Coronary artery fistula: a review

Transcatheter Coil Embolization: A Method to Treat Fistulae Between the Coronary Arteries and Pulmonary Artery

Coronary artery fistulae (CAF) are defined as an abnormal connection between a coronary artery and another luminated vascular or nonvascular organ. Most cases are small and remain asymptomatic. Multiple fistulae involving both coronary arteries are uncommon. A 49-year-old man presented with persistent, progressive, nonexertional chest pain. Coronary computed tomography angiography revealed multiple anomalous CAF draining into a large aneurysm that connected to the pulmonary sinus. The patient underwent percutaneous coronary angiography and transcatheter coil embolization of the aneurysm with 12 coils placed. Symptomatic CAF require intervention to prevent the development of complications. The transcatheter approach is associated with a lower rate of complications and fistula recurrence compared with open-heart surgery. This case illustrates the effectiveness of transcatheter coil embolization in the treatment of coronary artery to pulmonary sinus fistulae.

Percutaneous Coil Closure of a Large Left Coronary Artery Fistula in an Asymptomatic Child

Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are rare cardiac anomalies characterized by an abnormal connection between the coronary arteries and either a cardiac chamber or a large thoracic vessel. While the majority of CAF cases are asymptomatic, serious cardiac complications can occur, especially with moderate to large fistulas. We describe a case of a large-sized left coronary artery (LCA) fistula in an asymptomatic 11-year-old who was referred for cardiac evaluation due to a systolic murmur. An echocardiogram revealed a hemodynamically significant fistula arising from the LCA draining into the right ventricle. Diagnostic catheterization confirmed the origin and draining site of the fistula, along with aneurysmal dilation at the end of the fistula. The fistula was successfully closed percutaneously using a two-coil occlusive device, with no complication observed.

Surgical Treatment of an Aneurysmal Coronary Artery Fistula between the Left Coronary Artery and Right Atrium: A Case Report

A coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an abnormal vascular connection between the coronary arteries and the cardiac chambers or major vessels. Although rare, CAFs can lead to substantial coronary morbidity and mortality. This study outlines the surgical management of a CAF originating from the left coronary artery and connecting to the right atrium, in a patient experiencing angina with a marked left-to-right shunt. The surgical approach involved ligation of the coronary artery and reduction of the aneurysmal portion, resulting in the patient's uneventful recovery.

A Case of Abnormal Right Ventricular Color-Flow Doppler Jet

Transthoracic echocardiography is used routinely during the follow-up after heart transplant surgery to screen possible complications and adverse events such as rejection. It often results in incidental findings that bring diagnostic challenges for sonographers. This E-challenge shows a Doppler flow abnormality associated with a rare cardiovascular diagnosis. Its physiopathology and its association with echocardiography findings are reviewed.

Imaging characteristics and ECG distribution of coronary fistulas: The first large-scale study

BACKGROUND

The proportion of abnormal electrocardiogra (ECG) in patients with coronary artery fistula (CAF) is relatively high, but the correlation between CAF and arrhythmia is mostly reported in individual case studies. This paper analyzes the correlation between imaging features and ECG features.

OBJECTIVE

This paper aims to analyze the incidence and distribution characteristics of abnormal ECG in patients with CAF and further explore the difference in ECG characteristics between coronary-cameral fistula (CCF) and coronary-pulmonary artery fistula (CPAF).

METHOD

A total of 144,448 patients who underwent coronary computerized tomography angiography (CTA) examination from January 2016 to December 2022 were included in this study, and 284 patients with CAF (excluding coronary atherosclerosis) were selected for analysis of their ECG and image characteristics. And divided them into the CPAF (221 cases) and CCF (63 cases) groups, the differences in ECG between the two groups was compared. The changes in the ECG after the operation were analyzed.

RESULTS

The incidence of abnormal ECG in patients with CAF was approximately 72.9%. There were significant differences in the proportion of ECG block, myocardial ischemia and structural ECG changes between the CPAF group and CCF group (P < 0.05). CCF was more likely to cause conduction block and ischemic and structural ECG changes. A total of 53 patients with CAF underwent surgical treatment, 28 patients with improved ECG (52%).

CONCLUSION

CCF especially CCF patients often have abnormal ECG findings such as conduction block, myocardial ischemia, and structural changes, which can often be restored to normal through surgery.

Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Coronary Artery Fistulas in Infants and Children

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are rare coronary anomalies that most often occur as congenital malformations in children. Although most children with CAFs are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis, some present with symptoms of congestive heart failure in the setting of large left-to-right shunts. Others may develop additional complications including coronary artery ectasia and coronary thrombosis. Surgical and transcatheter closure techniques have been previously described. This review presents the classifications of CAFs in children and the short and long-term outcomes of CAF closure in children in the reported literature. We also summarize previously-reported angiographic findings and post-treatment remodeling characteristics in pediatric patients.

RECENT FINDINGS

With advancements in cross-sectional imaging technologies, anatomic delineation of CAFs via these modalities has become crucial in procedural planning. Recent reports of surgical and transcatheter closure of CAFs in children have reported good procedural success and low rates of short-term morbidity and mortality. Distal-type CAFs have elevated risk for long-term sequelae post-closure compared to proximal-type CAFs. A recent report of a multi-institutional cohort also describes post-closure remodeling classifications which may predict long-term outcomes in these patients as well as guide individualized anticoagulation management. Invasive closure of significant CAFs via surgical or transcatheter techniques is feasible and safe in most children with good short and intermediate-term outcomes. However, close clinical and imaging follow-up is required to monitor for late complications even after successful closure. Antiplatelet and anticoagulation regimens remain important aspects of post-closure management, but the necessary intensity and duration of such therapy remains unknown.

Prenatal diagnosis of isolated coronary artery fistula: systematic review, analysis of perinatal prognostic factors and case report

BACKGROUND

Isolated coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a rare entity in which evidence for both prognosis and need for perinatal treatment is lacking. We aim to evaluate the characteristics, evolution and perinatal outcomes of reported cases, including one from our center.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We performed a systematic review in Medline, Pubmed, and Embase databases for cohort studies or case series related to prenatally diagnosed isolated congenital CAF according to PRISMA guidelines. The search was restricted to articles published until January 2022, including a case report from our center. A descriptive analysis was performed, and perinatal characteristics were dichotomized by outcome (development of symptoms, as well as the need for surgery during the neonatal period). Strength of association between prenatal variables and outcome was evaluated through Odds Ratio.

RESULTS

Only 27 cases of prenatal diagnosis of isolated CAF have been published, including our patient. Most had their origin in the right coronary artery (63%) and drained in the right ventricle (55.6%). Most cases (72%) developed progressive intrauterine dilation of the fistulous tract, which was usually associated with symptoms of cardiac overload, such as cardiomegaly (57.7%). Up to two-thirds of prenatally diagnosed patients developed heart failure symptoms in the neonatal period, and 84% required postnatal intervention. Prenatal diagnosis of both cardiomegaly and diastolic steal is associated with an OR of 52 and 41 of developing postnatal symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Prenatal diagnosis of isolated CAF can be achieved with adequate tools and trained sonographers. The development of cardiomegaly and diastolic steal significantly increases the risk of developing postnatal symptoms.

Coronary Artery Fistula: A Diagnostic Dilemma

Coronary artery fistula (CAF), although one of the rare coronary anomalies, is becoming increasingly more detectable in the recent years due to advancements in cardiac diagnostic imaging. Its long-term prognostic implications and importance for the cardiovascular system remain a dilemma for cardiologists and patients. Based on a variety of haemodynamic symptoms and complications, cardiologists must be aware of the characteristics of CAF and the diagnostic importance of multi-slice CT in evaluation, pre-procedural management and follow-up. Both surgical and percutaneous options are available for symptomatic patients or those with complications, while management of asymptomatic CAF remains a viable alternative.

Case Report: Coronaro-bronchial fistula vascularizing a squamous cell lung cancer

Coronary fistulas are rare, having been described for the first time by Krauss in 1865 in postmortem. They are commonly asymptomatic and can be caused by congenital or acquired malformations. We present the case of a 65-year-old patient who was treated for squamous cell lung cancer with chemoimmunotherapy and presented with angina. The coronary angiography showed a coronaro-bronchial fistula that arises from a branch of the right coronary artery and is associated with lung cancer.

Coronary artery fistulas as a rare cause of heart failure and ventricular arrhythmia, associated with multiple large vessel fistulas

Coronary artery fistulas are abnormal connections between the coronary arteries with a heart chamber or any of the major blood vessels. Fistulous connections between systemic arteries and pulmonary vessels are even less frequent. We present a case of a 71-year-old man with symptoms of dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ventricular arrhythmia who attended the emergency department. Coronary angiography revealed bilateral coronary fistulas drained into the pulmonary circulation. Computed tomography angiography revealed the presence of fistulas arising from the descending aorta, right internal mammary artery, and subclavian arteries, all these drained into the pulmonary circulation. Due to the rarity of the disease, there are no international guidelines for the management of coronary fistulas and the treatment is controversial. Coronary artery fistula is a rare pathology that should be included in the differential diagnosis of heart failure and ventricular arrhythmia.

Left main coronary artery aneurysm with fistula to superior vena cava: A challenging case

Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are rare congenital coronary artery abnormalities, with direct communication between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber, great vessel or other structure. We report here, a rare case of a 25-year-old male with CAF from the aneurysmal left main coronary artery to the superior vena cava detected on echocardiography and computerized tomography (CT) coronary angiography.

Long-term outcome of interventional approaches for treatment of coronary artery fistulas: a retrospective cohort study in a great referral center

BACKGROUND

Despite the spontaneous regression of many cases of coronary artery fistulas (CAFs), symptomatic patients or cases with severe shunting may require therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we aimed to assess the outcome of treatment of CAFs using interventional approaches.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study was performed on 29 patients with CAFs that were referred to our tertiary center between 2009 and 2019. Baseline characteristics were collected by reviewing the hospital files, and the patients were followed up to assess long-term outcomes with a mean follow-up of 3.3 years.

RESULTS

Overall, in 29 patients in our cohort study, 82.9% suffered from isolated CAFs and in the remaining cases, concurrent congenital abnormalities did exist. For treatment, coils (Cook, Pfm, Ev3) were used in 79.3%, ADO II(AGA) in 18.3%, vascular plug (AGA) in 3.4%, and a combination of coil/ vascular plug/amplatzer in 3.4%. Postoperative complications were reported in 4 patients as external iliac artery thrombosis, transient PSVT, ST-T wave changes and mild pericardial effusion that were all managed successfully with no adverse sequels. No coronary artery injury, device dislocation, dissection, ischemia or coronary dilatation occurred, and there was no death. As larger fistulas were treated by a retrograde approach through the right side of the heart, there was significant correlation between residual shunts and the mode of closure approach; the majority of the residual shunts occurred in patients in the retrograde approach group.

CONCLUSIONS

Trans-catheter approach for treating CAFs leads to appropriate long-term outcome with minimal potential side effects.

Case report: Percoronary device closure of tortuous coronary artery fistula into left atrium

Surgical ligation and transcatheter occlusion are the mainstream for the treatment of coronary artery fistulas (CAFs). However, these techniques applied to tortuous and aneurysmal CAF, especially those draining into left-heart, have their known drawbacks. We report, a successful percoronary device closure of such CAF, originating from left main coronary artery and draining into left atrium, through a left subaxillary minithoracotomy. Through a puncture on the distal straight course, we occluded CAF exclusively under transesophageal echocardiography guidance. Complete occlusion was achieved. It's a simple, safe, and effective alternative for tortuous, large, and aneurysmal CAFs draining into the left heart.

Percutaneous treatment of multiple fistulas associated with a giant aneurysm

Coronary fistulas are not common in patients undergo coronary angiography. It is described, even less frequently, that coronary fistulas may be associated with giant aneurysms along their course. These cases classically are treated surgically. We present a case treated fully percutaneously in a novel fashion.

Origin of congenital coronary arterio-ventricular fistulae from anomalous epicardial and myocardial development

Coronary Artery Fistulae (CAFs) are cardiac congenital anomalies consisting of an abnormal communication of a coronary artery with either a cardiac chamber or another cardiac vessel. In humans, these congenital anomalies can lead to complications such as myocardial hypertrophy, endocarditis, heart dilatation, and failure. Unfortunately, despite their clinical relevance, the aetiology of CAFs remains unknown. In this work, we have used two different species (mouse and avian embryos) to experimentally model CAFs morphogenesis. Both conditional Itga4 (alpha 4 integrin) epicardial deletion in mice and cryocauterisation of chick embryonic hearts disrupted epicardial development and ventricular wall growth, two essential events in coronary embryogenesis. Our results suggest that myocardial discontinuities in the embryonic ventricular wall promote the early contact of the endocardium with epicardial-derived coronary progenitors at the cardiac surface, leading to ventricular endocardial extrusion, precocious differentiation of coronary smooth muscle cells, and the formation of pouch-like aberrant coronary-like structures in direct connection with the ventricular lumen. The structure of these CAF-like anomalies was compared with histopathological data from a human CAF. Our results provide relevant information for the early diagnosis of these congenital anomalies and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their embryogenesis.

Two genetic variants in NEXN and ABCC6 genes found in a patient with right coronary artery to right ventricle fistula combined with giant coronary aneurysm and patent ductus arteriosus

Objective

Coronary artery fistula, defined as communication between a coronary artery and a great vessel or a cardiac chamber, is a relatively rare anomaly with an estimated incidence of 0.002% in the general population. It could be combined with a giant coronary artery aneurysm, with an incidence of 5.9% of the total incidence rate of CAF in the general population. The pathogenesis of these two combined anomalies is not clear, and we aimed to detect whether genetic abnormalities underlie the pathogenesis of these rarely combined anomalies.

Materials and methods

A 6-year-old patient with a diagnosis of the right coronary artery to right ventricle fistula combined with a giant right coronary artery aneurysm and patent ductus arteriosus underwent a surgical repair at our center. The diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography, CT, and surgery. DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood samples of the patient and his mother after informed consent was obtained. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) and Alizarin red staining were performed on the excised coronary artery aneurysm. Exome sequencing and in silico analyses were performed to detect detrimental genetic variants.

Results

No obvious abnormalities were found in the excised coronary artery aneurysm. A heterozygous truncated variant (NM_144573: c.G298T; p.G100X) in the NEXN gene and a missense variant (NM_001171: c.G1312A; p.V438M) in the ABCC6 gene were carried by the patient but not by his mother.

Conclusion

The NEXN-truncated variant, NEXN-G100X, is associated with the development of coronary arteries and congenital coronary artery anomalies.

Case report: Multimodal imaging diagnosis of a giant coronary artery fistula: A report of two cases

Being a very rare cardiac disease, most cases of coronary artery fistula (CAF) are genetic. Complications such as coronary steal syndrome, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or tamponade can manifest following the abnormal communication that the fistula creates between the coronary arteries and cardiac chambers or major vessels and the subsequent shunt. Most CAFs are small and asymptomatic, making diagnosis difficult. In symptomatic patients, the initial diagnostic workup is generally made with chest radiography and electrocardiography. Other imaging modalities have also been suggested to improve diagnostic accuracy. Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography are currently the gold standard for diagnosis and planning the intervention, as they can recognize the quantum of the shunt as well as complications of a fistulous track (e.g., aneurysm formation, thrombus, leak, and the number of openings to the receiving chamber/vessel); however, this invasive method may be associated with risk. Herein, we report two patients with giant CAFs, one from the left circumflex artery to the coronary sinus and the other to the superior vena cava. Moreover, we describe how multimodal imaging, including two- and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, coronary cineangiography, coronary computed tomography angiography, and enhanced chest computed tomography, can facilitate diagnosis and estimate the disease course in such patients. We believe that using multimodal imaging cannot only help the initial diagnosis regarding the presence of a CAF and the accurate anatomical site of the fistula in the patient but can also help predict the disease course and choose the most suitable treatment modality. Therefore, we suggest multimodal imaging be done to diagnose patients suspected of CAF. However, invasive cineangiography should be necessarily followed, regardless of whether an intervention is planned or not.

Coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula: Catheter or scalpel? A case report

INTRODUCTION

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an abnormal connection between coronary artery and a major vessel or cardiac chamber with left to right shunt having an incidence of 0.002 % in recent literature. Fistulous communication of coronary artery with pulmonary artery (PA) is a rare subtype and comprises of about 17 % of all the CAF cases.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report a case of a middle-aged gentleman, known case of asymptomatic CAF for the last 20 years. He presented to us with 6 months history of chest pain on exertion. On coronory angiogram he was diagnosed to have a preexisting CAF of proximal LAD to main PA and severe coronary artery disease in left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). He was managed surgically and underwent ligation of the fistula along with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

CLINICAL DISCUSSION

Management of CAF is medical, percutaneous or open-heart surgery. Due to rarity of the disease no international guidelines exists and treatment is controversial. Complications of CAF include endocarditis, early atherosclerosis, rupture, hemopericardium, pulmonary hypertension and myocardial ischemia, hence early correction is warranted. Our case emphasizes on the natural course of this rare disease and how to change management plan accordingly in the better interest of patient.

CONCLUSION

Our case presents the natural course and management of a rare congenital cardiac disease. Surgery was chosen as an appropriate option due to CAD involving proximal LAD and concomitant coronary artery to PA fistula.

Diagnosis of left anterior descending branch-right ventricular fistula with giant coronary artery aneurysm by contrast echocardiography: A case report

BACKGROUND

Coronary fistulae are communications between a coronary artery and a heart chamber or vessel. The final diagnosis is usually made by coronary angiography or computed tomographic (CT) angiography. Here we report a case by employing contrast echocardiography in diagnosis of a giant coronary aneurysm with right ventricle (RV) fistula.

CASE PRESENTATION

The patient, a 29-year-old woman, referred to our institution with a complaint of palpitation occasionally. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a spherical, echogenic structure in the apex of RV. Proximal to the aneurysm, the left anterior descending branch (LAD) remained enlarged (8-9 mm) and showed a fistulous communication with the echogenic structure. A contrast echocardiography was performed, and 4-5 cardiac cycle after the left ventricle was enhanced, the echogenic structure started to become more prominent and several fistulae were seen between RV and the echogenic structure. Computed tomography (CT) angiography and coronary angiography confirmed the dilation (9 mm in diameter) of the LAD with an aneurysm at the distal segment of the LAD, with a small amount of iodinated contrast agent flowing into the subsequent region of the RV, thereby characterizing a LAD-to-RV fistula.

CONCLUSION

The final diagnosis of fistula is usually made by coronary angiography or CT angiography. However, contrast echocardiography is also a well-established method for the demonstration of intracardiac shunting. In this case, the contrast echocardiography clearly revealed one of the fistulae between the aneurysm and RV.

Prevalence and characteristics of coronary artery fistula in adults: coronary angiographic analysis of 18,106 patients

Aim    Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a rarely encountered anomaly that is characterized by an abnormal connection between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or a great thoracic vessel. Its incidence has not been precisely established due to the large number of undiagnosed cases and it shows heterogeneity in its anatomic configuration and clinical consequences. We aimed to assess the frequency, imaging findings, and clinical features of CAF among patients in our tertiary medical center.Material and methods    The angiographic data of 18,106 consecutive adult patients who underwent coronary angiography between January 2011 and June 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.Results    CAF was detected in 22 patients (0.14 %). Of these, 5 patients had bilateral fistulas (23 %). 65 % of the fistulas originated from the left anterior descending coronary artery,and 53 % drained into the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle and left atrium were the only drainage sites for left-sided coronary artery fistulas. One patient with a CAF presented with non-ST elevated myocardial infarction in the absence of an evident thrombosis.Conclusion    Unlike previous reports, bilateral CAFs were more commonly encountered in this study. Contrary to most of the data in the literature, more than half of the CAFs originated from the left anterior descending coronary artery and most drained into the pulmonary artery. Rare anatomic types of CAFs were also detected.

CTA analysis of 482 cases of coronary artery fistula: A large-scale imaging study

OBJECTIVE

The prevalence of coronary artery fistula (CAF) based on coronary angiography has been reported. However, with the popularity of coronary computerized tomography angiography (CTA), CAFs have been found more and more by chance. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and types of CAFs detected by coronary CTA, and to explore the differences in the size of fistulas, the number of complicated aneurysms, and fistulas among different types.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From January 2016 to December 2020, 96,037 patients underwent coronary CTA in our hospital. The prevalence of CAF was retrospectively evaluated, The origin, course, and drainage site of CAF and coexisting abnormalities were analysed. The conventional treatments and follow-up DSCT images were also evaluated. Analyze the difference between the coronary-pulmonary artery fistula (CPAFs) group (380) and the coronary-cameral fistula (CCF) group (99).

RESULTS

Among 96,037 patients, 482 (0.5%) patients (male 232 and 250 female) had CAF. The types of CAF detected. The pulmonary artery was the most common site of drainage (380/482, 78.8%). Of the 99 CCFs, coronary to the left ventricle is the most common pattern in CCF (34/482, 7.0%). Single origins are more common in CAF (n = 361, 74.9%), multiple origins are more common in CPAFs than in CCF. There were statistically significant differences in the stoma diameter (2.4 ± 1.1 mm vs. 5.4 ± 4.3 mm p < .05), aneurysm complicated (85 cases [85/380] vs. 50 cases [50/99]), the size of aneurysm (8.8 ± 5.7 mm vs. 19.1 ± 11.6 mm, p < .05), and single fistula (261 [261/380] vs. 96 [96/99], p < .05). Most of the 380 CPAFs patients received conservative treatment (350/380, 92.1%), While the 59 CCF patients (59/93, 63.4%) were treated.

CONCLUSIONS

Different from previous reports, the prevalence of CAF in coronary CTA is 0.5%, the incidence of CPAFs is the highest, and the incidence of the left ventricular fistula is higher in CCF. Compared with CPAFs, CCF fistulas were more likely to be associated with a larger diameter of draining, larger aneurysms, single fistula pattern. Coronary artery CTA is a useful and noninvasive imaging method to detect CAF, which is of great significance for the detection of small fistulas and the surgical guidance of complex CAF.

Coronary Interventions in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease

Coronary artery lesions represent rare conditions in pediatric congenital heart disease and mainly include coronary artery stenoses (CAS) or coronary artery fistulae (CAF). Due to the small vessel size, pediatric percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are demanding and studies concerning long-term results are missing. In this retrospective study, we analyzed indications, procedural details, and post-procedural outcomes in pediatric patients who underwent PCI in our institution. For CAS treatment, procedural success was defined as efficient coronary revascularization with a significant improvement of coronary perfusion. CAF treatment was considered successful, when no residual shunt was detectable. From 1995 to 2020, 32 pediatric patients aged ≤ 18 years received interventional treatment for CAS (n = 24/32) or CAF (n = 8/32). Reasons for CAS were post-surgical (n = 15/24) or post-transplant (n = 9/24). Interventional treatment strategies included coronary angioplasty (20/43), stent placement (10/43), and a combination of both (13/43). In-hospital mortality occurred in 6/24 patients and late mortality in 5/24 patients leading to an overall 5-year survival of 62.5%. Early mortality mainly occurred due to post-ischemic myocardial failure. CAF occlusion was performed using coil embolization (n = 3), placement of vascular plugs (n = 3), a combination of both (n = 1), or a combination of coil embolization and a covered stent (n = 1). Treatment of coronary fistulae was successful in all patients with excellent post-procedural results and no follow-up death. PCI in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease can be performed safely and effectively. However, the overall 5-year survival probability of patients with CAS is reduced due to severe ischemic myocardial damage.

Coronary Artery Fistula: Association between Pathway Patterns, Clinical Features and Congenital Heart Disease

Fundamento

A fístula da artéria coronária (FAC) é uma conexão direta entre uma ou mais artérias coronárias e câmaras cardíacas ou um grande vaso; pode estar associada à cardiopatia congênita.

Objetivo

Estabelecer os padrões de trajetos de FAC a partir de dados ecocardiográficos e correlacioná-los com aspectos clínicos e cardiopatias congênitas.

Métodos

Um total de 7.183 prontuários médicos de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade com cardiopatia submetidas a ecodopplercardiograma colorido foram analisados utilizando o teste de correlação de Spearman para associar sinais, sintomas e cardiopatia à FAC, com nível de significância de 5%.

Resultados

Vinte e seis crianças (0,0036%) apresentaram FAC, nos seguintes trajetos: da artéria coronária direita para o ventrículo direito (26,92%), da artéria coronária esquerda para o ventrículo direito (23,08%), do ramo interventricular anterior para o ventrículo direito (23,08%), da artéria coronária direita para o átrio direito (11,54%), da artéria coronária esquerda para o tronco pulmonar (7,69%) e do ramo interventricular anterior para o tronco pulmonar (7,69%). Em 57,69% dos pacientes, houve uma correlação positiva entre sintomas e a FAC (p = 0,445), relacionada à dispneia ou cianose (53,84%). Em 96,15%, a cardiopatia congênita estava associada à FAC; principalmente, a comunicação interventricular e a comunicação interatrial, em 34,62% dos casos, correlacionaram-se positivamente com a FAC (p = 0,295). O trajeto da FAC foi representado em três dimensões pelo software de modelagem, texturização e animação Cinema 4D R19.

Conclusão

A FAC é uma entidade anatômica incomum que apresenta quadro clínico compatível com dispneia e cianose e está associada a cardiopatias congênitas, principalmente com a CIV ou a CIA. De acordo com as análises ecocardiográficas, as fístulas na ACD, na ACE ou no RIVA representam aproximadamente um terço dos pacientes, com trajeto prioritário para as câmaras cardíacas direitas.

Left ventricular inflow obstruction due to a coronary arteriovenous fistula: a paediatric case report

Background

We report a rare case of left ventricular inflow obstruction from a branch of the left circumflex coronary artery to the right atrium caused by a coronary arteriovenous fistula (CAVF) in a young Japanese male child.

Case presentation

The patient was diagnosed with CAVF following a heart murmur shortly after birth. The left-to-right shunt caused right ventricular volume overload and pulmonary congestion. An emergency surgical intervention was performed for the CAVF on day 6 after birth. However, by 5 years of age, his left ventricular inflow obstruction worsened. We found an abnormal blood vessel originating from the proximal part of a branch of the left circumflex coronary artery, circling the outside of the mitral valve annulus along the medial side of the coronary sinus. As the child gets older, the blood inflow into the left ventricle might get restricted further, resulting in left-sided heart failure.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that even after CAVF closure surgery, it is essential to monitor for complications caused by progressive dilatation of a persistent CAVF.

Percutaneous management strategies for STEMI with coexisting aneurysmal coronary- to-pulmonary artery fistula: a case report

Background

Coexistence of coronary artery fistulas and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) is rare.

Case summary

We present a unique case of a patient initially presenting with an anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction, subsequently found to have two-vessel CAD and an aneurysmal left coronary-to-right pulmonary artery fistula.

Discussion

After discussion with the patient and a multidisciplinary discussion with the heart team, consisting of cardiovascular surgery, interventional cardiology, and vascular surgery, a percutaneous approach was chosen. He underwent successful multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention followed by fistula embolization.

Cardiac arrest due to acute thrombosis after surgical closure of coronary fistula: the role of anticoagulation

Described herein the case of a 47-year-old woman who underwent surgical closure of a large fistula between the right coronary artery (RCA) and the superior vena cava with subsequent thrombosis of the ectatic RCA determining myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest. After resuscitation, rheolitic thrombectomy with AngioJet device was performed and anticoagulant treatment was started in addition to antiplatelet therapy. The type of antithrombotic therapy after coronary fistula closure is still debated but long-term anticoagulation should be considered in high-risk cases.

Luminal diameter ratio of Vieussens' arterial ring is valuable in determining appropriate clinical management for patients with pathologic Vieussens' arterial ring

BACKGROUND

Although the adverse events of pathologic Vieussens' arterial ring (VAR) have been reported, it is difficult to determine optimal clinical management. Thus, we hypothesized that the luminal diameter ratio of VAR obtained from coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) could be used as a clinical tool to inform appropriate patient management.

METHOD

A total of 29 patients with pathologic VAR were retrospectively recruited for this study. The VAR luminal diameter ratio was defined as a quotient of VAR fistula divided by the orifice of RCA or LAD, based on which, patients were divided into small fistula group and large fistula group. The AUC, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were obtained from ROC curve. The cutoff value of the VAR luminal diameter ratio was calculated and assessed during the follow-up.

RESULTS

The VAR luminal diameter ratio of fistula/RCA orifice was 0.505 ± 0.098 in small fistula group and 1.020 ± 0.150 in large fistula group. The VAR luminal diameter ratio of fistula/LAD orifice was 0.507 ± 0.123 in small fistula group and 1.039 ± 0.151 in large group. The value was correlated with the choice of the treatment (r = 0.643 p < 0.01, r = 0.627 p < 0.01). The AUC, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 0.803, 54.5%, 100%, 100% and 78.3% of the fistula/RCA orifice ratio and 0.833, 63.64%, 94.44%, 87.5% and 81.0% of the fistula/LAD orifice ratio, respectively. The cutoff values of both fistula/RCA orifice and fistula/LAD orifice ratios were 0.676.

CONCLUSIONS

The VAR luminal diameter ratio may be a valuable index to determine appropriate treatment for patients with pathologic VAR.

Coronary Artery Fistula Ligation Using Selective Coronary Artery Angiography

A 55-year-old male presented with worsening shortness of breath and was found to have multiple coronary artery fistulas on coronary angiogram with coronary steal. He subsequently underwent successful ligation of three of the fistulas using intraoperative coronary angiography in the hybrid suite to assist with the identification and confirmation of closure. There are currently no formal recommendations for the use of intraoperative imaging in such cases, but the results of our case contribute to the sparse body of literature supporting the utilization of intraoperative angiography in ligating multiple coronary artery fistulas.

Giant coronary artery fistula complicated with coronary artery aneurysm and acute myocardial infarction: a case report

Background

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an abnormal connection between a coronary artery and either a cardiac chamber or the great vessels. Although most patients are asymptomatic, potential complications such as heart failure, angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction can be fatal.

Case presentation

We present here a 62-year-old man diagnosed with giant coronary artery fistula complicated with gross coronary artery aneurysm and acute myocardial infarction. He underwent intravenous thrombolysis treatment at a local hospital, coronary angiography at a regional hospital and complex surgery at a national centre for cardiovascular disease. The patient had no major adverse cardiac events during the 3-year follow-up.

Conclusion

Early diagnosis of CAF patients and an appropriate treatment plan are the key factors for avoiding serious complications. Because of the rare incidence of this disease, it is necessary to discover and discuss management strategies, including medical management, percutaneous interventions or surgical treatment, for a successful outcome.

Early and late presentation of coronary artery fistula: a possible natural progression?

We present two patients, one 10 years old and another 43 years old, who both had successful transcatheter closure of left main coronary artery to right atrium fistulas. The older patient had a larger fistula as well as more symptoms and a complicated post-procedure course. Closure of medium or large coronary artery fistulas should be considered at younger ages to minimise future complications.

Coronary artery fistulas detected with coronary CT angiography: a pictorial review of 73 cases

Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are abnormal connections of the coronary arteries that bypass the myocardial capillary bed and terminate into chambers of the heart or major blood vessels. CAFs are rare, and most of them are congenital. Because CAFs can be asymptomatic and detected incidentally, the true incidence is difficult to evaluate. CAFs usually have various and complicated image features, and the clinical symptoms mainly depend on the size, origin and drainage site of the fistulas. Thus, accurate imaging assessment of these characteristics is crucial for therapeutic planning and post-operative evaluation. Due to the high temporal and spatial resolution, coronary CT angiography has recently become more widely used in cardiovascular disease diagnosis, and more asymptomatic CAFs are accidentally found. Furthermore, with multiplanar reconstruction images, some complicated and subtle structures can be displayed more accurately. In this article, we reviewed the imaging features of CAFs on coronary CT angiography, mainly focusing on the pre- and post-operative anatomy displaying of these abnormalities.

Challenging surgery of giant right coronary aneurysm associated with coronary sinus fistula

Coronary artery fistula is a rare congenital or acquired anomaly. It involves an abnormal connection between the coronary artery and the cardiac chambers or the large thoracic vessels. In some cases, the feeding coronary artery can become extremely dilated. The treatment includes a transcatheter or a surgical intervention depending on the complexity of the anomaly. We present the surgical treatment of the coronary artery to coronary sinus fistula, which includes the complete exclusion of the giant right coronary artery and followed by triple bypass surgery.

Right Coronary Artery-Superior Vena Cava Fistula Manifesting as NSTEMI: Case Report, Review of Imaging, and Summary of Guidelines

Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) represent a spectrum of abnormal connections between a coronary artery and another coronary artery, vein, or major blood vessel, known as coronary-vascular fistulas, or between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber, known as coronary-cameral fistulas. While CAFs generally remain asymptomatic into the fifth decade of adult life, they can present with a diverse symptomatic profile, typically with angina from abnormal myocardial perfusion, or in the setting of larger fistulas, as right- or left-heart failure from pulmonary or left ventricular circulatory overload. CAFs rarely manifest as myocardial infarction in the absence of thrombosis within the fistula. When clinically suspected based on a continuous murmur on physical exam or an accidental finding on radiology, computed tomography angiography (CTA) and coronary angiography are the preferred diagnostic imaging modalities. Fistula anatomic and patient specific characteristics guide clinical decisions on transcatheter or surgical management strategies. We present the case of a right coronary artery-superior vena cava fistula manifesting as a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. We also present a review of the imaging techniques available for evaluation of CAFs, and a summary of the major national and international cardiology society guidelines on the diagnosis and management of CAFs.

Coronary arteriovenous malformation in a dog with a complex arrhythmia and hypothyroidism

A four-year-old Japanese Akita was referred for investigation of lethargy, exercise intolerance, and an irregular heart rhythm. He was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, a complex ventricular arrhythmia, and hypothyroidism. Echocardiography identified a nest of anomalous vessels surrounding the heart and shunting into the pulmonary artery. Computed tomography confirmed a coronary arteriovenous malformation consisting of a coronary-to-pulmonary arterial communication and an associated complex nest of tortuous vessels, which was thought to be an incidental finding. Clinical signs improved with levothyroxine and antiarrhythmic treatment. Describing an unusual coronary artery anomaly as well, this case serves as a reminder to critically evaluate the hemodynamic significance of structural cardiac disease and to screen for systemic disease in patients with arrhythmias.

Congenital aneurysmal right coronary artery with a fistula to the left atrium in an adult

Background

Congenital coronary artery fistula in association with aneurysm of the involved coronary artery in adults is rare. Moreover, the right coronary artery- left atrial fistula is also uncommon. Most of the cases are asymptomatic. However, symptomatic patients need therapeutic interventions. The potential complications associated with this anomaly are life-threatening, therefore, there is a need to explore more on differential diagnosis, investigations, management strategies and prevention of complications.

Case presentation

We present herewith a 26-year-old male patient with symptoms of chest pain and dyspnea. He was diagnosed with aneurysmal dilatation of the right coronary artery in its entire course which terminated as a fistulous communication into the left atrium. The closure of the fistula was done using autologous pericardial patch under cardiopulmonary bypass. Currently, the patient is being followed up after surgery and receiving anticoagulants.

Conclusion

The advancement in the diagnostic imaging modalities have made it possible to find similar abnormalities more frequently. Due to rare nature of this anomaly, there is a need to explore and discuss management strategies that include medical management, surgical intervention or percutaneous interventions for a successful outcome.

Three-Dimensional Printed Models-Guided Surgical Repair for Recurrent Coronary Artery Fistula

Recurrent coronary artery fistula is rare and can be difficult for surgical treatment because of anatomic complexity. Here, we reported a case of successful re-repair of a recurrent coronary artery fistula, with added evidence of the three-dimensional printed models guiding surgical correction of complex intracardiac abnormalities.

Post-operative imaging of pulmonary vessels

Complications following cardiothoracic surgery are responsible for prolonged hospital stay, increase cost in patient care and increased morbidity and mortality. Vascular complications in particular are significant contributors to poor patient outcome due to either hemorrhage or thrombosis and ischemia. Evaluation of vascular complications in the postoperative patient requires a rapid and reliable imaging approach. Vascular complications after cardiothoracic surgery include pulmonary artery thrombosis, pseudoaneurysm, pulmonary vein thrombosis, vascular fistulas, stenosis and infarction. Multidetector CT (MDCT), often the imaging modality of choice, offers a one-stop-shop capability to visualize the entire cardiothoracic vasculature, airways, lung parenchyma, mediastinum and chest wall with excellent temporal and spatial resolution.

Coronary cameral fistula: case report

Introducción. Una fístula coronaria se define como la comunicación entre una arteria coronaria y una cámara cardiaca o cualquier segmento de la circulación sistémica o pulmonar. Su incidencia en series angiográficas y población general es muy baja y, en general, cursan de modo asintomático, aunque en raras ocasiones presentan significancia hemodinámica. Su localización en cavidades izquierdas es menos frecuente. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 52 años quien presenta angina de esfuerzo, por lo que fue estratificado de modo invasivo encontrándose una fístula coronaria de la arteria descendente anterior al ventrículo izquierdo. Ante dichos hallazgos, le fue solicitada resonancia magnética nuclear cardiaca como estudio complementario para determinar conducta terapéutica a futuro; sin embargo, el paciente no asistió a controles, ni se le realizó dicho examen. Discusión. Las fístulas coronarias que causan enfermedad arterial coronaria son raras y el drenaje de una fístula coronaria a ventrículo izquierdo es aún más infrecuente. La importancia fisiopatológica de una fístula coronaria está relacionada con el volumen de sangre que fluye y el gradiente de presión a través de la comunicación. La mayoría de fístulas coronarias son diagnosticadas incidentalmente en un cateterismo cardíaco; sin embargo, algunas de estas presentan significancia clínica, siendo sintomáticas y causando complicaciones, por lo que requieren tratamiento a corto plazo. Conclusiones. En algunos casos, las pruebas complementarias iniciales en pacientes con clínica de isquemia miocárdica, realizadas de modo no invasivo, permiten sospechar la presencia de fístulas coronarias. La angiografía coronaria continúa siendo la prueba de mayor precisión diagnostica. Además, se deben tener en cuenta las características anatómicas y fisiológicas para definir si requieren manejo y si este se hará por vía percutánea o quirúrgica.