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Guo C, Zhang G, Wu C, Lei Y, Wang Y, Yang J. Emerging trends in small molecule inhibitors targeting aldosterone synthase: A new paradigm in cardiovascular disease treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116521. [PMID: 38820853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in aldosterone production. In recent years, CYP11B2 has become an appealing target for treating conditions associated with excess aldosterone, such as hypertension, heart failure, and cardiometabolic diseases. Several small-molecule inhibitors of CYP11B2 have demonstrated efficacy in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. Among them, the tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative Baxdrostat has entered clinical trial phases and demonstrated efficacy in treating patients with hypertension. However, the high homology (>93 %) between CYP11B2 and steroid-11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), which catalyzes cortisol production, implies that insufficient drug specificity can lead to severe side effects. Developing selective inhibitors for CYP11B2 remains a considerable challenge that requires ongoing attention. This review summarizes recent research progress on small-molecule inhibitors targeting CYP11B2, focusing on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structural optimization. It discusses strategies for enhancing the specificity and inhibitory activity of inhibitors, while also exploring potential applications and future prospects for CYP11B2 inhibitors, providing a theoretical foundation for developing the new generation of CYP11B2-targeted medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangbing Zhang
- Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Lei
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, General Practice Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Diaz de Greñu B, Fernández-Aroca DM, Organero JA, Durá G, Jalón FA, Sánchez-Prieto R, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, Rodríguez AM, Santos L, Albasanz JL, Manzano BR. Ferrozoles: Ferrocenyl derivatives of letrozole with dual effects as potent aromatase inhibitors and cytostatic agents. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:531-547. [PMID: 37458856 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers, aromatase inhibitors (AI) are receiving increased attention due to some undesirable effects such as the risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolism of SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators). Letrozole is the most active AI with 99% aromatase inhibition. Unfortunately, this compound also exhibits some adverse effects such as hot flashes and fibromyalgias. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new types of AIs that retain the same-or even increased-antitumor ability. Inspired by the letrozole structure, a set of new derivatives has been synthesized that include a ferrocenyl moiety and different heterocycles. The derivative that contains a benzimidazole ring, namely compound 6, exhibits a higher aromatase inhibitory activity than letrozole and it also shows potent cytostatic behavior when compared to other well-established aromatase inhibitors, as demonstrated by dose-response, cell cycle, apoptosis and time course experiments. Furthermore, 6 promotes the inhibition of cell growth in both an aromatase-dependent and -independent fashion, as indicated by the study of A549 and MCF7 cell lines. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics calculations on the interaction of 6 or letrozole with the aromatase binding site revealed that the ferrocene moiety increases the van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions, thus resulting in an increase in binding affinity. Furthermore, the iron atom of the ferrocene fragment can form a metal-acceptor interaction with a propionate fragment, and this results in a stronger coupling with the heme group-a possibility that is consistent with the strong aromatase inhibition of 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Diaz de Greñu
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Diego M Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan A Organero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímicas and INAMOL, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Felix Angel Jalón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - M José Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Albacete, Spain
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Departamento de Q. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, IRICA, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucia Santos
- Departamento de Q. Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José L Albasanz
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Blanca R Manzano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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3
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Wróbel TM, Jørgensen FS, Pandey AV, Grudzińska A, Sharma K, Yakubu J, Björkling F. Non-steroidal CYP17A1 Inhibitors: Discovery and Assessment. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6542-6566. [PMID: 37191389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CYP17A1 is an enzyme that plays a major role in steroidogenesis and is critically involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Therefore, it remains an attractive target in several serious hormone-dependent cancer diseases, such as prostate cancer and breast cancer. The medicinal chemistry community has been committed to the discovery and development of CYP17A1 inhibitors for many years, particularly for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. The current Perspective reflects upon the discovery and evaluation of non-steroidal CYP17A1 inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry angle. Emphasis is placed on the structural aspects of the target, key learnings from the presented chemotypes, and design guidelines for future inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Grudzińska
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katyayani Sharma
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jibira Yakubu
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Usami Y, Kubo Y, Takagaki T, Kuroiwa N, Ono J, Nishikawa K, Nakamizu A, Tatsui Y, Harusawa S, Hayama N, Yoneyama H. CuI-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of 4-Iodopyrazoles and Alcohols: Application toward Withasomnine and Homologs. Molecules 2021; 26:3370. [PMID: 34199652 PMCID: PMC8199780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct 4-alkoxylation of 4-iodo-1H-pyrazoles with alcohols was achieved by a CuI-catalyzed coupling protocol. The optimal reaction conditions employed excess alcohol and potassium t-butoxide (2 equiv) in the presence of CuI (20 mol%) and 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (20 mol%) at 130 °C for 1 h under microwave irradiation. The present method was efficiently applied to the synthesis of withasomnine and its six- and seven-membered cyclic homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Usami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan; (Y.K.); (T.T.); (N.K.); (J.O.); (K.N.); (A.N.); (Y.T.); (S.H.); (N.H.); (H.Y.)
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5
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Hakkola J, Hukkanen J, Turpeinen M, Pelkonen O. Inhibition and induction of CYP enzymes in humans: an update. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3671-3722. [PMID: 33111191 PMCID: PMC7603454 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family is the most important enzyme system catalyzing the phase 1 metabolism of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics such as herbal remedies and toxic compounds in the environment. The inhibition and induction of CYPs are major mechanisms causing pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions. This review presents a comprehensive update on the inhibitors and inducers of the specific CYP enzymes in humans. The focus is on the more recent human in vitro and in vivo findings since the publication of our previous review on this topic in 2008. In addition to the general presentation of inhibitory drugs and inducers of human CYP enzymes by drugs, herbal remedies, and toxic compounds, an in-depth view on tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and antiretroviral HIV medications as victims and perpetrators of drug–drug interactions is provided as examples of the current trends in the field. Also, a concise overview of the mechanisms of CYP induction is presented to aid the understanding of the induction phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Janne Hukkanen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Administration Center, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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6
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Click chemistry in silico, docking, quantum chemical calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify novel 1,2,4-triazole-based compounds as potential aromatase inhibitors. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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7
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Sakakibara R, Sasaki W, Onda Y, Yamaguchi M, Ushirogochi H, Hiraga Y, Sato K, Nishio M, Egi Y, Takedomi K, Shimizu H, Ohbora T, Akahoshi F. Discovery of Novel Pyrazole-Based Selective Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Inhibitors: A New Template to Coordinate the Heme-Iron Motif of CYP11B2. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5594-5608. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sakakibara
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Wataru Sasaki
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yuichi Onda
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Minami Yamaguchi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Hideki Ushirogochi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiraga
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Kanako Sato
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishio
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Egi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Kei Takedomi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Shimizu
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohbora
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Akahoshi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
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8
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Parashar A, Gideon DA, Manoj KM. Murburn Concept: A Molecular Explanation for Hormetic and Idiosyncratic Dose Responses. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818774421. [PMID: 29770107 PMCID: PMC5946624 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818774421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, electron transfers and catalyses in a bevy of redox reactions mediated by hemeproteins were explained by murburn concept. The term “murburn” is abstracted from “muredburning” or “mildunrestrictedburning” and connotes a novel “molecule-unbound ion–radical” interaction paradigm. Quite unlike the genetic regulations and protein-level affinity-based controls that govern order and specificity/selectivity in conventional treatments, murburn concept is based on stochastic/thermodynamic regulatory principles. The novel insight necessitates a “reactivity outside the active-site” perspective, because select redox enzymatic activity is obligatorily mediated via diffusible radical/species. Herein, reactions employing key hemeproteins (as exemplified by CYP2E1) establish direct experimental connection between “additive-influenced redox catalysis” and “unusual dose responses” in reductionist and physiological milieu. Thus, direct and conclusive molecular-level experimental evidence is presented, supporting the mechanistic relevance of murburn concept in “maverick” concentration-based effects brought about by additives. Therefore, murburn concept could potentially explain several physiological hormetic and idiosyncratic dose responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Parashar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's University, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Lee S, Barron MG. 3D-QSAR study of steroidal and azaheterocyclic human aromatase inhibitors using quantitative profile of protein-ligand interactions. J Cheminform 2018; 10:2. [PMID: 29349513 PMCID: PMC5773458 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatase is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens. As estrogens are involved in the control of important reproduction-related processes, including sexual differentiation and maturation, aromatase is a potential target for endocrine disrupting chemicals as well as breast cancer therapy. In this work, 3D-QSAR combined with quantitative profile of protein-ligand interactions was employed in the identification and characterization of critical steric and electronic features of aromatase-inhibitor complexes and the estimation of their quantitative contribution to inhibition potency. Bioactivity data on pIC50 values of 175 steroidal and 124 azaheterocyclic human aromatase inhibitors (AIs) were used for the 3D-QSAR analysis. For the quantitative description of the effects of the hydrophobic contact and nitrogen-heme-iron coordination on aromatase inhibition, the hydrophobicity density field model and the smallest dual descriptor Δf(r) S were introduced, respectively. The model revealed that hydrophobic contact and nitrogen-heme-iron coordination primarily determines inhibition potency of steroidal and azaheterocyclic AIs, respectively. Moreover, hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues, in particular Asp309 and Met375, and interaction with the heme-iron are required for potent inhibition. Phe221 and Thr310 appear to be quite flexible and adopt different conformations according to a substituent at 4- or 6-position of steroids. Flexible docking results indicate that proper representation of the residues' flexibility is critical for reasonable description of binding of the structurally diverse inhibitors. Our results provide a quantitative and mechanistic understanding of inhibitory activity of steroidal and azaheterocyclic AIs of relevance to adverse outcome pathway development and rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehan Lee
- Gulf Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA.
| | - Mace G Barron
- Gulf Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA
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Venkatachalam A, Parashar A, Manoj KM. Functioning of drug-metabolizing microsomal cytochrome P450s: In silico probing of proteins suggests that the distal heme 'active site' pocket plays a relatively 'passive role' in some enzyme-substrate interactions. In Silico Pharmacol 2016; 4:2. [PMID: 26894412 PMCID: PMC4760962 DOI: 10.1186/s40203-016-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The currently held mechanistic understanding of microsomal cytochrome P450s (CYPs) seeks that diverse drug molecules bind within the deep-seated distal heme pocket and subsequently react at the heme centre. To explain a bevy of experimental observations and meta-analyses, we indulge a hypothesis that involves a "diffusible radical mediated" mechanism. This new hypothesis posits that many substrates could also bind at alternate loci on/within the enzyme and be reacted without the pertinent moiety accessing a bonding proximity to the purported catalytic Fe-O enzyme intermediate. METHODS Through blind and heme-distal pocket centered dockings of various substrates and non-substrates (drug molecules of diverse sizes, classes, topographies etc.) of microsomal CYPs, we explored the possibility of access of substrates via the distal channels, its binding energies, docking orientations, distance of reactive moieties (or molecule per se) to/from the heme centre, etc. We investigated specific cases like- (a) large drug molecules as substrates, (b) classical marker drug substrates, (c) class of drugs as substrates (Sartans, Statins etc.), (d) substrate preferences between related and unrelated CYPs, (e) man-made site-directed mutants' and naturally occurring mutants' reactivity and metabolic disposition, (f) drug-drug interactions, (g) overall affinities of drug substrate versus oxidized product, (h) meta-analysis of in silico versus experimental binding constants and reaction/residence times etc. RESULTS It was found that heme-centered dockings of the substrate/modulator drug molecules with the available CYP crystal structures gave poor docking geometries and distances from Fe-heme centre. In conjunction with several other arguments, the findings discount the relevance of erstwhile hypothesis in many CYP systems. Consequently, the newly proposed hypothesis is deemed a viable alternate, as it satisfies Occam's razor. CONCLUSIONS The new proposal affords expanded scope for explaining the mechanism, kinetics and overall phenomenology of CYP mediated drug metabolism. It is now understood that the heme-iron and the hydrophobic distal pocket of CYPs serve primarily to stabilize the reactive intermediate (diffusible radical) and the surface or crypts of the apoprotein bind to the xenobiotic substrate (and in some cases, the heme distal pocket could also serve the latter function). Thus, CYPs enhance reaction rates and selectivity/specificity via a hitherto unrecognized modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanthika Venkatachalam
- Formerly at PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Avinashi Road, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India.
| | - Abhinav Parashar
- Formerly at Hemoproteins Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014.
| | - Kelath Murali Manoj
- Formerly at PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Avinashi Road, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641004, India.
- Formerly at Hemoproteins Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014.
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Kulappully, Shoranur-2 (PO), Kerala, 679122, India.
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11
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Bonomo S, Hansen CH, Petrunak EM, Scott EE, Styrishave B, Jørgensen FS, Olsen L. Promising Tools in Prostate Cancer Research: Selective Non-Steroidal Cytochrome P450 17A1 Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29468. [PMID: 27406023 PMCID: PMC4942611 DOI: 10.1038/srep29468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) is an important target in the treatment of prostate cancer because it produces androgens required for tumour growth. The FDA has approved only one CYP17A1 inhibitor, abiraterone, which contains a steroidal scaffold similar to the endogenous CYP17A1 substrates. Abiraterone is structurally similar to the substrates of other cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, and interference can pose a liability in terms of side effects. Using non-steroidal scaffolds is expected to enable the design of compounds that interact more selectively with CYP17A1. Therefore, we combined a structure-based virtual screening approach with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to suggest non-steroidal compounds selective for CYP17A1. In vitro assays demonstrated that two such compounds selectively inhibited CYP17A1 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities with IC50 values in the nanomolar range, without affinity for the major drug-metabolizing CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes and CYP21A2, with the latter result confirmed in human H295R cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bonomo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Cecilie H. Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Elyse M. Petrunak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS, 66045 USA
| | - Emily E. Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS, 66045 USA
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lars Olsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Use of chemical auxiliaries to control p450 enzymes for predictable oxidations at unactivated C-h bonds of substrates. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 851:209-28. [PMID: 26002737 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) have the ability to oxidize unactivated C-H bonds of substrates with remarkable regio- and stereoselectivity. Comparable selectivity for chemical oxidizing agents is typically difficult to achieve. Hence, there is an interest in exploiting P450s as potential biocatalysts. Despite their impressive attributes, the current use of P450s as biocatalysts is limited. While bacterial P450 enzymes typically show higher activity, they tend to be highly selective for one or a few substrates. On the other hand, mammalian P450s, especially the drug-metabolizing enzymes, display astonishing substrate promiscuity. However, product prediction continues to be challenging. This review discusses the use of small molecules for controlling P450 substrate specificity and product selectivity. The focus will be on two approaches in the area: (1) the use of decoy molecules, and (2) the application of substrate engineering to control oxidation by the enzyme.
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Polic V, Auclair K. Controlling substrate specificity and product regio- and stereo-selectivities of P450 enzymes without mutagenesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5547-54. [PMID: 25035263 PMCID: PMC5177023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
P450 enzymes (P450s) are well known for their ability to oxidize unactivated CH bonds with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Hence, there is emerging interest in exploiting P450s as potential biocatalysts. Although bacterial P450s typically show higher activity than their mammalian counterparts, they tend to be more substrate selective. Most drug-metabolizing P450s on the other hand, display remarkable substrate promiscuity, yet product prediction remains challenging. Protein engineering is one established strategy to overcome these issues. A less explored, yet promising alternative involves substrate engineering. This review discusses the use of small molecules for controlling the substrate specificity and product selectivity of P450s. The focus is on two approaches, one taking advantage of non-covalent decoy molecules, and the other involving covalent substrate modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Polic
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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Carosati E. Modelling cytochromes P450 binding modes to predict P450 inhibition, metabolic stability and isoform selectivity. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e167-75. [PMID: 24050246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (P450) superfamily is a diverse group of enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, whose orientations within the catalytic site can lead to different binding modes, namely productive, nonproductive, and inhibitory. This article collects the most recent approaches that individually study P450- ligand interactions, including a novel in silico technology, developed in the framework of the Human Cytochrome P450 Consortium initiative, that provides reliable in silico predictions of P450 inhibition, metabolic stability and isoform selectivity.
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Cheng J, Chen C, Kristopher KW, Manna SK, Scerba M, Friedman FK, Luecke H, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ. Identification of 2-piperidone as a biomarker of CYP2E1 activity through metabolomic phenotyping. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:37-47. [PMID: 23811823 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is a key enzyme in the metabolic activation of many low molecular weight toxicants and also an important contributor to oxidative stress. A noninvasive method to monitor CYP2E1 activity in vivo would be of great value for studying the role of CYP2E1 in chemical-induced toxicities and stress-related diseases. In this study, a mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach was used to identify a metabolite biomarker of CYP2E1 through comparing the urine metabolomes of wild-type (WT), Cyp2e1-null, and CYP2E1-humanized mice. Metabolomic analysis with multivariate models of urine metabolites revealed a clear separation of Cyp2e1-null mice from WT and CYP2E1-humanized mice in the multivariate models of urine metabolomes. Subsequently, 2-piperidone was identified as a urinary metabolite that inversely correlated to the CYP2E1 activity in the three mouse lines. Backcrossing of WT and Cyp2e1-null mice, together with targeted analysis of 2-piperidone in mouse serum, confirmed the genotype dependency of 2-piperidone. The accumulation of 2-piperidone in the Cyp2e1-null mice was mainly caused by the changes in the biosynthesis and degradation of 2-piperidone because compared with the WT mice, the conversion of cadaverine to 2-piperidone was higher, whereas the metabolism of 2-piperidone to 6-hydroxy-2-piperidone was lower in the Cyp2e1-null mice. Overall, untargeted metabolomic analysis identified a correlation between 2-piperidone concentrations in urine and the expression and activity of CYP2E1, thus providing a noninvasive metabolite biomarker that can be potentially used in to monitor CYP2E1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ménard A, Fabra C, Huang Y, Auclair K. Type II Ligands as Chemical Auxiliaries To Favor Enzymatic Transformations by P450 2E1. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2527-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dahal UP, Joswig-Jones C, Jones JP. Comparative study of the affinity and metabolism of type I and type II binding quinoline carboxamide analogues by cytochrome P450 3A4. J Med Chem 2011; 55:280-90. [PMID: 22087535 DOI: 10.1021/jm201207h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that coordinate to the heme-iron of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are assumed to increase metabolic stability. However, recently we observed that the type II binding quinoline carboxamide (QCA) compounds were metabolically less stable. To test if the higher intrinsic clearance of type II binding compounds relative to type I binding compounds is general for other metabolic transformations, we synthesized a library of QCA compounds that could undergo N-dealkylation, O-dealkylation, benzylic hydroxylation, and aromatic hydroxylation. The results demonstrated that type II binding QCA analogues were metabolically less stable (2- to 12-fold) at subsaturating concentration compared to type I binding counterparts for all the transformations. When the rates of different metabolic transformations between type I and type II binding compounds were compared, they were found to be in the order of N-demethylation > benzylic hydroxylation> O-demethylation > aromatic hydroxylation. Finally, for the QCA analogues with aza-heteroaromatic rings, we did not detect metabolism in aza-aromatic rings (pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine), indicating that electronegativity of the nitrogen can change regioselectivity in CYP metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra P Dahal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
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