the Bax-mitochondria-cytochrome c-caspase protease pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Guo J, Li HZ, Zhang WH, Wang LC, Wang LN, Zhang L, Li GW, Li HX, Yang BF, Wu L, Wang R, Xu CQ. Increased expression of calcium-sensing receptors induced by ox-LDL amplifies apoptosis of cardiomyocytes during simulated ischaemia-reperfusion. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:e128-35. [PMID: 20409080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is strongly associated with atherosclerosis, and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie atherosclerosis and AMI are undefined at present. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a member of the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors. It has been demonstrated previously that the expression of CaSR is increased in atherosclerotic cardiac tissue of rats. It has also been suggested that CaSR has a crucial role in cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, apoptosis and hypertrophy. However, it remains to be determined whether an increase in the expression of CaSR influences the sensitivity of cardiomyocytes to AMI. 2. The present study used cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats to investigate the effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), ischaemia-reperfusion, GdCl(3) (an agonist of CaSR) and NPS-2390 (an antagonist of CaSR) on the expression of CaSR. The amount of apoptosis, alterations in the morphology of the cells, the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and components of critical mitochondrial pathways were also analysed. 3. Cardiomyocytes treated with ox-LDL showed upregulated expression of CaSR, cytochrome c (cyt-c), Bax and activated caspase 3 (17 kD) and downregulated expression of Bcl-2, as well as elevated [Ca(2+)](i) and apoptosis. Application of GdCl(3) augmented these effects, and NPS-2390 decreased the expression of CaSR and reduced apoptosis. 4. In conclusion, ox-LDL was found to increase the expression of CaSR in a manner that was dependent on time and dose. It also augmented apoptosis during simulated ischaemia-reperfusion in cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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22
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Lin YL, Chang HC, Chen TL, Chang JH, Chiu WT, Lin JW, Chen RM. Resveratrol protects against oxidized LDL-induced breakage of the blood-brain barrier by lessening disruption of tight junctions and apoptotic insults to mouse cerebrovascular endothelial cells. J Nutr 2010; 140:2187-92. [PMID: 20980646 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.123505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CEC) comprise the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a previous study, we showed that oxidized LDL (oxLDL) can induce apoptosis of mouse CEC. Resveratrol possesses chemopreventive potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on oxLDL-induced insults to mouse CEC and its possible mechanisms. Exposure of mouse CEC to 200 μmol/L oxLDL for 1 h did not cause cell death but significantly altered the permeability and transendothelial electrical resistance of the cell monolayer. However, resveratrol completely normalized such injury. As for the mechanisms, resveratrol completely protected oxLDL-induced disruption of F-actin and microtubule cytoskeletons as well as occludin and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) tight junctions. The oxLDL-induced decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP levels were normalized by resveratrol. Exposure of mouse CEC to 200 μmol/L oxLDL for 24 h elevated oxidative stress and simultaneously induced cell apoptosis. However, resveratrol partially protected against oxLDL-induced CEC apoptosis. The oxLDL-induced alterations in levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome c were completely normalized by resveratrol. Consequently, resveratrol partially decreased oxLDL-induced activation of caspases-9 and -3. Therefore, in this study, we show that resveratrol can protect against oxLDL-induced damage of the BBB through protecting disruption of the tight junction structure and apoptotic insults to CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pelzmann B, Zorn-Pauly K, Hallström S, Mächler H, Jakubowski A, Lang P, Koidl B. Effects of thienopyridines and thienopyrimidinones on L-type calcium current in isolated cardiomyocytes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 382:433-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rietzschel ER, Langlois M, De Buyzere ML, Segers P, De Bacquer D, Bekaert S, Cooman L, Van Oostveldt P, Verdonck P, De Backer GG, Gillebert TC. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is Associated With Decreases in Cardiac Function Independent of Vascular Alterations. Hypertension 2008; 52:535-41. [PMID: 18663154 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernst R. Rietzschel
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Michel Langlois
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Marc L. De Buyzere
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Patrick Segers
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Dirk De Bacquer
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Sofie Bekaert
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Luc Cooman
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Patrick Van Oostveldt
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Pascal Verdonck
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Guy G. De Backer
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
| | - Thierry C. Gillebert
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases (E.R.R., M.L.D.B., T.C.G.) and Public Health (E.R.R., D.D.B., G.G.D.B.) and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering (S.B., P.V.O.), Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.L.), AZ St-Jan AV Hospital, Brugge; Cardiovascular Mechanics and Biofluid Dynamics (P.S., P.V.), Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBITECH), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; and Association of Primary Care Physicians Asklepios
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is a continuous level of oxidative damage in animal cells, which is caused by an overabundance of reactive oxygen species or a decline in antioxidant ability against them. Oxidative stress increases with individual risk factors of atherosclerosis such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and smoking. Thus, oxidative stress is considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This review discusses the relationship between oxidative stress and atherosclerosis based on findings from our research group. We have found that atherosclerotic lesions are formed in the aorta of mice fed a high-cholesterol and high-linoleic diet, in parallel with elevated serum lipid peroxide levels. This model is useful for primary screening of antiatherosclerotic agents with antioxidative activity. One notable factor in the development of atherosclerosis is oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL). In order to examine OxLDL levels in blood, we have developed anion-exchange HPLC methods using stepwise elution. Using these methods, we have found that OxLDL markedly increases in a rat model of metabolic syndrome, in animals exposed to cigarette smoke and in smokers in parallel with other oxidative stress markers. These oxidative stress markers have been attenuated by administration of several antioxidants. In addition, we have found that smoking accelerates atherogenesis in the aorta of apoE-deficient mice and this acceleration can be ameliorated by administration of vitamin E. These observations suggest that antioxidant supplementation may be an effective therapeutic strategy for metabolic syndrome and smoking-induced diseases in which elevated oxidative stress plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kunitomo
- School of Pharmacy and Parmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien kuban-cho, Nishinomiya City, 663-8179, Japan.
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Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms for increased cardiovascular risk in obesity are still unclear. Inflammation and increased oxidative stress are two potential mechanisms proposed to play a major role in the morbidity associated with obesity. Studies that investigate these mechanisms rely on biomarkers, but validated biomarkers for obesity-related cardiovascular outcomes are lacking. By finding optimal biomarkers, diagnostic criteria for cardiovascular diseases can be refined in the obese beyond "traditional" risk factors to identify early pathologic processes. The objective of this review is to identify potential early biomarkers resulting from obesity and associated with cardiovascular disease. Studies were initially identified through the search engine PubMed by using the keywords "obesity" and "biomarker." Subsequently, combinations of the keywords "obesity," "biomarker," "cardiovascular risk," "adipose tissue," "adipokine," "adipocytokine," and "oxidative stress" were used. The SOURCE database and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) were used to obtain more information on the biomarkers. Results of the searches yielded a large number of potential biomarkers that occur in obesity and which either correlate with traditional cardiovascular risk factors or predict subsequent cardiovascular events. Several biomarkers are promising regarding their biologic properties, but they require further validation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Musaad
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Kim OS, Lee CS, Joe EH, Jou I. Oxidized low density lipoprotein suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglia: Oxidative stress acts through control of inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:9-18. [PMID: 16466690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is readily oxidized under certain conditions, resulting in the formation of oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Despite numerous in vitro reports that reveal the pathogenic role of oxidative stress, anti-oxidative strategies have underperformed in the clinic. In this study, we examine the role of oxLDL in brain inflammatory responses using cultured rat brain microglia. We demonstrate that oxLDL inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in these cells. It also decreases LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide, and reduces LPS-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Oxysterols, known components of oxLDL and endogenous agonists of liver X receptor, can simulate the inhibitory effects of oxLDL in LPS-activated microglia. In addition, their inhibitory effects were mimicked by liver X receptor (LXR) agonists and potentiated by a retinoid X receptor agonist, suggesting these molecules heterodimerize to function as oxysterol receptors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that oxLDL inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in brain microglia and that these inhibitory effects are mediated by oxysterols and, at least in part, by the nuclear receptor LXR. Our results suggest an additional mechanism of action for oxidative stress that acts indirectly via modulation of inflammatory responses. Although further studies are needed, these results answer in part the question of why anti-oxidative strategies have not been successful in clinical situations. Moreover, as brain inflammation participates in the initiation and progression of several neurodegenerative disorders, the present data provide information that should prove a useful guide for designing therapeutic strategies to combat oxidative brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohn Soon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, San 5, Wonchen-Dong, Youngtong-Gu, Gyunggi-Do, Suwon 442-721, Republic of Korea
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